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Sergi C, Shen F, Lim DW, Liu W, Zhang M, Chiu B, Anand V, Sun Z. Cardiovascular dysfunction in sepsis at the dawn of emerging mediators. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:153-160. [PMID: 28841455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular dysfunction and impaired metabolism derived from the complex interaction of cytokines and mediators with cellular involvement are on the basis of the cardiovascular response to sepsis. The lethal consequences of an infection are intimately related to its ability to spread to other organ sites and the immune system of the host. About one century ago, William Osler (1849-1919), a Canadian physician, remarkably defined the sequelae of the host response in sepsis: "except on few occasions, the patient appears to die from the body's response to infection rather than from it." Cardiac dysfunction has received considerable attention to explain the heart failure in patients progressing from infection to sepsis, but our understanding of the processes remains limited. In fact, most concepts are linked to a mechanical concept of the sarcomeric structure, and physiological data seems to be often disconnected. Cytokines, prostanoids, and nitric oxide release are high direct impact factors, but coronary circulation and cardiomyocyte physiology also play a prominent role in modulating the effects of monocyte adhesion and infiltration. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are involved in the host response. The identification of microRNAs, as well as the cyclic activation of the inflammatory cascade, has further added complexity to the scene. In this review, we delineate the current concepts of cellular dysfunction of the cardiomyocyte in the setting of sepsis and consider potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolato Sergi
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Stollery Children's Hospital, University Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David W Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Brian Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vijay Anand
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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52
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Kanaan GN, Harper ME. Cellular redox dysfunction in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2822-2829. [PMID: 28778485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To meet its exceptionally high energy demands, the heart relies largely on fatty acid oxidation, which then drives the oxidative phosphorylation system in mitochondria. Each day, this system produces about 6kg of ATP to sustain heart function. Fatty acid oxidation is sometimes associated with high rates of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. By definition, ROS are singlet electron intermediates formed during the partial reduction of oxygen to water and they include radical and non-radical intermediates like superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Superoxide can also interact with nitric oxide to produce peroxynitrite that in turn can give rise to other radical or non-radical reactive nitrogen species (RNS) like nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen trioxide and others. While mitochondrial and cellular functions can be impaired by ROS if they accumulate, under normal physiological conditions ROS are important signaling molecules in the cardiovascular system. A fine balance between ROS production and antioxidant systems, including glutathione redox, is essential in the heart; otherwise the ensuing damage can contribute to pathogenic processes, which can culminate in endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion damage, and heart failure. Here we provide a succinct review of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges N Kanaan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Activation of Endocannabinoid Receptor 2 as a Mechanism of Propofol Pretreatment-Induced Cardioprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2186383. [PMID: 28814985 PMCID: PMC5549482 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2186383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Propofol pretreatment before reperfusion, or propofol conditioning, has been shown to be cardioprotective, while its mechanism is unclear. The current study investigated the roles of endocannabinoid signaling in propofol cardioprotection in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and in in vitro primary cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. The results showed that propofol conditioning increased both serum and cell culture media concentrations of endocannabinoids including anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) detected by LC-MS/MS. The reductions of myocardial infarct size in vivo and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and death in vitro were accompanied with attenuations of oxidative injuries manifested as decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), malonaldehyde (MDA), and MPO (myeloperoxidase) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) production. These effects were mimicked by either URB597, a selective endocannabinoids degradation inhibitor, or VDM11, a selective endocannabinoids reuptake inhibitor. In vivo study further validated that the cardioprotective and antioxidative effects of propofol were reversed by selective CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 but not CB1 receptor antagonist AM251. We concluded that enhancing endogenous endocannabinoid release and subsequent activation of CB2 receptor signaling represent a major mechanism whereby propofol conditioning confers antioxidative and cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury.
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54
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Deryagin OG, Gavrilova SA, Gainutdinov KL, Golubeva AV, Andrianov VV, Yafarova GG, Buravkov SV, Koshelev VB. Molecular Bases of Brain Preconditioning. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:427. [PMID: 28790886 PMCID: PMC5524930 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning of the brain induces tolerance to the damaging effects of ischemia and prevents cell death in ischemic penumbra. The development of this phenomenon is mediated by mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP+) channels and nitric oxide signaling (NO). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of molecular changes in mitochondria after ischemic preconditioning (IP) and the effect of pharmacological preconditioning (PhP) with the KATP+-channels opener diazoxide on NO levels after ischemic stroke in rats. Immunofluorescence-histochemistry and laser-confocal microscopy were applied to evaluate the cortical expression of electron transport chain enzymes, mitochondrial KATP+-channels, neuronal and inducible NO-synthases, as well as the dynamics of nitrosylation and nitration of proteins in rats during the early and delayed phases of IP. NO cerebral content was studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using spin trapping. We found that 24 h after IP in rats, there is a two-fold decrease in expression of mitochondrial KATP+-channels (p = 0.012) in nervous tissue, a comparable increase in expression of cytochrome c oxidase (p = 0.008), and a decrease in intensity of protein S-nitrosylation and nitration (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.001, respectively). PhP led to a 56% reduction of free NO concentration 72 h after ischemic stroke simulation (p = 0.002). We attribute this result to the restructuring of tissue energy metabolism, namely the provision of increased catalytic sites to mitochondria and the increased elimination of NO, which prevents a decrease in cell sensitivity to oxygen during subsequent periods of severe ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg G Deryagin
- Department of Physiology and General Pathology, Medical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Gavrilova
- Department of Physiology and General Pathology, Medical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Khalil L Gainutdinov
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia.,Laboratory of Spin Physics and Spin Chemistry, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Department of Physiology and General Pathology, Medical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav V Andrianov
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia.,Laboratory of Spin Physics and Spin Chemistry, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia
| | - Guzel G Yafarova
- Laboratory of Neurorehabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia.,Laboratory of Spin Physics and Spin Chemistry, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesKazan, Russia
| | - Sergey V Buravkov
- Research Laboratory of Cellular Structure and Tissue Imaging Analysis, Medical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir B Koshelev
- Department of Physiology and General Pathology, Medical Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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55
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Mahrouf-Yorgov M, Augeul L, Da Silva CC, Jourdan M, Rigolet M, Manin S, Ferrera R, Ovize M, Henry A, Guguin A, Meningaud JP, Dubois-Randé JL, Motterlini R, Foresti R, Rodriguez AM. Mesenchymal stem cells sense mitochondria released from damaged cells as danger signals to activate their rescue properties. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1224-1238. [PMID: 28524859 PMCID: PMC5520168 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect tissues against cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion insults. This therapeutic effect seems to be controlled by physiological cues released by the local microenvironment following injury. Recent lines of evidence indicate that MSC can communicate with their microenvironment through bidirectional exchanges of mitochondria. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies report that MSCs rescue injured cells through delivery of their own mitochondria. However, the role of mitochondria conveyed from somatic cells to MSC remains unknown. By using a co-culture system consisting of MSC and distressed somatic cells such as cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells, we showed that mitochondria from suffering cells acted as danger-signaling organelles that triggered the anti-apoptotic function of MSC. We demonstrated that foreign somatic-derived mitochondria were engulfed and degraded by MSC, leading to induction of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. As a result, the capacity of MSC to donate their mitochondria to injured cells to combat oxidative stress injury was enhanced. We found that similar mechanisms - activation of autophagy, HO-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis - occurred after exposure of MSC to exogenous mitochondria isolated from somatic cells, strengthening the idea that somatic mitochondria alert MSC of a danger situation and subsequently promote an adaptive reparative response. In addition, the cascade of events triggered by the transfer of somatic mitochondria into MSC was recapitulated in a model of myocardial infarction in vivo. Specifically, MSC engrafted into infarcted hearts of mice reduced damage, upregulated HO-1 and increased mitochondrial biogenesis, while inhibition of mitophagy or HO-1 failed to protect against cardiac apoptosis. In conclusion, our study reveals a new facet about the role of mitochondria released from dying cells as a key environmental cue that controls the cytoprotective function of MSC and opens novel avenues to improve the effectiveness of MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Mahrouf-Yorgov
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Augeul
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Crola Da Silva
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Jourdan
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955 Team 10, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Manin
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - René Ferrera
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- INSERM UMR-1060, Laboratoire CarMeN, Université Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine, Rockefeller, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Cardiovasculaires and Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Henry
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955, Plateforme de Cytométrie en flux, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Guguin
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM U955, Plateforme de Cytométrie en flux, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Meningaud
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Maxillo-Faciale, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,Fédération de Cardiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Motterlini
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Roberta Foresti
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Rodriguez
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, Créteil, Paris, France.,INSERM, Unité 955 Team 12, Créteil, Paris, France
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56
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Pohjoismäki JL, Goffart S. The role of mitochondria in cardiac development and protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:345-354. [PMID: 28216385 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for the development as well as maintenance of the myocardium, the most energy consuming tissue in the human body. Mitochondria are not only a source of ATP energy but also generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that cause oxidative damage, but also regulate physiological processes such as the switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth after birth. As excess ROS production and oxidative damage are associated with cardiac pathology, it is not surprising that much of the research focused on the deleterious aspects of free radicals. However, cardiomyocytes are naturally highly adapted against repeating oxidative insults, with evidence suggesting that moderate and acute ROS exposure has beneficial consequences for mitochondrial maintenance and cardiac health. Antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial quality control, mtDNA maintenance mechanisms as well as mitochondrial fusion and fission improve mitochondrial function and cardiomyocyte survival under stress conditions. As these adaptive processes can be induced, promoting mitohormesis or mitochondrial biogenesis using controlled ROS exposure could provide a promising strategy to increase cardiomyocyte survival and prevent pathological remodeling of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko L Pohjoismäki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Steffi Goffart
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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57
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Bernard K, Logsdon NJ, Miguel V, Benavides GA, Zhang J, Carter AB, Darley-Usmar VM, Thannickal VJ. NADPH Oxidase 4 (Nox4) Suppresses Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Bioenergetics in Lung Fibroblasts via a Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent Pathway. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3029-3038. [PMID: 28049732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetics are critical for cellular homeostasis and stress responses. The reactive oxygen species-generating enzyme, NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), regulates a number of physiological and pathological processes, including cellular differentiation, host defense, and tissue fibrosis. In this study we explored the role of constitutive Nox4 activity in regulating mitochondrial function. An increase in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reserve capacity was observed in murine and human lung fibroblasts with genetic deficiency (or silencing) of Nox4. Inhibition of Nox4 expression/activity by genetic or pharmacological approaches resulted in stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, as evidenced by elevated mitochondrial-to-nuclear DNA ratio and increased expression of the mitochondrial markers transcription factor A (TFAM), citrate synthase, voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX IV). Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis was dependent on TFAM up-regulation but was independent of the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α). The enhancement of mitochondrial bioenergetics as well as the increase in mitochondrial proteins in Nox4-deficient lung fibroblasts is inhibited by silencing of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), supporting a key role for Nrf2 in control of mitochondrial biogenesis. Together, these results indicate a critical role for both Nox4 and Nrf2 in counter-regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine,
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Veronica Miguel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria A Benavides
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and
| | - A Brent Carter
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine.,Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 and
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, and.,Center for Free Radicals Biology and Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and
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58
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Sermersheim MA, Park KH, Gumpper K, Adesanya TMA, Song K, Tan T, Ren X, Yang JM, Zhu H. MicroRNA regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:48-65. [PMID: 27814601 DOI: 10.2741/4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a form of lysosomal degradation capable of eliminating dysfunctional proteins and organelles, is a cellular process associated with homeostasis. Autophagy functions in cell survival by breaking down proteins and organelles and recycling them to meet metabolic demands. However, aberrant up regulation of autophagy can function as an alternative to apoptosis. The duality of autophagy, and its regulation over cell survival/death, intimately links it with human disease. Non-coding RNAs regulate mRNA levels and elicit diverse effects on mammalian protein expression. The most studied non-coding RNAs to-date are microRNAs (miRNA). MicroRNAs function in post-transcriptional regulation, causing profound changes in protein levels, and affect many biological processes and diseases. The role and regulation of autophagy, whether it is beneficial or harmful, is a controversial topic in cardiovascular disease. A number of recent studies have identified miRNAs that target autophagy-related proteins and influence the development, progression, or treatment of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which these miRNAs work can provide promising insight and potential progress towards the development of therapeutic treatments in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sermersheim
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Ki Ho Park
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kristyn Gumpper
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T M Ayodele Adesanya
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kuncheng Song
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA,
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59
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The protective effect of herbal polysaccharides on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:431-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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60
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Abstract
Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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61
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Known unknowns of cardiolipin signaling: The best is yet to come. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:8-24. [PMID: 27498292 PMCID: PMC5323096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery 75years ago, a wealth of knowledge has accumulated on the role of cardiolipin, the hallmark phospholipid of mitochondria, in bioenergetics and particularly on the structural organization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. A surge of interest in this anionic doubly-charged tetra-acylated lipid found in both prokaryotes and mitochondria has emerged based on its newly discovered signaling functions. Cardiolipin displays organ, tissue, cellular and transmembrane distribution asymmetries. A collapse of the membrane asymmetry represents a pro-mitophageal mechanism whereby externalized cardiolipin acts as an "eat-me" signal. Oxidation of cardiolipin's polyunsaturated acyl chains - catalyzed by cardiolipin complexes with cytochrome c. - is a pro-apoptotic signal. The messaging functions of myriads of cardiolipin species and their oxidation products are now being recognized as important intracellular and extracellular signals for innate and adaptive immune systems. This newly developing field of research exploring cardiolipin signaling is the main subject of this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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62
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Du JK, Cong BH, Yu Q, Wang H, Wang L, Wang CN, Tang XL, Lu JQ, Zhu XY, Ni X. Upregulation of microRNA-22 contributes to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by interfering with the mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:406-17. [PMID: 27174562 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative damage is critically involved in cardiac ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) has been predicted to potentially target sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), both of which are known to provide protection against mitochondrial oxidative injury. The present study aims to investigate whether miR-22 is involved in the regulation of cardiac I/R injury by regulation of mitochondrial function. We found that miR-22 level was significantly increased in rat hearts subjected to I/R injury, as compared with the sham group. Intra-myocardial injection of 20 ug miR-22 inhibitor reduced I/R injury as evidenced by significant decreases in cardiac infarct size, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) levels and the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes. H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) insult exhibited an increase in miR-22 expression, which was blocked by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and p53 inhibitor. In addition, miR-22 inhibitor attenuated, whereas miR-22 mimic aggravated H/R-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. MiR-22 inhibitor per se had no significant effect on cardiac mitochondrial function. Mitochondria from rat receiving miR-22 inhibitor 48h before ischemia were found to have a significantly less mitochondrial superoxide production and greater mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production as compared with rat receiving miR control. In H9c2 cardiomyocyte, it was found that miR-22 mimic aggravated, whilst miR-22 inhibitor significantly attenuated H/R-induced mitochondrial damage. By using real time PCR, western blot and dual-luciferase reporter gene analyses, we identified Sirt1 and PGC1α as miR-22 targets in cardiomyocytes. It was found that silencing of Sirt1 abolished the protective effect of miR-22 inhibitor against H/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism for cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction during myocardial I/R injury at the miRNA level and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of miR-22 inhibition for acute myocardial I/R injury by maintaining cardiac mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kui Du
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin-Hai Cong
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chang-Nan Wang
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Tang
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- School of Kinesiology, The Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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63
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Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value of Circulating miRNAs in Heart Failure Patients Associated with Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5893064. [PMID: 27379177 PMCID: PMC4917723 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5893064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is a major public health problem especially in the aging population (≥65 years old), affecting nearly 5 million Americans and 15 million European people. Effective management of heart failure (HF) depends on a correct and rapid diagnosis. Presently, BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) assay is generally accepted by the international community for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification of patients with HF. However, regardless of its widespread clinical use, BNP is still encumbered by reduced specificity. As a result, diagnosis of heart failure remains challenging. Although significant improvement happened in the clinical management of HF over the last 2 decades, traditional treatments are ultimately ineffective in many patients who progress to advanced HF. Therefore, a novel diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and new therapeutic approach are required for clinical management of HF patients. Circulating miRNAs seem to be the right choice for novel noninvasive biomarkers as well as new treatment strategies for HF. In this review, we briefly discuss the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic role of circulating miRNAs in heart failure patients. We also mentioned our own technique of extraction of RNA and detection of circulating miRNAs from human plasma and oxidative stress associated miRNAs with HF.
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64
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Mitochondrial Redox Signaling and Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040040. [PMID: 27023612 PMCID: PMC4846849 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell can reprogram their energy production by switching mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. However, mitochondria play multiple roles in cancer cells, including redox regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptotic signaling. Moreover, these mitochondrial roles are integrated via multiple interconnected metabolic and redox sensitive pathways. Interestingly, mitochondrial redox proteins biphasically regulate tumor progression depending on cellular ROS levels. Low level of ROS functions as signaling messengers promoting cancer cell proliferation and cancer invasion. However, anti-cancer drug-initiated stress signaling could induce excessive ROS, which is detrimental to cancer cells. Mitochondrial redox proteins could scavenger basal ROS and function as “tumor suppressors” or prevent excessive ROS to act as “tumor promoter”. Paradoxically, excessive ROS often also induce DNA mutations and/or promotes tumor metastasis at various stages of cancer progression. Targeting redox-sensitive pathways and transcriptional factors in the appropriate context offers great promise for cancer prevention and therapy. However, the therapeutics should be cancer-type and stage-dependent.
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65
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Bultman SJ, Holley DW, G de Ridder G, Pizzo SV, Sidorova TN, Murray KT, Jensen BC, Wang Z, Bevilacqua A, Chen X, Quintana MT, Tannu M, Rosson GB, Pandya K, Willis MS. BRG1 and BRM SWI/SNF ATPases redundantly maintain cardiomyocyte homeostasis by regulating cardiomyocyte mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in vivo. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:258-269. [PMID: 27039070 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing recognition that mitochondrial perturbations play a central role in human heart failure. Mitochondrial networks, whose function is to maintain the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy ('mitophagy') and mitochondrial fusion/fission, are new potential therapeutic targets. Yet our understanding of the molecular underpinning of these processes is just emerging. We recently identified a role of the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in the metabolic homeostasis of the adult cardiomyocyte using cardiomyocyte-specific and inducible deletion of the SWI/SNF ATPases BRG1 and BRM in adult mice (Brg1/Brm double mutant mice). To build upon these observations in early altered metabolism, the present study looks at the subsequent alterations in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in the impaired adult cardiomyocyte. We identified that Brg1/Brm double-mutant mice exhibited increased mitochondrial biogenesis, increases in 'mitophagy', and alterations in mitochondrial fission and fusion that led to small, fragmented mitochondria. Mechanistically, increases in the autophagy and mitophagy-regulated proteins Beclin1 and Bnip3 were identified, paralleling changes seen in human heart failure. Evidence for perturbed cardiac mitochondrial dynamics included decreased mitochondria size, reduced numbers of mitochondria, and an altered expression of genes regulating fusion (Mfn1, Opa1) and fission (Drp1). We also identified cardiac protein amyloid accumulation (aggregated fibrils) during disease progression along with an increase in pre-amyloid oligomers and an upregulated unfolded protein response including increased GRP78, CHOP, and IRE-1 signaling. Together, these findings described a role for BRG1 and BRM in mitochondrial quality control, by regulating mitochondrial number, mitophagy, and mitochondrial dynamics not previously recognized in the adult cardiomyocyte. As critical to the pathogenesis of heart failure, epigenetic mechanisms like SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling seem more intimately linked to cardiac function and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Darcy Wood Holley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Tatiana N Sidorova
- Departments of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Departments of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brian C Jensen
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhongjing Wang
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ariana Bevilacqua
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, 250021, Jinan, PR China
| | - Megan T Quintana
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Manasi Tannu
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gary B Rosson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Potz BA, Sellke FW, Abid MR. Endothelial ROS and Impaired Myocardial Oxygen Consumption in Sepsis-induced Cardiac Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE AND CRITICAL CARE 2016; 2:20. [PMID: 27135058 PMCID: PMC4847432 DOI: 10.21767/2471-8505.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is known as the presence of a Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in response to an infection. In the USA alone, 750,000 cases of severe sepsis are diagnosed annually. More than 70% of sepsis-related deaths occur due to organ failure and more than 50% of septic patients demonstrate cardiac dysfunction. Patients with sepsis who develop cardiac dysfunction have significantly higher mortality, and thus cardiac dysfunction serves as a predictor of survival in sepsis. We have very little understanding about the mechanisms that result in cardiac dysfunction in the setting of sepsis. At present, the factors involved in sepsis-related cardiac dysfunction are believed to include the following: persistent inflammatory changes in the vascular endothelium and endocardium leading to circulatory and micro vascular changes, increase in endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS), abnormal endothelium-leukocyte interaction resulting in a feed-forward loop for inflammatory cytokines and ROS, contractile dysfunction of the heart due to autonomic dysregulation, metabolic changes in myocardium leading to impaired oxygen delivery and increased oxygen consumption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and persistent inflammatory signaling. In this review article, we will briefly discuss the clinical challenges and our current understanding of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. Major focus will be on the pathological changes that occur in vascular endothelium, with an emphasis on endocardium, and how endothelial ROS, impaired endothelium-leukocyte interaction, and microcirculatory changes lead to cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. The importance of the ongoing quest for the clinical biomarkers for cardiac dysfunction will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, USA
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, USA
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, USA
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