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MacLeod HJ, Dimopoulos G, Short SM. Larval Diet Abundance Influences Size and Composition of the Midgut Microbiota of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645362. [PMID: 34220739 PMCID: PMC8249813 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The midgut microbiota of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti impacts pathogen susceptibility and transmission by this important vector species. However, factors influencing the composition and size of the microbiome in mosquitoes are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of larval diet abundance during development on the composition and size of the larval and adult microbiota by rearing Aedes aegypti under four larval food regimens, ranging from nutrient deprivation to nutrient excess. We assessed the persistent impacts of larval diet availability on the microbiota of the larval breeding water, larval mosquitoes, and adult mosquitoes under sugar and blood fed conditions using qPCR and high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing to determine bacterial load and microbiota composition. Bacterial loads in breeding water increased with increasing larval diet. Larvae reared with the lowest diet abundance had significantly fewer bacteria than larvae from two higher diet treatments, but not from the highest diet abundance. Adults from the lowest diet abundance treatment had significantly fewer bacteria in their midguts compared to all higher diet abundance treatments. Larval diet amount also had a significant impact on microbiota composition, primarily within larval breeding water and larvae. Increasing diet correlated with increased relative levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae and decreased relative levels of Sphingomonadaceae. Multiple individual OTUs were significantly impacted by diet including one mapping to the genus Cedecea, which increased with higher diet amounts. This was consistent across all sample types, including sugar fed and blood fed adults. Taken together, these data suggest that availability of diet during development can cause lasting shifts in the size and composition of the microbiota in the disease vector Aedes aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J MacLeod
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah M Short
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Ourry M, Crosland A, Lopez V, Derocles SAP, Mougel C, Cortesero AM, Poinsot D. Influential Insider: Wolbachia, an Intracellular Symbiont, Manipulates Bacterial Diversity in Its Insect Host. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061313. [PMID: 34208681 PMCID: PMC8234596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Facultative intracellular symbionts like the α-proteobacteria Wolbachia influence their insect host phenotype but little is known about how much they affect their host microbiota. Here, we quantified the impact of Wolbachia infection on the bacterial community of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum by comparing the microbiota of Wolbachia-free and infected adult flies of both sexes. We used high-throughput DNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq, 16S rRNA, V5-V7 region) and performed a community and a network analysis. In both sexes, Wolbachia infection significantly decreased the diversity of D. radicum bacterial communities and modified their structure and composition by reducing abundance in some taxa but increasing it in others. Infection by Wolbachia was negatively correlated to 8 bacteria genera (Erwinia was the most impacted), and positively correlated to Providencia and Serratia. We suggest that Wolbachia might antagonize Erwinia for being entomopathogenic (and potentially intracellular), but would favor Providencia and Serratia because they might protect the host against chemical plant defenses. Although they might seem prisoners in a cell, endocellular symbionts can impact the whole microbiota of their host, hence its extended phenotype, which provides them with a way to interact with the outside world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Ourry
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35650 Le Rheu, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Agathe Crosland
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.A.P.D.); (A.-M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Valérie Lopez
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.A.P.D.); (A.-M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Stéphane A. P. Derocles
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.A.P.D.); (A.-M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Christophe Mougel
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35650 Le Rheu, France;
| | - Anne-Marie Cortesero
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.A.P.D.); (A.-M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Denis Poinsot
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France; (A.C.); (V.L.); (S.A.P.D.); (A.-M.C.); (D.P.)
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53
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Mao Q, Ma W, Wang Z, Liang Y, Zhang T, Yang Y, Xia W, Jiang F, Hu J, Xu L. Differential flora in the microenvironment of lung tumor and paired adjacent normal tissues. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1094-1103. [PMID: 32658980 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates the existence of diversified microbiota in the lung. However, the effect of lung carcinogenesis on the flora in lung microenvironment has yet not been well investigated. In this study, we surveyed the microbial composition and diversity in lung tumor and paired adjacent normal tissues obtained from 55 lung cancer patients to test whether any specific tumor-associated microbial features in lung microenvironment can be identified. Compared with non-malignant adjacent tissues, the tumor samples showed significantly lower community richness (α diversity), but no significant difference in overall microbiome dissimilarity (β diversity). Strong intrasubject correlations were observed between tumor sample and its paired non-malignant adjacent tissues. In addition, correlation network analysis found more significant taxa-taxa correlations (adjusted q-value < 0.05) in tumor microenvironment than non-malignant adjacent tissues. At taxa level, we found Propionibacterium genus were significantly reduced in tumor tissues compared with non-malignant adjacent tissues. In summary, the microbiota in tumor tissues showed the lower richness, higher taxa-taxa interaction, and reduction of potential pro-inflammatory microbial genera compared with non-malignant tissues, suggesting the potential link between the tumor microbiota and the altered tumor microenvironment for the further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Weidong Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingkuan Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Te Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
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Cansado-Utrilla C, Zhao SY, McCall PJ, Coon KL, Hughes GL. The microbiome and mosquito vectorial capacity: rich potential for discovery and translation. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:111. [PMID: 34006334 PMCID: PMC8132434 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome research has gained considerable interest due to the emerging evidence of its impact on human and animal health. As in other animals, the gut-associated microbiota of mosquitoes affect host fitness and other phenotypes. It is now well established that microbes can alter pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, either positively or negatively, and avenues are being explored to exploit microbes for vector control. However, less attention has been paid to how microbiota affect phenotypes that impact vectorial capacity. Several mosquito and pathogen components, such as vector density, biting rate, survival, vector competence, and the pathogen extrinsic incubation period all influence pathogen transmission. Recent studies also indicate that mosquito gut-associated microbes can impact each of these components, and therefore ultimately modulate vectorial capacity. Promisingly, this expands the options available to exploit microbes for vector control by also targeting parameters that affect vectorial capacity. However, there are still many knowledge gaps regarding mosquito-microbe interactions that need to be addressed in order to exploit them efficiently. Here, we review current evidence of impacts of the microbiome on aspects of vectorial capacity, and we highlight likely opportunities for novel vector control strategies and areas where further studies are required. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Cansado-Utrilla
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Serena Y Zhao
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kerri L Coon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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55
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Wang GH, Dittmer J, Douglas B, Huang L, Brucker RM. Coadaptation between host genome and microbiome under long-term xenobiotic-induced selection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabd4473. [PMID: 33952510 PMCID: PMC8099182 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most difficult experimental challenges today is testing the evolutionary dynamics shaping complex host-microbiome interactions. We investigated host-microbiome codiversification in response to xenobiotic-induced selection using an experimental evolution approach. To this end, we exposed the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis to sublethal concentrations of the widely used herbicide atrazine for 85 generations. Our results reveal that atrazine exposure not only mediated adaptive changes within the microbiome, which conferred host resistance to atrazine toxicity, but also exerted selective pressure on the host genome and altered host gene expression and immune response. Furthermore, microbiome transplant experiments reveal a decreased survival of adults from the control population after exposure to the evolved microbiome of the atrazine-exposed population, while no such decrease occurred in the reciprocal transplant. These results indicate that xenobiotic-induced selection mediated host-microbiome coadaptation, ultimately leading to a new host genome-microbiome equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hong Wang
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Brecia Douglas
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Long Huang
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Robert M Brucker
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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56
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Gomard Y, Flores O, Vittecoq M, Blanchon T, Toty C, Duron O, Mavingui P, Tortosa P, McCoy KD. Changes in Bacterial Diversity, Composition and Interactions During the Development of the Seabird Tick Ornithodoros maritimus (Argasidae). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 81:770-783. [PMID: 33025063 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Characterising within-host microbial interactions is essential to understand the drivers that shape these interactions and their consequences for host ecology and evolution. Here, we examined the bacterial microbiota hosted by the seabird soft tick Ornithodoros maritimus (Argasidae) in order to uncover bacterial interactions within ticks and how these interactions change over tick development. Bacterial communities were characterised through next-generation sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Bacterial co-occurrence and co-exclusion were determined by analysing networks generated from the metagenomic data obtained at each life stage. Overall, the microbiota of O. maritimus was dominated by four bacterial genera, namely Coxiella, Rickettsia, Brevibacterium and Arsenophonus, representing almost 60% of the reads. Bacterial diversity increased over tick development, and adult male ticks showed higher diversity than did adult female ticks. Bacterial networks showed that co-occurrence was more frequent than co-exclusion and highlighted substantial shifts across tick life stages; interaction networks changed from one stage to the next with a steady increase in the number of interactions through development. Although many bacterial interactions appeared unstable across life stages, some were maintained throughout development and were found in both sexes, such as Coxiella and Arsenophonus. Our data support the existence of a few stable interactions in O. maritimus ticks, on top of which bacterial taxa accumulate from hosts and/or the environment during development. We propose that stable associations delineate core microbial interactions, which are likely to be responsible for key biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gomard
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Olivier Flores
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT (Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical), CIRAD, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Marion Vittecoq
- Tour de Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, Arles, France
| | - Thomas Blanchon
- Tour de Valat, Research Institute for the Conservation of Mediterranean Wetlands, Arles, France
| | - Céline Toty
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier CNRS IRD, Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Duron
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier CNRS IRD, Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Karen D McCoy
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier CNRS IRD, Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
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57
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Jose PA, Ben-Yosef M, Lahuatte P, Causton CE, Heimpel GE, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Shifting microbiomes complement life stage transitions and diet of the bird parasite Philornis downsi from the Galapagos Islands. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5014-5029. [PMID: 33587780 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestication disconnects an animal from its natural environment and diet, imposing changes in the attendant microbial community. We examine these changes in Philornis downsi (Muscidae), an invasive parasitic fly of land birds in the Galapagos Islands. Using a 16S rDNA profiling approach we studied the microbiome of larvae and adults of wild and laboratory-reared populations. These populations diverged in their microbiomes, significantly more so in larval than in adult flies. In field-collected second-instar larvae, Klebsiella (70.3%) was the most abundant taxon, while in the laboratory Ignatzschineria and Providencia made up 89.2% of the community. In adults, Gilliamella and Dysgonomonas were key members of the core microbiome of field-derived females and males but had no or very low representation in the laboratory. Adult flies harbour sex-specific microbial consortia in their gut, as male core microbiomes were significantly dominated by Klebsiella. Thus, P. downsi microbiomes are dynamic and shift correspondingly with life cycle and diet. Sex-specific foraging behaviour of adult flies and nest conditions, which are absent in the laboratory, may contribute to shaping distinct larval, and adult male and female microbiomes. We discuss these findings in the context of microbe-host co-evolution and the implications for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polpass Arul Jose
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Center, M. P. Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Paola Lahuatte
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - Charlotte E Causton
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
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58
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Omoke D, Kipsum M, Otieno S, Esalimba E, Sheth M, Lenhart A, Njeru EM, Ochomo E, Dada N. Western Kenyan Anopheles gambiae showing intense permethrin resistance harbour distinct microbiota. Malar J 2021; 20:77. [PMID: 33557825 PMCID: PMC7869237 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance poses a growing challenge to malaria vector control in Kenya and around the world. Following evidence of associations between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance, the microbiota of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) from Tulukuyi village, Bungoma, Kenya, with differing permethrin resistance profiles were comparatively characterized. Methods Using the CDC bottle bioassay, 133 2–3 day-old, virgin, non-blood fed female F1 progeny of field-caught An. gambiae s.s. were exposed to five times (107.5 µg/ml) the discriminating dose of permethrin. Post bioassay, 50 resistant and 50 susceptible mosquitoes were subsequently screened for kdr East and West mutations, and individually processed for microbial analysis using high throughput sequencing targeting the universal bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene. Results 47 % of the samples tested (n = 133) were resistant, and of the 100 selected for further processing, 99 % were positive for kdr East and 1 % for kdr West. Overall, 84 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 36 of these shared between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes. A total of 20 bacterial taxa were unique to the resistant mosquitoes and 28 were unique to the susceptible mosquitoes. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between resistant and susceptible individuals (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 2.33, P = 0.001), with presence of Sphingobacterium, Lysinibacillus and Streptococcus (all known pyrethroid-degrading taxa), and the radiotolerant Rubrobacter, being significantly associated with resistant mosquitoes. On the other hand, the presence of Myxococcus, was significantly associated with susceptible mosquitoes. Conclusions This is the first report of distinct microbiota in An. gambiae s.s. associated with intense pyrethroid resistance. The findings highlight differentially abundant bacterial taxa between resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, and further suggest a microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. These results also indicate fixation of the kdr East mutation in this mosquito population, precluding further analysis of its associations with the mosquito microbiota, but presenting the hypothesis that any microbe-mediated mechanism of insecticide resistance would be likely of a metabolic nature. Overall, this study lays initial groundwork for understanding microbe-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in African mosquito vectors of malaria, and potentially identifying novel microbial markers of insecticide resistance that could supplement existing vector surveillance tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Omoke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mathew Kipsum
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Samson Otieno
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Edward Esalimba
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Section, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Science, Aas, Norway. .,Public Health and Epidemiology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Dada N, Jupatanakul N, Minard G, Short SM, Akorli J, Villegas LM. Considerations for mosquito microbiome research from the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:36. [PMID: 33522965 PMCID: PMC7849159 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in mosquito microbiome research, leading to large amounts of data on different mosquito species, with various underlying physiological characteristics, and from diverse geographical locations. However, guidelines and standardized methods for conducting mosquito microbiome research are lacking. To streamline methods in mosquito microbiome research and optimize data quality, reproducibility, and comparability, as well as facilitate data curation in a centralized location, we are establishing the Mosquito Microbiome Consortium, a collaborative initiative for the advancement of mosquito microbiome research. Our overall goal is to collectively work on unraveling the role of the mosquito microbiome in mosquito biology, while critically evaluating its potential for mosquito-borne disease control. This perspective serves to introduce the consortium and invite broader participation. It highlights the issues we view as most pressing to the community and proposes guidelines for conducting mosquito microbiome research. We focus on four broad areas in this piece: (1) sampling/experimental design for field, semi-field, or laboratory studies; (2) metadata collection; (3) sample processing, sequencing, and use of appropriate controls; and (4) data handling and analysis. We finally summarize current challenges and highlight future directions in mosquito microbiome research. We hope that this piece will spark discussions around this area of disease vector biology, as well as encourage careful considerations in the design and implementation of mosquito microbiome research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- Protein-Ligand Engineering and Molecular Biology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Khlong Neung, Thailand
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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60
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Dorrah M, Bensaoud C, Mohamed AA, Sojka D, Bassal TTM, Kotsyfakis M. Comparison of the hemolysis machinery in two evolutionarily distant blood-feeding arthropod vectors of human diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009151. [PMID: 33539385 PMCID: PMC7888641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host blood protein digestion plays a pivotal role in the ontogeny and reproduction of hematophagous vectors. The gut of hematophagous arthropods stores and slowly digests host blood and represents the primary gateway for transmitted pathogens. The initial step in blood degradation is induced lysis of host red blood cells (hemolysis), which releases hemoglobin for subsequent processing by digestive proteolytic enzymes. The activity cycles and characteristics of hemolysis in vectors are poorly understood. Hence, we investigated hemolysis in two evolutionarily distant blood-feeding arthropods: The mosquito Culex pipiens and the soft tick Argas persicus, both of which are important human and veterinary disease vectors. Hemolysis in both species was cyclical after blood meal ingestion. Maximum digestion occurs under slightly alkaline conditions in females. Hemolytic activity appears to be of lipoid origin in C. pipiens and enzymatic activity (proteolytic) in A. persicus. We have assessed the effect of pH, incubation time, and temperature on hemolytic activity and the hemolysin. The susceptibility of red blood cells from different hosts to the hemolysin and the effect of metabolic inhibition of hemolytic activity were assessed. We conclude that in C. pipiens and A. persicus midgut hemolysins control the amplitude of blood lysis step to guarantee an efficient blood digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataza Dorrah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Chaima Bensaoud
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Amr A. Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Taha T. M. Bassal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Inácio da Silva LM, Dezordi FZ, Paiva MHS, Wallau GL. Systematic Review of Wolbachia Symbiont Detection in Mosquitoes: An Entangled Topic about Methodological Power and True Symbiosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:39. [PMID: 33419044 PMCID: PMC7825316 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that naturally infects several arthropods and nematode species. Wolbachia gained particular attention due to its impact on their host fitness and the capacity of specific Wolbachia strains in reducing pathogen vector and agricultural pest populations and pathogens transmission. Despite the success of mosquito/pathogen control programs using Wolbachia-infected mosquito release, little is known about the abundance and distribution of Wolbachia in most mosquito species, a crucial knowledge for planning and deployment of mosquito control programs and that can further improve our basic biology understanding of Wolbachia and host relationships. In this systematic review, Wolbachia was detected in only 30% of the mosquito species investigated. Fourteen percent of the species were considered positive by some studies and negative by others in different geographical regions, suggesting a variable infection rate and/or limitations of the Wolbachia detection methods employed. Eighty-three percent of the studies screened Wolbachia with only one technique. Our findings highlight that the assessment of Wolbachia using a single approach limited the inference of true Wolbachia infection in most of the studied species and that researchers should carefully choose complementary methodologies and consider different Wolbachia-mosquito population dynamics that may be a source of bias to ascertain the correct infectious status of the host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luísa Maria Inácio da Silva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (L.M.I.d.S.); (F.Z.D.)
| | - Filipe Zimmer Dezordi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (L.M.I.d.S.); (F.Z.D.)
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (L.M.I.d.S.); (F.Z.D.)
- Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Centro Acadêmico do Agreste-Rodovia BR-104, km 59-Nova Caruaru, Caruaru 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus da UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (L.M.I.d.S.); (F.Z.D.)
- Núcleo de Bioinformática (NBI), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife 50670-420, Brazil
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Lee J, Yek S, Wilson R, Rahman S. Characterization of the Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) holobiome: bacterial composition across land use type and mosquito sex in Malaysia. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105683. [PMID: 32888935 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and dynamics of the microbiota within the mosquito holobiome is of great importance to apprehend how the microbiota modulates various complex processes and interactions. This study examined the bacterial composition of Aedes albopictus across land use type and mosquito sex in the state of Selangor, Malaysia using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterial community structure in mosquitoes was found to be influenced by land use type and mosquito sex, with the environment and mosquito diet respectively identified to be the most likely sources of microbes. We found that approximately 70% of the microbiota samples were dominated by Wolbachia and removing Wolbachia from analyses revealed the relatively even composition of the remaining bacterial microbiota. Furthermore, microbial interaction network analysis highlighted the prevalence of co-exclusionary patterns in all networks regardless of land use and mosquito sex, with Wolbachia exhibiting co-exclusionary interactions with other residential bacteria such as Xanthomonas, Xenophilus and Zymobacter.
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Dacey DP, Chain FJJ. The Challenges of Microbial Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases Due to the Gut Microbiome. Front Genet 2020; 11:504354. [PMID: 33133140 PMCID: PMC7575760 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.504354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals on earth because of their ability to transmit a wide range of human pathogens. Traditional mosquito control methods use chemical insecticides, but with dwindling long-term effectiveness and negative effects on the environment, microbial forms of control have become common alternatives. The insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) is the most popular of these alternatives, although it can also have direct effects on lowering environmental biodiversity and indirect effects on food-web relationships in the ecosystems where it is deployed. In addition, microbial control agents that impede pathogen development or transmission from mosquito to human are under investigation, including Wolbachia and Asaia, but unexpected interactions with mosquito gut bacteria can hinder their effectiveness. Improved characterization of mosquito gut bacterial communities is needed to determine the taxa that interfere with microbial controls and their effectiveness in wild populations. This mini-review briefly discusses relationships between mosquito gut bacteria and microbial forms of control, and the challenges in ensuring their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Dacey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Frédéric J J Chain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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Riera JL, Baldo L. Microbial co-occurrence networks of gut microbiota reveal community conservation and diet-associated shifts in cichlid fishes. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:36. [PMID: 33499972 PMCID: PMC7807433 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The extent to which deterministic rather than stochastic processes guide gut bacteria co-existence and ultimately their assembling into a community remains largely unknown. Co-occurrence networks of bacterial associations offer a powerful approach to begin exploring gut microbial community structure, maintenance and dynamics, beyond compositional aspects alone. Here we used an iconic model system, the cichlid fishes, with their multiple lake assemblages and extraordinary ecological diversity, to investigate a) patterns of microbial associations that were robust to major phylogeographical variables, and b) changes in microbial network structure along dietary shifts. We tackled these objectives using the large gut microbiota sequencing dataset available (nine lakes from Africa and America), building geographical and diet-specific networks and performing comparative network analyses. Results Major findings indicated that lake and continental microbial networks were highly resembling in global topology and node taxonomic composition, despite the heterogeneity of the samples. A small fraction of the observed co-occurrences among operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was conserved across all lake assemblages. These were all positive associations and involved OTUs within the genera Cetobacterium and Turicibacter and several OTUs belonging to the families of Peptostreptococcaceae and Clostridiaceae (order Clostridiales). Mapping of diet contribution on the African Lake Tanganyika network (therefore excluding the geographic variable) revealed a clear community change from carnivores (C) to omnivores (O) to herbivores (H). Node abundances and effect size for pairwise comparisons between diets supported a strong contrasting pattern between C and H. Moreover, diet-associated nodes in H formed complex modules of positive interactions among taxonomically diverse bacteria (mostly Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria). Conclusions Conservation of microbial network topologies and specific bacterial associations across distinct lake assemblages point to a major host-associated effect and potential deterministic processes shaping the cichlid gut microbiota. While the origin and biological relevance of these common associations remain unclear, their persistence suggests an important functional role in the cichlid gut. Among the very diverse cichlids of L. Tanganyika, diet nonetheless represents a major driver of microbial community changes. By intersecting results from predictive network inferences and experimental trials, future studies will be directed to explore the strength of these associations, predict the outcome of community alterations driven by diet and ultimately help understanding the role of gut microbiota in cichlid trophic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Lluís Riera
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute for Research on Biodiversity (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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65
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Kozlova EV, Hegde S, Roundy CM, Golovko G, Saldaña MA, Hart CE, Anderson ER, Hornett EA, Khanipov K, Popov VL, Pimenova M, Zhou Y, Fovanov Y, Weaver SC, Routh AL, Heinz E, Hughes GL. Microbial interactions in the mosquito gut determine Serratia colonization and blood-feeding propensity. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:93-108. [PMID: 32895494 PMCID: PMC7852612 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How microbe–microbe interactions dictate microbial complexity in the mosquito gut is unclear. Previously we found that, Serratia, a gut symbiont that alters vector competence and is being considered for vector control, poorly colonized Aedes aegypti yet was abundant in Culex quinquefasciatus reared under identical conditions. To investigate the incompatibility between Serratia and Ae. aegypti, we characterized two distinct strains of Serratia marcescens from Cx. quinquefasciatus and examined their ability to infect Ae. aegypti. Both Serratia strains poorly infected Ae. aegypti, but when microbiome homeostasis was disrupted, the prevalence and titers of Serratia were similar to the infection in its native host. Examination of multiple genetically diverse Ae. aegypti lines found microbial interference to S. marcescens was commonplace, however, one line of Ae. aegypti was susceptible to infection. Microbiome analysis of resistant and susceptible lines indicated an inverse correlation between Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and Serratia, and experimental co-infections in a gnotobiotic system recapitulated the interference phenotype. Furthermore, we observed an effect on host behavior; Serratia exposure to Ae. aegypti disrupted their feeding behavior, and this phenotype was also reliant on interactions with their native microbiota. Our work highlights the complexity of host–microbe interactions and provides evidence that microbial interactions influence mosquito behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kozlova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Miguel A Saldaña
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles E Hart
- The Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Global Health and Translational Science and SUNY Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Enyia R Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yuriy Fovanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew L Routh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eva Heinz
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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Arévalo-Cortés A, Mejia-Jaramillo AM, Granada Y, Coatsworth H, Lowenberger C, Triana-Chavez O. The Midgut Microbiota of Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations with Different Levels of Resistance to the Insecticide Lambda-cyhalothrin. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090584. [PMID: 32882829 PMCID: PMC7565445 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations is a problem that hinders vector control and dengue prevention programs. In this study, we determined the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti populations from six Colombian regions to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene, which has been broadly involved in the resistance to this insecticide. The diversity of the gut microbiota of these mosquito populations was also analyzed. Only mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin and presented a lower allelic frequency of the V1016I mutation. Remarkably, there was not an important change in allelic frequencies among populations with different resistance ratios, indicating that other factors or mechanisms contributed to the resistant phenotype. Treatment of mosquitoes with antibiotics led us to hypothesize that the intestinal microbiota could contribute to the resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Beta diversity analysis showed significant differences in the species of bacteria present between susceptible and resistant populations. We identified 14 OTUs of bacteria that were unique in resistant mosquitoes. We propose that kdr mutations are important in the development of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin at low insecticide concentrations but insect symbionts could play an essential role in the metabolization of pyrethroid insecticides at higher concentrations, contributing to the resistant phenotype in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arévalo-Cortés
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ana M. Mejia-Jaramillo
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yurany Granada
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (H.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Group Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.A.-C.); (A.M.M.-J.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-4-219-6520
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The Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) microbiome varies spatially and with Ascogregarine infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008615. [PMID: 32813707 PMCID: PMC7437863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito microbiome alters the physiological traits of medically important mosquitoes, which can scale to impact how mosquito populations sustain disease transmission. The mosquito microbiome varies significantly within individual mosquitoes and among populations, however the ecological and environmental factors that contribute to this variation are poorly understood. To further understand the factors that influence variation and diversity of the mosquito microbiome, we conducted a survey of the bacterial microbiome in the medically important mosquito, Aedes albopictus, on the high Pacific island of Maui, Hawai‘i. We detected three bacterial Phyla and twelve bacterial families: Proteobacteria, Acitinobacteria, and Firmicutes; and Anaplasmataceae, Acetobacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Xanthobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, Rhizobiaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae. The Ae. albopictus bacterial microbiota varied among geographic locations, but temperature and rainfall were uncorrelated with this spatial variation. Infection status with an ampicomplexan pathosymbiont Ascogregarina taiwanensis was significantly associated with the composition of the Ae. albopictus bacteriome. The bacteriomes of mosquitoes with an A. taiwanensis infection were more likely to include several bacterial symbionts, including the most abundant lineage of Wolbachia sp. Other symbionts like Asaia sp. and several Enterobacteriaceae lineages were less prevalent in A. taiwanensis-infected mosquitoes. This highlights the possibility that inter- and intra-domain interactions may structure the Ae. albopictus microbiome. The microbiome is defined as a community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) living on or within a host organism. The microbiome influences physiological traits of medically important mosquitoes and can alter disease transmission dynamics in vector populations. The composition of the mosquito microbiome varies across mosquito populations; however, the factors that contribute to this variation are poorly understood. Understanding the factors that shape the mosquito microbiome will inform how mosquito-borne disease transmission varies among environments and help to develop effective disease-mitigating strategies. In this study, we assessed the diversity and variation of the microbiome of a medically important mosquito, Aedes albopictus. We found that the mosquito microbiome composition varies across geographic locations but is not affected by rainfall or temperature. We discovered that mosquitoes infected with the parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis had a different microbiome composition than that of mosquitoes with little to no infection. This study contributes to our understanding of the factors that influence the diversity and variation in the mosquito microbiome. This and other studies like it will contribute to the development of new and innovative strategies to prevent and mitigate diseases vectored by mosquitoes.
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Wong ML, Liew JWK, Wong WK, Pramasivan S, Mohamed Hassan N, Wan Sulaiman WY, Jeyaprakasam NK, Leong CS, Low VL, Vythilingam I. Natural Wolbachia infection in field-collected Anopheles and other mosquito species from Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:414. [PMID: 32787974 PMCID: PMC7425011 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is maternally inherited and naturally infects some filarial nematodes and a diverse range of arthropods, including mosquito vectors responsible for disease transmission in humans. Previously, it has been found infecting most mosquito species but absent in Anopheles and Aedes aegypti. However, recently these two mosquito species were found to be naturally infected with Wolbachia. We report here the extent of Wolbachia infections in field-collected mosquitoes from Malaysia based on PCR amplification of the Wolbachia wsp and 16S rRNA genes. METHODS The prevalence of Wolbachia in Culicinae mosquitoes was assessed via PCR with wsp primers. For some of the mosquitoes, in which the wsp primers failed to amplify a product, Wolbachia screening was performed using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Wolbachia sequences were aligned using Geneious 9.1.6 software, analyzed with BLAST, and the most similar sequences were downloaded. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with MEGA 7.0 software. Graphs were drawn with GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. RESULTS A total of 217 adult mosquitoes representing 26 mosquito species were screened. Of these, infections with Wolbachia were detected in 4 and 15 mosquito species using wsp and 16S rRNA primers, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first time Wolbachia was detected using 16S rRNA gene amplification, in some Anopheles species (some infected with Plasmodium), Culex sinensis, Culex vishnui, Culex pseudovishnui, Mansonia bonneae and Mansonia annulifera. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp revealed Wolbachia from most of the mosquitoes belonged to Wolbachia Supergroup B. Based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, the Wolbachia strain from Anopheles mosquitoes were more closely related to Wolbachia infecting Anopheles from Africa than from Myanmar. CONCLUSIONS Wolbachia was found infecting Anopheles and other important disease vectors such as Mansonia. Since Wolbachia can affect its host by reducing the life span and provide resistance to pathogen infection, several studies have suggested it as a potential innovative tool for vector/vector-borne disease control. Therefore, it is important to carry out further studies on natural Wolbachia infection in vector mosquitoes' populations as well as their long-term effects in new hosts and pathogen suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li Wong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai Kit Wong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Cherng Shii Leong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yang P, Tan C, Han M, Cheng L, Cui X, Ning K. Correlation-Centric Network (CCN) representation for microbial co-occurrence patterns: new insights for microbial ecology. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa042. [PMID: 33575595 PMCID: PMC7671402 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mainstream studies of microbial community focused on critical organisms and their physiology. Recent advances in large-scale metagenome analysis projects initiated new researches in the complex correlations between large microbial communities. Specifically, previous studies focused on the nodes (i.e. species) of the Species-Centric Networks (SCNs). However, little was understood about the change of correlation between network members (i.e. edges of the SCNs) when the network was disturbed. Here, we introduced a Correlation-Centric Network (CCN) to the microbial research based on the concept of edge networks. In CCN, each node represented a species-species correlation, and edge represented the species shared by two correlations. In this research, we investigated the CCNs and their corresponding SCNs on two large cohorts of microbiome. The results showed that CCNs not only retained the characteristics of SCNs, but also contained information that cannot be detected by SCNs. In addition, when the members of microbial communities were decreased (i.e. environmental disturbance), the CCNs fluctuated within a small range in terms of network connectivity. Therefore, by highlighting the important species correlations, CCNs could unveil new insights when studying not only the functions of target species, but also the stabilities of their residing microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Chongyang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Maozhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Engineering, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Patterson EI, Villinger J, Muthoni JN, Dobel-Ober L, Hughes GL. Exploiting insect-specific viruses as a novel strategy to control vector-borne disease. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 39:50-56. [PMID: 32278312 PMCID: PMC7302987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are being discovered in many important vectors due to advances in sequencing technology and a growing awareness of the virome. Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that ISVs are capable of modulating pathogenic arboviruses. In addition, there is growing evidence that both vertical and horizonal transmission strategies maintain ISVs in vector populations. As such there is potential to exploit ISVs for stand-alone vector control strategies and deploying them in synergy with other symbiont control approaches such as Wolbachia-mediated control. However, before the applied potential can be realized, a greater understanding of their basic biology is required, including their species range, ability to be maintained and transmitted in native and non-native vector hosts, and the effect of infection on a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward I Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph N Muthoni
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucien Dobel-Ober
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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71
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Yen PS, Failloux AB. A Review: Wolbachia-Based Population Replacement for Mosquito Control Shares Common Points with Genetically Modified Control Approaches. Pathogens 2020; 9:E404. [PMID: 32456036 PMCID: PMC7281599 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing expansion of mosquito vectors has made mosquito-borne arboviral diseases a global threat to public health, and the lack of licensed vaccines and treatments highlight the urgent need for efficient mosquito vector control. Compared to genetically modified control strategies, the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia, endowing a pathogen-blocking phenotype, is considered an environmentally friendly strategy to replace the target population for controlling arboviral diseases. However, the incomplete knowledge regarding the pathogen-blocking mechanism weakens the reliability of a Wolbachia-based population replacement strategy. Wolbachia infections are also vulnerable to environmental factors, temperature, and host diet, affecting their densities in mosquitoes and thus the virus-blocking phenotype. Here, we review the properties of the Wolbachia strategy as an approach to control mosquito populations in comparison with genetically modified control methods. Both strategies tend to limit arbovirus infections but increase the risk of selecting arbovirus escape mutants, rendering these strategies less reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shi Yen
- Unit Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris, France
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72
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Chen S, Zhang D, Augustinos A, Doudoumis V, Bel Mokhtar N, Maiga H, Tsiamis G, Bourtzis K. Multiple Factors Determine the Structure of Bacterial Communities Associated With Aedes albopictus Under Artificial Rearing Conditions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32351473 PMCID: PMC7176356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect symbionts are major manipulators of host’s behavior. Their effect on parameters such as fecundity, male mating competitiveness, and biological quality in general, can have a major influence on the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique (SIT). SIT is currently being developed and applied against human disease vectors, including Ae. albopictus, as an environment-friendly method of population suppression, therefore there is a renewed interest on both the characterization of gut microbiota and their exploitation in artificial rearing. In the present study, bacterial communities of eggs, larvae, and adults (both males and females) of artificially reared Ae. albopictus, were characterized using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Mosquito-associated bacteria corresponding to thirteen and five bacteria genera were isolated from the larval food and the sugar solution (adult food), respectively. The symbiont community of the females was affected by the provision of a blood meal. Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were either introduced or enhanced with the blood meal, whereas Serratia were relatively stable during the adult stage of females. Maintenance of these taxa in female guts is probably related with blood digestion. Gut-associated microbiota of males and females were different, starting early after emergence and continuing in older stages. Our results indicate that eggs contained bacteria from more than fifteen genera including Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, and Escherichia–Shigella, which were also main components of gut microbiota of female adults before and after blood feeding, indicating potential transmission among generations. Our results provided a thorough study of the egg- and gut-associated bacteria of artificially reared Ae. albopictus, which can be important for further studies using probiotic bacteria to improve the effectiveness of mosquito artificial rearing and SIT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,Beneficial Insects Institute, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongjing Zhang
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University-Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonios Augustinos
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Naima Bel Mokhtar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Hamidou Maiga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
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73
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Ramos-Nino ME, Fitzpatrick DM, Eckstrom KM, Tighe S, Hattaway LM, Hsueh AN, Stone DM, Dragon JA, Cheetham S. Metagenomic analysis of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Grenada, West Indies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231047. [PMID: 32282857 PMCID: PMC7153883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) are two major vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens in Grenada, West Indies. As conventional vector control methods present many challenges, alternatives are urgently needed. Manipulation of mosquito microbiota is emerging as a field for the development of vector control strategies. Critical to this vector control approach is knowledge of the microbiota of these mosquitoes and finding candidate microorganisms that are common to the vectors with properties that could be used in microbiota modification studies. Results showed that bacteria genera including Asaia, Escherichia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Serratia are common to both major arboviral vectors in Grenada and have previously been shown to be good candidates for transgenetic studies. Also, for the first time, the presence of Grenada mosquito rhabdovirus 1 is reported in C. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Ramos-Nino
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Daniel M. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Korin M. Eckstrom
- University of Vermont Massively Parallel Sequencing Facility, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Scott Tighe
- University of Vermont Massively Parallel Sequencing Facility, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lindsey M. Hattaway
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Andy N. Hsueh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Diana M. Stone
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Julie A. Dragon
- University of Vermont Massively Parallel Sequencing Facility, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Sonia Cheetham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
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74
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Rodríguez-Ruano SM, Juhaňáková E, Vávra J, Nováková E. Methodological Insight Into Mosquito Microbiome Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:86. [PMID: 32257962 PMCID: PMC7089923 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria affect competence for pathogen transmission in insect vectors, including mosquitoes. However, knowledge on mosquito-microbiome-pathogen interactions remains limited, largely due to methodological reasons. The current, cost-effective practice of sample pooling used in mosquito surveillance and epidemiology prevents correlation of individual traits (i.e., microbiome profile) and infection status. Moreover, many mosquito studies employ laboratory-reared colonies that do not necessarily reflect the natural microbiome composition and variation in wild populations. As a consequence, epidemiological and microbiome studies in mosquitoes are to some extent uncoupled, and the interactions among pathogens, microbiomes, and natural mosquito populations remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the effect the pooling practice poses on mosquito microbiome profiles, and tests different approaches to find an optimized low-cost methodology for extensive sampling while allowing for accurate, individual-level microbiome studies. We tested the effect of pooling by comparing wild-caught, individually processed mosquitoes with pooled samples. With individual mosquitoes, we also tested two methodological aspects that directly affect the cost and feasibility of broad-scale molecular studies: sample preservation and tissue dissection. Pooling affected both alpha- and beta-diversity measures of the microbiome, highlighting the importance of using individual samples when possible. Both RNA and DNA yields were higher when using inexpensive reagents such as NAP (nucleic acid preservation) buffer or absolute ethanol, without freezing for short-term storage. Microbiome alpha- and beta-diversity did not show overall significant differences between the tested treatments compared to the controls (freshly extracted samples or dissected guts). However, the use of standardized protocols is highly recommended to avoid methodological bias in the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. Rodríguez-Ruano
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Eliška Juhaňáková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Jakub Vávra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Eva Nováková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of ASCR, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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75
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Ross PA, Callahan AG, Yang Q, Jasper M, Arif MAK, Afizah AN, Nazni WA, Hoffmann AA. An elusive endosymbiont: Does Wolbachia occur naturally in Aedes aegypti? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1581-1591. [PMID: 32076535 PMCID: PMC7029055 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria found within many insect species. Aedes mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being released into the field for Aedes-borne disease control. These Wolbachia infections induce cytoplasmic incompatibility which is used to suppress populations through incompatible matings or replace populations through the reproductive advantage provided by this mechanism. However, the presence of naturally occurring Wolbachia in target populations could interfere with both population replacement and suppression programs depending on the compatibility patterns between strains. Aedes aegypti were thought to not harbor Wolbachia naturally but several recent studies have detected Wolbachia in natural populations of this mosquito. We therefore review the evidence for natural Wolbachia infections in A. aegypti to date and discuss limitations of these studies. We draw on research from other mosquito species to outline the potential implications of natural Wolbachia infections in A. aegypti for disease control. To validate previous reports, we obtained a laboratory population of A. aegypti from New Mexico, USA, that harbors a natural Wolbachia infection, and we conducted field surveys in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where a natural Wolbachia infection has also been reported. However, we were unable to detect Wolbachia in both the laboratory and field populations. Because the presence of naturally occurring Wolbachia in A. aegypti could have profound implications for Wolbachia-based disease control programs, it is important to continue to accurately assess the Wolbachia status of target Aedes populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perran A Ross
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Ashley G Callahan
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Moshe Jasper
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Mohd A K Arif
- Institute for Medical Research Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Wasi A Nazni
- Institute for Medical Research Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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76
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Hegde S, Nilyanimit P, Kozlova E, Anderson ER, Narra HP, Sahni SK, Heinz E, Hughes GL. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletion of the ompA gene in symbiotic Cedecea neteri impairs biofilm formation and reduces gut colonization of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007883. [PMID: 31790395 PMCID: PMC6907859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symbiotic bacteria are pervasive in mosquitoes and their presence can influence many host phenotypes that affect vectoral capacity. While it is evident that environmental and host genetic factors contribute in shaping the microbiome of mosquitoes, we have a poor understanding regarding how bacterial genetics affects colonization of the mosquito gut. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system is a powerful tool to alter bacterial genomes facilitating investigations into host-microbe interactions but has yet to be applied to insect symbionts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate the role of bacterial genetic factors in mosquito biology and in colonization of mosquitoes we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to mutate the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene of a Cedecea neteri symbiont isolated from Aedes mosquitoes. The ompA mutant had an impaired ability to form biofilms and poorly infected Ae. aegypti when reared in a mono-association under gnotobiotic conditions. In adult mosquitoes, the mutant had a significantly reduced infection prevalence compared to the wild type or complement strains, while no differences in prevalence were seen in larvae, suggesting genetic factors are particularly important for adult gut colonization. We also used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to integrate genes (antibiotic resistance and fluorescent markers) into the symbionts genome and demonstrated that these genes were functional in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results shed insights into the role of ompA gene in host-microbe interactions in Ae. aegypti and confirm that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be employed for genetic manipulation of non-model gut microbes. The ability to use this technology for site-specific integration of genes into the symbiont will facilitate the development of paratransgenic control strategies to interfere with arboviral pathogens such Chikungunya, dengue, Zika and Yellow fever viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elena Kozlova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Enyia R. Anderson
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hema P. Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev K. Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eva Heinz
- Department of Vector Biology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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77
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Azar SR, Weaver SC. Vector Competence: What Has Zika Virus Taught Us? Viruses 2019; 11:E867. [PMID: 31533267 PMCID: PMC6784050 DOI: 10.3390/v11090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the Americas from 2015 to 2017 prompted the publication of a large body of vector competence data in a relatively short period of time. Although differences in vector competence as a result of disparities in mosquito populations and viral strains are to be expected, the limited competence of many populations of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, from the Americas (when its susceptibility is viewed relative to other circulating/reemerging mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV)) has proven a paradox for the field. This has been further complicated by the lack of standardization in the methodologies utilized in laboratory vector competence experiments, precluding meta-analyses of this large data set. As the calls for the standardization of such studies continue to grow in number, it is critical to examine the elements of vector competence experimental design. Herein, we review the various techniques and considerations intrinsic to vector competence studies, with respect to contemporary findings for ZIKV, as well as historical findings for other arboviruses, and discuss potential avenues of standardization going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Azar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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78
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Abstract
Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic Alphaproteobacteria that can suppress insect-borne diseases through decreasing host virus transmission (population replacement) or through decreasing host population density (population suppression). We contrast natural Wolbachia infections in insect populations with Wolbachia transinfections in mosquitoes to gain insights into factors potentially affecting the long-term success of Wolbachia releases. Natural Wolbachia infections can spread rapidly, whereas the slow spread of transinfections is governed by deleterious effects on host fitness and demographic factors. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) generated by Wolbachia is central to both population replacement and suppression programs, but CI in nature can be variable and evolve, as can Wolbachia fitness effects and virus blocking. Wolbachia spread is also influenced by environmental factors that decrease Wolbachia titer and reduce maternal Wolbachia transmission frequency. More information is needed on the interactions between Wolbachia and host nuclear/mitochondrial genomes, the interaction between invasion success and local ecological factors, and the long-term stability of Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perran A Ross
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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79
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Scolari F, Casiraghi M, Bonizzoni M. Aedes spp. and Their Microbiota: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2036. [PMID: 31551973 PMCID: PMC6738348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes spp. are a major public health concern due to their ability to be efficient vectors of dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and other arboviruses. With limited vaccines available and no effective therapeutic treatments against arboviruses, the control of Aedes spp. populations is currently the only strategy to prevent disease transmission. Host-associated microbes (i.e., microbiota) recently emerged as a promising field to be explored for novel environmentally friendly vector control strategies. In particular, gut microbiota is revealing its impact on multiple aspects of Aedes spp. biology, including vector competence, thus being a promising target for manipulation. Here we describe the technological advances, which are currently expanding our understanding of microbiota composition, abundance, variability, and function in the two main arboviral vectors, the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Aedes spp. microbiota is described in light of its tight connections with the environment, with which mosquitoes interact during their various developmental stages. Unraveling the dynamic interactions among the ecology of the habitat, the mosquito and the microbiota have the potential to uncover novel physiological interdependencies and provide a novel perspective for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scolari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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80
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Bennett KL, Gómez-Martínez C, Chin Y, Saltonstall K, McMillan WO, Rovira JR, Loaiza JR. Dynamics and diversity of bacteria associated with the disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12160. [PMID: 31434963 PMCID: PMC6704126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus develop in the same aquatic sites where they encounter microorganisms that influence their life history and capacity to transmit human arboviruses. Some bacteria such as Wolbachia are currently being considered for the control of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Yet little is known about the dynamics and diversity of Aedes-associated bacteria, including larval habitat features that shape their tempo-spatial distribution. We applied large-scale 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to 960 adults and larvae of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from 59 sampling sites widely distributed across nine provinces of Panama. We find both species share a limited, yet highly variable core microbiota, reflecting high stochasticity within their oviposition habitats. Despite sharing a large proportion of microbiota, Ae. aegypti harbours higher bacterial diversity than Ae. albopictus, primarily due to rarer bacterial groups at the larval stage. We find significant differences between the bacterial communities of larvae and adult mosquitoes, and among samples from metal and ceramic containers. However, we find little support for geography, water temperature and pH as predictors of bacterial associates. We report a low incidence of natural Wolbachia infection for both Aedes and its geographical distribution. This baseline information provides a foundation for studies on the functions and interactions of Aedes-associated bacteria with consequences for bio-control within Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Bennett
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
| | - Carmelo Gómez-Martínez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado, 0843-01103, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Yamileth Chin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Kristin Saltonstall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Jose R Rovira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado, 0843-01103, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Apartado, 0843-01103, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama.
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama.
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81
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Abstract
Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria, Rickettsiales) is an intraovarially transmitted symbiont of insects able to exert striking phenotypes, including reproductive manipulations and pathogen blocking. These phenotypes make Wolbachia a promising tool to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Although Wolbachia is present in the majority of terrestrial arthropods, including many disease vectors, it was considered absent from Anopheles gambiae mosquitos, the main vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2014, Wolbachia sequences were detected in A. gambiae samples collected in Burkina Faso. Subsequently, similar evidence came from collections all over Africa, revealing a high Wolbachia 16S rRNA sequence diversity, low abundance, and a lack of congruence between host and symbiont phylogenies. Here, we reanalyze and discuss recent evidence on the presence of Wolbachia sequences in A. gambiae. We find that although detected at increasing frequencies, the unusual properties of these Wolbachia sequences render them insufficient to diagnose natural infections in A. gambiae Future studies should focus on uncovering the origin of Wolbachia sequence variants in Anopheles and seeking sequence-independent evidence for this new symbiosis. Understanding the ecology of Anopheles mosquitos and their interactions with Wolbachia will be key in designing successful, integrative approaches to limit malaria spread. Although the prospect of using Wolbachia to fight malaria is intriguing, the newly discovered strains do not bring it closer to realization.IMPORTANCEAnopheles gambiae mosquitos are the main vectors of malaria, threatening around half of the world's population. The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia can interfere with disease transmission by other important insect vectors, but until recently, it was thought to be absent from natural A. gambiae populations. Here, we critically analyze the genomic, metagenomic, PCR, imaging, and phenotypic data presented in support of the presence of natural Wolbachia infections in A. gambiae We find that they are insufficient to diagnose Wolbachia infections and argue for the need of obtaining robust data confirming basic Wolbachia characteristics in this system. Determining the Wolbachia infection status of Anopheles is critical due to its potential to influence Anopheles population structure and Plasmodium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chrostek
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gerth
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kulkarni A, Yu W, Jiang J, Sanchez C, Karna AK, Martinez KJL, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Hansen IA, Xue R, Ettestad P, Melman S, Duguma D, Debboun M, Xu J. Wolbachia pipientis occurs in Aedes aegypti populations in New Mexico and Florida, USA. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6148-6156. [PMID: 31161026 PMCID: PMC6540660 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus Skuse are the major vectors of dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses worldwide. Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium present in many insects, is being utilized in novel vector control strategies to manipulate mosquito life history and vector competence to curb virus transmission. Earlier studies have found that Wolbachia is commonly detected in Ae. albopictus but rarely detected in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used a two-step PCR assay to detect Wolbachia in wild-collected samples of Ae. aegypti. The PCR products were sequenced to validate amplicons and identify Wolbachia strains. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and used for detecting Wolbachia in selected mosquito specimens as well. We found Wolbachia in 85/148 (57.4%) wild Ae. aegypti specimens from various cities in New Mexico, and in 2/46 (4.3%) from St. Augustine, Florida. Wolbachia was not detected in 94 samples of Ae. aegypti from Deer Park, Harris County, Texas. Wolbachia detected in Ae. aegypti from both New Mexico and Florida was the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia pipientis. A Wolbachia-positive colony of Ae. aegypti was established from pupae collected in Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2018. The infected females of this strain transmitted Wolbachia to their progeny when crossed with males of Rockefeller strain of Ae. aegypti, which does not carry Wolbachia. In contrast, none of the progeny of Las Cruces males mated to Rockefeller females were infected with Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kulkarni
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Jinjin Jiang
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | | | - Ajit K. Karna
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Immo A. Hansen
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Rui‐de Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control DistrictSt. AugustineFlorida
| | | | | | - Dagne Duguma
- Harris County Public HealthMosquito and Vector Control DivisionHoustonTexas
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Harris County Public HealthMosquito and Vector Control DivisionHoustonTexas
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Biology DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
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83
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Heu K, Gendrin M. [Mosquito microbiota and its influence on disease vectorial transmission]. Biol Aujourdhui 2019; 212:119-136. [PMID: 30973141 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2019003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are found worldwide. Around 100 among 3500 mosquito species are known to be vectors of parasites and viruses, responsible for infectious diseases including malaria and dengue. Mosquitoes host diverse microbial communities that influence disease transmission, either by direct interference or via affecting host immunity and physiology. These microbial communities are present within diverse tissues, including the digestive tract, and vary depending on the sex of the mosquito, its developmental stage, and ecological factors. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mosquito microbiota, defined as a community of commensal, symbiotic or pathogenic microbes harboured by a host. We first describe the current knowledge on the diversity of the microbiota, that includes bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses and on its modes of acquisition throughout the mosquito life cycle. We then focus on microbial interactions within the mosquito gut, which notably affect vector competence, and on host-microbe interactions affecting mosquito fitness. Finally, we discuss current or potential methods based on the use of microbes or microbial products to interfere with pathogen transmission or to reduce mosquito lifespan and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Heu
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France
| | - Mathilde Gendrin
- Groupe « Microbiote des Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, Guyane, France - Département « Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs », Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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84
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Brinker P, Fontaine MC, Beukeboom LW, Falcao Salles J. Host, Symbionts, and the Microbiome: The Missing Tripartite Interaction. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:480-488. [PMID: 30857919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between microbial associates and a host is a ubiquitous feature of life on earth, modulating host phenotypes. In addition to endosymbionts, organisms harbour a collection of host-associated microbes, the microbiome that can impact important host traits. In this opinion article we argue that the mutual influences of the microbiome and endosymbionts, as well as their combined influence on the host, are still understudied. Focusing on the endosymbiont Wolbachia, we present growing evidence indicating that host phenotypic effects are exerted in interaction with the remainder microbiome and the host. We thus advocate that only through an integrated approach that considers multiple interacting partners and environmental influences will we be able to gain a better understanding of host-microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pina Brinker
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, The Netherlands; MIVEGEC, UMR IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Falcao Salles
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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85
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Akorli J, Namaali PA, Ametsi GW, Egyirifa RK, Pels NAP. Generational conservation of composition and diversity of field-acquired midgut microbiota in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) during colonization in the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:27. [PMID: 30635018 PMCID: PMC6329181 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota is known to play a role in a mosquito vector’s life history, a subject of increasing research. Laboratory experiments are essential for such studies and require laboratory colonies. In this study, the conservation of field-obtained midgut microbiota was evaluated in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes continuously hatched in water from field breeding habitats. Methods Pupae and late instars were obtained from the field and reared, and the emerged adults were blood-fed. The eggs obtained from them were hatched in either water from the field or in dechlorinated tap water. The mosquito colonies were maintained for 10 generations. Midguts of female adults from unfed F0 (emerging from field-caught pupae and larvae), F5 and F10 were dissected out and genomic DNA was extracted for 16S metagenomic sequencing. The sequences were compared to investigate the diversity and bacterial compositional differences using ANCOM and correlation clustering methods. Results Less than 10% of the bacterial families identified had differential relative abundances between generational groups and accounted for 46% of the variation observed. Although diversity reduced in F10 mosquitoes during laboratory colonization (Shannon-Weaver; P-value < 0.05), 50% of bacterial genera were conserved in those bred continuously in field-water compared to 38% in those bred in dechlorinated tap water. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the first report on the assessment of gut bacterial community of mosquitoes during laboratory colonization and recommends the use of water from the natural breeding habitats if they are intended for microbiota research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3287-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewelna Akorli
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Philomena Asor Namaali
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godwin Williams Ametsi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richardson Kwesi Egyirifa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nana Adjoa Praba Pels
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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86
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat'senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [PMID: 30483601 PMCID: PMC6234743 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species across five malaria endemic countries to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species A, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species A. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species A but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gena G Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30033, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kirstin Spence
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eliot Hurn
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Luciano M Tantely
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fara N Raharimalala
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Kalil Keita
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Denka Camara
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yaya Barry
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Francis Wat'senga
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Emile Z Manzambi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul R Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Shivanand Hedge
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Seth R Irish
- The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329-4027, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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87
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat’senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing endosymbiotic bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis of samples was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species ‘A’. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were also shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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