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Meena M, Divyanshu K, Kumar S, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Shukla V, Yadav M, Upadhyay RS. Regulation of L-proline biosynthesis, signal transduction, transport, accumulation and its vital role in plants during variable environmental conditions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02952. [PMID: 31872123 PMCID: PMC6909094 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In response to various environmental stresses, many plant species synthesize L-proline in the cytosol and accumulates in the chloroplasts. L-Proline accumulation in plants is a well-recognized physiological reaction to osmotic stress prompted by salinity, drought and other abiotic stresses. L-Proline plays several protective functions such as osmoprotectant, stabilizing cellular structures, enzymes, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), and keeps up redox balance in adverse situations. In addition, ample-studied osmoprotective capacity, L-proline has been also ensnared in the regulation of plant improvement, including flowering, pollen, embryo, and leaf enlargement. Scope and conclusions Albeit, ample is now well-known about L-proline metabolism, but certain characteristics of its biological roles are still indistinct. In the present review, we discuss the L-proline accumulation, metabolism, signaling, transport and regulation in the plants. We also discuss the effects of exogenous L-proline during different environmental conditions. L-Proline biosynthesis and catabolism are controlled by several cellular mechanisms, of which we identify only very fewer mechanisms. So, in the future, there is a requirement to identify such types of cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.,Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kumari Divyanshu
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vaishali Shukla
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Meena M, Samal S. Alternaria host-specific (HSTs) toxins: An overview of chemical characterization, target sites, regulation and their toxic effects. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:745-758. [PMID: 31406682 PMCID: PMC6684332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria causes pathogenic disease on various economically important crops having saprophytic to endophytic lifecycle. Pathogenic fungi of Alternaria species produce many primary and secondary metabolites (SMs). Alternaria species produce more than 70 mycotoxins. Several species of Alternaria produce various phytotoxins that are host-specific (HSTs) and non-host-specific (nHSTs). These toxins have various negative impacts on cell organelles including chloroplast, mitochondria, plasma membrane, nucleus, Golgi bodies, etc. Non-host-specific toxins such as tentoxin (TEN), Alternaric acid, alternariol (AOH), alternariol 9-monomethyl ether (AME), brefeldin A (dehydro-), Alternuene (ALT), Altertoxin-I, Altertoxin-II, Altertoxin-III, zinniol, tenuazonic acid (TeA), curvularin and alterotoxin (ATX) I, II, III are known toxins produced by Alternaria species. In other hand, Alternaria species produce numerous HSTs such as AK-, AF-, ACT-, AM-, AAL- and ACR-toxin, maculosin, destruxin A, B, etc. are host-specific and classified into different family groups. These mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites with various chemical structures. All the HSTs have different mode of actions, biochemical reactions, and signaling mechanisms to causes diseases in the host plants. These HSTs have devastating effects on host plant tissues by affecting biochemical and genetic modifications. Host-specific mycotoxins such as AK-toxin, AF-toxin, and AC-toxin have the devastating effect on plants which causes DNA breakage, cytotoxic, apoptotic cell death, interrupting plant physiology by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and affect membrane permeability. This article will elucidate an understanding of the disease mechanism caused by several Alternaria HSTs on host plants and also the pathways of the toxins and how they caused disease in plants.
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Key Words
- 1O2, singlet oxygen
- AA, ascorbic acid
- ALT, alternuene
- AME, alternariol 9-monomethyl ether
- AOH, alternariol
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- ATX, alterotoxin
- Alternaria species
- CAT, catalase
- CDCs, conditionally dispensable chromosomes
- DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase
- DHT, dihydrotentoxin
- GPX, guaiacol peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- GSH, glutathione
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HR, hypersensitive response
- HSTs, host specific toxins
- Host-specific toxins
- MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase
- NO, nitric oxide
- NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase
- Non-host-specific toxins
- O2˙ˉ, superoxide anion
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PKS, polyketide synthase gene
- Pathogenicity
- REMI, restriction enzyme-mediated integration
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMs, secondary metabolites
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Secondary metabolites
- TEN, tentoxin
- TeA, tenuazonic acid
- UGT, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases
- nHSTs, non-host specific toxins
- ˙OH, hydroxyl radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Swarnmala Samal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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Barupal T, Meena M, Sharma K. Inhibitory effects of leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis on Curvularia lunata and characterization of novel inhibitory compounds by GC-MS analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:e00335. [PMID: 31194076 PMCID: PMC6546954 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of active principle compound was found maximum in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. Phytochemical tests suggest that carbohydrate, steroids, volatile oils, flavonoids, and tannins were found to be present in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. In vitro assay of antifungal activity of all column fractions fraction no. F1 which exhibited most significant antifungal activity against the test fungus. GC–MS analysis of column fraction showed the occurrence of total 6 constituents. The obtained constituents are hexacosane, octadecane, docosane, heptacosane methyl, octacosane, and tetracosane.
Plants produce a high diversity of natural products with a prominent function in the protection against microbial pathogens on the basis of their toxic effect on growth and reproduction. In the present study, effect of partially purified acetone fraction of L. inermis leaves on various cytomorphological parameters i.e. mycelium width, conidial size, etc. of test fungi and fraction was subjected to confirming the presence of primary and secondary metabolites by rapid qualitative phytochemical tests, chromatographic methods such as TLC, column chromatography, GC–MS, etc. which were responsible for the inhibition of growth of test pathogen conidial size of Curvularia lunata decreased up to 64.76% at 0.039 μg/ml concentration of the extract. Mycelial width of C. lunata increased up to 55.91% at 0.312 μg/ml concentration of the extract. Carbohydrate, steroids, volatile oils, flavonoids, and tannins were found to be present in acetone extract of L. inermis leaf. Total of 7 bands were observed in TLC fingerprinting of L. inermis acetone fraction. Total of 10 fractions were collected from the column chromatography. Fractions which show the most significant antifungal activity against the test fungus was subjected to further GC–MS analysis for the separation and identification of active principle. GC–MS analyses show the presence of total 6 constituents i.e. hexacosane, octadecane, docosane, heptacosane methyl, octacosane, and tetracosane.
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Key Words
- Bioformulations
- CC, Column chromatography
- CD, Critical difference
- CV, Coefficient of variation
- Chromatography
- Curvularia lunata
- DAD, Diode array detector
- FeCl3, Ferric chloride
- GC–MS, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- H2SO4, Sulfuric acid
- HCl, Hydrochloric acid
- HPLC, High performance liquid chromatography
- Lawsonia inermis
- MFC, Minimum fungicidal concentration
- MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- PDA, Potato dextrose agar
- PE, Petroleum ether
- PE, petroleum ether
- RF, Retardation factor
- SE, Standard error
- Secondary metabolites
- TLC, Thin layer chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansukh Barupal
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Department of Botany, University College of Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
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Alché JDD. A concise appraisal of lipid oxidation and lipoxidation in higher plants. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101136. [PMID: 30772285 PMCID: PMC6859586 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in plant membranes react with reactive oxygen species through so-called lipid oxidation events. They generate great diversity of highly-reactive lipid-derived chemical species, which may be further degraded enzymatically or non-enzymatically originating new components like Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS). Such RCS are able to selectively react with proteins frequently producing loss of function through lipoxidation reactions. Although a basal concentration of lipoxidation products exists in plants (likely involved in signaling), their concentration and variability growth exponentially when plants are subjected to biotic/abiotic stresses. Such conditions typically increase the presence of ROS and the expression of antioxidant enzymes, together with RCS and also metabolites resulting from their reaction with proteins (advanced lipoxidation endproducts, ALE), in those plants susceptible to stress. On the contrary, plants designed as resistant may or may not display enhanced levels of ROS and antioxidant enzymes, whereas levels of lipid oxidation markers as malondialdehyde (MDA) are typically reduced. Great efforts have been made in order to develop methods to identify and quantify RCS, ALE, and other adducts with high sensitivity. Many of these methods are applied to the analysis of plant physiology and stress resistance, although their use has been extended to the control of the processing and conservation parameters of foodstuffs derived from plants. These foods may accumulate either lipid oxidation/lipoxidation products, or antioxidants like polyphenols, which are sometimes critical for their organoleptic properties, nutritional value, and health-promoting or detrimental characteristics. Future directions of research on different topics involving these chemical changes are also discussed. Lipid (per)oxidation occurs in plants as a signaling mechanism and after stress. Electrophylic mediators are widely used to assess plant physiology. Few lypoxidation targets have been identified in plants, mainly related to stress. Lipoxidation frequently inactivates or highly affects enzyme activity in plants. Lipid oxidation/lipoxidation affect the quality and healthy properties of plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory. Estación Experimental del Zaidín. Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
This review is mainly centered on beverages obtained from tropical crops, including tea, nut milk, coffee, cocoa, and those prepared from fruits. After considering the epidemiological data found on the matrices above, the focus was given to recent methodological approaches to assess the most relevant mycotoxins. Aspects such as singularities among the mycotoxin and the beverage in which their were found, and the economic effects and repercussions that the mycotoxin-tainted ingredients have on the beverage industry were pointed out. Finally, the burden of their consumption through beverages, including risk and health effects on humans, was addressed as well.
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Qiao X, Yin J, Yang Y, Zhang J, Shao B, Li H, Chen H. Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins in Fresh Sweet Cherries and Cherry-Based Products: Method Validation and Occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11846-11853. [PMID: 30350977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherry is susceptible to disease caused by the Alternaria species and produces various Alternaria mycotoxins. Analytical methodologies based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and LC-MS/MS to simultaneously determine five main Alternaria mycotoxins (tenuazonic acid, 1; alternariol, 2; alternariol methyl ether, 3; altenuene, 4; and tentoxin, 5) in fresh sweet cherries and cherry products were developed and validated. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the analytes ranged from 0.002-0.066 μg/kg. The method was successfully applied to 83 fresh cherry and cherry-related product samples. 1 and 5 were the predominant toxins with detection frequencies >50%, followed by 3 (42%), 2 (35%), and 4 (31%). Daily intakes of Alternaria mycotoxins via fresh sweet cherries were assessed preliminarily using the measured concentrations, and consumption data were obtained from a web-based dietary questionnaire ( n = 476). The maximum exposure of 1 and 3 were 4.6 and 16.7 times the threshold of the toxicological concern (TTC) value, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Bing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning , Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Beijing 100013 , P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047 , P.R. China
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Gashgari R, Ameen F, Al-Homaidi E, Gherbawy Y, Al Nadhari S, Vijayan V. Mycotoxigenic fungi contaminating wheat; toxicity of different Alternaria compacta strains. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:210-215. [PMID: 30622428 PMCID: PMC6319088 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied mycotoxigenic fungi contaminating stored wheat grain, measured the toxins they secreted, and assessed their harmfulness. We focused on one common genus Alternaria, and chose 19 isolates representing A. compacta to study how different strains differed in their mycotoxin secretion and toxicity. Toxicity was assessed in a bioassay with a model bacteria Bacillus subtilis. All 19 A. compacta strains secreted toxins. Both the mycotoxin pattern and the fungal toxicity differed between the A. compacta stains. It seemed that some other toxins than alternariols or altenue acted as the main virulence factors of A. compacta against B. subtilis. We suggest that the most commonly studied mycotoxins do not necessarily indicate the toxicity of the fungi. The high variation in the amounts and toxins that different Alternaria species and strains secrete pose a challenge to the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gashgari
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Al-Homaidi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Gherbawy
- Department of Botany, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - S Al Nadhari
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - V Vijayan
- JRT Research and Development, Vancouver, Canada
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Yue R, Lu C, Han X, Guo S, Yan S, Liu L, Fu X, Chen N, Guo X, Chi H, Tie S. Comparative proteomic analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under rice black-streaked dwarf virus infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:191. [PMID: 30208842 PMCID: PMC6136180 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is a severe disease that has been occurring frequently in southern China and many other Asian countries. MRDD is caused by the infection of Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and leads to significant economic losses in maize production. To well understand the destructive effects of RBSDV infection on maize growth, comparative proteomic analyses of maize seedlings under RBSDV infection was performed using an integrated approach involving LC-MS/MS and Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling. RESULTS In total, 7615 maize proteins, 6319 of which were quantified. A total of 116 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified, including 35 up- and 81 down-regulated proteins under the RBSDV infection. Enrichment analysis showed that the DAPs were most strongly associated with cyanoamino acid metabolism, protein processing in ER, and ribosome-related pathways. Two sulfur metabolism-related proteins were significantly reduced, indicating that sulfur may participate in the resistance against RBSDV infection. Furthermore, 15 DAPs involved in six metabolic pathways were identified in maize under the RBSDV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed that the responses of maize to RBSDV infection were controlled by various metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yue
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Han
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shulei Guo
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shufeng Yan
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Fu
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinhai Guo
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Chi
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuanggui Tie
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Maize Biology, Zhengzhou, China
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Growth and Physiological Responses of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. Plug Seedlings to Day and Night Temperature Regimes. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8090173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC., three-leaf lady bell, is an important medicinal plant used against cancers and obesity. It has been well-established that the temperature regime affects plant growth and development in many ways. However, there is no study available correlating the growth of A. triphylla seedlings with different day and night temperature regimes. In order to find an optimal temperature regime, growth and physiology were investigated in A. triphylla plug seedlings grown in environment-controlled chambers at different day and night temperatures: 20/20 °C (day/night) (TA), 25/15 °C (TB), and 20/15 °C (TC). The seedlings in plug trays were grown under a light intensity of 150 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) provided by white LEDs, a 70% relative humidity, and a 16 h (day)/8 h (night) photoperiod for six weeks. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of roots, and biomass were significantly larger for seedlings in TB than those in TA or TC. Moreover, the contents of total flavonoid, total phenol, and soluble sugar in seedlings grown in TB were markedly higher than those in seedlings in the other two treatments. Soluble protein content was the lowest in seedlings in TC, while starch content was the lowest in seedlings grown in TA. Furthermore, seedlings grown in TB showed significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. Native PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis further proved low activities of antioxidant isozymes in TB treatment. Meanwhile, the lowest content of hydrogen peroxide was observed in seedlings grown in TB. In conclusion, the results suggested that the 25/15 °C (day/night) temperature regime is the most suitable for the growth and physiological development of A. triphylla seedlings.
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Castelan FP, Castro-Alves VC, Saraiva LA, Nascimento TP, Cálhau MFNS, Dias CTS, Cordenunsi-Lysenko BR. Natural Ecosystem Surrounding a Conventional Banana Crop Improves Plant Health and Fruit Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:759. [PMID: 29930565 PMCID: PMC6001115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural ecosystems near agricultural landscapes may provide rich environments for growing crops. However, the effect of a natural ecosystem on crop health and fruit quality is poorly understood. In the present study, it was investigated whether the presence of a natural ecosystem surrounding a crop area influences banana plant health and fruit postharvest behavior. Plants from two conventional banana crop areas with identical planting time and cultural practices were used; the only difference between banana crop areas is that one area was surrounded by a natural forest (Atlantic forest) fragment (Near-NF), while the other area was inserted at the center of a conventional banana crop (Distant-NF). Results showed that bananas harvested from Near-NF showed higher greenlife and a more homogeneous profile during ripening compared to fruits harvested from Distant-NF. Differences in quality parameters including greenlife, carbohydrate profile, and pulp firmness between fruits harvested from Near-NF and Distant-NF are explained, at least partly, by differences in the balance of plant growth regulators (indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid) in bananas during ripening. Furthermore, plants from Near-NF showed a lower severity index of black leaf streak disease (BLSD) and higher levels of phenolic compounds in leaves compared to plants from Distant-NF. Together, the results provide additional evidence on how the maintenance of natural ecosystems near conventional crop areas could be a promising tool to improve plant health and fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence P. Castelan
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor C. Castro-Alves
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenzo A. Saraiva
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita P. Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria F. N. S. Cálhau
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos T. S. Dias
- Department of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R. Cordenunsi-Lysenko
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Courtial J, Hamama L, Helesbeux JJ, Lecomte M, Renaux Y, Guichard E, Voisine L, Yovanopoulos C, Hamon B, Ogé L, Richomme P, Briard M, Boureau T, Gagné S, Poupard P, Berruyer R. Aldaulactone - An Original Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolite Involved in the Aggressiveness of Alternaria dauci on Carrot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29774035 PMCID: PMC5943595 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative plant resistance mechanisms and pathogen virulence have been extensively studied since the formulation of the gene-for-gene hypothesis. The mechanisms involved in the quantitative traits of aggressiveness and plant partial resistance are less well-known. Nevertheless, they are prevalent in most plant-necrotrophic pathogen interactions, including the Daucus carota-Alternaria dauci interaction. Phytotoxic metabolite production by the pathogen plays a key role in aggressiveness in these interactions. The aim of the present study was to explore the link between A. dauci aggressiveness and toxin production. We challenged carrot embryogenic cell cultures from a susceptible genotype (H1) and two partially resistant genotypes (I2 and K3) with exudates from A. dauci strains with various aggressiveness levels. Interestingly, A. dauci-resistant carrot genotypes were only affected by exudates from the most aggressive strain in our study (ITA002). Our results highlight a positive link between A. dauci aggressiveness and the fungal exudate cell toxicity. We hypothesize that the fungal exudate toxicity was linked with the amount of toxic compounds produced by the fungus. Interestingly, organic exudate production by the fungus was correlated with aggressiveness. Hence, we further analyzed the fungal organic extract using HPLC, and correlations between the observed peak intensities and fungal aggressiveness were measured. One observed peak was closely correlated with fungal aggressiveness. We succeeded in purifying this peak and NMR analysis revealed that the purified compound was a novel 10-membered benzenediol lactone, a polyketid that we named 'aldaulactone'. We used a new automated image analysis method and found that aldaulactone was toxic to in vitro cultured plant cells at those concentrations. The effects of both aldaulactone and fungal organic extracts were weaker on I2-resistant carrot cells compared to H1 carrot cells. Taken together, our results suggest that: (i) aldaulactone is a new phytotoxin, (ii) there is a relationship between the amount of aldaulactone produced and fungal aggressiveness, and (iii) carrot resistance to A. dauci involves mechanisms of resistance to aldaulactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Courtial
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Helesbeux
- Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR4207 QUASAV, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mickaël Lecomte
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Yann Renaux
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Esteban Guichard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Linda Voisine
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Claire Yovanopoulos
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Bruno Hamon
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laurent Ogé
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- Substances d'Origine Naturelle et Analogues Structuraux, SFR4207 QUASAV, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Tristan Boureau
- PHENOTIC Platform, IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Séverine Gagné
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Pascal Poupard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Romain Berruyer
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Structural and functional dissection of differentially expressed tomato WRKY transcripts in host defense response against the vascular wilt pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193922. [PMID: 29709017 PMCID: PMC5927432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The WRKY transcription factors have indispensable role in plant growth, development and defense responses. The differential expression of WRKY genes following the stress conditions has been well demonstrated. We investigated the temporal and tissue-specific (root and leaf tissues) differential expression of plant defense-related WRKY genes, following the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato. The genome-wide computational analysis revealed that during the Fol infection in tomato, 16 different members of WRKY gene superfamily were found to be involved, of which only three WRKYs (SolyWRKY4, SolyWRKY33, and SolyWRKY37) were shown to have clear-cut differential gene expression. The quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) studies revealed different gene expression profile changes in tomato root and leaf tissues. In root tissues, infected with Fol, an increased expression for SolyWRKY33 (2.76 fold) followed by SolyWRKY37 (1.93 fold) gene was found at 24 hrs which further increased at 48 hrs (5.0 fold). In contrast, the leaf tissues, the expression was more pronounced at an earlier stage of infection (24 hrs). However, in both cases, we found repression of SolyWRKY4 gene, which further decreased at an increased time interval. The biochemical defense programming against Fol pathogenesis was characterized by the highest accumulation of H2O2 (at 48 hrs) and enhanced lignification. The functional diversity across the characterized WRKYs was explored through motif scanning using MEME suite, and the WRKYs specific gene regulation was assessed through the DNA protein docking studies The functional WRKY domain modeled had β sheets like topology with coil and turns. The DNA-protein interaction results revealed the importance of core residues (Tyr, Arg, and Lys) in a feasible WRKY-W-box DNA interaction. The protein interaction network analysis revealed that the SolyWRKY33 could interact with other proteins, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MAPK), sigma factor binding protein1 (SIB1) and with other WRKY members including WRKY70, WRKY1, and WRKY40, to respond various biotic and abiotic stresses. The STRING results were further validated through Predicted Tomato Interactome Resource (PTIR) database. The CELLO2GO web server revealed the functional gene ontology annotation and protein subcellular localization, which predicted that SolyWRKY33 is involved in amelioration of biological stress (39.3%) and other metabolic processes (39.3%). The protein (SolyWRKY33) most probably located inside the nucleus (91.3%) with having transcription factor binding activity. We conclude that the defense response following the Fol challenge was accompanied by differential expression of the SolyWRKY4(↓), SolyWRKY33(↑) and SolyWRKY37(↑) transcripts. The biochemical changes are occupied by elicitation of H2O2 generation and accumulation and enhanced lignified tissues.
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Meena M, Aamir M, Kumar V, Swapnil P, Upadhyay R. Evaluation of morpho-physiological growth parameters of tomato in response to Cd induced toxicity and characterization of metal sensitive NRAMP3 transporter protein. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 148:144-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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Liu J, Zhang J, Miao H, Jia C, Wang J, Xu B, Jin Z. Elucidating the Mechanisms of the Tomato ovate Mutation in Regulating Fruit Quality Using Proteomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10048-10057. [PMID: 29120173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ovate mutation has frequently been used to study changes in fruit shape but not fruit quality. A deterioration in fruit quality associated with the ovate mutation was discovered in this study. To elucidate how ovate influences the quality of fruit, we performed a proteomics analysis of the fruits of the ovate mutant (LA3543) and wild-type ("Ailsa Craig", LA2838A) using tandem mass tag analysis. The results indicated that the ovate mutation significantly influences fruit quality in a number of ways, including by reducing the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase 3 (ACO3) in ethylene biosynthesis, improving firmness by reducing the amount of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase, reducing sugar accumulation by downregulating the abundance of mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase 4, β-galactosidase, and β-amylase, and reducing the malic acid content by downregulating the accumulation of malic enzymes and malate synthase. These findings could inform future improvements in fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Bananas, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou Experimental Station, Haikou, Hainan Province 570102, China
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Hu D, Fan Y, Tan Y, Tian Y, Liu N, Wang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wu A. Metabolic Profiling on Alternaria Toxins and Components of Xinjiang Jujubes Incubated with Pathogenic Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima via Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8466-8474. [PMID: 28882039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xinjiang jujubes (Zizyphus rhamnaceae) are important agro-economical foods with the highest planting area and yields in China; however, black spot disease and contaminated Alternaria toxins have unfortunately caused a decline or loss of jujube nutritional quality in recent years. In this study, we used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to profile both Alternaria toxins and components in three representative Xinjiang jujubes, Hami Huang, Hetian Jun, and Ruoqiang Hui. Before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, jujubes were inoculated with two main pathogens of Alternaria alternata (Aa) and Alternaria tenuissima (At). Different combinations of jujube varieties with pathogenic isolates display different metabolic profiles, as expected. Moreover, four major Alternaria toxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tenuazonic acid, were detected in all samples. The inoculation of both pathogens significantly decreased the levels of nutrients and metabolites in jujube, including four saponins, three organic acids, and three alkaloids, whereas it increased the level of several glycerol phosphates. The flavonoid profiles are diverse. Lastly, inoculation of Aa changes more metabolites in jujubes than At. Our data provide insights to better understand the detrimental contamination of Alternaria pathogens in Xinjiang jujubes and improve food safety of jujubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Hu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Meena M, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Dubey MK, Upadhyay RS. Antagonistic assessment of Trichoderma spp. by producing volatile and non-volatile compounds against different fungal pathogens. ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 2017; 50:629-648. [DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2017.1357360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - R. S. Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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67
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Meena M, Swapnil P, Upadhyay RS. Isolation, characterization and toxicological potential of Alternaria-mycotoxins (TeA, AOH and AME) in different Alternaria species from various regions of India. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8777. [PMID: 28821789 PMCID: PMC5562829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species produce various sorts of toxic metabolites during their active growth and causes severe diseases in many plants by limiting their productivity. These toxic metabolites incorporate various mycotoxins comprising of dibenzo-α-pyrone and some tetramic acid derivatives. In this study, we have screened out total 48 isolates of Alternaria from different plants belonging to different locations in India, on the basis of their pathogenic nature. Pathogenicity testing of these 48 strains on susceptible tomato variety (CO-3) showed 27.08% of the strains were highly pathogenic, 35.41% moderately pathogenic and 37.5% were less pathogenic. Phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of at least eight evolutionary cluster of the pathogen. Toxins (TeA, AOH and AME) were isolated, purified on the basis of column chromatography and TLC, and further confirmed by the HPLC-UV chromatograms using standards. The final detection of toxins was done by the LC-MS/MS analysis by their mass/charge ratio. The present study develops an approach to classify the toxicogenic effect of each of the individual mycotoxins on tomato plant and focuses their differential susceptibility to develop disease symptoms. This study represents the report of the natural occurrence and distribution of Alternaria toxins in various plants from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - R S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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68
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Meena M, Gupta SK, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Dubey MK, Upadhyay RS. Alternaria Toxins: Potential Virulence Factors and Genes Related to Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1451. [PMID: 28848500 PMCID: PMC5550700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to endophytes and a very successful fungal pathogen that causes diseases to a number of economically important crops. Alternaria species have been well-characterized for the production of different host-specific toxins (HSTs) and non-host specific toxins (nHSTs) which depend upon their physiological and morphological stages. The pathogenicity of Alternaria species depends on host susceptibility or resistance as well as quantitative production of HSTs and nHSTs. These toxins are chemically low molecular weight secondary metabolites (SMs). The effects of toxins are mainly on different parts of cells like mitochondria, chloroplast, plasma membrane, Golgi complex, nucleus, etc. Alternaria species produce several nHSTs such as brefeldin A, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, and zinniol. HSTs that act in very low concentrations affect only certain plant varieties or genotype and play a role in determining the host range of specificity of plant pathogens. The commonly known HSTs are AAL-, AK-, AM-, AF-, ACR-, and ACT-toxins which are named by their host specificity and these toxins are classified into different family groups. The HSTs are differentiated on the basis of bio-statistical and other molecular analyses. All these toxins have different mode of action, biochemical reactions and signaling mechanisms to cause diseases. Different species of Alternaria produced toxins which reveal its biochemical and genetic effects on itself as well as on its host cells tissues. The genes responsible for the production of HSTs are found on the conditionally dispensable chromosomes (CDCs) which have been well characterized. Different bio-statistical methods like basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) data analysis used for the annotation of gene prediction, pathogenicity-related genes may provide surprising knowledge in present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
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Wang M, Jiang N, Wang Y, Jiang D, Feng X. Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Early and Late Ripening Sweet Cherries and Their Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5413-5420. [PMID: 28613901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Early and late ripening sweet cherries were characterized for phenolic acids, and also their antioxidant capacity and potential antifungal effects were investigated. Free, conjugated, and bound phenolics were identified and quantified using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that the early ripening cultivars contained higher free phenolic acids, which was positively related to remarkable antioxidant properties and the inhibition effects on Alternaria alternata and tenuazonic acid (TeA) accumulation. However, conjugated phenolics of the late ripening cultivars, mainly including caffeic, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, and pyrocatechuic acids, achieved the highest antifungal effects and almost completely inhibited the A. alternata and TeA production. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl testing and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay showed strong positive correlation with total phenolics and specific phenolics such as free epicatechin and conjugated 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acids and also with antifungal activity. Results from this study provide further insights into the health-promoting phenolic compounds in sweet cherries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture , No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
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Martí R, Leiva-Brondo M, Lahoz I, Campillo C, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Roselló S. Polyphenol and l-ascorbic acid content in tomato as influenced by high lycopene genotypes and organic farming at different environments. Food Chem 2017; 239:148-156. [PMID: 28873552 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of polyphenols and l-ascorbic acid was evaluated under conventional (integrated pest management, IPM) and organic farming, as means to increase the accumulation of chemoprotective compounds. The effect of genotype was considerably higher than the growing system, in fact it is determining. 'Kalvert', a high-lycopene cultivar, outstood for the accumulation of most polyphenols, though low-carotenoid cultivars with high accumulation were also detected. Organic farming significantly increased the levels of caffeic acid by 20%, but reduced those of ferulic acid and naringenin by 13% and 15% respectively. A strong interaction with the environment was detected: in Navarra the differences were limited, while in Extremadura lower contents of ferulic acid and higher contents of chlorogenic acid and rutin were found in organic farming for certain cultivars. The effect of organic farming on l-ascorbic acid was dependent on cultivar and environment and it only led to an increase in Extremadura by 58%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Martí
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Miguel Leiva-Brondo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV. COMAV. Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. De Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Lahoz
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias (INTIA), Avda. Serapio Huici, 20-22, 31060 Villava Navarra, Spain.
| | - Carlos Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Ctra. A-V, km 372, 06187 Guadajira (Badajoz), Spain.
| | - Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV. COMAV. Universitat Politècnica de València, Cno. De Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Salvador Roselló
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Mejora de la Calidad Agroalimentaria UJI-UPV, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
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Meena M, Zehra A, Swapnil P, Dubey MK, Patel CB, Upadhyay RS. Effect on lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid and phenolic content in tomato fruits infected by Alternaria alternataand its toxins (TeA, AOH and AME). ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 2017; 50:317-329. [DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2017.1312769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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