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Infection Heterogeneity and Microbiota Differences in Chicks Infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081705. [PMID: 34442784 PMCID: PMC8399513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the infection heterogeneity and cecal microbiota in chicks infected by S. enteritidis. Forty-eight 8-d-old female Arbor Acres chicks were challenged with S. enteritidis and euthanized 24 h later. The eight chicks with the highest Salmonella tissue loads were assigned to group S (S. enteritidis-susceptible), and the eight chicks with the lowest Salmonella tissue loads were assigned to group R (S. enteritidis-resistant). Chicks in group S showed a higher liver index (p < 0.05), obvious liver lesions, and an decreasing trend for the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.10), compared with those in group R. Gene expression of occludin, MUC2, and IL10 was higher, whereas that of iNOS and IL6 was lower (p < 0.05), in chicks of group R relative to those in group S. Separation of the cecal microbial community structure has been found between the two groups. The S. enteritidis-susceptible chicks showed higher abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Fusobacterium and Helicobacter) in their cecal, while Desulfovibrio_piger was enriched in the cecal of S. enteritidis-resistant chicks. In summary, chicks showed heterogeneous responses to S. enteritidis infection. Enhanced intestinal barrier function and cecal microbiota structure, especially a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio_piger, may help chicks resist S. enteritidis invasion.
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Soltys RC, Sakomoto CK, Oltean HN, Guard J, Haley BJ, Shah DH. High-Resolution Comparative Genomics of Salmonella Kentucky Aids Source Tracing and Detection of ST198 and ST152 Lineage-Specific Mutations. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.695368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of foodborne illness globally. Salmonella Kentucky is a polyphyletic NTS serovar comprised of two predominant multilocus sequence types (STs): ST152 and ST198. Epidemiological studies have revealed that ST152 is most prevalent in US poultry whereas ST198 is more prevalent in international poultry. Interestingly, ST152 is sporadically associated with human illness, whereas ST198 is more commonly associated with human disease. The goal of this study was to develop a better understanding of the epidemiology of ST198 and ST152 in WA State. We compared the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genetic relationship, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, of 26 clinical strains of S. Kentucky isolated in Washington State between 2004 and 2014, and 140 poultry-associated strains of S. Kentucky mostly recovered from the northwestern USA between 2004 and 2014. We also sequenced whole genomes of representative human clinical and poultry isolates from the northwestern USA. Genome sequences of these isolates were compared with a global database of S. Kentucky genomes representing 400 ST198 and 50 ST152 strains. The results of the phenotypic, genotypic, and case report data on food consumption and travel show that human infections caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant (FluR) S. Kentucky ST198 in WA State originated from outside of North America. In contrast, fluoroquinolone-susceptible (FluS) S. Kentucky ST198 and S. Kentucky ST152 infection have a likely domestic origin, with domestic cattle and poultry being the potential sources. We also identified lineage-specific non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish ST198 and ST152. These SNPs may provide good targets for further investigations on lineage-specific traits such as variation in virulence, metabolic adaptation to different environments, and potential for the development of intervention strategies to improve the safety of food.
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53
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Wessels K, Rip D, Gouws P. Salmonella in Chicken Meat: Consumption, Outbreaks, Characteristics, Current Control Methods and the Potential of Bacteriophage Use. Foods 2021; 10:1742. [PMID: 34441520 PMCID: PMC8394320 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of Salmonella in chicken processing plants is an ongoing challenge for many factories around the globe, especially with the increasing demand for poultry escalating processing throughputs. Foodborne outbreaks due to Salmonella still pose a prominent risk to public health. As chicken meat is a good reservoir for Salmonella, it is important for chicken processing plants to continuously optimize methods to reduce the incidence of Salmonella on their products. Current methods include the use of chemical antimicrobials such as chlorine-containing compounds and organic acids. However, these current methods are decreasing in popularity due to the rising rate of Salmonella resistance, coupled with the challenge of preserving the sensory properties of the meat, along with the increasing stringency of antimicrobial use. Bacteriophages are becoming more appealing to integrate into the large-scale hurdle concept. A few factors need to be considered for successful implementation, such as legislation, and application volumes and concentrations. Overall, bacteriophages show great potential because of their host specificity, guaranteeing an alternative outcome to the selective pressure for resistant traits placed by chemicals on whole microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pieter Gouws
- Centre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (K.W.); (D.R.)
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54
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Siceloff AT, Ohta N, Norman KN, Loneragan GH, Norby B, Scott HM, Shariat NW. Antimicrobial Resistance Hidden within Multiserovar Salmonella Populations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e00048-21. [PMID: 33782004 PMCID: PMC8315986 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00048-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica can exist in food animals as multiserovar populations, and different serovars can harbor diverse antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. Conventional Salmonella isolation assesses AMR only in the most abundant members of a multiserovar population, which typically reflects their relative abundance in the initial sample. Therefore, AMR in underlying serovars is an undetected reservoir that can readily be expanded upon antimicrobial use. CRISPR-SeroSeq profiling demonstrated that 60% of cattle fecal samples harbored multiple serovars, including low levels of Salmonella serovar Reading in 11% of samples, which were not found by culture-based Salmonella isolation. An in vitro challenge revealed that Salmonella serovar Reading was tetracycline resistant, while more abundant serovars were susceptible. This study highlights the importance of AMR surveillance in multiserovar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Siceloff
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Naomi Ohta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Keri N Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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55
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Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Malik DJ, Catalá-Gregori P, Marin C, Sevilla-Navarro S. In Vitro and In Vivo Gastrointestinal Survival of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Salmonella Bacteriophages: Implications for Bacteriophage Therapy in Poultry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050434. [PMID: 34066346 PMCID: PMC8148174 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of bacteriophages is recognized as a viable method to control Salmonella. Microencapsulation of phages in oral dosage forms may protect phages from inherent challenges of the gastrointestinal tract in chickens. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the survival of Salmonella BP FGS011 (non-encapsulated and microencapsulated) through the gastrointestinal tract under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions after oral administration to 1-day-old chicks. To this end, the phage FGS011 was encapsulated in two different pH-responsive formulations with polymers Eudragit® L100, and Eudragit® S100 using the process of spray drying. Phages encapsulated in either of the two formulations were able to survive exposure to the proventriculus-gizzard in vitro conditions whereas free phages did not. Moreover, phages formulated in polymer Eudragit® S100 would be better suited to deliver phage to the caeca in chickens. In the in vivo assay, no statistically significant differences were observed in the phage concentrations across the gastrointestinal tract for either the free phage or the encapsulated phage given to chicks. This suggested that the pH of the proventriculus/gizzard in young chicks is not sufficiently acidic to cause differential phage titre reductions, thereby allowing free phage survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Danish J. Malik
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Pablo Catalá-Gregori
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentacion Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539 Castellón, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-657506085
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain; (L.L.-R.); (P.C.-G.); (S.S.-N.)
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentacion Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539 Castellón, Spain
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Saraiva MMS, Rodrigues Alves LB, Monte DFM, Ferreira TS, Benevides VP, Barbosa FO, Freitas Neto OC, Almeida AM, Barrow PA, Berchieri Junior A. Deciphering the role of ttrA and pduA genes for Salmonella enterica serovars in a chicken infection model. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:1-12. [PMID: 33779420 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1909703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars use self-induced intestinal inflammation to increase electron acceptor availability and to obtain a growth advantage in the host gut. There is evidence suggesting that the ability of Salmonella to use tetrathionate and 1,2-propanediol provides an advantage in murine infection. Thus, we present here the first study to evaluate both systemic infection and faecal excretion in commercial poultry challenged by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (STM) harbouring deletions in ttrA and pduA genes, which are crucial to the metabolism of tetrathionate and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. Mutant strains were excreted at higher rates when compared to the wild-type strains. The highest rates were observed with white egg-layer and brown egg-layer chicks (67.5%), and broiler chicks (56.7%) challenged by SEΔttrAΔpduA, and brown egg-layer chicks (64.8%) challenged by STMΔttrAΔpduA. SEΔttrAΔpduA presented higher bacterial counts in the liver and spleen of the three chicken lineages and caecal contents from the broiler chickens, whereas STMΔttrAΔpduA presented higher counts in the liver and spleen of the broiler and brown-egg chickens for 28 days post-infection (P < 0.05). The ttrA and pduA genes do not appear to be major virulence determinants in faecal excretion or invasiveness for SE and STM in chickens. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSttrA and pudA do not impair gut colonization or systemic infection in chicks.Mutant strains were present in higher numbers in broilers than in laying chicks.Mutants of SE and STM showed greater pathogenicity in broiler chicks than layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M S Saraiva
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - L B Rodrigues Alves
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - D F M Monte
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - T S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - V P Benevides
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - F O Barbosa
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - O C Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A M Almeida
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - P A Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - A Berchieri Junior
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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57
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Montoro-Dasi L, Villagra A, Vega S, Marin C. Influence of farm management on the dynamics of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis shedding and antibiotic resistance during the growing period of broiler chickens. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e302. [PMID: 33870529 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a zoonotic pathogen isolated in broilers causing great economic losses in the European poultry sector. It is demonstrated that an investment in management measures at farm level could directly affect the control of food chain microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of S. Infantis antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns during the growing period, according to flock density and ventilation management, without antibiotic administration. METHODS The experiment was performed in two identical poultry houses, evaluating commercial and optimal farm conditions. At 24 h of rearing, 20% of the animals were orally infected with a S. Infantis strain susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. To study Salmonella shedding, faeces samples from each experimental group were taken weekly and analysed as per ISO/TS 6579-2:2017. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/653. RESULTS Salmonella shedding showed that the lowest counts were observed in the first week post-infection and highest at slaughter day for both groups. Moreover, 100% of the isolates were multi-resistant. CONCLUSION The acquisition of AMR by S. Infantis starts at the onset of the production cycle and is maintained until the end, demonstrating the importance of transmission of AMR in zoonotic bacteria at farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain
| | - Arantxa Villagra
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Castellón, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, España
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, España
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58
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Burin R, Shah DH. Phenelzine and Amoxapine Inhibit Tyramine and d-Glucuronic Acid Catabolism in Clinically Significant Salmonella in A Serotype-Independent Manner. Pathogens 2021; 10:469. [PMID: 33924374 PMCID: PMC8070173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella ingeniously scavenges energy for growth from tyramine (TYR) and d-glucuronic acid (DGA), both of which occur in the host as the metabolic byproducts of the gut microbial metabolism. A critical first step in energy scavenging from TYR and DGA in Salmonella involves TYR-oxidation via TYR-oxidoreductase and production of free-DGA via β-glucuronidase (GUS)-mediated hydrolysis of d-glucuronides (conjugated form of DGA), respectively. Here, we report that Salmonella utilizes TYR and DGA as sole sources of energy in a serotype-independent manner. Using colorimetric and radiometric approaches, we report that genes SEN2971, SEN3065, and SEN2426 encode TYR-oxidoreductases. Some Salmonella serotypes produce GUS, thus can also scavenge energy from d-glucuronides. We repurposed phenelzine (monoaminoxidase-inhibitor) and amoxapine (GUS-inhibitor) to inhibit the TYR-oxidoreductases and GUS encoded by Salmonella, respectively. We show that phenelzine significantly inhibits the growth of Salmonella by inhibiting TYR-oxidoreductases SEN2971, SEN3065, and SEN2426. Similarly, amoxapine significantly inhibits the growth of Salmonella by inhibiting GUS-mediated hydrolysis of d-glucuronides. Because TYR and DGA serve as potential energy sources for Salmonella growth in vivo, the data and the novel approaches used here provides a better understanding of the role of TYR and DGA in Salmonella pathogenesis and nutritional virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Burin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Devendra H. Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
- Paul Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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59
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Caffrey N, Agunos A, Gow S, Liljebjelke K, Mainali C, Checkley SL. Salmonella spp. prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada from 2013 to 2018. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:719-736. [PMID: 33780135 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections are a major human health concern. In the elderly and immunocompromised, infections can be life-threatening and may require antibiotic therapy. Where antibiotic therapy is required, antimicrobials of choice include fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). The aim of this study is to utilize data from the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) to compare the prevalence of Salmonella serovars between broiler chicken and turkey flocks across Canada, and to gain an understanding of the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials categorized as important to human health. There were 1,596 Salmonella isolates obtained from 514 broiler chicken flocks, and 659 Salmonella isolates obtained from 217 turkey flocks (2013-2018). All isolates were obtained from pooled faecal samples. Among broiler chicken flocks, the top three serovars were Kentucky (n = 573, 36%), Enteritidis (n = 314, 20%) and Heidelberg (n = 127, 8%). Resistance to ceftriaxone among Salmonella ser. Kentucky decreased from 27% in 2013 to 22% in 2018. There was no resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis reported until 2018 when one isolate from British Columbia was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphisoxazole and tetracycline. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg resistance to ceftriaxone decreased from 19% in 2013 to 14% in 2018. Among turkey flocks the top three serovars were Uganda (n = 109, 16.5%), Hadar (n = 85, 12%) and Muenchen (n = 66, 10%). No isolates of Salmonella ser. Uganda or Salmonella ser. Muenchen were resistant to any β-lactams. Salmonella ser. Hadar (34/81, 42%) exhibited resistance to ampicillin. There was no resistance to quinolones among turkey isolates. Emerging resistance among Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, and resistance to β-lactams and fluoroquinolones among Salmonella ser. Kentucky from broilers are cause for concern as these classes of antimicrobials are important for treatment of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Caffrey
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chunu Mainali
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Epidemiology Unit, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Zhao X, Ju Z, Wang G, Yang J, Wang F, Tang H, Zhao X, Sun S. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated From Dead-in-Shell Chicken Embryos in Shandong, China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:581946. [PMID: 33796577 PMCID: PMC8007780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.581946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to explore the Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics in the context of chick mortality at hatching in China. Between December 2015 and August 2017, 1,288 dead-in-shell chicken embryos were collected from four breeder chicken hatcheries in Tai'an, Rizhao, Jining, and Heze, China. Salmonella isolates were successfully recovered from 6.7% of these embryos (86/1,288) and were evaluated for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, Class 1 integron prevalence, antimicrobial resistance gene expression, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella Thompson (37.2%), and Salmonella Infantis (32.6%) were the two most prevalent isolates in these chicken embryos, and 66.3% of isolates exhibited robust ampicillin resistance, while 55.8% of isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). The majority of isolates harbored the blaTEM gene (74.4%), with the qnrS gene also being highly prevalent (50.0%). In contrast, just 27.9% of these isolates carried Class 1 integrons. These 86 isolates were separated into four sequence types (STs), whereby ST26 (32.2%) was the most prevalent. Overall, these results suggested that Salmonella infections may be an important cause of chicken embryo mortality in China, and that efforts to support the appropriate use of antibiotics in managing poultry populations are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zijing Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guisheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hui Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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61
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Comparative efficacy of spray-dried plasma and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in reducing cecal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101134. [PMID: 34089939 PMCID: PMC8182271 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray-dried plasma (SDP) contains immunoglobulins and glycoproteins that possess antibacterial properties. Two floor-pen trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary SDP and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) antibiotic in reducing intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in broiler chickens. Experiment 1 was a 2-wk, 3 × 2 factorial design consisting of 6 treatments. Treatment CON consisted of chicks fed unmedicated corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal without SDP. Treatment BMD consisted of chicks given unmedicated corn-SBM basal into which BMD was added at 0.055g/kg diet. Treatment SDP consisted of chicks given unmedicated corn-SBM basal into which SDP was added at 30g/kg diet. Treatments CON-SE, BMD-SE, and SDP-SE consisted of chicks that were given diets similar to CON, BMD, and SDP, respectively, and were each inoculated with 7.46 × 108 CFU SE /mL at 1 day of age. Experiment 2 was a 42-day trial that was similar to Experiment 1 in design, except that chicks were placed on fresh clean litter. On d 3, 7, 14, and 28 post-challenge (PC), ceca SE concentration was enumerated on xylose lysine tergitol-4 (XLT4) agar. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were also recorded. Results for d 3 showed that BMD- and SDP-fed chicks had similar (P > 0.05) cecal SE (3.39 log 10 CFU / g and 3.58 log 10 CFU / g, respectively), but these levels were lower (P < 0.05) than that of CON-fed chicks (5.68 log 10 CFU / g). A similar trend was observed on d 7 and 14 PC. The BMD- and SDP-fed chicks also had higher BWG and FCR (P < 0.05) when compared with CON-fed chicks up to d 14. Thereafter, only BMD treatment sustained this growth-promoting effect till d 42 in SE-challenged birds. In conclusion, BMD and SDP showed similar efficacy in reducing cecal Salmonella and in mitigating consequent growth-depressing effect(s) in broiler chicks up to 2 wk of age.
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Deaven AM, Ferreira CM, Reed EA, Chen See JR, Lee NA, Almaraz E, Rios PC, Marogi JG, Lamendella R, Zheng J, Bell RL, Shariat NW. Salmonella Genomics and Population Analyses Reveal High Inter- and Intraserovar Diversity in Freshwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e02594-20. [PMID: 33397693 PMCID: PMC8104997 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02594-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater can support the survival of the enteric pathogen Salmonella, though temporal Salmonella diversity in a large watershed has not been assessed. At 28 locations within the Susquehanna River basin, 10-liter samples were assessed in spring and summer over 2 years. Salmonella prevalence was 49%, and increased river discharge was the main driver of Salmonella presence. The amplicon-based sequencing tool, CRISPR-SeroSeq, was used to determine serovar population diversity and detected 25 different Salmonella serovars, including up to 10 serovars from a single water sample. On average, there were three serovars per sample, and 80% of Salmonella-positive samples contained more than one serovar. Serovars Give, Typhimurium, Thompson, and Infantis were identified throughout the watershed and over multiple collections. Seasonal differences were evident: serovar Give was abundant in the spring, whereas serovar Infantis was more frequently identified in the summer. Eight of the ten serovars most commonly associated with human illness were detected in this study. Crucially, six of these serovars often existed in the background, where they were masked by a more abundant serovar(s) in a sample. Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, especially, were masked in 71 and 78% of samples where they were detected, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing-based phylogeny demonstrated that strains within the same serovar collected throughout the watershed were also very diverse. The Susquehanna River basin is the largest system where Salmonella prevalence and serovar diversity have been temporally and spatially investigated, and this study reveals an extraordinary level of inter- and intraserovar diversity.IMPORTANCESalmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and outbreaks linked to fresh produce are increasing. Understanding Salmonella ecology in freshwater is of importance, especially where irrigation practices or recreational use occur. As the third largest river in the United States east of the Mississippi, the Susquehanna River is the largest freshwater contributor to the Chesapeake Bay, and it is the largest river system where Salmonella diversity has been studied. Rainfall and subsequent high river discharge rates were the greatest indicators of Salmonella presence in the Susquehanna and its tributaries. Several Salmonella serovars were identified, including eight commonly associated with foodborne illness. Many clinically important serovars were present at a low frequency within individual samples and so could not be detected by conventional culture methods. The technologies employed here reveal an average of three serovars in a 10-liter sample of water and up to 10 serovars in a single sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Deaven
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nora A Lee
- Biology Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eduardo Almaraz
- Biology Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paula C Rios
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacob G Marogi
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jie Zheng
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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63
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Dominguez JE, Viñas MR, Herrera M, Moroni M, Gutkind GO, Mercado EC, Di Conza JA, Chacana PA. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella Heidelberg isolates from poultry. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:309-315. [PMID: 33594796 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, Salmonella Heidelberg has been extensively isolated from poultry in several countries. In this context, molecular characterization is essential to understand whether the strains have entered the farms from a single or several sources. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the genetic relationship and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. Heidelberg strains isolated between 2011 and 2012 from broiler farms belonging to three integrated poultry companies located in Argentina. The genetic relatedness of the S. Heidelberg isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and resistance to 21 antimicrobials was determined by the disc diffusion method. The isolates were assigned to four PFGE patterns. Most of the strains showed 100% similarity and belonged to the same integrated poultry company. This PFGE pattern was also prevalent in S. Heidelberg strains isolated from humans in several provinces of Argentina, which suggests an epidemiological association between human and poultry strains. All the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), and no clear relationship was observed between PFGE and resistance patterns. S. Heidelberg strains may circulate among farms from the same integrated company due to common sources of contamination. To guarantee the safety of the poultry product for the consumers, holistic approaches including surveillance of Salmonella throughout the production chain together with control measures are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Elizabeth Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Viñas
- Servicios de Enterobacterias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán (ANLIS-Malbrán), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Herrera
- Dirección General de Laboratorios y Control Técnico (Dilab), SENASA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirian Moroni
- Servicios de Enterobacterias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán (ANLIS-Malbrán), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Omar Gutkind
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Cristina Mercado
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICvyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - José Alejandro Di Conza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Anibal Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina.,Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICvyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
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64
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Chen H, Song J, Zeng X, Chen D, Chen R, Qiu C, Zhou K. National Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Serotype Kentucky ST198 with High-Level Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in China, 2013 to 2017. mSystems 2021; 6:e00935-20. [PMID: 33436512 PMCID: PMC7901479 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00935-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky is frequently associated with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance and has gained epidemiological importance globally. A retrospective screening was performed to understand the national prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant S Kentucky in China. S. enterica strains (n = 15,405) were collected within the frame of two national surveillance networks between 2013 and 2017. Thirty-three S. Kentucky strains were detected in 5 of 10 provinces, and 27 were assigned to sequence type 198 (ST198). The 27 isolates were multidrug resistant, with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, and 21 isolates were further resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). Phylogenomic analysis classified ST198 isolates into two clades (198.1 and 198.2), and recent occurrences of inter-/intraregion and interhost transmission were identified. Phylogenetic reconstruction with a global collection showed that one subclade of clade 198.2 was clustered with historical strains from Egypt, and the other one was clustered with strains from Southeast Asia. Isolates of clade 198.1 were clustered with strains isolated from North America. The various patterns of mutations detected in quinolone resistance-determining regions of GyrA and ParC are accordant with the phylogenetic structure. These findings indicate that our isolates may have various origins. SGI1 was exclusively detected in isolates of clade 198.2 with a highly mosaic structure, which were mainly identified as SGI1-K derivatives. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnrS1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr were identified in three isolates, and bla CTX-M-9 and bla CTX-M-27 were detected in 20 of 21 ESC-resistant isolates. This is the first report of the genetic and epidemiological characterization for the S Kentucky epidemic clone ST198 in China, warranting the necessity of surveillance for the high-risk clone.IMPORTANCE Ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins are the choice for treatment of severe nontyphoidal S. enterica infections in adults. S. enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 has gained epidemiological importance globally, because the clone is frequently resistant to both of these high-level-resistance drug groups. The genetic and epidemiological characterization of S. Kentucky has been well studied in Western countries; however, the information is unclear for China. To fill in the gap, we here did a retrospective screening on a large collection in China, and ST198 isolates were systematically analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Our study revealed that multidrug-resistant ST198 has spread in five provinces, and the occurrences of interregion and cross-host clonal disseminations were detected. Of note, phylogenomic analysis suggests that the Chinese isolates may have emerged with diverse origins, including Egypt, Southeast Asia, and North America. This study warrants the necessity of surveillance for the high-risk clone to prevent its further dissemination in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Song
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- Guangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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65
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Casanova NA, Redondo LM, Redondo EA, Joaquim PE, Dominguez JE, Fernández-Miyakawa ME, Chacana PA. Efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:135-145. [PMID: 33251637 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and efficacy of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts against Salmonella by in vitro assays and in vivo trials. METHODS AND RESULTS The extracts showed inhibitory activity against Salmonella determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration method as well as on the adhesion and invasion of S. Gallinarum (SG) and S. Enteritidis (SE) in Caco-2 cells. Also, transmission electron microscopy revealed that extract-treated Salmonella showed disruption of cell walls and membranes, damage of the cytoplasm and tannin-protein aggregations. In addition, efficacy of the extracts to control SG and SE was evaluated in experimental infection trials in laying hens and broilers respectively. SE excretion was significantly reduced on days 5 (P < 0·01) and 12 (P < 0·025) only in the quebracho group. In the fowl typhoid infection model, hens that received the chestnut extract showed a significantly reduced mortality (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results evidence that these alternative natural products may be a useful tool to control Salmonella in poultry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen usually associated with poultry production. This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial effects of chestnut and quebracho wood extracts to control Salmonella in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E A Redondo
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P E Joaquim
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Dominguez
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Fernández-Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P A Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología - UEDD IPVet, INTA-CONICET, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y De Los Reseros S/N, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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66
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El Hage R, Losasso C, Longo A, Petrin S, Ricci A, Mathieu F, Abi Khattar Z, El Rayess Y. Whole-genome characterisation of TEM-1 and CMY-2 β-lactamase-producing Salmonella Kentucky ST198 in Lebanese broiler chain. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 23:408-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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67
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Mohammed Jajere S, Hassan L, Zakaria Z, Abu J, Abdul Aziz S. Antibiogram Profiles and Risk Factors for Multidrug Resistance of Salmonella enterica Recovered from Village Chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus) and Other Environmental Sources in the Central and Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E701. [PMID: 33076451 PMCID: PMC7602575 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), including colistin resistance, among Enterobacteriaceae recovered from food animals poses a serious public health threat because of the potential transmission of these resistant variants to humans along the food chain. Village chickens or Ayam Kampung are free-range birds and are preferred by a growing number of consumers who consider these chickens to be organic and more wholesome. The current study investigates the antibiogram profiles of Salmonella isolates recovered from village chicken flocks in South-central Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 34 isolates belonging to eight serotypes isolated from village chickens were screened for resistance towards antimicrobials including colistin according to the WHO and OIE recommendations of critical antibiotics. S. Weltevreden accounted for 20.6% of total isolates, followed by serovars Typhimurium and Agona (17.6%). The majority of isolates (73.5%) demonstrated resistance to one or more antimicrobials. Eight isolates (23.5%) were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes. Colistin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 4-16 mg/L) was detected among five isolates (14.7%), including S. Weltevreden, S. Albany, S. Typhimurium, and Salmonella spp. Univariable analysis of risk factors likely to influence the occurrence of MDR Salmonella revealed that the flock size, poultry production system, and use of antibiotics in the farm were not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with MDR Salmonella. The current study highlights that MDR Salmonella occur at a lower level in village chickens compared to that found in live commercial chickens. However, MDR remains a problem even among free-range chickens with minimal exposure to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (S.M.J.); (Z.Z.); (J.A.); (S.A.A.)
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68
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Crouch CF, Nell T, Reijnders M, Donkers T, Pugh C, Patel A, Davis P, van Hulten MCW, de Vries SPW. Safety and efficacy of a novel inactivated trivalent Salmonella enterica vaccine in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:6741-6750. [PMID: 32888739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Food poisoning in humans caused by Salmonella enterica remains a significant global public health concern, with the majority of infections associated with the consumption of contaminated eggs or poultry products. The safety and efficacy of a novel inactivated trivalent Salmonella enterica vaccine containing in addition to Salmonella serovars Enteritidis (O:9, serogroup D) and Typhimurium (O:4, serogroup B) also serovar Infantis (O:7, serogroup C1) formulated with an aluminium hydroxide-gel adjuvant was evaluated under field conditions. A total of 10,229 broiler breeder pullets, housed under commercial conditions, were vaccinated at 10 and 17 weeks of age by the intramuscular route in the breast muscle. The vaccine was safe with no local or systemic reactions or adverse effects on bird performance related to the vaccine detected. Vaccination resulted in notable increases in serovar specific antibodies that were maintained until at least 56 weeks of age. Vaccinated birds subjected to homologous challenges around onset of lay showed significantly reduced faecal shedding and organ invasion. Following heterologous challenge with S. Hadar (O:8, serogroup C2) faecal shedding was significantly reduced. These results demonstrate that this novel vaccine could play a significant role in a comprehensive Salmonella control programme intended to reduce both the incidence of food poisoning in humans and the use of antibiotics during poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Tom Nell
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Martine Reijnders
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Ton Donkers
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Chris Pugh
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Amit Patel
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Phil Davis
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes MK7 7AJ, UK
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KOWALSKA JUSTYNAD, NOWAK ADRIANA, ŚLIŻEWSKA KATARZYNA, STAŃCZYK MAŁGORZATA, ŁUKASIAK MAGDALENA, DASTYCH JAROSŁAW. Anti-Salmonella Potential of New Lactobacillus Strains with the Application in the Poultry Industry. Pol J Microbiol 2020; 69:5-18. [PMID: 32189480 PMCID: PMC7256722 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis. Probiotics are considered an alternative to antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Salmonella diseases in poultry. However, to use probiotics as proposed above, it is necessary to evaluate their properties in detail and to select the most effective bacterial strains in the application targeted. In this study, probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus sp. strains were investigated and their antimicrobial activity against 125 environmental strains of Salmonella sp. was determined using the agar slab method. Furthermore, their survival in the presence of bile salts and at low pH, antibiotics susceptibility, aggregation and coaggregation ability, adherence to polystyrene and Caco-2 cells, and cytotoxicity were investigated. Each strain tested showed antagonistic activity against at least 96% of the environmental Salmonella sp. strains and thus representing a highly epidemiologically differentiated collection of poultry isolates. In addition, the probiotic properties of new Lactobacillus strains are promising. Therefore, all strains examined showed a high potential for use in poultry against salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ADRIANA NOWAK
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - KATARZYNA ŚLIŻEWSKA
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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70
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Karabasanavar N, Madhavaprasad C, Gopalakrishna S, Hiremath J, Patil G, Barbuddhe S. Prevalence of
Salmonella
serotypes
S
. Enteritidis and
S
. Typhimurium in poultry and poultry products. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagappa Karabasanavar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology Veterinary College Shivamogga Karnataka India
| | | | - Shilpa Gopalakrishna
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology Veterinary College Shivamogga Karnataka India
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- ICAR‐National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics Bengaluru Karnataka India
| | - Girish Patil
- ICAR‐National Research Center on Meat Hyderabad Telangana Sate India
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Wellawa DH, Allan B, White AP, Köster W. Iron-Uptake Systems of Chicken-Associated Salmonella Serovars and Their Role in Colonizing the Avian Host. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1203. [PMID: 32784620 PMCID: PMC7465098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most bacteria. Salmonella enterica strains, representing human and animal pathogens, have adopted several mechanisms to sequester iron from the environment depending on availability and source. Chickens act as a major reservoir for Salmonella enterica strains which can lead to outbreaks of human salmonellosis. In this review article we summarize the current understanding of the contribution of iron-uptake systems to the virulence of non-typhoidal S. enterica strains in colonizing chickens. We aim to address the gap in knowledge in this field, to help understand and define the interactions between S. enterica and these important hosts, in comparison to mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh H. Wellawa
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brenda Allan
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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72
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Waldbusser KM, Krombeen S, Beers KL. Overview of the Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Recovered from U.S. Poultry Processing Plants. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.9497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to analyze the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Salmonella isolated from poultry carcass and parts rinsates using a scoring system for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and to deter-mine whether the resistance of Salmonella to selected antimicrobials critically or highly important to human medicine changed from 2017 to 2019. Samples were collected from 26 plants in the United States, analyzed for the presence of Salmonella, and tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials (n=734 for 8 antimicrobials; n=597 for 4 antimicrobials). The multidrug resistance (MDR) scores and AMR scores remained the same over time (P>0.05); however, MDR and AMR differed (P<0.0001) by serogroup and serogroup-by-year interactions. Most notably, MDR—and AMR for 7 out of the 12 antimicrobials—was greater (P<0.05) in serogroup C1 than other serogroups and/or lower (P<0.05) in serogroup D1 than other serogroups. The effect year-by-serogroup was also significant for MDR (P<0.0001) and—for 8 out of the 12 antimicrobials—AMR (P<0.05); differences (P<0.05) across years were identified in serogroup C1, B, and C2 but were highly variable. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone,“highest priority critically important antimicrobials”to human medicine, were not different (P>0.05) across years, but there were significant (P<0.05) serogroup and serogroup-by-year effects for ceftriaxone resistance. Interestingly, gentamicin resistance across years differed (P<0.05) in serogroup B and C. Overall, mean Salmonella MDR and AMR scores were stable from year to year, but shifts in AMR in Salmonella serogroups across years were identified, emphasizing the need to continue monitoring AMR in Salmonella isolated from poultry products in the interest of food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanice Krombeen
- Pilgrim's Pride Corporation Corporate Food Safety and Quality Assurance
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73
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Shah DH, Board MM, Crespo R, Guard J, Paul NC, Faux C. The occurrence of Salmonella, extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:742-753. [PMID: 32710700 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increase in the number of small-scale backyard poultry flocks in the USA has substantially increased human-to-live poultry contact, leading to increased public health risks of the transmission of multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic and food-borne bacteria. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of Salmonella and MDR Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in the backyard poultry flock environment. A total of 34 backyard poultry flocks in Washington State (WA) were sampled. From each flock, one composite coop sample and three drag swabs from nest floor, waterer-feeder, and a random site with visible faecal smearing, respectively, were collected. The samples were processed for isolation of Salmonella and other fermenting and non-fermenting GNB under ceftiofur selection. Each isolate was identified to species level using MALDI-TOFF and tested for resistance against 16 antibiotics belonging to eight antibiotic classes. Salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- was isolated from one (3%) out of 34 flocks. Additionally, a total of 133 ceftiofur resistant (CefR ) GNB including Escherichia coli (53), Acinetobacter spp. (45), Pseudomonas spp. (22), Achromobacter spp. (8), Bordetella trematum (1), Hafnia alvei (1), Ochrobactrum intermedium (1), Raoultella ornithinolytica (1), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1) were isolated. Of these, 110 (82%) isolates displayed MDR. Each flock was found positive for the presence of one or more CefR GNB. Several MDR E. coli (n = 15) were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive. Carbapenem resistance was detected in non-fermenting GNB including Acinetobacter spp. (n = 20), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 11) and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (n = 1). ESBL positive E. coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting GNB are widespread in the backyard poultry flock environment in WA State. These GNB are known to cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these GNB in the backyard poultry flock settings is needed to identify potential risks of transmission to people in proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Melissa M Board
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jean Guard
- US National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Texas A & M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia Faux
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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74
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Perry F, Johnson C, Aylward B, Arsenault RJ. The Differential Phosphorylation-Dependent Signaling and Glucose Immunometabolic Responses Induced during Infection by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg in Chicken Macrophage-like cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1041. [PMID: 32674261 PMCID: PMC7409154 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a burden to the poultry, health, and food safety industries, resulting in illnesses, food contamination, and recalls. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most prevalent serotypes isolated from poultry. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg), which is becoming as prevalent as S. Enteritidis, is one of the five most isolated serotypes. Although S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg are almost genetically identical, they both are capable of inducing different immune and metabolic responses in host cells to successfully establish an infection. Therefore, using the kinome peptide array, we demonstrated that S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg infections induced differential phosphorylation of peptides on Rho proteins, caspases, toll-like receptors, and other proteins involved in metabolic- and immune-related signaling of HD11 chicken macrophages. Metabolic flux assays measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) demonstrated that S. Enteritidis at 30 min postinfection (p.i.) increased glucose metabolism, while S. Heidelberg at 30 min p.i. decreased glucose metabolism. S. Enteritidis is more invasive than S. Heidelberg. These results show different immunometabolic responses of HD11 macrophages to S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (F.P.); (C.J.); (B.A.)
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75
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Application of machine learning algorithm and modified high resolution DNA melting curve analysis for molecular subtyping of Salmonella isolates from various epidemiological backgrounds in northern Thailand. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:103. [PMID: 32613458 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food poisoning from consumption of food contaminated with non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. is a global problem. A modified high resolution DNA melting curve analysis (m-HRMa) was introduced to provide effective discrimination among closely related HRM curves of amplicons generated from selected Salmonella genome sequences enabled Salmonella spp. to be classified into discrete clusters. Combination of m-HRMa with serogroup identification (ms-HRMa) helped improve assignment of Salmonella spp. into clusters. In addition, a machine learning (dynamic time warping) algorithm (DTW) was employed to provide a simple and rapid protocol for clustering analysis as well as to create phylogeny tree of Salmonella strains (n = 40) collected from home, farms and slaughter houses in northern Thailand. Applications of DTW and ms-HRMa clustering analyses were capable of generating molecular signatures of the Salmonella isolates, resulting in 25 ms-HRM and 28 DTW clusters compared to 14 clusters from a standard HRM analysis, and the combination of both analyses permitted molecular subtyping of each Salmonella isolate. Results from DTW and ms-HRMa cluster analyses were in good agreement with that obtained from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR clustering. While conventional serotyping of Clusters 1 and 2 revealed six different Salmonella serotypes, the majority being S. Weltevraden, the new Salmonella subtyping protocol identified five S. Weltevraden subtypes with S.Weltevreden subtype DTW4-M1 being predominant. Based on knowledge of the sources of Salmonella subtypes, transmission of S. Weltevraden in northern Thailand was likely to be farm-to-farm through contaminated chicken stool. In conclusion, the rapid, robust and specific Salmonella subtyping developed in the study can be performed in a local setting, enabling swift control and preventive measures to be initiated against potential epidemics of salmonellosis.
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76
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Nadi ZR, Salehi TZ, Tamai IA, Foroushani AR, Sillanpaa M, Dallal MMS. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and prevalence of common Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from foodborne outbreaks. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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77
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Pilar AVC, Petronella N, Dussault FM, Verster AJ, Bekal S, Levesque RC, Goodridge L, Tamber S. Similar yet different: phylogenomic analysis to delineate Salmonella and Citrobacter species boundaries. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:377. [PMID: 32471418 PMCID: PMC7257147 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide resulting in considerable public health and economic costs. Testing for the presence of this pathogen in food is often hampered by the presence of background microflora that may present as Salmonella (false positives). False positive isolates belonging to the genus Citrobacter can be difficult to distinguish from Salmonella due to similarities in their genetics, cell surface antigens, and other phenotypes. In order to understand the genetic basis of these similarities, a comparative genomic approach was used to define the pan-, core, accessory, and unique coding sequences of a representative population of Salmonella and Citrobacter strains. Results Analysis of the genomic content of 58 S. enterica strains and 37 Citrobacter strains revealed the presence of 31,130 and 1540 coding sequences within the pan- and core genome of this population. Amino acid sequences unique to either Salmonella (n = 1112) or Citrobacter (n = 195) were identified and revealed potential niche-specific adaptations. Phylogenetic network analysis of the protein families encoded by the pan-genome indicated that genetic exchange between Salmonella and Citrobacter may have led to the acquisition of similar traits and also diversification within the genera. Conclusions Core genome analysis suggests that the Salmonella enterica and Citrobacter populations investigated here share a common evolutionary history. Comparative analysis of the core and pan-genomes was able to define the genetic features that distinguish Salmonella from Citrobacter and highlight niche specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Petronella
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Forest M Dussault
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian J Verster
- Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.,Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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78
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Three-Year Longitudinal Study: Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica in Chicken Meat is Higher in Supermarkets Than Wet Markets from Mexico. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030264. [PMID: 32121659 PMCID: PMC7143798 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, chicken meat is considered one of the main sources of Salmonella enterica in humans. To protect consumers from this foodborne pathogen, international health authorities recommend the establishment of continuous Salmonella surveillance programs in meat. However, these programs are scarce in many world regions; thus, the goal of the present study was to perform a longitudinal surveillance of S. enterica in chicken meat in Mexico. A total of 1160 samples were collected and analyzed monthly from 2016 to 2018 in ten chicken meat retailers (supermarkets and wet markets) located in central Mexico. The isolation and identification of S. enterica was carried out using conventional and molecular methods. Overall, S. enterica was recovered from 18.1% (210/1160) of the chicken meat samples. Remarkably, during the three years of evaluation, S. enterica was more prevalent (p < 0.0001) in supermarkets (27.2%, 158/580) than in wet markets (9.0%, 52/580). The study was 3.8 times more likely (odds ratio = 3.8, p < 0.0001) to recover S. enterica from supermarkets than wet markets. Additionally, a higher prevalence (p < 0.05) of this pathogen was observed during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter in supermarkets compared with wet markets. Moreover, the recovery rate of S. enterica from supermarkets showed a gradual increase from 20.78% to 42% (p < 0.0001) from 2016 to 2018. Interestingly, no correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between the S. enterica recovery rate in chicken meat and reported cases of Salmonella infections in humans. Higher levels of S. enterica in chicken meat retailed in supermarkets are not unusual; this phenomenon has also been reported in some European and Asian countries. Together, these results uncover an important health threat that needs to be urgently addressed by poultry meat producers and retailers.
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79
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Camba SI, Del Valle FP, Shirota K, Sasai K, Katoh H. Evaluation of 3-week-old layer chicks intratracheally challenged with Salmonella isolates from serogroup c1 (O:6,7) and Salmonella Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:305-310. [PMID: 31965821 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1719280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the exception to Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (serogroups B [O:4] and D [O:9], respectively), there have been very few studies conducted on the respiratory tract as route of infection in chickens with salmonellas from serogroup C1 (O:6,7). Therefore, the purpose of this present study was to determine the potential organ invasion by Salmonella enterica serotype Potsdam (SP), S. Mbandaka (SM), and S. Infantis (SI) from serogroup C1 (O:6,7) and compare their characteristics with those of S. Enteritidis (SE) on intratracheally (IT) challenged 3-week-old layer chicks. A total of 360 one-day-old White Leghorn layer chicks were acquired from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned into four treatment groups (SP, SM, SI, and SE, respectively), consisting of three independent trials. Chicks were grown up to 21 days (3 weeks) and IT-challenged thereafter with 106 CFU of respective salmonella organisms per group (n = 30). Chicks (n = 5) were humanely sacrificed every 24 h for 6 days post-IT infection and organs such as lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and caecal content were cultured for salmonella. All treatment groups exhibited colonization of lungs and caecal contents at 1 d (P = 0.475) and 4 d (P = 0.696) post-IT infection, respectively. There was no isolation of SP, SM, and SI in heart, liver, spleen, and kidney. In contrast, SE was obtained from heart, liver, and spleen of IT-infected chicks. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the importance of the respiratory route in salmonella infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Camba
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Poultry Products Quality Control Co. (PPQC Co. Ltd), NIhonmatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - F P Del Valle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Poultry Products Quality Control Co. (PPQC Co. Ltd), NIhonmatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K Shirota
- Poultry Products Quality Control Co. (PPQC Co. Ltd), NIhonmatsu, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - H Katoh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Poultry Products Quality Control Co. (PPQC Co. Ltd), NIhonmatsu, Fukushima, Japan
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80
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Jajere SM, Hassan L, Abdul Aziz S, Zakaria Z, Abu J, Nordin F, Faiz NM. Salmonella in native "village" chickens (Gallus domesticus): prevalence and risk factors from farms in South-Central Peninsular Malaysia. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5961-5970. [PMID: 31392329 PMCID: PMC6771764 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Village chicken or Ayam Kampung, common to Southeast Asian countries, has always been regarded as superior in comparison to commercial broiler chicken in terms of wholesomeness and health benefits. The current study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella among village chicken flocks from the central and southern states of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 35 village flocks were sampled from Selangor (n = 19), Melaka (n = 10), Johor (n = 4), and Negeri Sembilan (n = 2). In total, 1,042 samples were collected; these included cloacal swabs (n = 675), eggs (n = 62), pooled drinking water (n = 175), pooled feeds (n = 70), and pooled flies (n = 60). Isolation of Salmonella from cloacal swabs, poultry drinking water, and feeds was carried out according to the protocols and recommendations of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) terrestrial manual. The prevalence of Salmonella at an individual bird-level was 2.5% (17/675, 95% CI: 1.6 to 4.0). All eggs screened were negative; in the case of environmental samples, however, Salmonella was detected in 5.14% (9/175), 7.14% (5/70), and 5.0% (3/60) for water, feed, and flies, respectively. A total of 34 isolates and 8 Salmonella serotypes were identified. Weltevreden (20.6%) was the most common, followed by Typhimurium and Agona (17.6%), Albany and Enteritidis (8.8%), Molade (5.9%), Corvallis and Schleissheim (2.9%), and others grouped as Salmonella spp. (11.8%). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that Salmonella positivity among flocks could be strongly predicted by storage of feeds (uncovered feeds; OR = 10.38; 95% CI: 1.25 to 86.39; p = 0.030) and uncovered water tanks (uncovered tank; OR = 6.43; 95% CI: 1.02 to 40.60; p = 0.048). The presence of Salmonella in village chickens in the study area was lower than that of commercial chickens in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Saleha Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Jalila Abu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Nordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nik M Faiz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Rodrigues IBBE, Silva RL, Menezes J, Machado SCA, Rodrigues DP, Pomba C, Abreu DLC, Nascimento ER, Aquino MHC, Pereira VLA. High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - RL Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - C Pomba
- Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - DLC Abreu
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
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82
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Alvarez J, Lopez G, Muellner P, de Frutos C, Ahlstrom C, Serrano T, Moreno MA, Duran M, Saez JL, Dominguez L, Ugarte‐Ruiz M. Identifying emerging trends in antimicrobial resistance using Salmonella surveillance data in poultry in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:250-262. [PMID: 31484211 PMCID: PMC7028142 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite of controls and preventive measures implemented along the food chain, infection with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) remains one of the major causes of foodborne disease worldwide. Poultry is considered one of the major sources of NTS. This has led to the implementation of monitoring and control programmes in many countries (including Spain) to ensure that in poultry flocks infection is kept to a minimum and to allow the identification and monitoring of circulating NTS strains and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes. Here, we investigated the information from the monitoring programme for AMR in Salmonella from poultry in Spain in 2011-2017 to assess the diversity in phenotypic resistance and to evaluate the programme's ability to detect multi-resistance patterns and emerging strains in the animal reservoir. Data on serotype and AMR to nine antimicrobials obtained from 3,047 NTS isolates from laying hens (n = 1,060), broiler (n = 765) and turkey (n = 1,222) recovered during controls performed by the official veterinary services and food business operators were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods in order to describe host and serotype-specific profiles. Diversity and prevalence of phenotypic resistance to all but one of the antimicrobials (colistin) were higher in NTS from broiler and turkey compared with laying hen isolates. Certain combinations of serotype and AMR pattern (resistotype) were particularly linked with certain hosts (e.g. susceptible Enteritidis with laying hens, multi-drug resistant (MDR) Derby in turkey, MDR Kentucky in turkey and broiler). The widespread presence of certain serotype-resistotype combinations in certain hosts/years suggested the possible expansion of MDR strains in the animal reservoir. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the analysis of data from monitoring programmes at the isolate level to detect emerging threats and suggests aspects that should be subjected to further research to identify the forces driving the expansion/dominance of certain strains in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CenterUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Gema Lopez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y TrazabilidadDirección General de la Producción AgrariaMinisterio de AgriculturaPesca y AlimentaciónMadridSpain
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi‐InteractiveWellingtonNew Zealand
- Department of Veterinary Population MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulUSA
| | - Cristina de Frutos
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV Algete)Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y AlimentaciónMadridSpain
| | | | - Tania Serrano
- TRAGSATECTecnologías y Servicios Agrarios S.AMadridSpain
| | - Miguel A. Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Manuel Duran
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV Algete)Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y AlimentaciónMadridSpain
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y TrazabilidadDirección General de la Producción AgrariaMinisterio de AgriculturaPesca y AlimentaciónMadridSpain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CenterUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalFacultad de VeterinariaUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
| | - Maria Ugarte‐Ruiz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance CenterUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
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Benevides VP, Rubio MS, Alves LBR, Barbosa FO, Souza AIS, Almeida AM, Casas MRT, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Berchieri Jr A. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - MS Rubio
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - LBR Alves
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - FO Barbosa
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AIS Souza
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AM Almeida
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
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84
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Prado R, Tellez I, García M, Aldaco L, García C. Antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm for the conservation of fertile and table eggs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan biofilm against Salmonella enteritidis, for the conservation of fertile and table eggs. Two experiments were performed. Experiment 1: 400 specific pathogen-free table eggs were divided in a completely randomized design into four treatments, five replicates and each replicate with 20 table eggs. Experimental groups were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were then exposed to Salmonella enteritidis and stored for 1, 24, 96 and 168h at 4ºC. The eggs were then washed with 10mL of physiological saline solution. Experiment 2: 80 specific pathogen-free fertile eggs were tested, the assays were assigned to control and 1, 5 and 10% chitosan treatment. Each treatment had 20 fertile eggs. The eggs were immersed in the chitosan solution. They were individually weighed and incubated. Egg weight, humidity loss, and hatchability (weight and length of newly hatched chicks) characteristics were assessed. In Experiment 1, comparison between treatments showed differences (P< 0.05) in the total recovered of Salmonella enteritidis on eggshell, with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment at 96 y 168h respectively. In Experiment 2, chitosan did not show any effect on the egg weight and chick weight, where the average was 57.44 and 38.23g respectively. The humidity loss and chick length showed differences (P< 0.05), with the lower values in 5 y 10% chitosan treatment. The antibacterial activity of chitosan biofilm provide a practical tool against Salmonella enteritidis in fertile and table eggs because the chitosan did not affect egg weight and chick weight, relevant parameters in the poultry industry.
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85
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Varga C, Guerin MT, Brash ML, Slavic D, Boerlin P, Susta L. Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:464. [PMID: 31864357 PMCID: PMC6925488 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario’s Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonella-positive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Results A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracycline-sulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate. Conclusions Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, USA.
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marina L Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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86
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Cohen E, Davidovich M, Rokney A, Valinsky L, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O. Emergence of new variants of antibiotic resistance genomic islands among multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica in poultry. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:413-432. [PMID: 31715658 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) are diverse and important bacterial pathogens consisting of more than 2600 different serovars, with varying host-specificity. Here, we characterized the poultry-associated serovars in Israel, analysed their resistome and illuminated the molecular mechanisms underlying common multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns. We show that at least four serovars including Infantis, Muenchen, Newport and Virchow present a strong epidemiological association between their temporal trends in poultry and humans. Worrisomely, 60% from all of the poultry isolates tested (n = 188) were multidrug resistant, mediated by chromosomal SNPs and different mobile genetics elements. A novel streptomycin-azithromycin resistance island and previously uncharacterized versions of the mobilized Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) were identified and characterized in S. Blockley and S. Kentucky isolates respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that the acquisition of SGI1 does not impose fitness cost during growth under nutrient-limited conditions or in the context of Salmonella infection in the mouse model. Overall, our data emphasize the role of the poultry production as a pool of specific epidemic MDR strains and autonomous genetic elements, which confer resistance to heavy metals and medically relevant antibiotics. These are likely to disseminate to humans via the food chain and fuel the increasing global antibiotic resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Rokney
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Valinsky
- Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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87
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Gymoese P, Kiil K, Torpdahl M, Østerlund MT, Sørensen G, Olsen JE, Nielsen EM, Litrup E. WGS based study of the population structure of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:870. [PMID: 31730461 PMCID: PMC6858691 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the most frequent Salmonella serovars isolated from human cases of salmonellosis and the most detected serovar from animal and food sources in Europe. The serovar is commonly associated with poultry and there is increasing concern over multidrug resistant clones spreading worldwide, as the dominating clones are characterized by presence of large plasmids carrying multiple resistance genes. Increasing the knowledge of the S. Infantis population and evolution is important for understanding and preventing further spread. In this study, we analysed a collection of strains representing different decades, sources and geographic locations. We analysed the population structure and the accessory genome, in particular we identified prophages with a view to understand the role of prophages in relation to the evolution of this serovar. RESULTS We sequenced a global collection of 100 S. Infantis strains. A core-genome SNP analysis separated five strains in e-Burst Group (eBG) 297 with a long branch. The remaining strains, all in eBG31, were divided into three lineages that were estimated to have separated approximately 150 years ago. One lineage contained the vast majority of strains. In five of six clusters, no obvious correlation with source or geographical locations was seen. However, one cluster contained mostly strains from human and avian sources, indicating a clone with preference for these sources. The majority of strains within this cluster harboured a pESI-like plasmid with multiple resistance genes. Another lineage contained three genetic clusters with more rarely isolated strains of mainly animal origin, possibly less sampled or less infectious clones. Conserved prophages were identified in all strains, likely representing bacteriophages which integrated into the chromosome of a common ancestor to S. Infantis. We also saw that some prophages were specific to clusters and were probably introduced when the clusters were formed. CONCLUSIONS This study analysed a global S. Infantis population and described its genetic structure. We hypothesize that the population has evolved in three separate lineages, with one more successfully emerging lineage. We furthermore detected conserved prophages present in the entire population and cluster specific prophages, which probably shaped the population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Gymoese
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Kiil
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - Mark T. Østerlund
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - Gitte Sørensen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Eva M. Nielsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
| | - Eva Litrup
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Artillerivej 5 Denmark
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88
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Mukherjee S, Anderson CM, Mosci RE, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Increasing Frequencies of Antibiotic Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections in Michigan and Risk Factors for Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31781566 PMCID: PMC6857118 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are important enteric pathogens causing over 1 million foodborne illnesses in the U.S. annually. The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance in NTS isolates has limited the availability of antibiotics that can be used for therapy. Since Michigan is not part of the FoodNet surveillance system, few studies have quantified antibiotic resistance frequencies and identified risk factors for NTS infections in the state. We obtained 198 clinical NTS isolates via active surveillance at four Michigan hospitals from 2011 to 2014 for classification of serovars and susceptibility to 24 antibiotics using broth microdilution. The 198 isolates belonged to 35 different serovars with Enteritidis (36.9%) predominating followed by Typhimurium (19.5%) and Newport (9.7%), though the proportion of each varied by year, residence, and season. The number of Enteritidis and Typhimurium cases was higher in the summer, while Enteritidis cases were significantly more common among urban vs. rural residents. A total of 30 (15.2%) NTS isolates were resistant to ≥1 antibiotic and 15 (7.5%) were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes; a significantly greater proportion of Typhimurium isolates were resistant compared to Enteritidis isolates and an increasing trend in the frequency of tetracycline resistance and multidrug resistance was observed over the 4-year period. Resistant infections were associated with longer hospital stays as the mean stay was 5.9 days for patients with resistant isolates relative to 4.0 days for patients infected with susceptible isolates. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that infection with serovars other than Enteritidis [Odds ratio (OR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-11.82] as well as infection during the fall (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.22-7.60) were independently associated with resistance. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of surveillance, monitoring resistance frequencies, and identifying risk factors that can aid in the development of new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chase M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W Newton
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Laboratories, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James T Rudrik
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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89
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Zhou M, Li X, Hou W, Wang H, Paoli GC, Shi X. Incidence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolates From Raw Meat Products Sold at Small Markets in Hubei Province, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31636615 PMCID: PMC6787437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne disease and is often associated with the consumption of foods of animal origin. In this study, sixty-six Salmonella isolates were obtained from 631 raw meat samples purchased at small retail suppliers in Hubei Province, China. The most prevalent Salmonella serotypes were Thompson (18.2%) and Agona (13.6%). Frequent antimicrobial resistance was observed for the sulfonamides (43.9%), tetracycline (43.9%), and the β-lactams amoxicillin and ampicillin (36.4% for each). Interestingly, a high incidence of resistance to cephazolin was observed in strains of the most common serotype, S. Thompson. Class I integrons were found in 27.3% (18/66) of the isolates and five of these integrons contained different gene cassettes (aacA4C-arr-3-dfr2, dfrA12-aadA21, aadA2, dfrA12-aadA2, dfr17-aadA5). Additional antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla TEM-1, bla CTX-M-65, bla CTX-M-15, qnrB, and qnrS, were also identified among these Salmonella isolates. Results of replicon typing and conjugation experiments revealed that an integron with qnrB and bla CTX-M-15 genes was present on incH12 mobile plasmid in S. Thompson strain. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed 32 sequence types, indicating that these isolates were phenotypically and genetically diverse, among which ST26 (18.2%) and ST541 (12.1%) were the predominant sequence types. The integrons, along with multiple antimicrobial resistance genes on mobile plasmids, are likely contributors to the dissemination of multidrug resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfu Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxun Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - George C Paoli
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-ERRC), USDA-MOST Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Xianming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Agriculture and Biology, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Cox NA, Berrang ME, House SL, Medina D, Cook KL, Shariat NW. Population Analyses Reveal Preenrichment Method and Selective Enrichment Media Affect Salmonella Serovars Detected on Broiler Carcasses. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1688-1696. [PMID: 31536420 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poultry is a major Salmonella reservoir, but conventional culture-based methods typically identify the most abundant serovars while those less abundant remain undetected. Choice of enrichment procedure also introduces bias, and for broiler carcasses, a 1-min rinse before preenrichment is insufficient to release all Salmonella present. The inability to assess serovar diversity means that serovars more often associated with human illness may be masked by more abundant Salmonella. CRISPR-SeroSeq (serotyping by sequencing clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), an amplicon-based, next-generation sequencing tool, allows detection of multiple serovars and maps the relative serovar frequencies in a sample. To address the preceding limitations, CRISPR-SeroSeq was used on broiler carcasses collected prechilled at a commercial plant. Standard carcass rinse aliquot preenrichments and whole carcass preenrichments that were enriched in Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) and tetrathionate (TT) broths were compared. On average, five serovars were observed per carcass, including nine on one carcass. CRISPR-SeroSeq detected serovars comprising as little as 0.005% of the population. CRISPR-SeroSeq data matched (28 of 32) standard culture analysis for abundant serovars. Salmonella serovars Kentucky, Typhimurium, and Schwarzengrund were found on each carcass. Overall, serovar diversity was higher in whole carcass preenrichments that were enriched in RV (P < 0.05). Serovar Schwarzengrund was present at higher frequencies in whole carcass preenrichments compared with rinse aliquot preenrichments (t test, P < 0.05), suggesting it adheres more strongly to the carcass. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis was enriched eightfold more in TT than in RV, and serovars Schwarzengrund and Reading were preferentially enriched in RV. Comparison of preenriched and enriched samples suggests that selective enrichment in RV or TT was inhibitory to some serovars. This article addresses limitations of Salmonella surveillance protocols and provides information related to Salmonella population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson A Cox
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Mark E Berrang
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Sandra L House
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - David Medina
- Biology Department, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325
| | - Kimberly L Cook
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3943-4829 [N.W.S.])
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91
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Lee D, Chang HH, Sarnat SE, Levy K. Precipitation and Salmonellosis Incidence in Georgia, USA: Interactions between Extreme Rainfall Events and Antecedent Rainfall Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97005. [PMID: 31536392 PMCID: PMC6792369 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The southeastern United States consistently has high salmonellosis incidence, but disease drivers remain unknown. Salmonella is regularly detected in this region's natural environment, leading to numerous exposure opportunities. Rainfall patterns may impact the survival/transport of environmental Salmonella in ways that can affect disease transmission. OBJECTIVES This study investigated associations between short-term precipitation (extreme rainfall events) and longer-term precipitation (rainfall conditions antecedent to these extreme events) on salmonellosis counts in the state of Georgia in the United States. METHODS For the period 1997-2016, negative binomial models estimated associations between weekly county-level extreme rainfall events (≥90th percentile of daily rainfall) and antecedent conditions (8-week precipitation sums, categorized into tertiles) and weekly county-level salmonellosis counts. RESULTS In Georgia's Coastal Plain counties, extreme and antecedent rainfall were associated with significant differences in salmonellosis counts. In these counties, extreme rainfall was associated with a 5% increase in salmonellosis risk (95% CI: 1%, 10%) compared with weeks with no extreme rainfall. Antecedent dry periods were associated with a 9% risk decrease (95% CI: 5%, 12%), whereas wet periods were associated with a 5% increase (95% CI: 1%, 9%), compared with periods of moderate rainfall. In models considering the interaction between extreme and antecedent rainfall conditions, wet periods were associated with a 13% risk increase (95% CI: 6%, 19%), whereas wet periods followed by extreme events were associated with an 11% increase (95% CI: 5%, 18%). Associations were substantially magnified when analyses were restricted to cases attributed to serovars commonly isolated from wildlife/environment (e.g., Javiana). For example, wet periods followed by extreme rainfall were associated with a 34% risk increase (95% CI: 20%, 49%) in environmental serovar infection. CONCLUSIONS Given the associations of short-term extreme rainfall events and longer-term rainfall conditions on salmonellosis incidence, our findings suggest that avoiding contact with environmental reservoirs of Salmonella following heavy rainfall events, especially during the rainy season, may reduce the risk of salmonellosis. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4621.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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92
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Chiok KLR, Shah DH. Identification of common highly expressed genes of Salmonella Enteritidis by in silico prediction of gene expression and in vitro transcriptomic analysis. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2948-2963. [PMID: 30953073 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens are the reservoir host of Salmonella Enteritidis. Salmonella Enteritidis colonizes the gastro-intestinal tract of chickens and replicates within macrophages without causing clinically discernable illness. Persistence of S. Enteritidis in the hostile environments of intestinal tract and macrophages allows it to disseminate extra-intestinally to liver, spleen, and reproductive tract. Extra-intestinal dissemination into reproductive tract leads to contamination of internal contents of eggs, which is a major risk factor for human infection. Understanding the genes that contribute to S. Enteritidis persistence in the chicken host is central to elucidate the genetic basis of the unique pathobiology of this public health pathogen. The aim of this study was to identify a succinct set of genes associated with infection-relevant in vitro environments to provide a rational foundation for subsequent biologically-relevant research. We used in silico prediction of gene expression and RNA-seq technology to identify a core set of 73 S. Enteritidis genes that are consistently highly expressed in multiple S. Enteritidis strains cultured at avian physiologic temperature under conditions that represent intestinal and intracellular environments. These common highly expressed (CHX) genes encode proteins involved in bacterial metabolism, protein synthesis, cell-envelope biogenesis, stress response, and a few proteins with uncharacterized functions. Further studies are needed to dissect the contribution of these CHX genes to the pathobiology of S. Enteritidis in the avian host. Several of the CHX genes could serve as promising targets for studies towards the development of immunoprophylactic and novel therapeutic strategies to prevent colonization of chickens and their environment with S. Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lam R Chiok
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
| | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
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93
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Acar S, Bulut E, Stasiewicz MJ, Soyer Y. Genome analysis of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid presence in Turkish Salmonella serovar Infantis isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 307:108275. [PMID: 31408739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) isolates were found to have a multi-drug resistance profile (kanamycin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and sometimes to ampicillin) and high prevalence (91%) in Turkish poultry in our previous studies. To investigate the mechanism behind multi-drug antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and high prevalence in Turkish poultry, 23 of the isolates were sequenced for comparative genomic analyses including: SNP-based comparison to S. Infantis from other countries, comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes (AMGs) with AMR phenotypes, and plasmid identification and annotation. Whole-genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis found that all 23 Turkish S. Infantis isolates formed a distinct, well-supported clade, separate from 243 comparison S. Infantis genomes in GenomeTrakr identified as from the US and EU; the isolates most closely related to the cluster of these Turkish isolates were from Israel and Egypt. AMGs identified by bioinformatic analysis, without differentiating chromosomal or plasmid located genes, implied AMR phenotypes with 94% similarity overall to wet lab data, which was performed by phenotypic and conventional PCR methods. Most of the S. Infantis (21/23) isolates had identifiable plasmids, with 76% (16/21) larger than 100 kb and 48% (10/21) larger than 200 kb. A plasmid larger than 200 kb, with the incompatibility type of IncX1, similar to United States S. Infantis plasmid N55391 (99% query coverage and 99% identity overall), which itself is similar to Italian and Hungarian S. Infantis plasmids. Turkish S. Infantis plasmids had different beta-lactam resistance genes (blaTEM-70, blaTEM-148 and blaTEM-198) than the gene blaCTX-M-65 found in S. Infantis plasmids from other countries. This is the first observation of these three genes in S. Infantis isolates. The plasmids larger than 200 kb had two distinct regions of interest: Site 1 and Site 2. Site 1 (around 130 kb) had virulence- and bacteriocin- associated genes such as bacteriocin secretion system and type II toxin-antitoxin system genes (vagC, ccdA, ccdB, mchE, cvaB) and an aminoglycoside resistance gene (str). Site 2 (around 75-110 kb) had the antimicrobial resistance genes (aadA, sulI, tetA, tetR) and mercury (mer) resistance gene on tranposons Tn552 and Tn501. Presence of these AMR and virulence genes suggests they may have a role in the emergence of S. Infantis in poultry and support treating this serotype as a an important human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Acar
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06810, Turkey
| | - Ece Bulut
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06810, Turkey.
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94
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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95
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Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:329-339. [PMID: 31025713 PMCID: PMC6849757 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent trend to feed pet dogs and cats in Britain and other developed countries on raw meat and animal by-products using either commercial preparations or home recipes. This shift from heat-treated processed food has been driven by perceived health benefits to pets and a suspicion of industrially produced pet food. The diets of wild-living related species have been used as a rationale for raw feeding, but differences in biology and lifestyle impose limitations on such comparisons. Formal evidence does exist for claims by raw-feeding proponents of an altered intestinal microbiome and (subjectively) improved stool quality. However, there is currently neither robust evidence nor identified plausible mechanisms for many of the wide range of other claimed benefits. There are documented risks associated with raw feeding, principally malnutrition (inexpert formulation and testing of diets) and infection affecting pets and/or household members. Surveys in Europe and North America have consistently found Salmonella species in a proportion of samples, typically of fresh-frozen commercial diets. Another emerging issue concerns the risk of introducing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Raw pet food commonly exceeds hygiene thresholds for counts of Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria often encode resistance to critically important antibiotics such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and raw-fed pets create an elevated risk of shedding such resistant bacteria. Other infectious organisms that may be of concern include Listeria, shiga toxigenic E scherichia coli , parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and exotic agents such as the zoonotic livestock pathogen Brucella suis, recently identified in European Union and UK raw pet meat imported from Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food SafetyAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - J. R. Lawes
- Department of Epidemiological SciencesAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - A. D. Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford, GU2 7ALUK
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97
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Souza MN, Lehmann FKM, De Carli S, Kipper D, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Molecular detection of Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Heidelberg and Typhimurium directly from pre-enriched poultry samples. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:388-394. [PMID: 31066296 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1614525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogens in public health and it is usually associated with food-borne diseases. Salmonella serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are widespread in the world with outbreaks frequently associated with consumption of poultry products; furthermore, there is an increasing public health concern with the wide dissemination of the serovar Heidelberg in poultry flocks. 2. The aim of the experiment was to develop and to validate rapid methods to detect Salmonella serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg by real-time PCRs and test isolates from pre-enriched poultry samples. 3. Three real-time PCRs were developed and used in combination to detect the serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Heidelberg. These assays were validated by the analysis of 126 Salmonella isolates, eight other enteric bacterial species and 34 naturally contaminated poultry samples after pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water (BPW). 4. Real-time PCRs detected the isolates of the most important poultry serovars (Enteritidis, Typhimurium and Heidelberg) with 100% inclusivity and exclusivity in each assay. The PCR identified monophasic variants of the serovars Typhimurium and Heidelberg. All PCRs were validated in detecting these specific serovars directly from pre-enriched poultry samples. The whole analytical procedure was performed in less than 24 h in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Souza
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - F K M Lehmann
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - S De Carli
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - D Kipper
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - A S K Fonseca
- b Simbios Biotecnologia , Cachoeirinha , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - N Ikuta
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.,b Simbios Biotecnologia , Cachoeirinha , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - V R Lunge
- a Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular , Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA) , Canoas , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.,b Simbios Biotecnologia , Cachoeirinha , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
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98
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Hawkey J, Le Hello S, Doublet B, Granier SA, Hendriksen RS, Fricke WF, Ceyssens PJ, Gomart C, Billman-Jacobe H, Holt KE, Weill FX. Global phylogenomics of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31107206 PMCID: PMC6700661 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky can be a common causative agent of salmonellosis, usually associated with consumption of contaminated poultry. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple drugs, including ciprofloxacin, is an emerging problem within this serotype. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the phylogenetic structure and AMR content of 121 S.enterica serotype Kentucky sequence type 198 isolates from five continents. Population structure was inferred using phylogenomic analysis and whole genomes were compared to investigate changes in gene content, with a focus on acquired AMR genes. Our analysis showed that multidrug-resistant (MDR) S.enterica serotype Kentucky isolates belonged to a single lineage, which we estimate emerged circa 1989 following the acquisition of the AMR-associated Salmonella genomic island (SGI) 1 (variant SGI1-K) conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. Phylogeographical analysis indicates this clone emerged in Egypt before disseminating into Northern, Southern and Western Africa, then to the Middle East, Asia and the European Union. The MDR clone has since accumulated various substitution mutations in the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of DNA gyrase (gyrA) and DNA topoisomerase IV (parC), such that most strains carry three QRDR mutations which together confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. The majority of AMR genes in the S. enterica serotype Kentucky genomes were carried either on plasmids or SGI structures. Remarkably, each genome of the MDR clone carried a different SGI1-K derivative structure; this variation could be attributed to IS26-mediated insertions and deletions, which appear to have hampered previous attempts to trace the clone’s evolution using sub-WGS resolution approaches. Several different AMR plasmids were also identified, encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and/or azithromycin. These results indicate that most MDR S. enterica serotype Kentucky circulating globally result from the clonal expansion of a single lineage that acquired chromosomal AMR genes 30 years ago, and has continued to diversify and accumulate additional resistances to last-line oral antimicrobials. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hawkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella , World Health Organization Collaborative Centre for the Typing and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella , Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Doublet
- ISP, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Laboratoire de sécurité des aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université PARIS-EST, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.,Laboratoire de Fougères, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - W Florian Fricke
- Department of Microbiome Research and Applied Bioinformatics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Camille Gomart
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella , World Health Organization Collaborative Centre for the Typing and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella , Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Helen Billman-Jacobe
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella , World Health Organization Collaborative Centre for the Typing and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella , Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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99
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Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World 2019; 12:504-521. [PMID: 31190705 PMCID: PMC6515828 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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100
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Monte DF, Lincopan N, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Landgraf M. Current insights on high priority antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in food and foodstuffs: a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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