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Imaizumi C, Tomatsu H, Kitazawa K, Yoshimi Y, Shibano S, Kikuchi K, Yamaguchi M, Kaneko S, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. Heterologous expression and characterization of an Arabidopsis β-l-arabinopyranosidase and α-d-galactosidases acting on β-l-arabinopyranosyl residues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4651-4661. [PMID: 28981776 PMCID: PMC5853685 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The major plant sugar l-arabinose (l-Ara) has two different ring forms, l-arabinofuranose (l-Araf) and l-arabinopyranose (l-Arap). Although l-Ara mainly appears in the form of α-l-Araf residues in cell wall components, such as pectic α-1,3:1,5-arabinan, arabinoxylan, and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), lesser amounts of it can also be found as β-l-Arap residues of AGPs. Even though AGPs are known to be rapidly metabolized, the enzymes acting on the β-l-Arap residues remain to be identified. In the present study, four enzymes, which we call β-l-ARAPASE (APSE) and α-GALACTOSIDASE 1 (AGAL1), AGAL2, and AGAL3, are identified as those enzymes that are likely to be responsible for the hydrolysis of the β-l-Arap residues in Arabidopsis thaliana. An Arabidopsis apse-1 mutant showed significant reduction in β-l-arabinopyranosidase activity, and an apse-1 agal3-1 double-mutant exhibited even less activity. The apse-1 and the double-mutants both had more β-l-Arap residues in the cell walls than wild-type plants. Recombinant APSE expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris specifically hydrolyzed β-l-Arap residues and released l-Ara from gum arabic and larch arabinogalactan. The recombinant AGAL3 also showed weak β-l-arabinopyranosidase activity beside its strong α-galactosidase activity. It appears that the β-l-Arap residues of AGPs are hydrolysed mainly by APSE and partially by AGALs in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Imaizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Harumi Tomatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiminari Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seiji Shibano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Qin LX, Chen Y, Zeng W, Li Y, Gao L, Li DD, Bacic A, Xu WL, Li XB. The cotton β-galactosyltransferase 1 (GalT1) that galactosylates arabinogalactan proteins participates in controlling fiber development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:957-971. [PMID: 27888523 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins that play pivotal roles in diverse developmental processes in plants. Type-II AG glycans, mostly O-linked to the hydroxyproline residues of the protein backbone, account for up to 95% w/w of the AGP, but their functions are still largely unclear. Cotton fibers are extremely elongated single-cell trichomes on the seed epidermis; however, little is known of the molecular basis governing the regulation of fiber cell development. Here, we characterized the role of a CAZy glycosyltransferase 31 (GT31) family member, GhGalT1, in cotton fiber development. The fiber length of the transgenic cotton overexpressing GhGalT1 was shorter than that of the wild type, whereas in the GhGalT1-silenced lines there was a notable increase in fiber length compared with wild type. The carbohydrate moieties of AGPs were altered in fibers of GhGalT1 transgenic cotton. The galactose: arabinose ratio of AG glycans was higher in GhGalT1 overexpression fibers, but was lower in GhGalT1-silenced lines, compared with that in the wild type. Overexpression of GhGalT1 upregulates transcript levels of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially the fasciclin-like AGP (FLA) backbone genes. An enzyme activity assay demonstrated that GhGalT1 is a β-1,3-galactosyltransferase (β-1,3-GalT) involved in biosynthesis of the β-1,3-galactan backbone of the type-II AG glycans of AGPs. We also show that GhGalT1 can form homo- and heterodimers with other cotton GT31 family members to facilitate AG glycan assembly of AGPs. Thus, our data demonstrate that GhGalT1 influences cotton fiber development via controlling the glycosylation of AGPs, especially FLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Deng-Di Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wen-Liang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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53
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Jiao J, Mizukami AG, Sankaranarayanan S, Yamguchi J, Itami K, Higashiyawma T. Structure-Activity Relation of AMOR Sugar Molecule That Activates Pollen-Tubes for Ovular Guidance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:354-363. [PMID: 27913739 PMCID: PMC5210764 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful fertilization in flowering plants depends on the precise directional growth control of pollen tube through the female pistil tissue toward the female gametophyte contained in the ovule for delivery of nonmotile sperm cells. Cys-rich peptides LUREs secreted from the synergid cells on either side of the egg cell act as ovular attractants of pollen tubes. Competency control by the pistil is crucial for the response of pollen tubes to these ovular attractants. We recently reported that ovular 4-O-methyl-glucuronosyl arabinogalactan (AMOR) induces competency of the pollen tube to respond to ovular attractant LURE peptides in Torenia fournieri. The beta isomer of the terminal disaccharide 4-O-methyl-glucuronosyl galactose was essential and sufficient for the competency induction. However, critical and noncritical structures in the disaccharide have not been dissected deeply. Herein, we report the synthesis of new AMOR analogs and the structure-activity relationships for AMOR activity in the presence of these synthesized analogs. Removal of 4-O-methyl group or -COOH from the glucuronosyl residue of the disaccharide dramatically reduces AMOR activity. The pyranose backbone of the second sugar of disaccharide is essential for the activity but not hydroxy groups. The role of beta isomer of the disaccharide 4-Me-GlcA-β(1,6)-Gal is very specific for competency control, as there was no difference in effect among the sugar analogs tested for pollen germination. This study represents the first structure-activity relationship study, to our knowledge, of a sugar molecule involved in plant reproduction, which opens a way for modification of the molecule without loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.)
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Akane G Mizukami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.)
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.)
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Junichiro Yamguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.)
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.);
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyawma
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (J.J., S.S., K.I., T.H.);
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (A.G.M., J.Y., K.I., T.H.); and
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.)
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54
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Higashiyama T, Yang WC. Gametophytic Pollen Tube Guidance: Attractant Peptides, Gametic Controls, and Receptors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:112-121. [PMID: 27920159 PMCID: PMC5210755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube guidance in flowering plants is a unique and critical process for successful sexual reproduction. The pollen tube that grows from pollen, which is the male gametophyte, precisely navigates to the embryo sac, which is the female gametophyte, within the pistil. Recent advances have clarified the molecular framework of gametophytic pollen tube guidance. Multiple species-specific attractant peptides are secreted from synergid cells, the proper development and function of which are regulated by female gametes. Multiple receptor-like kinases on the pollen tube tip are involved in sensing species-specific attractant peptides. In this Update article, recent progress in our understanding of the mechanism of gametophytic pollen tube guidance is reviewed, including attraction by synergid cells, control of pollen tube guidance by female gametes, and directional growth of the pollen tube by directional cue sensing. Future directions in the study of pollen tube guidance also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (T.H.);
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, and JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (W.Y.)
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan (T.H.);
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, and JST ERATO Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan (T.H.); and
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (W.Y.)
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55
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Showalter AM, Basu D. Glycosylation of arabinogalactan-proteins essential for development in Arabidopsis. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1177687. [PMID: 27489583 PMCID: PMC4951162 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1177687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous cell wall components present throughout the plant kingdom. They are extensively post translationally modified by conversion of proline to hydroxyproline (Hyp) and by addition of arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharides to Hyp residues. Two small gene subfamilies within the CAZy GT31 family, referred to as Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs and HPGTs), encode enzymes that specifically add galactose to AGP protein backbones as revealed by heterologous expression of the genes coupled with an in vitro enzyme assay and by biochemical characterization of the genetic knock-out mutants. Biochemical analysis of galt2galt5 double and hpgt1hpgt2hpgt3 triple knockout mutants revealed significant reductions in both AGP-specific Hyp-GALT activity and β-Gal-Yariv precipitable AGPs. Further analysis of these mutants demonstrated both overlapping and distinct pleiotropic growth and development phenotypes, indicating the important contributions of the carbohydrate moieties toward AGP function. Current research indicates that all 8 Hyp-GALT/HPGT genes encode enzymes that catalyze the initial step for AGP glycosylation and that AGP glycans play essential roles in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH, USA
| | - Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Washington University , St. Louis, MO, USA
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56
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Pacheco-Villalobos D, Díaz-Moreno SM, van der Schuren A, Tamaki T, Kang YH, Gujas B, Novak O, Jaspert N, Li Z, Wolf S, Oecking C, Ljung K, Bulone V, Hardtke CS. The Effects of High Steady State Auxin Levels on Root Cell Elongation in Brachypodium. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1009-24. [PMID: 27169463 PMCID: PMC4904674 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The long-standing Acid Growth Theory of plant cell elongation posits that auxin promotes cell elongation by stimulating cell wall acidification and thus expansin action. To date, the paucity of pertinent genetic materials has precluded thorough analysis of the importance of this concept in roots. The recent isolation of mutants of the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon with dramatically enhanced root cell elongation due to increased cellular auxin levels has allowed us to address this question. We found that the primary transcriptomic effect associated with elevated steady state auxin concentration in elongating root cells is upregulation of cell wall remodeling factors, notably expansins, while plant hormone signaling pathways maintain remarkable homeostasis. These changes are specifically accompanied by reduced cell wall arabinogalactan complexity but not by increased proton excretion. On the contrary, we observed a tendency for decreased rather than increased proton extrusion from root elongation zones with higher cellular auxin levels. Moreover, similar to Brachypodium, root cell elongation is, in general, robustly buffered against external pH fluctuation in Arabidopsis thaliana However, forced acidification through artificial proton pump activation inhibits root cell elongation. Thus, the interplay between auxin, proton pump activation, and expansin action may be more flexible in roots than in shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alja van der Schuren
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Takayuki Tamaki
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yeon Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Jaspert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhenni Li
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Oecking
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mizukami AG, Inatsugi R, Jiao J, Kotake T, Kuwata K, Ootani K, Okuda S, Sankaranarayanan S, Sato Y, Maruyama D, Iwai H, Garénaux E, Sato C, Kitajima K, Tsumuraya Y, Mori H, Yamaguchi J, Itami K, Sasaki N, Higashiyama T. The AMOR Arabinogalactan Sugar Chain Induces Pollen-Tube Competency to Respond to Ovular Guidance. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1091-7. [PMID: 27068416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Precise directional control of pollen-tube growth by pistil tissue is critical for successful fertilization of flowering plants [1-3]. Ovular attractant peptides, which are secreted from two synergid cells on the side of the egg cell, have been identified [4-6]. Emerging evidence suggests that the ovular directional cue is not sufficient for successful guidance but that competency control by the pistil is critical for the response of pollen tubes to the attraction signal [1, 3, 7]. However, the female molecule for this competency induction has not been reported. Here we report that ovular methyl-glucuronosyl arabinogalactan (AMOR) induces competency of the pollen tube to respond to ovular attractant LURE peptides in Torenia fournieri. We developed a method for assaying the response capability of a pollen tube by micromanipulating an ovule. Using this method, we showed that pollen tubes growing through a cut style acquired a response capability in the medium by receiving a sufficient amount of a factor derived from mature ovules of Torenia. This factor, named AMOR, was identified as an arabinogalactan polysaccharide, the terminal 4-O-methyl-glucuronosyl residue of which was necessary for its activity. Moreover, a chemically synthesized disaccharide, the β isomer of methyl-glucuronosyl galactose (4-Me-GlcA-β-(1→6)-Gal), showed AMOR activity. No specific sugar-chain structure of plant extracellular matrix has been identified as a bioactive molecule involved in intercellular communication. We suggest that the AMOR sugar chain in the ovary renders the pollen tube competent to the chemotropic response prior to final guidance by LURE peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane G Mizukami
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rie Inatsugi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kento Ootani
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satohiro Okuda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Subramanian Sankaranarayanan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Estelle Garénaux
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Narie Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- JST ERATO, Higashiyama Live-Holonics Project, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
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58
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Showalter AM, Basu D. Extensin and Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases, Research Challenges, and Biosensors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:814. [PMID: 27379116 PMCID: PMC4908140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent research, mostly in Arabidopsis thaliana, has led to the identification and characterization of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of two of the most functionally important and abundant families of plant cell wall proteins, extensins, and arabinogalactan-proteins. Extensin glycosylation involves monogalactosylation of serine residues by O-α-serine galactosyltransferase and the addition of oligoarabinosides one to five arabinose units in length to contiguous hydroxyproline residues by a set of specific arabinosyltransferase enzymes, which includes hydroxyproline O-β-arabinosyltransferases, β-1,2-arabinosyltransferases, and at least one α-1,3-arabinosyltransferase. AGP glycosylation, however, is much more complex and involves the addition of large arabinogalactan polysaccharide chains to non-contiguous hydroxyproline residues. These arabinogalactan chains are composed of β-1,3-galactan backbones decorated with β-1,6-galactose side chains that are further modified with α-arabinose as well as other sugars, including β-(methyl)glucuronic acid, α-rhamnose, and α-fucose. Specific sets of hydroxyproline O-β-galactosyltransferases, β-1,3-galactosyltransferases, β-1,6-galactosyltransferases, α-arabinosyltransferases, β-glucuronosyltransferases, α-rhamnosyltransferases, and α-fucosyltransferases are responsible for the synthesis of these complex structures. This mini-review summarizes the EXT and AGP glycosyltransferases identified and characterized to date along with corresponding genetic mutant data, which addresses the functional importance of EXT and AGP glycosylation. In one case, genetic mutant data indicate that the carbohydrate moiety of arabinogalactan-proteins may serve as an extracellular biosensor or signal for normal cellular growth. Finally, future research challenges with respect to understanding the function of these enzymes more completely and discovering and characterizing additional glycosyltransferases responsible for extensin and arabinogalactan-protein biosynthesis are also discussed.
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Basu D, Tian L, Wang W, Bobbs S, Herock H, Travers A, Showalter AM. A small multigene hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase family functions in arabinogalactan-protein glycosylation, growth and development in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:295. [PMID: 26690932 PMCID: PMC4687291 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are ubiquitous components of cell walls throughout the plant kingdom and are extensively post translationally modified by conversion of proline to hydroxyproline (Hyp) and by addition of arabinogalactan polysaccharides (AG) to Hyp residues. AGPs are implicated to function in various aspects of plant growth and development, but the functional contributions of AGP glycans remain to be elucidated. Hyp glycosylation is initiated by the action of a set of Hyp-O-galactosyltransferase (Hyp-O-GALT) enzymes that remain to be fully characterized. RESULTS Three members of the GT31 family (GALT3-At3g06440, GALT4-At1g27120, and GALT6-At5g62620) were identified as Hyp-O-GALT genes by heterologous expression in tobacco leaf epidermal cells and examined along with two previously characterized Hyp-O-GALT genes, GALT2 and GALT5. Transcript profiling by real-time PCR of these five Hyp-O-GALTs revealed overlapping but distinct expression patterns. Transiently expressed GALT3, GALT4 and GALT6 fluorescent protein fusions were localized within Golgi vesicles. Biochemical analysis of knock-out mutants for the five Hyp-O-GALT genes revealed significant reductions in both AGP-specific Hyp-O-GALT activity and β-Gal-Yariv precipitable AGPs. Further phenotypic analysis of these mutants demonstrated reduced root hair growth, reduced seed coat mucilage, reduced seed set, and accelerated leaf senescence. The mutants also displayed several conditional phenotypes, including impaired root growth, and defective anisotropic growth of root tips under salt stress, as well as less sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of β-Gal-Yariv reagent in roots and pollen tubes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that all five Hyp-O-GALT genes encode enzymes that catalyze the initial steps of AGP galactosylation and that AGP glycans play essential roles in both vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Lu Tian
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Wuda Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Shauni Bobbs
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Hayley Herock
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Andrew Travers
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA.
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. PLANTA 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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In Silico Analysis of the Metabolic Potential and Niche Specialization of Candidate Phylum "Latescibacteria" (WS3). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127499. [PMID: 26039074 PMCID: PMC4454575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The “Latescibacteria” (formerly WS3), member of the Fibrobacteres–Chlorobi–Bacteroidetes (FCB) superphylum, represents a ubiquitous candidate phylum found in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. Recently, single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) representing the “Latescibacteria” were obtained from the anoxic monimolimnion layers of Sakinaw Lake (British Columbia, Canada), and anoxic sediments of a coastal lagoon (Etoliko lagoon, Western Greece). Here, we present a detailed in-silico analysis of the four SAGs to gain some insights on their metabolic potential and apparent ecological roles. Metabolic reconstruction suggests an anaerobic fermentative mode of metabolism, as well as the capability to degrade multiple polysaccharides and glycoproteins that represent integral components of green (Charophyta and Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophycaea) algae cell walls (pectin, alginate, ulvan, fucan, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins), storage molecules (starch and trehalose), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The analyzed SAGs also encode dedicated transporters for the uptake of produced sugars and amino acids/oligopeptides, as well as an extensive machinery for the catabolism of all transported sugars, including the production of a bacterial microcompartment (BMC) to sequester propionaldehyde, a toxic intermediate produced during fucose and rhamnose metabolism. Finally, genes for the formation of gas vesicles, flagella, type IV pili, and oxidative stress response were found, features that could aid in cellular association with algal detritus. Collectively, these results indicate that the analyzed “Latescibacteria” mediate the turnover of multiple complex organic polymers of algal origin that reach deeper anoxic/microoxic habitats in lakes and lagoons. The implications of such process on our understanding of niche specialization in microbial communities mediating organic carbon turnover in stratified water bodies are discussed.
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Yan Y, Takáč T, Li X, Chen H, Wang Y, Xu E, Xie L, Su Z, Šamaj J, Xu C. Variable content and distribution of arabinogalactan proteins in banana (Musa spp.) under low temperature stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:353. [PMID: 26074928 PMCID: PMC4444754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Information on the spatial distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in plant organs and tissues during plant reactions to low temperature (LT) is limited. In this study, the extracellular distribution of AGPs in banana leaves and roots, and their changes under LT stress were investigated in two genotypes differing in chilling tolerance, by immuno-techniques using 17 monoclonal antibodies against different AGP epitopes. Changes in total classical AGPs in banana leaves were also tested. The results showed that AGP epitopes recognized by JIM4, JIM14, JIM16, and CCRC-M32 antibodies were primarily distributed in leaf veins, while those recognized by JIM8, JIM13, JIM15, and PN16.4B4 antibodies exhibited predominant sclerenchymal localization. Epitopes recognized by LM2, LM14, and MAC207 antibodies were distributed in both epidermal and mesophyll cells. Both genotypes accumulated classical AGPs in leaves under LT treatment, and the chilling tolerant genotype contained higher classical AGPs at each temperature treatment. The abundance of JIM4 and JIM16 epitopes in the chilling-sensitive genotype decreased slightly after LT treatment, and this trend was opposite for the tolerant one. LT induced accumulation of LM2- and LM14-immunoreactive AGPs in the tolerant genotype compared to the sensitive one, especially in phloem and mesophyll cells. These epitopes thus might play important roles in banana LT tolerance. Different AGP components also showed differential distribution patterns in banana roots. In general, banana roots started to accumulate AGPs under LT treatment earlier than leaves. The levels of AGPs recognized by MAC207 and JIM13 antibodies in the control roots of the tolerant genotype were higher than in the chilling sensitive one. Furthermore, the chilling tolerant genotype showed high immuno-reactivity against JIM13 antibody. These results indicate that several AGPs are likely involved in banana tolerance to chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Yan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Department of Healthy Seeds, Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Enfeng Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohua Su
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Basu D, Wang W, Ma S, DeBrosse T, Poirier E, Emch K, Soukup E, Tian L, Showalter AM. Two Hydroxyproline Galactosyltransferases, GALT5 and GALT2, Function in Arabinogalactan-Protein Glycosylation, Growth and Development in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125624. [PMID: 25974423 PMCID: PMC4431829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase (GALT) initiates O-glycosylation of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). We previously characterized GALT2 (At4g21060), and now report on functional characterization of GALT5 (At1g74800). GALT5 was identified using heterologous expression in Pichia and an in vitro GALT assay. Product characterization showed GALT5 specifically adds galactose to hydroxyproline in AGP protein backbones. Functions of GALT2 and GALT5 were elucidated by phenotypic analysis of single and double mutant plants. Allelic galt5 and galt2 mutants, and particularly galt2 galt5 double mutants, demonstrated lower GALT activities and reductions in β-Yariv-precipitated AGPs compared to wild type. Mutant plants showed pleiotropic growth and development phenotypes (defects in root hair growth, root elongation, pollen tube growth, flowering time, leaf development, silique length, and inflorescence growth), which were most severe in the double mutants. Conditional mutant phenotypes were also observed, including salt-hypersensitive root growth and root tip swelling as well as reduced inhibition of pollen tube growth and root growth in response to β-Yariv reagent. These mutants also phenocopy mutants for an AGP, SOS5, and two cell wall receptor-like kinases, FEI1 and FEI2, which exist in a genetic signaling pathway. In summary, GALT5 and GALT2 function as redundant GALTs that control AGP O-glycosylation, which is essential for normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wuda Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Siyi Ma
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Taylor DeBrosse
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emily Poirier
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kirk Emch
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Soukup
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lu Tian
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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64
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Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Matsubayashi Y. Identification of three potent hydroxyproline O-galactosyltransferases in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:736-46. [PMID: 25600942 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant-specific extracellular glycoproteins implicated in a variety of processes during growth and development. AGP biosynthesis involves O-galactosylation of hydroxyproline (Hyp) residues followed by a stepwise elongation of the complex sugar chains. However, functionally dominant Hyp O-galactosyltransferases, such that their disruption produces phenocopies of AGP-deficient mutants, remain to be identified. Here, we purified and identified three potent Hyp O-galactosyltransferases, HPGT1, HPGT2 and HPGT3, from Arabidopsis microsomal fractions. Loss-of-function analysis indicated that approximately 90% of the endogenous Hyp O-galactosylation activity is attributable to these three enzymes. AGP14 expressed in the triple mutant migrated much faster on SDS-PAGE than when expressed in wild-type, confirming a considerable decrease in levels of glycosylation of AGPs in the mutant. Loss-of-function mutant plants exhibited a pleiotropic phenotype of longer lateral roots, longer root hairs, radial expansion of the cells in the root tip, small leaves, shorter inflorescence stems, reduced fertility and shorter siliques. Our findings provide genetic evidence that Hyp-linked arabinogalactan polysaccharide chains are critical for AGP function and clues to how arabinogalactan moieties of AGPs contribute to cell-to-cell communication during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Poulsen CP, Dilokpimol A, Geshi N. Arabinogalactan biosynthesis: Implication of AtGALT29A enzyme activity regulated by phosphorylation and co-localized enzymes for nucleotide sugar metabolism in the compartments outside of the Golgi apparatus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e984524. [PMID: 25723364 PMCID: PMC4622509 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.984524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are abundant cell surface proteoglycans in plants and are implicated to act as developmental markers during plant growth. We previously reported that AtGALT31A, AtGALT29A, and AtGLCAT14A-C, which are involved in the biosynthesis of arabinogalactan proteins, localize not only to the Golgi cisternae but also to smaller compartments, which may be a part of the unconventional protein secretory pathway in plants. In Poulsen et al., (1) we have demonstrated increased targeting of AtGALT29A to small compartments when Y144 is substituted with another amino acid, and we implicated a role for Y144 in the subcellular targeting of AtGALT29A. In this paper, we are presenting another aspect of Y144 substitution in AtGALT29A; namely, Y144A construct demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase while Y144E construct demonstrated a 2-fold decrease in the galactosyltransferase activity of AtGALT29A. Therefore, the electrostatic status of Y144, which is regulated by an unknown kinase/phosphatase system, may regulate AtGALT29A enzyme activity. Moreover, we have identified additional proteins, apyrase 3 (APY3; At1g14240) and UDP-glucuronate epimerases 1 and 6 (GAE1, At4g30440; GAE6, At3g23820), from Arabidopsis thaliana that co-localize with AtGALT31A in the small compartments when expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana. These proteins may play roles in nucleotide sugar metabolism in the small compartments together with arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Present address: Fungal Physiology; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center; Utrecht CT, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Geshi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kavi Kishor PB, Hima Kumari P, Sunita MSL, Sreenivasulu N. Role of proline in cell wall synthesis and plant development and its implications in plant ontogeny. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:544. [PMID: 26257754 PMCID: PMC4507145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proline is a proteogenic amino acid and accumulates both under stress and non-stress conditions as a beneficial solute in plants. Recent discoveries point out that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation across life cycle. It is a key determinant of many cell wall proteins that plays important roles in plant development. The role of extensins, arabinogalactan proteins and hydroxyproline- and proline-rich proteins as important components of cell wall proteins that play pivotal roles in cell wall signal transduction cascades, plant development and stress tolerance is discussed in this review. Molecular insights are also provided here into the plausible roles of proline transporters modulating key events in plant development. In addition, the roles of proline during seed developmental transitions including storage protein synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
- *Correspondence: Polavarapu B. Kavi Kishor, Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India,
| | - P. Hima Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
| | | | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, GaterslebenGermany
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Center, International Rice Research Institute, Metro ManilaPhilippines
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Poulsen CP, Dilokpimol A, Mouille G, Burow M, Geshi N. Arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases target to a unique subcellular compartment that may function in unconventional secretion in plants. Traffic 2014; 15:1219-34. [PMID: 25074762 PMCID: PMC4285201 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report that fluorescently tagged arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases target not only the Golgi apparatus but also uncharacterized smaller compartments when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Approximately 80% of AtGALT31A [Arabidopsis thaliana galactosyltransferase from family 31 (At1g32930)] was found in the small compartments, of which, 45 and 40% of AtGALT29A [Arabidopsis thaliana galactosyltransferase from family 29 (At1g08280)] and AtGlcAT14A [Arabidopsis thaliana glucuronosyltransferase from family 14 (At5g39990)] colocalized with AtGALT31A, respectively; in contrast, N-glycosylation enzymes rarely colocalized (3-18%), implicating a role of the small compartments in a part of arabinogalactan (O-glycan) biosynthesis rather than N-glycan processing. The dual localization of AtGALT31A was also observed for fluorescently tagged AtGALT31A stably expressed in an Arabidopsis atgalt31a mutant background. Further, site-directed mutagenesis of a phosphorylation site of AtGALT29A (Y144) increased the frequency of the protein being targeted to the AtGALT31A-localized small compartments, suggesting a role of Y144 in subcellular targeting. The AtGALT31A localized to the small compartments were colocalized with neither SYP61 (syntaxin of plants 61), a marker for trans-Golgi network (TGN), nor FM4-64-stained endosomes. However, 41% colocalized with EXO70E2 (Arabidopsis thaliana exocyst protein Exo70 homolog 2), a marker for exocyst-positive organelles, and least affected by Brefeldin A and Wortmannin. Taken together, AtGALT31A localized to small compartments that are distinct from the Golgi apparatus, the SYP61-localized TGN, FM4-64-stained endosomes and Wortmannin-vacuolated prevacuolar compartments, but may be part of an unconventional protein secretory pathway represented by EXO70E2 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- Current address: Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity CenterUppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584, CT, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory Mouille
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, F-78026, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, F-78026, France
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- Dynamo Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Naomi Geshi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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Hijazi M, Velasquez SM, Jamet E, Estevez JM, Albenne C. An update on post-translational modifications of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins: toward a model highlighting their contribution to plant cell wall architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:395. [PMID: 25177325 PMCID: PMC4132260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composite structures mainly composed of polysaccharides, also containing a large set of proteins involved in diverse functions such as growth, environmental sensing, signaling, and defense. Research on cell wall proteins (CWPs) is a challenging field since present knowledge of their role into the structure and function of cell walls is very incomplete. Among CWPs, hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich O-glycoproteins (HRGPs) were classified into three categories: (i) moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs) able to form covalent scaffolds; (ii) hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs); and (iii) Hyp/proline (Pro)-Rich proteins (H/PRPs) that may be non-, weakly- or highly-glycosylated. In this review, we provide a description of the main features of their post-translational modifications (PTMs), biosynthesis, structure, and function. We propose a new model integrating HRGPs and their partners in cell walls. Altogether, they could form a continuous glyco-network with non-cellulosic polysaccharides via covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions, thus strongly contributing to cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hijazi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Silvia M. Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - José M. Estevez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM, Albenne C, Jamet E. Plant Glycobiology-a diverse world of lectins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and glycans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:604. [PMID: 25408698 PMCID: PMC4219397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaä Lannoo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence:
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3/CNRSCastanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse 3/CNRSCastanet-Tolosan, France
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