51
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A breath of fresh macrophages ameliorates inflammation in the hypoxic lung. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:820-822. [PMID: 35624203 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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"Role of Cardiac Inflammation in the Pathology of COVID-19; relationship to the current definition of myocarditis". Cardiovasc Pathol 2022; 59:107429. [PMID: 35513258 PMCID: PMC9061642 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2022.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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53
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Huot N, Planchais C, Contreras V, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Lazzerini M, Rosenbaum P, Rey F, Reeves RK, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Müller-Trutwin M. Adaptive MHC-E restricted tissue-resident NK cells are associated with persistent low antigen load in alveolar macrophages after SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1561222. [PMID: 35547853 PMCID: PMC9094104 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1561222/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with potent activity against a wide range of viruses. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, NK cell activity might be of particular importance within lung tissues. Here, we investigated whether NK cells with activity against Spike+ cells are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection and have a role in modulating viral persistence beyond primary clearance from nasopharyngeal and tracheal tissues. We performed an integrated analysis of NK cells and macrophages in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of COVID-19 convalescent non-human primates in comparison to uninfected control animals. SARS-CoV-2 protein expression was detected for at least 9-18 months post-infection in alveolar macrophages. Convalescent animals segregated into two groups based on cellular phenotypes and viral persistence profiles in BALF. The animals with lower persistent antigen displayed macrophages with a regulatory phenotype and enhanced MHC-E restricted NK cell activity toward cells presenting peptides derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein leader sequence, while NK cell activity from the other convalescent animals, control animals and healthy humans were strongly inhibited by these Spike peptides. The adaptive NK cell activity was not detected in blood but in tissue-resident NK cells, and cross-reacted against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Spike-derived peptides.
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54
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AbdelMassih A, Gaber H, El Shershaby M, Hanafy M, Omar Y, Husseiny R, AlShehry N, Ismail HA, Kamel A, Hozaien R, Khaled G, Amer M, Turki A, Fawzy H, Puligheddu S, Khaled D, Thabet NN, Abdelaziz MS, Barakat M, Sharaf S, Mohamed A, Mohsen D, El Feky A, Adly H, Ibrahim E, Mahmoud R, Reda M, Riad F, Vasile C, Shohdi MA, Hesham N, El-Husseiny N, Ragy R, Fouda R. Learned lesson from COVID-19: can routine immunizations be the first line of defense against the next pandemic? EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [PMCID: PMC8978766 DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Single-cell sequencing studies on the lung microenvironment have revealed that the outcome of COVID-19 depends largely on the immune system response rather than the viral load. A robust innate immune response and a regulated adaptive immunity can prevent the worst outcomes such as hospitalization and the need for mechanical ventilation.
Main body
Intriguingly, several vaccines pertaining to the routine vaccination schedule, not only BCG, can skew the immune response towards the aforementioned beneficial effects.
Short conclusion
This means that routine immunization not only can help in the current pandemic but can also offer a rapid rescue in the subsequent epidemics or pandemics until a vaccine is developed.
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55
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Maggi E, Azzarone BG, Canonica GW, Moretta L. What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders. Allergy 2022; 77:1114-1128. [PMID: 34582050 PMCID: PMC8652765 DOI: 10.1111/all.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in March 2020 and caused over 5 million confirmed deaths worldwide as far August 2021. We have been recently overwhelmed by a wide literature on how the immune system recognizes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although originally considered a respiratory viral disease, COVID-19 is now recognized as a far more complex, multi-organ-, immuno-mediated-, and mostly heterogeneous disorder. Though efficient innate and adaptive immunity may control infection, when the patient fails to mount an adequate immune response at the start, or in advanced disease, a high innate-induced inflammation can lead to different clinical outcomes through heterogeneous compensatory mechanisms. The variability of viral load and persistence, the genetic alterations of virus-driven receptors/signaling pathways and the plasticity of innate and adaptive responses may all account for the extreme heterogeneity of pathogenesis and clinical patterns. As recently applied to some inflammatory disorders as asthma, rhinosinusitis with polyposis, and atopic dermatitis, herein we suggest defining different endo-types and the related phenotypes along COVID-19. Patients should be stratified for evolving symptoms and tightly monitored for surrogate biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity. This would allow to preventively identify each endo-type (and its related phenotype) and to treat patients precisely with agents targeting pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maggi
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
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56
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Ambrosino P, Calcaterra IL, Mosella M, Formisano R, D’Anna SE, Bachetti T, Marcuccio G, Galloway B, Mancini FP, Papa A, Motta A, Di Minno MND, Maniscalco M. Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19: A Unifying Mechanism and a Potential Therapeutic Target. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040812. [PMID: 35453563 PMCID: PMC9029464 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) generated a worldwide emergency, until the declaration of the pandemic in March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 could be responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which goes from a flu-like illness to a potentially fatal condition that needs intensive care. Furthermore, the persistence of functional disability and long-term cardiovascular sequelae in COVID-19 survivors suggests that convalescent patients may suffer from post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, requiring long-term care and personalized rehabilitation. However, the pathophysiology of acute and post-acute manifestations of COVID-19 is still under study, as a better comprehension of these mechanisms would ensure more effective personalized therapies. To date, mounting evidence suggests a crucial endothelial contribution to the clinical manifestations of COVID-19, as endothelial cells appear to be a direct or indirect preferential target of the virus. Thus, the dysregulation of many of the homeostatic pathways of the endothelium has emerged as a hallmark of severity in COVID-19. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19, with a focus on personalized pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction as an attractive therapeutic option in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ambrosino
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (F.P.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Marco Mosella
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (M.M.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Roberto Formisano
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (F.P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Silvestro Ennio D’Anna
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (M.M.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Tiziana Bachetti
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Direction, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Marcuccio
- Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Brurya Galloway
- Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Mancini
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (F.P.M.); (A.P.)
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antimo Papa
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (R.F.); (F.P.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | | | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy; (M.M.); (S.E.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (M.M.)
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57
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Rabiu Abubakar A, Ahmad R, Rowaiye AB, Rahman S, Iskandar K, Dutta S, Oli AN, Dhingra S, Tor MA, Etando A, Kumar S, Irfan M, Gowere M, Chowdhury K, Akter F, Jahan D, Schellack N, Haque M. Targeting Specific Checkpoints in the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Induced Cytokine Storm. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040478. [PMID: 35454970 PMCID: PMC9031737 DOI: 10.3390/life12040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-infected patients require an intact immune system to suppress viral replication and prevent complications. However, the complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection that led to death were linked to the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines known as cytokine storm syndrome. This article reported the various checkpoints targeted to manage the SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. The literature search was carried out using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Journal articles that discussed SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokine storm were retrieved and appraised. Specific checkpoints identified in managing SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm include a decrease in the level of Nod-Like Receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome where drugs such as quercetin and anakinra were effective. Janus kinase-2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (JAK2/STAT1) signaling pathways were blocked by medicines such as tocilizumab, baricitinib, and quercetin. In addition, inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6 with dexamethasone, tocilizumab, and sarilumab effectively treats cytokine storm and significantly reduces mortality caused by COVID-19. Blockade of IL-1 with drugs such as canakinumab and anakinra, and inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) with zanubrutinib and ibrutinib was also beneficial. These agents' overall mechanisms of action involve a decrease in circulating proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines and or blockade of their receptors. Consequently, the actions of these drugs significantly improve respiration and raise lymphocyte count and PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Targeting cytokine storms' pathogenesis genetic and molecular apparatus will substantially enhance lung function and reduce mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Rabiu Abubakar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, PMB 3452, Kano 700233, Nigeria;
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
| | | | - Sayeeda Rahman
- School of Medicine, American University of Integrative Sciences, Bridgetown BB11114, Barbados;
| | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon;
| | - Siddhartha Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360001, Gujrat, India;
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka 420110, Nigeria;
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India;
| | - Maryam Abba Tor
- Department of Health and Biosciences, University of East London, University Way, London E16 2RD, UK;
| | - Ayukafangha Etando
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eswatini Medical Christian University, P.O. Box A624 Swazi Plaza Mbabane, Mbabane H101, Hhohho, Eswatini;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, 907/A, Adalaj Uvarsad Road, Gandhinagar 382422, Gujarat, India;
| | - Mohammed Irfan
- Department of Forensics, Federal University of Pelotas, R. Gomes Carneiro, 1-Centro, Pelotas 96010-610, RS, Brazil;
| | - Marshall Gowere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Prinshof Campus, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0083, South Africa; (M.G.); (N.S.)
| | - Kona Chowdhury
- Department of Paediatrics, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh;
| | - Farhana Akter
- Department of Endocrinology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram 4203, Bangladesh;
| | - Dilshad Jahan
- Department of Hematology, Asgar Ali Hospital, 111/1/A Distillery Road, Gandaria Beside Dhupkhola, Dhaka 1204, Bangladesh;
| | - Natalie Schellack
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Prinshof Campus, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0083, South Africa; (M.G.); (N.S.)
| | - Mainul Haque
- Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defense Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defense University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or
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58
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Barilli A, Visigalli R, Ferrari F, Bianchi MG, Dall’Asta V, Rotoli BM. Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Responses of Alveolar Epithelial Cells: Implications for COVID-19 Lung Pathology. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030618. [PMID: 35327420 PMCID: PMC8945544 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Clinical and experimental evidence point to a dysregulated immune response caused by SARS-CoV-2 as the primary mechanism of lung disease in COVID-19. However, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) remain incompletely understood. This study aims to explore the inflammatory responses of alveolar epithelial cells to either the spike S1 protein or to a mixture of cytokines secreted by S1-activated macrophages. Methods and Results. The exposure of alveolar A549 cells to supernatants from spike-activated macrophages caused a further release of inflammatory mediators, with IL-8 reaching massive concentrations. The investigation of the molecular pathways indicated that NF-kB is involved in the transcription of IP-10 and RANTES, while STATs drive the expression of all the cytokines/chemokines tested, with the exception of IL-8 which is regulated by AP-1. Cytokines/chemokines produced by spike-activated macrophages are also likely responsible for the observed dysfunction of barrier integrity in Human Alveolar Epithelial Lentivirus-immortalized cells (hAELVi), as demonstrated by an increased permeability of the monolayers to mannitol, a marked decrease of TEER and a disorganization of claudin-7 distribution. Conclusion. Upon exposure to supernatants from S1-activated macrophages, A549 cells act both as targets and sources of cytokines/chemokines, suggesting that alveolar epithelium along with activated macrophages may orchestrate lung inflammation and contribute to alveolar injury, a hallmark of ARDS.
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59
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Tissue-resident immunity in the lung: a first-line defense at the environmental interface. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:827-854. [PMID: 36305904 PMCID: PMC9614767 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that incessantly faces external environmental challenges. Its homeostasis and unimpeded vital function are ensured by the respiratory epithelium working hand in hand with an intricate fine-tuned tissue-resident immune cell network. Lung tissue-resident immune cells span across the innate and adaptive immunity and protect from infectious agents but can also prove to be pathogenic if dysregulated. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune cell subtypes comprising lung-resident immunity and discuss their ontogeny and role in distinct respiratory diseases. An improved understanding of the role of lung-resident immunity and how its function is dysregulated under pathological conditions can shed light on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
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60
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Pourgholaminejad A, Pahlavanneshan S, Basiri M. COVID-19 immunopathology with emphasis on Th17 response and cell-based immunomodulation therapy: Potential targets and challenges. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13131. [PMID: 34936112 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune system against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown in many aspects, and the protective or pathologic mechanisms of the immune response are poorly understood. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release and a consequent cytokine storm can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and result in multi-organ failure. There are many T cell subsets during anti-viral immunity. The Th17-associated response, as a pro-inflammatory pathway, and its consequent outcomes in many autoimmune disorders play a fundamental role in progression of systemic hyper-inflammation during COVID-19. Therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation therapy could be helpful for targeting hyper-inflammatory immune responses in COVID-19, especially Th17-related inflammation and hyper-cytokinemia. Cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) seem to be promising strategies as orchestrators of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we highlight Th17-related immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and discuss cell-based immunomodulatory strategies and their mechanisms for regulation of the hyper-inflammation during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Pourgholaminejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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61
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Rincon-Arevalo H, Aue A, Ritter J, Szelinski F, Khadzhynov D, Zickler D, Stefanski L, Lino AC, Körper S, Eckardt KU, Schrezenmeier H, Dörner T, Schrezenmeier EV. Altered increase in STAT1 expression and phosphorylation in severe COVID-19. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:138-148. [PMID: 34676541 PMCID: PMC8646801 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interferon pathway, a key antiviral defense mechanism, is being considered as a therapeutic target in COVID‐19. Both, substitution of interferon and JAK/STAT inhibition to limit cytokine storms have been proposed. However, little is known about possible abnormalities in STAT signaling in immune cells during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We investigated downstream targets of interferon signaling, including STAT1, STAT2, pSTAT1 and 2, and IRF1, 7 and 9 by flow cytometry in 30 patients with COVID‐19, 17 with mild, and 13 with severe infection. We report upregulation of STAT1 and IRF9 in mild and severe COVID‐19 cases, which correlated with the IFN‐signature assessed by Siglec‐1 (CD169) expression on peripheral monocytes. Interestingly, Siglec‐1 and STAT1 in CD14+ monocytes and plasmablasts showed lower expression among severe cases compared to mild cases. Contrary to the baseline STAT1 expression, the phosphorylation of STAT1 was enhanced in severe COVID‐19 cases, indicating a dysbalanced JAK/STAT signaling that fails to induce transcription of interferon stimulated response elements (ISRE). This abnormality persisted after IFN‐α and IFN‐γ stimulation of PBMCs from patients with severe COVID‐19. Data suggest impaired STAT1 transcriptional upregulation among severely infected patients may represent a potential predictive biomarker and would allow stratification of patients for certain interferon‐pathway targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rincon-Arevalo
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany.,Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Arman Aue
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Ritter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmytro Khadzhynov
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Zickler
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Stefanski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreia C Lino
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sixten Körper
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, University Hospital Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, University Hospital Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.,Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva V Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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62
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Nazerian Y, Vakili K, Ebrahimi A, Niknejad H. Developing Cytokine Storm-Sensitive Therapeutic Strategy in COVID-19 Using 8P9R Chimeric Peptide and Soluble ACE2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717587. [PMID: 34540833 PMCID: PMC8446510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is an international challenge, largely due to lack of effective therapies. Pharmacotherapy has not yet been able to find a definitive treatment for COVID-19. Since SARS-CoV-2 affects several organs, treatment strategies that target the virus in a wider range are expected to be ultimately more successful. To this end, a two-step treatment strategy has been presented. In the first phase of the disease, when the patient is newly infected with the virus and the cytokine storm has not yet been developed, a chimeric peptide is used to inhibit virus entry into the host cell cytosol (by inhibiting endosomal pH acidification) and viral replication. After the virus entry and decrease of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) level, some people are unable to properly compensate for the ACE2 pathway and progress toward the cytokine storm. In the beginning of the cytokine storm, sACE2 protein is very effective in regulating the immune system toward the anti-inflammatory pathway, including M2 macrophages. Hence, the genes of 8P9R chimeric peptide and sACE2 would be inserted in an episomal vector with a separate promoter for each gene: the chimeric peptide gene promoter is a CMV promoter, while the sACE2 gene promoter is a NF-κB-sensitive promoter. The NF-κB-sensitive promoter induces the expression of sACE2 gene soon after elevation of NF-κB which is the main transcription factor of inflammatory genes. Thus, as the expression of inflammatory cytokines increases, the expression of sACE2 increases simultaneously. In this condition, sACE2 can prevent the cytokine storm by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory pathways. To deliver the designed vector to the target cells, mesenchymal stem cell-derived (MSC-derived) exosome-liposome hybrids are used. Herein, the strategy can be considered as a personalized clinical therapy for COVID-19, that can prevent morbidity and mortality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Nazerian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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63
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Farmani AR, Mahdavinezhad F, Scagnolari C, Kouhestani M, Mohammadi S, Ai J, Shoormeij MH, Rezaei N. An overview on tumor treating fields (TTFields) technology as a new potential subsidiary biophysical treatment for COVID-19. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1605-1615. [PMID: 34542840 PMCID: PMC8451390 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic situation has affected millions of people with tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. Despite all efforts for finding drugs or vaccines, the key role for the survival of patients is still related to the immune system. Therefore, improving the efficacy and the functionality of the immune system of COVID-19 patients is very crucial. The potential new, non-invasive, FDA-approved biophysical technology that could be considered in this regard is tumor treating fields (TTFields) based on an alternating electric field has great biological effects. TTFields have significant effects in improving the functionality of dendritic cell, and cytotoxic T-cells, and these cells have a major role in defense against viral infection. Hence, applying TTFields could help COVID-19 patients against infection. Additionally, TTFields can reduce viral genomic replication, by reducing the expressions of some of the vital members of DNA replication complex genes from the minichromosome maintenance family (MCMs). These genes not only are involved in DNA replication but it has also been proven that they have a crucial role in viral replication. Also, TTFields suppress the formation of the network of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) which is knows as filamentous (F)-actin-rich tubular structures. TNTs have a critical role in promoting the spread of viruses through improving viral entry and acting as a protective agent for viral components from immune cells and even pharmaceuticals. Moreover, TTFields enhance autophagy which leads to apoptosis of virally infected cells. Thus, it can be speculated that using TTFields may prove to be a promising approach as a subsidiary treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Department-School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Mahdavinezhad
- Anatomy Department-School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Viale Di Porta Tiburtina, 28, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mahsa Kouhestani
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Mohammadi
- Department of Plastic Engineering, Faculty of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Shoormeij
- Emergency Medicine Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Wołącewicz M, Majchrzak A, Parczewski M. Interplay between Neutrophils, NETs and T-Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-A Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the COVID-19 Pathogenesis? Cells 2021; 10:1817. [PMID: 34359987 PMCID: PMC8304299 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, a new, dangerous virus has caused the deaths of more than 3 million people. Efforts to fight the disease remain multifaceted and include prophylactic strategies (vaccines), the development of antiviral drugs targeting replication, and the mitigation of the damage associated with exacerbated immune responses (e.g., interleukin-6-receptor inhibitors). However, numerous uncertainties remain, making it difficult to lower the mortality rate, especially among critically ill patients. While looking for a new means of understanding the pathomechanisms of the disease, we asked a question-is our immunity key to resolving these uncertainties? In this review, we attempt to answer this question, and summarize, interpret, and discuss the available knowledge concerning the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T-cells in COVID-19. These are considered to be the first line of defense against pathogens and, thus, we chose to emphasize their role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although immunologic alterations are the subject of constant research, they are poorly understood and often underestimated. This review provides background information for the expansion of research on the novel, immunity-oriented approach to diagnostic and treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Mikołaj Wołącewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Majchrzak
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Independent Public Regional Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Immune Deficiency, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
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