51
|
Deng R, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Aberrant development of excitatory circuits to inhibitory neurons in the primary visual cortex after neonatal binocular enucleation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3163. [PMID: 33542365 PMCID: PMC7862622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of GABAergic interneurons is important for the functional maturation of cortical circuits. After migrating into the cortex, GABAergic interneurons start to receive glutamatergic connections from cortical excitatory neurons and thus gradually become integrated into cortical circuits. These glutamatergic connections are mediated by glutamate receptors including AMPA and NMDA receptors and the ratio of AMPA to NMDA receptors decreases during development. Since previous studies have shown that retinal input can regulate the early development of connections along the visual pathway, we investigated if the maturation of glutamatergic inputs to GABAergic interneurons in the visual cortex requires retinal input. We mapped the spatial pattern of glutamatergic connections to layer 4 (L4) GABAergic interneurons in mouse visual cortex at around postnatal day (P) 16 by laser-scanning photostimulation and investigated the effect of binocular enucleations at P1/P2 on these patterns. Gad2-positive interneurons in enucleated animals showed an increased fraction of AMPAR-mediated input from L2/3 and a decreased fraction of input from L5/6. Parvalbumin-expressing (PV) interneurons showed similar changes in relative connectivity. NMDAR-only input was largely unchanged by enucleation. Our results show that retinal input sculpts the integration of interneurons into V1 circuits and suggest that the development of AMPAR- and NMDAR-only connections might be regulated differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Deng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 379 Miller Res. Bldg, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Young H, Belbut B, Baeta M, Petreanu L. Laminar-specific cortico-cortical loops in mouse visual cortex. eLife 2021; 10:e59551. [PMID: 33522479 PMCID: PMC7877907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many theories propose recurrent interactions across the cortical hierarchy, but it is unclear if cortical circuits are selectively wired to implement looped computations. Using subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping in mouse visual cortex, we compared feedforward (FF) or feedback (FB) cortico-cortical (CC) synaptic input to cells projecting back to the input source (looped neurons) with cells projecting to a different cortical or subcortical area. FF and FB afferents showed similar cell-type selectivity, making stronger connections with looped neurons than with other projection types in layer (L)5 and L6, but not in L2/3, resulting in selective modulation of activity in looped neurons. In most cases, stronger connections in looped L5 neurons were located on their apical tufts, but not on their perisomatic dendrites. Our results reveal that CC connections are selectively wired to form monosynaptic excitatory loops and support a differential role of supragranular and infragranular neurons in hierarchical recurrent computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Young
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
| | - Beatriz Belbut
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
| | - Margarida Baeta
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
| | - Leopoldo Petreanu
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Center for the UnknownLisbonPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Meng X, Mukherjee D, Kao JPY, Kanold PO. Early peripheral activity alters nascent subplate circuits in the auditory cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc9155. [PMID: 33579707 PMCID: PMC7880598 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cortical function can be shaped by sensory experience during a critical period. The onset of the critical period is thought to coincide with the onset of thalamocortical transmission to the thalamo-recipient layer 4 (L4). In early development, subplate neurons (SPNs), and not L4 neurons, are the first targets of thalamic afferents. SPNs are transiently involved in early development and are largely eliminated during development. Activation of L4 by thalamic afferents coincides with the opening of ear canal (~P11 in mice) and precedes the later critical period. Here, we show in mice that abolishing peripheral function or presenting sound stimuli even before P11 leads to bidirectionally altered functional connectivity of SPNs in auditory cortex. Thus, early sensory experience can sculpt subplate circuits before thalamocortical circuits to L4 are mature. Our results show that peripheral activity shapes cortical circuits in a sequential manner and from earlier ages than has been appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Didhiti Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Laprell L, Schulze C, Brehme ML, Oertner TG. The role of microglia membrane potential in chemotaxis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:21. [PMID: 33423699 PMCID: PMC7798195 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia react to danger signals by rapid and targeted extension of cellular processes towards the source of the signal. This positive chemotactic response is accompanied by a hyperpolarization of the microglia membrane. Here, we show that optogenetic depolarization of microglia has little effect on baseline motility, but significantly slows down the chemotactic response. Reducing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration mimics the effect of optogenetic depolarization. As the membrane potential sets the driving force for Ca2+ entry, hyperpolarization is an integral part of rapid stimulus-response coupling in microglia. Compared to typical excitable cells such as neurons, the sign of the activating response is inverted in microglia, leading to inhibition by depolarizing channelrhodopsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Laprell
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Schulze
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Brehme
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Propagating wave activity in a tangential cortical slice. Neuroreport 2021; 31:332-337. [PMID: 32058429 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Propagating neural waves in the cerebral cortex influence the integration of incoming sensory information with ongoing cortical activity. However, the neural circuit elements that support these cortical waves remain to be fully defined. Here, a novel tangential slice preparation was developed that exhibited propagating wave activity across the dorsal cortical sheet, as assessed using autofluorescence imaging following focal electrical stimulation. Analysis of functional connectivity in the slice preparation with laser-scanning photostimulation via glutamate uncaging revealed a lack of short-latency, presumed monosynaptic, long-range connections (>300 μm) in the slice preparation. These results establish a novel slice preparation for assessing cortical dynamics and support the proposition that interactions among local cortical elements are sufficient to enable widespread propagating wave activity.
Collapse
|
56
|
Ho CLA, Zimmermann R, Flórez Weidinger JD, Prsa M, Schottdorf M, Merlin S, Okamoto T, Ikezoe K, Pifferi F, Aujard F, Angelucci A, Wolf F, Huber D. Orientation Preference Maps in Microcebus murinus Reveal Size-Invariant Design Principles in Primate Visual Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 31:733-741.e7. [PMID: 33275889 PMCID: PMC9026768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Orientation preference maps (OPMs) are a prominent feature of primary visual cortex (V1) organization in many primates and carnivores. In rodents, neurons are not organized in OPMs but are instead interspersed in a “salt and pepper” fashion, although clusters of orientation-selective neurons have been reported. Does this fundamental difference reflect the existence of a lower size limit for orientation columns (OCs) below which they cannot be scaled down with decreasing V1 size? To address this question, we examined V1 of one of the smallest living primates, the 60-g prosimian mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Using chronic intrinsic signal imaging, we found that mouse lemur V1 contains robust OCs, which are arranged in a pinwheel-like fashion. OC size in mouse lemurs was found to be only marginally smaller compared to the macaque, suggesting that these circuit elements are nearly incompressible. The spatial arrangement of pinwheels is well described by a common mathematical design of primate V1 circuit organization. In order to accommodate OPMs, we found that the mouse lemur V1 covers one-fifth of the cortical surface, which is one of the largest V1-to-cortex ratios found in primates. These results indicate that the primate-type visual cortical circuit organization is constrained by a size limitation and raises the possibility that its emergence might have evolved by disruptive innovation rather than gradual change. Orientation preference maps are a hallmark of V1 organization in all primates studied thus far, yet they are absent in rodents. It is uncertain whether these structures scale with body or brain size. Using intrinsic signal imaging, Ho et al. reveal the presence of such maps in the V1 of the world’s smallest primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lum Andy Ho
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | - Mario Prsa
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schottdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Sam Merlin
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Okamoto
- Kyushu University, Faculty of Arts and Science, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Ikezoe
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, Osaka University and National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7179, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, 1 Avenue du Petit Chateau, Brunoy 91800, France
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, Georg-August University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Daniel Huber
- University of Geneva, Department of Basic Neurosciences, Rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Yang W, Williams A, Sun QQ. Circuit Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis in a Mouse Model of Focal Cortical Malformation. Curr Biol 2020; 31:334-345.e4. [PMID: 33157021 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The way in which aberrant neural circuits contribute to epilepsy remains unclear. To elucidate this question, we dissected the circuit mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis using a mouse model of focal cortical malformation with spontaneous epileptiform discharges. We found that spontaneous spike-wave discharges and optogenetically induced hyperexcitable bursts in vivo were present in a cortical region distal to (>0.7 mm) freeze-lesion-induced microgyrus, instead of near the microgyrus. ChR2-assisted circuit mapping revealed ectopic inter-laminar excitatory input from infragranular layers to layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons as the key component of hyperexcitable circuitry. This hyperactivity disrupted the balance between excitation and inhibition and was more prominent in the cortical region distal to the microgyrus. Consistently, the inhibition from both parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV) and somatostatin-positive interneurons (SOM) to pyramidal neurons were altered in a layer- and site-specific fashion. Finally, closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of SOM, but not PV, terminated spontaneous spike-wave discharges. Together, these results demonstrate the occurrence of highly site- and cell-type-specific synaptic reorganization underlying epileptic cortical circuits and provide new insights into potential treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Yang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Anthony Williams
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Qian-Quan Sun
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Wyoming Sensory Biology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sharkey CR, Blanco J, Leibowitz MM, Pinto-Benito D, Wardill TJ. The spectral sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18242. [PMID: 33106518 PMCID: PMC7588446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has long been a popular model insect species, due in large part to the availability of genetic tools and is fast becoming the model for insect colour vision. Key to understanding colour reception in Drosophila is in-depth knowledge of spectral inputs and downstream neural processing. While recent studies have sparked renewed interest in colour processing in Drosophila, photoreceptor spectral sensitivity measurements have yet to be carried out in vivo. We have fully characterised the spectral input to the motion and colour vision pathways, and directly measured the effects of spectral modulating factors, screening pigment density and carotenoid-based ocular pigments. All receptor sensitivities had significant shifts in spectral sensitivity compared to previous measurements. Notably, the spectral range of the Rh6 visual pigment is substantially broadened and its peak sensitivity is shifted by 92 nm from 508 to 600 nm. We show that this deviation can be explained by transmission of long wavelengths through the red screening pigment and by the presence of the blue-absorbing filter in the R7y receptors. Further, we tested direct interactions between inner and outer photoreceptors using selective recovery of activity in photoreceptor pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla R Sharkey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Maya M Leibowitz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Daniel Pinto-Benito
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Trevor J Wardill
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Endoplasmic reticulum visits highly active spines and prevents runaway potentiation of synapses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5083. [PMID: 33033259 PMCID: PMC7546627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In hippocampal pyramidal cells, a small subset of dendritic spines contain endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In large spines, ER frequently forms a spine apparatus, while smaller spines contain just a single tubule of smooth ER. Here we show that the ER visits dendritic spines in a non-random manner, targeting spines during periods of high synaptic activity. When we blocked ER motility using a dominant negative approach against myosin V, spine synapses became stronger compared to controls. We were not able to further potentiate these maxed-out synapses, but long-term depression (LTD) was readily induced by low-frequency stimulation. We conclude that the brief ER visits to active spines have the important function of preventing runaway potentiation of individual spine synapses, keeping most of them at an intermediate strength level from which both long-term potentiation (LTP) and LTD are possible. In hippocampal pyramidal cells, a subset of dendritic spines contain endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, the authors show that ER enters dendritic spines in a non-random manner, during high synaptic activity with the function of limiting synaptic strength.
Collapse
|
60
|
Ma X, Chen K, Cui Y, Huang G, Nehme A, Zhang L, Li H, Wei J, Liong K, Liu Q, Shi L, Wu J, Qiu S. Depletion of microglia in developing cortical circuits reveals its critical role in glutamatergic synapse development, functional connectivity, and critical period plasticity. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1968-1986. [PMID: 32594561 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microglia populate the early developing brain and mediate pruning of the central synapses. Yet, little is known on their functional significance in shaping the developing cortical circuits. We hypothesize that the developing cortical circuits require microglia for proper circuit maturation and connectivity, and as such, ablation of microglia during the cortical critical period may result in a long-lasting circuit abnormality. We administered PLX3397, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, to mice starting at postnatal day 14 and through P28, which depletes >75% of microglia in the visual cortex (VC). This treatment largely covers the critical period (P19-32) of VC maturation and plasticity. Patch clamp recording in VC layer 2/3 (L2/3) and L5 neurons revealed increased mEPSC frequency and reduced amplitude, and decreased AMPA/NMDA current ratio, indicative of altered synapse maturation. Increased spine density was observed in these neurons, potentially reflecting impaired synapse pruning. In addition, VC intracortical circuit functional connectivity, assessed by laser scanning photostimulation combined with glutamate uncaging, was dramatically altered. Using two photon longitudinal dendritic spine imaging, we confirmed that spine elimination/pruning was diminished during VC critical period when microglia were depleted. Reduced spine pruning thus may account for increased spine density and disrupted connectivity of VC circuits. Lastly, using single-unit recording combined with monocular deprivation, we found that ocular dominance plasticity in the VC was obliterated during the critical period as a result of microglia depletion. These data establish a critical role of microglia in developmental cortical synapse pruning, maturation, functional connectivity, and critical period plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokuang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ke Chen
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Guanqun Huang
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antoine Nehme
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Handong Li
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jing Wei
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Katerina Liong
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lingling Shi
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kim J, Erskine A, Cheung JA, Hires SA. Behavioral and Neural Bases of Tactile Shape Discrimination Learning in Head-Fixed Mice. Neuron 2020; 108:953-967.e8. [PMID: 33002411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tactile shape recognition requires the perception of object surface angles. We investigate how neural representations of object angles are constructed from sensory input and how they reorganize across learning. Head-fixed mice learned to discriminate object angles by active exploration with one whisker. Calcium imaging of layers 2-4 of the barrel cortex revealed maps of object-angle tuning before and after learning. Three-dimensional whisker tracking demonstrated that the sensory input components that best discriminate angles (vertical bending and slide distance) also have the greatest influence on object-angle tuning. Despite the high turnover in active ensemble membership across learning, the population distribution of object-angle tuning preferences remained stable. Angle tuning sharpened, but only in neurons that preferred trained angles. This was correlated with a selective increase in the influence of the most task-relevant sensory component on object-angle tuning. These results show how discrimination training enhances stimulus selectivity in the primary somatosensory cortex while maintaining perceptual stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andrew Erskine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan Andrew Cheung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Samuel Andrew Hires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kostka JK, Gretenkord S, Spehr M, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Bursting mitral cells time the oscillatory coupling between olfactory bulb and entorhinal networks in neonatal mice. J Physiol 2020; 598:5753-5769. [PMID: 32926437 DOI: 10.1113/jp280131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During early postnatal development, mitral cells show either irregular bursting or non-bursting firing patterns Bursting mitral cells preferentially fire during theta bursts in the neonatal olfactory bulb, being locked to the theta phase Bursting mitral cells preferentially fire during theta bursts in the neonatal lateral entorhinal cortex and are temporally related to both respiration rhythm- and theta phase Bursting mitral cells act as a cellular substrate of the olfactory drive that promotes the oscillatory entrainment of entorhinal networks ABSTRACT: Shortly after birth, the olfactory system provides not only the main source of environmental inputs to blind, deaf, non-whisking and motorically-limited rodents, but also the drive boosting the functional entrainment of limbic circuits. However, the cellular substrate of this early communication remains largely unknown. Here, we combine in vivo and in vitro patch-clamp and extracellular recordings to reveal the contribution of mitral cell (MC) firing to early patterns of network activity in both the neonatal olfactory bulb (OB) and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC), the gatekeeper of limbic circuits. We show that MCs predominantly fire either in an irregular bursting or non-bursting pattern during discontinuous theta events in the OB. However, the temporal spike-theta phase coupling is stronger for bursting than non-bursting MCs. In line with the direct OB-to-LEC projections, both bursting and non-bursting discharge augments during co-ordinated patterns of entorhinal activity, albeit with higher magnitude for bursting MCs. For these neurons, temporal coupling to the discontinuous theta events in the LEC is stronger. Thus, bursting MCs might drive the entrainment of the OB-LEC network during neonatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Kostka
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gretenkord
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Avegno EM, Middleton JW, Gilpin NW. Synaptic GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala (CeA) of rats depends on slice preparation and recording conditions. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14245. [PMID: 31587506 PMCID: PMC6778595 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a primarily GABAergic brain region implicated in stress and addictive disorders. Using in vitro slice electrophysiology, many studies measure GABAergic neurotransmission to evaluate the impact of experimental manipulations on inhibitory tone in the CeA, as a measure of alterations in CeA activity and function. In a recent study, we reported spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequencies higher than those typically reported in CeA neurons in the literature, despite utilizing similar recording protocols and internal recording solutions. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate two common methods of slice preparation, an NMDG-based aCSF perfusion method and an ice-cold sucrose solution, as well as the use of an in-line heater to control recording temperature, on measures of intrinsic excitability and spontaneous inhibitory neurotransmission in CeA neurons. We report that both slice preparation and recording conditions significantly impact spontaneous GABAergic transmission in CeA neurons, and that recording temperature, but not slicing solution, alters measures of intrinsic excitability in CeA neurons. Bath application of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) increased sIPSC frequency under all conditions, but the magnitude of this effect was significantly different across recording conditions that elicited different baseline GABAergic transmission. Furthermore, CRF effects on synaptic transmission differed according to data reporting methods (i.e., raw vs. normalized data), which is important to consider in relation to baseline synaptic transmission values. These studies highlight the impact of experimental conditions and data reporting methods on neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in the CeA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Avegno
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason W Middleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Frantz MG, Crouse EC, Sokhadze G, Ikrar T, Stephany CÉ, Nguyen C, Xu X, McGee AW. Layer 4 Gates Plasticity in Visual Cortex Independent of a Canonical Microcircuit. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2962-2973.e5. [PMID: 32589913 PMCID: PMC7919382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting binocular vision during a developmental critical period can yield enduring changes to ocular dominance (OD) in primary visual cortex (V1). Here we investigated how this experience-dependent plasticity is coordinated within the laminar circuitry of V1 by deleting separately in each cortical layer (L) a gene required to close the critical period, nogo-66 receptor (ngr1). Deleting ngr1 in excitatory neurons in L4, but not in L2/3, L5, or L6, prevented closure of the critical period, and adult mice remained sensitive to brief monocular deprivation. Intracortical disinhibition, but not thalamocortical disinhibition, accompanied this OD plasticity. Both juvenile wild-type mice and adult mice lacking ngr1 in L4 displayed OD plasticity that advanced more rapidly L4 than L2/3 or L5. Interestingly, blocking OD plasticity in L2/3 with the drug AM-251 did not impair OD plasticity in L5. We propose that L4 restricts disinhibition and gates OD plasticity independent of a canonical cortical microcircuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Frantz
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Emily C Crouse
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guela Sokhadze
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Taruna Ikrar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Céleste-Élise Stephany
- Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Collins Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Aaron W McGee
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Developmental Neuroscience Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Bertero A, Zurita H, Normandin M, Apicella AJ. Auditory Long-Range Parvalbumin Cortico-Striatal Neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:45. [PMID: 32792912 PMCID: PMC7390902 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cortico-striatal pathways link auditory signals to action-selection and reward-learning behavior through excitatory projections. Only recently it has been demonstrated that long-range GABAergic cortico-striatal somatostatin-expressing neurons in the auditory cortex project to the dorsal striatum, and functionally inhibit the main projecting neuronal population, the spiny projecting neuron. Here we tested the hypothesis that parvalbumin-expressing neurons of the auditory cortex can also send long-range projections to the auditory striatum. To address this fundamental question, we took advantage of viral and non-viral anatomical tracing approaches to identify cortico-striatal parvalbumin neurons (CS-Parv inhibitory projections → auditory striatum). Here, we describe their anatomical distribution in the auditory cortex and determine the anatomical and electrophysiological properties of layer 5 CS-Parv neurons. We also analyzed their characteristic voltage-dependent membrane potential gamma oscillation, showing that intrinsic membrane mechanisms generate them. The inherent membrane mechanisms can also trigger intermittent and irregular bursts (stuttering) of the action potential in response to steps of depolarizing current pulses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bertero
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Hector Zurita
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marc Normandin
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Synaptic Zinc Plasticity at Mouse Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Glutamatergic Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4981-4996. [PMID: 32434779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0175-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many brain areas, such as the neocortex, limbic structures, and auditory brainstem, synaptic zinc is released from presynaptic terminals to modulate neurotransmission. As such, synaptic zinc signaling modulates sensory processing and enhances acuity for discrimination of different sensory stimuli. Whereas sensory experience causes long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling, the mechanisms underlying this long-term synaptic zinc plasticity remain unknown. To study these mechanisms in male and female mice, we used in vitro and in vivo models of zinc plasticity observed at the zinc-rich glutamatergic dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) parallel fiber synapses onto cartwheel cells. High-frequency stimulation of DCN parallel fiber synapses induced LTD of synaptic zinc signaling (Z-LTD), evidenced by reduced zinc-mediated inhibition of EPSCs. Low-frequency stimulation induced LTP of synaptic zinc signaling (Z-LTP), evidenced by enhanced zinc-mediated inhibition of EPSCs. Pharmacological manipulations of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (G1 mGluRs) demonstrated that G1 mGluR activation is necessary and sufficient for inducing Z-LTD and Z-LTP. Pharmacological manipulations of Ca2+ dynamics indicated that rises in postsynaptic Ca2+ are necessary and sufficient for Z-LTD induction. Electrophysiological measurements assessing postsynaptic expression mechanisms, and imaging studies with a ratiometric extracellular zinc sensor probing zinc release, supported that Z-LTD is expressed, at least in part, via reductions in presynaptic zinc release. Finally, exposure of mice to loud sound caused G1 mGluR-dependent Z-LTD at DCN parallel fiber synapses, thus validating our in vitro results. Together, our results reveal a novel mechanism underlying activity- and experience-dependent plasticity of synaptic zinc signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the neocortex, limbic structures, and auditory brainstem, glutamatergic nerve terminals corelease zinc to modulate excitatory neurotransmission and sensory responses. Moreover, sensory experience causes bidirectional, long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling. However, the mechanisms of this long-term synaptic zinc plasticity remain unknown. Here, we identified a novel Group 1 mGluR-dependent mechanism that causes bidirectional, long-term changes in synaptic zinc signaling. Our results highlight new mechanisms of brain adaptation during sensory processing, and potentially point to mechanisms of disorders associated with pathologic adaptation, such as tinnitus.
Collapse
|
67
|
Jara JH, Sheets PL, Nigro MJ, Perić M, Brooks C, Heller DB, Martina M, Andjus PR, Ozdinler PH. The Electrophysiological Determinants of Corticospinal Motor Neuron Vulnerability in ALS. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:73. [PMID: 32508590 PMCID: PMC7248374 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is complex and heterogeneous. Even though numerous independent studies indicate cortical hyperexcitability as a potential contributor to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology, the mechanisms that are responsible for upper motor neuron (UMN) vulnerability remain elusive. To reveal the electrophysiological determinants of corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN, a.k.a UMN in mice) vulnerability, we investigated the motor cortex of hSOD1G93A mice at P30 (postnatal day 30), a presymptomatic time point. Glutamate uncaging by laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) revealed altered dynamics especially within the inhibitory circuitry and more specifically in L2/3 of the motor cortex, whereas the excitatory microcircuits were unchanged. Observed microcircuitry changes were specific to CSMN in the motor column. Electrophysiological evaluation of the intrinsic properties in response to the microcircuit changes, as well as the exon microarray expression profiles of CSMN isolated from hSOD1G93A and healthy mice at P30, revealed the presence of a very dynamic set of events, ultimately directed to establish, maintain and retain the balance at this early stage. Also, the expression profile of key voltage-gated potassium and sodium channel subunits as well as of the inhibitory GABA receptor subunits and modulatory proteins began to suggest the challenges CSMN face at this early age. Since neurodegeneration is initiated when neurons can no longer maintain balance, the complex cellular events that occur at this critical time point help reveal how CSMN try to cope with the challenges of disease manifestation. This information is critically important for the proper modulation of UMNs and for developing effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier H Jara
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maximiliano José Nigro
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mina Perić
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carolyn Brooks
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel B Heller
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marco Martina
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Pavle R Andjus
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Hande Ozdinler
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Perez-Alvarez A, Fearey BC, O'Toole RJ, Yang W, Arganda-Carreras I, Lamothe-Molina PJ, Moeyaert B, Mohr MA, Panzera LC, Schulze C, Schreiter ER, Wiegert JS, Gee CE, Hoppa MB, Oertner TG. Freeze-frame imaging of synaptic activity using SynTagMA. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2464. [PMID: 32424147 PMCID: PMC7235013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Information within the brain travels from neuron to neuron across billions of synapses. At any given moment, only a small subset of neurons and synapses are active, but finding the active synapses in brain tissue has been a technical challenge. Here we introduce SynTagMA to tag active synapses in a user-defined time window. Upon 395-405 nm illumination, this genetically encoded marker of activity converts from green to red fluorescence if, and only if, it is bound to calcium. Targeted to presynaptic terminals, preSynTagMA allows discrimination between active and silent axons. Targeted to excitatory postsynapses, postSynTagMA creates a snapshot of synapses active just before photoconversion. To analyze large datasets, we show how to identify and track the fluorescence of thousands of individual synapses in an automated fashion. Together, these tools provide an efficient method for repeatedly mapping active neurons and synapses in cell culture, slice preparations, and in vivo during behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perez-Alvarez
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Brenna C Fearey
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Ryan J O'Toole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Dept. of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Basque Country University, San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Paul J Lamothe-Molina
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | | | - Manuel A Mohr
- HHMI, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Lauren C Panzera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Christian Schulze
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | | | - J Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Christine E Gee
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Michael B Hoppa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Sheikh A, Meng X, Liu J, Mikhailova A, Kao JPY, McQuillen PS, Kanold PO. Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Causes Functional Circuit Changes in Subplate Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:765-776. [PMID: 29365081 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the preterm human results in damage to subcortical developing white matter and cognitive impairments. Subplate neurons (SPNs) are among the first-born cortical neurons and are necessary for normal cerebral development. While moderate or severe HI at P1 in rats leads to SPN loss, it is unclear if HI, esp. forms not associated with overt cell loss lead to altered SPN circuits. Thus, we used two HI models with different severities in P1 rats. Cauterization of the common carotid artery (CCA) causes a largely transient and thus milder ischemia (HI-Caut) while CCA ligation causes more severe ischemia (HI-Lig). While HI-Lig caused subplate damage, HI-Caut did not cause overt histological damage on the light microscopic level. We used laser-scanning photostimulation (LSPS) in acute thalamocortical slices of auditory cortex during P5-10 to study the functional connectivity of SPNs. Both HI categories resulted in hyperconnectivity of excitatory and inhibitory circuits to SPNs. Thus, alterations on the circuit level are present in the absence of cell loss. Our results show that SPN circuits are uniquely susceptible to HI. Given the key developmental role of SPNs, our results suggest that altered SPN circuits might underlie the abnormal development of cortical function after HI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Mikhailova
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Y Kao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick S McQuillen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Guo K, Yamawaki N, Barrett JM, Tapies M, Shepherd GMG. Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Circuits of Mouse Forelimb S1 Are Organized Primarily as Recurrent Loops. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2849-2858. [PMID: 32075900 PMCID: PMC7117898 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2277-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical projections to the thalamus arise from corticothalamic (CT) neurons in layer 6 and pyramidal tract-type (PT) neurons in layer 5B. We dissected the excitatory synaptic connections in the somatosensory thalamus formed by CT and PT neurons of the primary somatosensory (S1) cortex, focusing on mouse forelimb S1. Mice of both sexes were studied. The CT neurons in S1 synaptically excited S1-projecting thalamocortical (TC) neurons in subregions of both the ventral posterior lateral and posterior (PO) nuclei, forming a pair of recurrent cortico-thalamo-cortical (C-T-C) loops. The PT neurons in S1 also formed a recurrent loop with S1-projecting TC neurons in the same subregion of the PO. The PT neurons in the adjacent primary motor (M1) cortex formed a separate recurrent loop with M1-projecting TC neurons in a nearby subregion of the PO. Collectively, our results reveal that C-T-C circuits of mouse forelimb S1 are primarily organized as multiple cortical cell-type-specific and thalamic subnucleus-specific recurrent loops, with both CT and PT neurons providing the strongest excitatory input to TC neurons that project back to S1. The findings, together with those of related studies of C-T-C circuits, thus suggest that recurrently projecting thalamocortical neurons are the principal targets of cortical excitatory input to the mouse somatosensory and motor thalamus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Bidirectional cortical communication with the thalamus is considered an important aspect of sensorimotor integration for active touch in the somatosensory system, but the cellular organization of the circuits mediating this process is not well understood. We used an approach combining cell-type-specific anterograde optogenetic excitation with single-cell recordings targeted to retrogradely labeled thalamocortical neurons to dissect these circuits. The findings reveal a consistent pattern: cortical projections to the somatosensory thalamus target thalamocortical neurons that project back to the same cortical area. Commonalities of these findings to previous descriptions of related circuits in other areas suggest that cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits may generally be organized primarily as recurrent loops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KuangHua Guo
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Naoki Yamawaki
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - John M Barrett
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Martinna Tapies
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kouvaros S, Kumar M, Tzounopoulos T. Synaptic Zinc Enhances Inhibition Mediated by Somatostatin, but not Parvalbumin, Cells in Mouse Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3895-3909. [PMID: 32090251 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical inhibition is essential for brain activity and behavior. Yet, the mechanisms that modulate cortical inhibition and their impact on sensory processing remain less understood. Synaptically released zinc, a neuromodulator released by cortical glutamatergic synaptic vesicles, has emerged as a powerful modulator of sensory processing and behavior. Despite the puzzling finding that the vesicular zinc transporter (ZnT3) mRNA is expressed in cortical inhibitory interneurons, the actions of synaptic zinc in cortical inhibitory neurotransmission remain unknown. Using in vitro electrophysiology and optogenetics in mouse brain slices containing the layer 2/3 (L2/3) of auditory cortex, we discovered that synaptic zinc increases the quantal size of inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission mediated by somatostatin (SOM)- but not parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons. Using two-photon imaging in awake mice, we showed that synaptic zinc is required for the effects of SOM- but not PV-mediated inhibition on frequency tuning of principal neurons. Thus, cell-specific zinc modulation of cortical inhibition regulates frequency tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Kouvaros
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thanos Tzounopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Whitening of odor representations by the wiring diagram of the olfactory bulb. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:433-442. [PMID: 31959937 PMCID: PMC7101160 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal computations underlying higher brain functions depend on synaptic interactions among specific neurons. A mechanistic understanding of such computations requires wiring diagrams of neuronal networks. In this study, we examined how the olfactory bulb (OB) performs 'whitening', a fundamental computation that decorrelates activity patterns and supports their classification by memory networks. We measured odor-evoked activity in the OB of a zebrafish larva and subsequently reconstructed the complete wiring diagram by volumetric electron microscopy. The resulting functional connectome revealed an over-representation of multisynaptic connectivity motifs that mediate reciprocal inhibition between neurons with similar tuning. This connectivity suppressed redundant responses and was necessary and sufficient to reproduce whitening in simulations. Whitening of odor representations is therefore mediated by higher-order structure in the wiring diagram that is adapted to natural input patterns.
Collapse
|
73
|
Temporary Visual Deprivation Causes Decorrelation of Spatiotemporal Population Responses in Adult Mouse Auditory Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0269-19.2019. [PMID: 31744840 PMCID: PMC6901683 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0269-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although within-modality sensory plasticity is limited to early developmental periods, cross-modal plasticity can occur even in adults. In vivo electrophysiological studies have shown that transient visual deprivation (dark exposure, DE) in adult mice improves the frequency selectivity and discrimination of neurons in thalamorecipient layer 4 (L4) of primary auditory cortex (A1). Since sound information is processed hierarchically in A1 by populations of neurons, we investigated whether DE alters network activity in A1 L4 and layer 2/3 (L2/3). We examined neuronal populations in both L4 and L2/3 using in vivo two-photon calcium (Ca2+) imaging of transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6s. We find that one week of DE in adult mice increased the sound evoked responses and frequency selectivity of both L4 and L2/3 neurons. Moreover, after DE the frequency representation changed with L4 and L2/3 showing a reduced representation of cells with best frequencies (BFs) between 8 and 16 kHz and an increased representation of cells with BFs above 32 kHz. Cells in L4 and L2/3 showed decreased pairwise signal correlations (SCs) consistent with sharper tuning curves. The decreases in SCs were larger in L4 than in L2/3. The decreased pairwise correlations indicate a sparsification of A1 responses to tonal stimuli. Thus, cross-modal experience in adults can both alter the sound-evoked responses of A1 neurons and change activity correlations within A1 potentially enhancing the encoding of auditory stimuli.
Collapse
|
74
|
Ma X, Qiu S. Control of cortical synapse development and plasticity by MET receptor tyrosine kinase, a genetic risk factor for autism. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:2115-2129. [PMID: 31746037 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The key developmental milestone events of the human brain, such as neurogenesis, synapse formation, maturation, and plasticity, are determined by a myriad of molecular signaling events, including those mediated by a number of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their cognate ligands. Aberrant or mistimed brain development and plasticity can lead to maladaptive changes, such as dysregulated synaptic connectivity and breakdown of circuit functions necessary for cognition and adaptive behaviors, which are hypothesized pathophysiologies of many neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we review recent literature that supports autism spectrum disorder as a likely result of aberrant synapse development due to mistimed maturation and plasticity. We focus on MET RTK, a prominent genetic risk factor for autism, and discuss how a pleiotropic molecular signaling system engaged by MET exemplifies a genetic program that controls cortical circuit development and plasticity by modulating the anatomical and functional connectivity of cortical circuits, thus conferring genetic risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokuang Ma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
A Non-canonical Feedback Circuit for Rapid Interactions between Somatosensory Cortices. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2718-2731.e6. [PMID: 29847801 PMCID: PMC6004823 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception depends on interactions among cortical areas. These
interactions are mediated by canonical patterns of connectivity in which higher
areas send feedback projections to lower areas via neurons in superficial and
deep layers. Here, we probed the circuit basis of interactions among two areas
critical for touch perception in mice, whisker primary (wS1) and secondary (wS2)
somatosensory cortices. Neurons in layer 4 of wS2 (S2L4) formed a
major feedback pathway to wS1. Feedback from wS2 to wS1 was organized
somatotopically. Spikes evoked by whisker deflections occurred nearly as rapidly
in wS2 as in wS1, including among putative S2L4 → S1 feedback
neurons. Axons from S2L4 → S1 neurons sent stimulus
orientation-specific activity to wS1. Optogenetic excitation of S2L4
neurons modulated activity across both wS2 and wS1, while inhibition of
S2L4 reduced orientation tuning among wS1 neurons. Thus, a
non-canonical feedback circuit, originating in layer 4 of S2, rapidly modulates
early tactile processing.
Collapse
|
76
|
Domanski APF, Booker SA, Wyllie DJA, Isaac JTR, Kind PC. Cellular and synaptic phenotypes lead to disrupted information processing in Fmr1-KO mouse layer 4 barrel cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4814. [PMID: 31645553 PMCID: PMC6811545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hypersensitivity is a common and debilitating feature of neurodevelopmental disorders such as Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). How developmental changes in neuronal function culminate in network dysfunction that underlies sensory hypersensitivities is unknown. By systematically studying cellular and synaptic properties of layer 4 neurons combined with cellular and network simulations, we explored how the array of phenotypes in Fmr1-knockout (KO) mice produce circuit pathology during development. We show that many of the cellular and synaptic pathologies in Fmr1-KO mice are antagonistic, mitigating circuit dysfunction, and hence may be compensatory to the primary pathology. Overall, the layer 4 network in the Fmr1-KO exhibits significant alterations in spike output in response to thalamocortical input and distorted sensory encoding. This developmental loss of layer 4 sensory encoding precision would contribute to subsequent developmental alterations in layer 4-to-layer 2/3 connectivity and plasticity observed in Fmr1-KO mice, and circuit dysfunction underlying sensory hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander P F Domanski
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Developmental Synaptic Plasticity Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Sam A Booker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - John T R Isaac
- Developmental Synaptic Plasticity Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Janssen Neuroscience, J&J London Innovation Centre, J&J London Innovation Centre, One Chapel Place, London, W1G 0B, UK.
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
D'Souza RD, Bista P, Meier AM, Ji W, Burkhalter A. Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:588-600.e5. [PMID: 31623918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted mapping of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP, and cortical feedback is distinct and depends on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs show that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) are larger in interpatches than in patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks, which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pawan Bista
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew M Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Zurita H, Rock C, Perkins J, Apicella AJ. A Layer-specific Corticofugal Input to the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2817-2833. [PMID: 29077796 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the auditory cortex (AC), corticofugal projections arise from each level of the auditory system and are considered to provide feedback "loops" important to modulate the flow of ascending information. It is well established that the cortex can influence the response of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) via descending corticofugal projections. However, little is known about the relative contribution of different pyramidal neurons to these projections in the SC. We addressed this question by taking advantage of anterograde and retrograde neuronal tracing to directly examine the laminar distribution, long-range projections, and electrophysiological properties of pyramidal neurons projecting from the AC to the SC of the mouse brain. Here we show that layer 5 cortico-superior-collicular pyramidal neurons act as bandpass filters, resonating with a broad peak at ∼3 Hz, whereas layer 6 neurons act as low-pass filters. The dissimilar subthreshold properties of layer 5 and layer 6 cortico-superior-collicular pyramidal neurons can be described by differences in the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation h-current (Ih). Ih also reduced the summation of short trains of artificial excitatory postsynaptic potentials injected at the soma of layer 5, but not layer 6, cortico-superior-collicular pyramidal neurons, indicating a differential dampening effect of Ih on these neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Zurita
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Crystal Rock
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Perkins
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Functional Reorganization of Local Circuit Connectivity in Superficial Spinal Dorsal Horn with Neuropathic Pain States. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0272-19.2019. [PMID: 31533959 PMCID: PMC6787342 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0272-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn is the first relay structure coding for pain transmission and modulation. Previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies have examined spinal dorsal horn circuit connections and network activity. Further work is required to understand spinal cord sensory information processing that underlies pathological neuropathic pain states. Our previous studies suggest that peripheral nerve injury enhances presynaptic excitatory input onto spinal superficial dorsal horn neurons, which in turn contributes to pathologic nociception. The potential changes in local postsynaptic circuits in the dorsal horn that lead to pathologically heightened behavioral responses to pain remain largely unexplored. We combined whole-cell electrophysiological recordings with laser-scanning photostimulation to test whether peripheral nerve injury in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) mouse model of neuropathic pain leads to alterations in the functional connectivity of spinal cord circuits including lamina II excitatory interneurons. Here we show that SNL enhances excitation and decreases inhibition to lamina II excitatory interneurons along with their increased glutamate-evoked excitability. The enhanced excitatory postsynaptic input and connectivity evoked by SNL eventually return to normal levels concurrently with the resolution of the neuropathic pain states. The physiological pattern highly correlates with mouse pain behaviors following SNL, supporting a neurophysiological mechanism of central sensitization and neuropathic pain that is functionally localized to the spinal dorsal horn. Together, these data support that SNL induces functional changes in synaptic input and connectivity to lamina II excitatory interneurons that code for pain perception, and thus provide new insights into the mechanism and locus of pain hypersensitivity.
Collapse
|
80
|
Frank T, Mönig NR, Satou C, Higashijima SI, Friedrich RW. Associative conditioning remaps odor representations and modifies inhibition in a higher olfactory brain area. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1844-1856. [PMID: 31591559 PMCID: PMC6858881 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intelligent behavior involves associations between high-dimensional sensory representations and behaviorally relevant qualities such as valence. Learning of associations involves plasticity of excitatory connectivity but it remains poorly understood how information flow is reorganized in networks and how inhibition contributes to this process. We trained adult zebrafish in an appetitive odor discrimination task and analyzed odor representations in a specific compartment of telencephalic area Dp, the homolog of olfactory cortex. Associative conditioning enhanced responses with a preference for the positively conditioned odor (CS+). Moreover, conditioning systematically remapped odor representations along an axis in coding space that represented attractiveness (valence). Inter-individual variations in this mapping predicted variations in behavioral odor preference. Photoinhibition of interneurons resulted in specific modifications of odor representations that mirrored effects of conditioning and reduced experience-dependent, inter-individual variations in odor-valence mapping. These results reveal an individualized odor-to-valence map that is shaped by inhibition and reorganized during learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frank
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nila R Mönig
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chie Satou
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shin-Ichi Higashijima
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Rainer W Friedrich
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
A Non-Canonical Cortico-Amygdala Inhibitory Loop. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8424-8438. [PMID: 31511429 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1515-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminating between auditory signals of different affective value is critical for the survival and success of social interaction of an individual. Anatomical, electrophysiological, imaging, and optogenetics approaches have established that the auditory cortex (AC) by providing auditory information to the lateral amygdala (LA) via long-range excitatory glutamatergic projections has an impact on sound-driven aversive/fear behavior. Here we test the hypothesis that the LA also receives GABAergic projections from the cortex. We addressed this fundamental question by taking advantage of optogenetics, anatomical, and electrophysiology approaches and directly examining the functional effects of cortical GABAergic inputs to LA neurons of the mouse (male/female) AC. We found that the cortex, via cortico-lateral-amygdala somatostatin neurons (CLA-SOM), has a direct inhibitory influence on the output of the LA principal neurons. Our results define a CLA long-range inhibitory circuit (CLA-SOM inhibitory projections → LA principal neurons) underlying the control of spike timing/generation in LA and LA-AC projecting neurons, and attributes a specific function to a genetically defined type of cortical long-range GABAergic neurons in CLA communication.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is very well established that cortical auditory inputs to the lateral amygdala are exclusively excitatory and that cortico-amygdala neuronal activity has been shown to be involved in sound-driven aversive/fear behavior. Here, for the first time, we show that the lateral amygdala receives long-range GABAergic projection from the auditory cortex and these form direct monosynaptic inhibitory connections onto lateral amygdala principal neurons. Our results define a cellular basis for direct inhibitory communication from auditory cortex to the lateral amygdala, suggesting that the timing and ratio of excitation and inhibition, two opposing forces in the mammalian cerebral cortex, can dynamically affect the output of the lateral amygdala, providing a general mechanism for fear/aversive behavior driven by auditory stimuli.
Collapse
|
82
|
Bowen Z, Winkowski DE, Seshadri S, Plenz D, Kanold PO. Neuronal Avalanches in Input and Associative Layers of Auditory Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31551721 PMCID: PMC6737089 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary auditory cortex processes acoustic sequences for the perception of behaviorally meaningful sounds such as speech. Sound information arrives at its input layer four from where activity propagates to associative layer 2/3. It is currently not known whether there is a characteristic organization of neuronal population activity across layers and sound levels during sound processing. Here, we identify neuronal avalanches, which in theory and experiments have been shown to maximize dynamic range and optimize information transfer within and across networks, in primary auditory cortex. We used in vivo 2-photon imaging of pyramidal neurons in cortical layers L4 and L2/3 of mouse A1 to characterize the populations of neurons that were active spontaneously, i.e., in the absence of a sound stimulus, and those recruited by single-frequency tonal stimuli at different sound levels. Single-frequency sounds recruited neurons of widely ranging frequency selectivity in both layers. We defined neuronal ensembles as neurons being active within or during successive temporal windows at the temporal resolution of our imaging. For both layers, neuronal ensembles were highly variable in size during spontaneous activity as well as during sound presentation. Ensemble sizes distributed according to power laws, the hallmark of neuronal avalanches, and were similar across sound levels. Avalanches activated by sound were composed of neurons with diverse tuning preference, yet with selectivity independent of avalanche size. Our results suggest that optimization principles identified for avalanches guide population activity in L4 and L2/3 of auditory cortex during and in-between stimulus processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zac Bowen
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Saurav Seshadri
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dietmar Plenz
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Yu J, Hu H, Agmon A, Svoboda K. Recruitment of GABAergic Interneurons in the Barrel Cortex during Active Tactile Behavior. Neuron 2019; 104:412-427.e4. [PMID: 31466734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural computation involves diverse types of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that are integrated with excitatory (E) neurons into precisely structured circuits. To understand how each neuron type shapes sensory representations, we measured firing patterns of defined types of neurons in the barrel cortex while mice performed an active, whisker-dependent object localization task. Touch excited fast-spiking (FS) interneurons at short latency, followed by activation of E neurons and somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons. Touch only weakly modulated vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons. Voluntary whisker movement activated FS neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) target layers, a subset of SST neurons and a majority of VIP neurons. Together, FS neurons track thalamic input, mediating feedforward inhibition. SST neurons monitor local excitation, providing feedback inhibition. VIP neurons are activated by non-sensory inputs, disinhibiting E and FS neurons. Our data reveal rules of recruitment for interneuron types during behavior, providing foundations for understanding computation in cortical microcircuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Camon J, Hugues S, Erlandson MA, Robbe D, Lagoun S, Marouane E, Bureau I. The Timing of Sensory-Guided Behavioral Response is Represented in the Mouse Primary Somatosensory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:3034-3047. [PMID: 30060069 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whisker-guided decision making in mice is thought to critically depend on information processing occurring in the primary somatosensory cortex. However, it is not clear if neuronal activity in this "early" sensory region contains information about the timing and speed of motor response. To address this question we designed a new task in which freely moving mice learned to associate a whisker stimulus to reward delivery. The task was tailored in such a way that a wide range of delays between whisker stimulation and reward collection were observed due to differences of motivation and perception. After training, mice were anesthetized and neuronal responses evoked by stimulating trained and untrained whiskers were recorded across several cortical columns of barrel cortex. We found a strong correlation between the delay of the mouse behavioral response and the timing of multiunit activity evoked by the trained whisker, outside its principal cortical column, in layers 4 and 5A but not in layer 2/3. Circuit mapping ex vivo revealed this effect was associated with a weakening of layer 4 to layer 2/3 projection. We conclude that the processes controlling the propagation of key sensory inputs to naive cortical columns and the timing of sensory-guided action are linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Camon
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Hugues
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - David Robbe
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sabria Lagoun
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Emna Marouane
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Ingrid Bureau
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Rock C, Zurita H, Lebby S, Wilson CJ, Apicella AJ. Cortical Circuits of Callosal GABAergic Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:1154-1167. [PMID: 28174907 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical studies have shown that the majority of callosal axons are glutamatergic. However, a small proportion of callosal axons are also immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme required for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and a specific marker for GABAergic neurons. Here, we test the hypothesis that corticocortical parvalbumin-expressing (CC-Parv) neurons connect the two hemispheres of multiple cortical areas, project through the corpus callosum, and are a functional part of the local cortical circuit. Our investigation of this hypothesis takes advantage of viral tracing and optogenetics to determine the anatomical and electrophysiological properties of CC-Parv neurons of the mouse auditory, visual, and motor cortices. We found a direct inhibitory pathway made up of parvalbumin-expressing (Parv) neurons which connects corresponding cortical areas (CC-Parv neurons → contralateral cortex). Like other Parv cortical neurons, these neurons provide local inhibition onto nearby pyramidal neurons and receive thalamocortical input. These results demonstrate a previously unknown long-range inhibitory circuit arising from a genetically defined type of GABAergic neuron that is engaged in interhemispheric communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Rock
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, Biosciences Building 1.03.26, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Hector Zurita
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, Biosciences Building 1.03.26, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sharmon Lebby
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, Biosciences Building 1.03.26, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Charles J Wilson
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, Biosciences Building 1.03.26, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Alfonso Junior Apicella
- Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, Biosciences Building 1.03.26, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Yamawaki N, Corcoran KA, Guedea AL, Shepherd GMG, Radulovic J. Differential Contributions of Glutamatergic Hippocampal→Retrosplenial Cortical Projections to the Formation and Persistence of Context Memories. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:2728-2736. [PMID: 29878069 PMCID: PMC6519694 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to associate stressful events with specific environmental contexts depends on excitatory transmission in the hippocampus, but how this information is transmitted to the neocortex for lasting memory storage is unclear. We identified dorsal hippocampal (DH) projections to the retrosplenial cortex (RSC), which arise mainly from the subiculum and contain either the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGlut1) or vGlut2. Both vGlut1+ and vGlut2+ axons strongly excite and disynaptically inhibit RSC pyramidal neurons in superficial layers, but vGlut2+ axons trigger greater inhibition that spreads to deep layers, indicating that these pathways engage RSC circuits via partially redundant, partially differentiated cellular mechanisms. Using contextual fear conditioning in mice to model contextual associative memories, together with chemogenetic axonal silencing, we found that vGlut1+ projections are principally involved in processing recent context memories whereas vGlut2+ projections contribute to their long-lasting storage. Thus, within the DH→RSC pathway, engagement of vGlut1+ and vGlut2+ circuits differentially contribute to the formation and persistence of fear-inducing context memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamawaki
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin A Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anita L Guedea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Winkowski DE, Nagode DA, Donaldson KJ, Yin P, Shamma SA, Fritz JB, Kanold PO. Orbitofrontal Cortex Neurons Respond to Sound and Activate Primary Auditory Cortex Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:868-879. [PMID: 28069762 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory environments change over a wide dynamic range and sensory processing can change rapidly to facilitate stable perception. While rapid changes may occur throughout the sensory processing pathway, cortical changes are believed to profoundly influence perception. Prior stimulation studies showed that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) can modify receptive fields and sensory coding in A1, but the engagement of OFC during listening and the pathways mediating OFC influences on A1 are unknown. We show in mice that OFC neurons respond to sounds consistent with a role of OFC in audition. We then show in vitro that OFC axons are present in A1 and excite pyramidal and GABAergic cells in all layers of A1 via glutamatergic synapses. Optogenetic stimulation of OFC terminals in A1 in vivo evokes short-latency neural activity in A1 and pairing activation of OFC projections in A1 with sounds alters sound-evoked A1 responses. Together, our results identify a direct connection from OFC to A1 that can excite A1 neurons at the earliest stage of cortical processing, and thereby sculpt A1 receptive fields. These results are consistent with a role for OFC in adjusting to changing behavioral relevance of sensory inputs and modulating A1 receptive fields to enhance sound processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Winkowski
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel A Nagode
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,USA
| | - Kevin J Donaldson
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,USA
| | - Pingbo Yin
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,USA
| | - Shihab A Shamma
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B Fritz
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,USA
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Jiang Y, Parameswaran R, Li X, Carvalho-de-Souza JL, Gao X, Meng L, Bezanilla F, Shepherd GMG, Tian B. Nongenetic optical neuromodulation with silicon-based materials. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1339-1376. [PMID: 30980031 PMCID: PMC6557640 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Optically controlled nongenetic neuromodulation represents a promising approach for the fundamental study of neural circuits and the clinical treatment of neurological disorders. Among the existing material candidates that can transduce light energy into biologically relevant cues, silicon (Si) is particularly advantageous due to its highly tunable electrical and optical properties, ease of fabrication into multiple forms, ability to absorb a broad spectrum of light, and biocompatibility. This protocol describes a rational design principle for Si-based structures, general procedures for material synthesis and device fabrication, a universal method for evaluating material photoresponses, detailed illustrations of all instrumentation used, and demonstrations of optically controlled nongenetic modulation of cellular calcium dynamics, neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release from mouse brain slices, and brain activity in the mouse brain in vivo using the aforementioned Si materials. The entire procedure takes ~4-8 d in the hands of an experienced graduate student, depending on the specific biological targets. We anticipate that our approach can also be adapted in the future to study other systems, such as cardiovascular tissues and microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ramya Parameswaran
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Xiang Gao
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lingyuan Meng
- Insitute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
High-speed imaging of glutamate release with genetically encoded sensors. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1401-1424. [PMID: 30988508 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The strength of an excitatory synapse depends on its ability to release glutamate and on the density of postsynaptic receptors. Genetically encoded glutamate indicators (GEGIs) allow eavesdropping on synaptic transmission at the level of cleft glutamate to investigate properties of the release machinery in detail. Based on the sensor iGluSnFR, we recently developed accelerated versions of GEGIs that allow investigation of synaptic release during 100-Hz trains. Here, we describe the detailed procedures for design and characterization of fast iGluSnFR variants in vitro, transfection of pyramidal cells in organotypic hippocampal cultures, and imaging of evoked glutamate transients with two-photon laser-scanning microscopy. As the released glutamate spreads from a point source-the fusing vesicle-it is possible to localize the vesicle fusion site with a precision exceeding the optical resolution of the microscope. By using a spiral scan path, the temporal resolution can be increased to 1 kHz to capture the peak amplitude of fast iGluSnFR transients. The typical time frame for these experiments is 30 min per synapse.
Collapse
|
90
|
Kolb I, Landry CR, Yip MC, Lewallen CF, Stoy WA, Lee J, Felouzis A, Yang B, Boyden ES, Rozell CJ, Forest CR. PatcherBot: a single-cell electrophysiology robot for adherent cells and brain slices. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:046003. [PMID: 30970335 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular patch-clamp electrophysiology, one of the most ubiquitous, high-fidelity techniques in biophysics, remains laborious and low-throughput. While previous efforts have succeeded at automating some steps of the technique, here we demonstrate a robotic 'PatcherBot' system that can perform many patch-clamp recordings sequentially, fully unattended. APPROACH Comprehensive automation is accomplished by outfitting the robot with machine vision, and cleaning pipettes instead of manually exchanging them. MAIN RESULTS the PatcherBot can obtain data at a rate of 16 cells per hour and work with no human intervention for up to 3 h. We demonstrate the broad applicability and scalability of this system by performing hundreds of recordings in tissue culture cells and mouse brain slices with no human supervision. Using the PatcherBot, we also discovered that pipette cleaning can be improved by a factor of three. SIGNIFICANCE The system is potentially transformative for applications that depend on many high-quality measurements of single cells, such as drug screening, protein functional characterization, and multimodal cell type investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kolb
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Yamawaki N, Li X, Lambot L, Ren LY, Radulovic J, Shepherd GMG. Long-range inhibitory intersection of a retrosplenial thalamocortical circuit by apical tuft-targeting CA1 neurons. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:618-626. [PMID: 30858601 PMCID: PMC6435388 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampus, granular retrosplenial cortex (RSCg), and anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) interact to mediate diverse cognitive functions. To identify cellular mechanisms underlying hippocampo-thalamo-retrosplenial interactions, we investigated the potential circuit suggested by projections to RSCg layer 1 (L1) from GABAergic CA1 neurons and ATN. We find that CA1→RSCg projections stem from GABAergic neurons with a distinct morphology, electrophysiology, and molecular profile. Their long-range axons inhibit L5 pyramidal neurons in RSCg via potent synapses onto apical tuft dendrites in L1. These inhibitory inputs intercept L1-targeting thalamocortical excitatory inputs from ATN to coregulate RSCg activity. Subicular axons, in contrast, excite proximal dendrites in deeper layers. Short-term plasticity differs at each connection. Chemogenetically abrogating CA1→RSCg or ATN→RSCg connections oppositely affects the encoding of contextual fear memory. Our findings establish retrosplenial-projecting CA1 neurons as a distinct class of long-range dendrite-targeting GABAergic neuron and delineate an unusual cortical circuit specialized for integrating long-range inhibition and thalamocortical excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamawaki
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laurie Lambot
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lynn Y Ren
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gordon M G Shepherd
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Kerruth S, Coates C, Dürst CD, Oertner TG, Török K. The kinetic mechanisms of fast-decay red-fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3934-3946. [PMID: 30651353 PMCID: PMC6422079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are useful reporters of cell-signaling, neuronal, and network activities. We have generated novel fast variants and investigated the kinetic mechanisms of two recently developed red-fluorescent GECIs (RGECIs), mApple-based jRGECO1a and mRuby-based jRCaMP1a. In the formation of fluorescent jRGECO1a and jRCaMP1a complexes, calcium binding is followed by rate-limiting isomerization. However, fluorescence decay of calcium-bound jRGECO1a follows a different pathway from its formation: dissociation of calcium occurs first, followed by the peptide, similarly to GCaMP-s. In contrast, fluorescence decay of calcium-bound jRCaMP1a occurs by the reversal of the on-pathway: peptide dissociation is followed by calcium. The mechanistic differences explain the generally slower off-kinetics of jRCaMP1a-type indicators compared with GCaMP-s and jRGECO1a-type GECI: the fluorescence decay rate of f-RCaMP1 was 21 s-1, compared with 109 s-1 for f-RGECO1 and f-RGECO2 (37 °C). Thus, the CaM-peptide interface is an important determinant of the kinetic responses of GECIs; however, the topology of the structural link to the fluorescent protein demonstrably affects the internal dynamics of the CaM-peptide complex. In the dendrites of hippocampal CA3 neurons, f-RGECO1 indicates calcium elevation in response to a 100 action potential train in a linear fashion, making the probe particularly useful for monitoring large-amplitude, fast signals, e.g. those in dendrites, muscle cells, and immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kerruth
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom and
| | - Catherine Coates
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom and
| | - Céline D Dürst
- the Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- the Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katalin Török
- From the Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom and
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Magnus CJ, Lee PH, Bonaventura J, Zemla R, Gomez JL, Ramirez MH, Hu X, Galvan A, Basu J, Michaelides M, Sternson SM. Ultrapotent chemogenetics for research and potential clinical applications. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 364:science.aav5282. [PMID: 30872534 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemogenetics enables noninvasive chemical control over cell populations in behaving animals. However, existing small-molecule agonists show insufficient potency or selectivity. There is also a need for chemogenetic systems compatible with both research and human therapeutic applications. We developed a new ion channel-based platform for cell activation and silencing that is controlled by low doses of the smoking cessation drug varenicline. We then synthesized subnanomolar-potency agonists, called uPSEMs, with high selectivity for the chemogenetic receptors. uPSEMs and their receptors were characterized in brains of mice and a rhesus monkey by in vivo electrophysiology, calcium imaging, positron emission tomography, behavioral efficacy testing, and receptor counterscreening. This platform of receptors and selective ultrapotent agonists enables potential research and clinical applications of chemogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Magnus
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Peter H Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Roland Zemla
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Melissa H Ramirez
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Xing Hu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jayeeta Basu
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Scott M Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Severson KS, Xu D, Yang H, O'Connor DH. Coding of whisker motion across the mouse face. eLife 2019; 8:41535. [PMID: 30816844 PMCID: PMC6395061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Haptic perception synthesizes touch with proprioception, the sense of body position. Humans and mice alike experience rich active touch of the face. Because most facial muscles lack proprioceptor endings, the sensory basis of facial proprioception remains unsolved. Facial proprioception may instead rely on mechanoreceptors that encode both touch and self-motion. In rodents, whisker mechanoreceptors provide a signal that informs the brain about whisker position. Whisking involves coordinated orofacial movements, so mechanoreceptors innervating facial regions other than whiskers could also provide information about whisking. To define all sources of sensory information about whisking available to the brain, we recorded spikes from mechanoreceptors innervating diverse parts of the face. Whisker motion was encoded best by whisker mechanoreceptors, but also by those innervating whisker pad hairy skin and supraorbital vibrissae. Redundant self-motion responses may provide the brain with a stable proprioceptive signal despite mechanical perturbations during active touch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Severson
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Duo Xu
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hongdian Yang
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Gretenkord S, Kostka JK, Hartung H, Watznauer K, Fleck D, Minier-Toribio A, Spehr M, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Coordinated electrical activity in the olfactory bulb gates the oscillatory entrainment of entorhinal networks in neonatal mice. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006994. [PMID: 30703080 PMCID: PMC6354964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the developmental principles of sensory and cognitive processing have been extensively investigated, their synergy has been largely neglected. During early life, most sensory systems are still largely immature. As a notable exception, the olfactory system is functional at birth, controlling mother–offspring interactions and neonatal survival. Here, we elucidate the structural and functional principles underlying the communication between olfactory bulb (OB) and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC)—the gatekeeper of limbic circuitry—during neonatal development. Combining optogenetics, pharmacology, and electrophysiology in vivo with axonal tracing, we show that mitral cell–dependent discontinuous theta bursts in OB drive network oscillations and time the firing in LEC of anesthetized mice via axonal projections confined to upper cortical layers. Acute pharmacological silencing of OB activity diminishes entorhinal oscillations, whereas odor exposure boosts OB–entorhinal coupling at fast frequencies. Chronic impairment of olfactory sensory neurons disrupts OB–entorhinal activity. Thus, OB activity shapes the maturation of entorhinal circuits. Cognitive performance is maximized only through permanent interactions with the environment, yet the contribution of sensory stimuli to cognitive processing has been largely neglected. This is especially true when considering the maturation of limbic circuits accounting for memory and executive abilities. Rodents are blind and deaf, do not whisker, and have limited motor abilities during the first days of life, and therefore, the contribution of sensory inputs to limbic ontogeny has been deemed negligible. As a notable exception, olfactory inputs are processed already early in life and might shape the limbic development. To test this hypothesis, we investigate the principles of communication between the olfactory bulb (OB), the first processing station of olfactory inputs, and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC)—the gatekeeper of limbic circuits centered on hippocampus and prefrontal cortex—of mice during the first and second postnatal weeks. We show that spontaneously generated patterns of electrical activity in the OB activate the entorhinal circuits via mono- and polysynaptic axonal projections. The activity within the circuitry connecting the OB to the LEC is boosted by odors and disrupted by chronic lesion of the olfactory periphery. Thus, spontaneous and stimulus-induced activity in the OB controls the maturation of neuronal networks in the LEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gretenkord
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ILH-O); (SG)
| | - Johanna K. Kostka
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Hartung
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Watznauer
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Fleck
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angélica Minier-Toribio
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute of Biology II, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ILH-O); (SG)
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Fine Control of Sound Frequency Tuning and Frequency Discrimination Acuity by Synaptic Zinc Signaling in Mouse Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2018; 39:854-865. [PMID: 30504277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1339-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the auditory cortex are tuned to specific ranges of sound frequencies. Although the cellular and network mechanisms underlying neuronal sound frequency selectivity are well studied and reflect the interplay of thalamocortical and intracortical excitatory inputs and further refinement by cortical inhibition, the precise synaptic signaling mechanisms remain less understood. To gain further understanding on these mechanisms and their effects on sound-driven behavior, we used in vivo imaging as well as behavioral approaches in awake and behaving female and male mice. We discovered that synaptic zinc, a modulator of neurotransmission and responsiveness to sound, sharpened the sound frequency tuning of principal and parvalbumin-expressing neurons and widened the sound frequency tuning of somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 of the primary auditory cortex. In the absence of cortical synaptic zinc, mice exhibited reduced acuity for detecting changes in sound frequencies. Together, our results reveal that cell-type-specific effects of zinc contribute to cortical sound frequency tuning and enhance acuity for sound frequency discrimination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal tuning to specific features of sensory stimuli is a fundamental property of cortical sensory processing that advantageously supports behavior. Despite the established roles of synaptic thalamocortical and intracortical excitation and inhibition in cortical tuning, the precise synaptic signaling mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigated these mechanisms in the mouse auditory cortex. We discovered a previously unknown signaling mechanism linking synaptic zinc signaling with cell-specific cortical tuning and enhancement in sound frequency discrimination acuity. Given the abundance of synaptic zinc in all sensory cortices, this newly discovered interaction between synaptic zinc and cortical tuning can provide a general mechanism for modulating neuronal stimulus specificity and sensory-driven behavior.
Collapse
|
97
|
Li JN, Sheets PL. The central amygdala to periaqueductal gray pathway comprises intrinsically distinct neurons differentially affected in a model of inflammatory pain. J Physiol 2018; 596:6289-6305. [PMID: 30281797 DOI: 10.1113/jp276935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) encompasses the main output pathways of the amygdala, a temporal lobe structure essential in affective and cognitive dimensions of pain. A major population of neurons in the CeA send projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key midbrain structure that mediates coping strategies in response to threat or stress. CeA-PAG neurons are topographically organized based on their targeted subregion within the PAG. PAG-projecting neurons in the central medial (CeM) and central lateral (CeL) regions of CeA are intrinsically distinct. CeL-PAG neurons are a homogeneous population of intrinsically distinct neurons while CeM-PAG neurons are intrinsically heterogeneous. Membrane properties of distinct CeM-PAG subtypes are altered in the complete Freund's adjuvant model of inflammatory pain. ABSTRACT A major population of neurons in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) send projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key midbrain structure that mediates coping strategies in response to threat or stress. While the CeA-PAG pathway has proved to be a component of descending anti-nociceptive circuitry, the functional organization of CeA-PAG neurons remains unclear. We identified CeA-PAG neurons in C57BL/6 mice of both sexes using intracranial injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer into the PAG. In acute brain slices, we investigated the topographical and intrinsic characteristics of retrogradely labelled CeA-PAG neurons using epifluorescence and whole-cell electrophysiology. We also measured changes to CeA-PAG neurons in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain. Neurons in the central lateral (CeL) and central medial (CeM) amygdala project primarily to different regions of the PAG. CeL-PAG neurons consist of a relatively homogeneous population of intrinsically distinct neurons while CeM-PAG neurons are intrinsically heterogeneous. Membrane properties of distinct CeM-PAG subtypes are altered 1 day after induction of the CFA inflammatory pain model. Collectively, our results provide insight into pain-induced changes to a specific population of CeA neurons that probably play a key role in the integration of noxious input with endogenous analgesia and behavioural coping response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Imaizumi K, Yanagawa Y, Feng G, Lee CC. Functional Topography and Development of Inhibitory Reticulothalamic Barreloid Projections. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:87. [PMID: 30429777 PMCID: PMC6220084 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is the main source of inhibition to the somatosensory thalamus (ventrobasal nucleus, VB) in mice. However, the functional topography and development of these projections with respect to the VB barreloids has been largely unexplored. In this respect, to assist in the study of these projections, we have utilized a vesicular gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT)-Venus transgenic mouse line to develop a brain slice preparation that enables the rapid identification of inhibitory neurons and projections. We demonstrate the utility of our in vitro brain slice preparation for physiologically mapping inhibitory reticulothalamic (RT) topography, using laser-scanning photostimulation via glutamate uncaging. Furthermore, we utilized this slice preparation to compare the development of excitatory and inhibitory projections to VB. We found that excitatory projections to the barreloids, created by ascending projections from the brain stem, develop by postnatal day 2-3 (P2-P3). By contrast, inhibitory projections to the barreloids lag ~5 days behind excitatory projections to the barreloids, developing by P7-P8. We probed this lag in inhibitory projection development through early postnatal whisker lesions. We found that in whisker-lesioned animals, the development of inhibitory projections to the barreloids closed by P4, in register with that of the excitatory projections to the barreloids. Our findings demonstrate both developmental and topographic organizational features of the RT projection to the VB barreloids, whose mechanisms can now be further examined utilizing the VGAT-Venus mouse slice preparation that we have characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Imaizumi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Charles C. Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Moeyaert B, Holt G, Madangopal R, Perez-Alvarez A, Fearey BC, Trojanowski NF, Ledderose J, Zolnik TA, Das A, Patel D, Brown TA, Sachdev RNS, Eickholt BJ, Larkum ME, Turrigiano GG, Dana H, Gee CE, Oertner TG, Hope BT, Schreiter ER. Improved methods for marking active neuron populations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4440. [PMID: 30361563 PMCID: PMC6202339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marking functionally distinct neuronal ensembles with high spatiotemporal resolution is a key challenge in systems neuroscience. We recently introduced CaMPARI, an engineered fluorescent protein whose green-to-red photoconversion depends on simultaneous light exposure and elevated calcium, which enabled marking active neuronal populations with single-cell and subsecond resolution. However, CaMPARI (CaMPARI1) has several drawbacks, including background photoconversion in low calcium, slow kinetics and reduced fluorescence after chemical fixation. In this work, we develop CaMPARI2, an improved sensor with brighter green and red fluorescence, faster calcium unbinding kinetics and decreased photoconversion in low calcium conditions. We demonstrate the improved performance of CaMPARI2 in mammalian neurons and in vivo in larval zebrafish brain and mouse visual cortex. Additionally, we herein develop an immunohistochemical detection method for specific labeling of the photoconverted red form of CaMPARI. The anti-CaMPARI-red antibody provides strong labeling that is selective for photoconverted CaMPARI in activated neurons in rodent brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamien Moeyaert
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Graham Holt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rajtarun Madangopal
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alberto Perez-Alvarez
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brenna C Fearey
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Ledderose
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy A Zolnik
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Department of Biology, Humboldt University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Davina Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Timothy A Brown
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Robert N S Sachdev
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Department of Biology, Humboldt University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Department of Biology, Humboldt University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Department of Biology, Humboldt University, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hod Dana
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Christine E Gee
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eric R Schreiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Rupprecht P, Friedrich RW. Precise Synaptic Balance in the Zebrafish Homolog of Olfactory Cortex. Neuron 2018; 100:669-683.e5. [PMID: 30318416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal computations critically depend on the connectivity rules that govern the convergence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signals onto individual neurons. To examine the functional synaptic organization of a distributed memory network, we performed voltage clamp recordings in telencephalic area Dp of adult zebrafish, the homolog of olfactory cortex. In neurons of posterior Dp, odor stimulation evoked large, recurrent excitatory and inhibitory inputs that established a transient state of high conductance and synaptic balance. Excitation and inhibition in individual neurons were co-tuned to different odors and correlated on slow and fast timescales. This precise synaptic balance implies specific connectivity among Dp neurons, despite the absence of an obvious topography. Precise synaptic balance stabilizes activity patterns in different directions of coding space and in time while preserving high bandwidth. The coordinated connectivity of excitatory and inhibitory subnetworks in Dp therefore supports fast recurrent memory operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rupprecht
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rainer W Friedrich
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|