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Gutiérrez-Moreno K, Ruocco M, Monti MM, de la Vega OM, Heil M. Context-Dependent Effects of Trichoderma Seed Inoculation on Anthracnose Disease and Seed Yield of Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris): Ambient Conditions Override Cultivar-Specific Differences. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081739. [PMID: 34451784 PMCID: PMC8400414 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Octavio Martínez de la Vega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Martin Heil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
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Lazazzara V, Vicelli B, Bueschl C, Parich A, Pertot I, Schuhmacher R, Perazzolli M. Trichoderma spp. volatile organic compounds protect grapevine plants by activating defense-related processes against downy mildew. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1950-1965. [PMID: 33783004 PMCID: PMC8360165 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by soil-borne microorganisms and play crucial roles in fungal interactions with plants and phytopathogens. Although VOCs have been characterized in Trichoderma spp., the mechanisms against phytopathogens strongly differ according to the strain and pathosystem. This study aimed at characterizing VOCs produced by three Trichoderma strains used as biofungicides and to investigate their effects against grapevine downy mildew (caused by Plasmopara viticola). A VOC-mediated reduction of downy mildew severity was found in leaf disks treated with Trichoderma asperellum T34 (T34), T. harzianum T39 (T39), and T. atroviride SC1 (SC1) and 31 compounds were detected by head space-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the Trichoderma VOCs annotated, α-farnesene, cadinene, 1,3-octadiene, 2-pentylfuran, and 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one reduced downy mildew severity on grapevine leaf disks. In particular, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one and 2-pentylfuran increased the accumulation of callose and enhanced the modulation of defense-related genes after P. viticola inoculation, indicating an induction of grapevine defense mechanisms. Moreover, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one activated the hypersensitive response after P. viticola inoculation, possibly to reinforce the grapevine defense reaction. These results indicate that Trichoderma VOCs can induce grapevine resistance, and these molecules could be further applied to control grapevine downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Bianca Vicelli
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln)University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)TullnAustria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and BioresourcesResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A)University of TrentoSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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Yung L, Sirguey C, Azou-Barré A, Blaudez D. Natural Fungal Endophytes From Noccaea caerulescens Mediate Neutral to Positive Effects on Plant Biomass, Mineral Nutrition and Zn Phytoextraction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689367. [PMID: 34295322 PMCID: PMC8290495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoextraction using hyperaccumulating plants is a method for the remediation of soils contaminated with trace elements (TEs). As a strategy for improvement, the concept of fungal-assisted phytoextraction has emerged in the last decade. However, the role played by fungal endophytes of hyperaccumulating plants in phytoextraction is poorly studied. Here, fungal endophytes isolated from calamine or non-metalliferous populations of the Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens were tested for their growth promotion abilities affecting the host plant. Plants were inoculated with seven different isolates and grown for 2 months in trace element (TE)-contaminated soil. The outcomes of the interactions between N. caerulescens and its native strains ranged from neutral to beneficial. Among the strains, Alternaria thlaspis and Metapochonia rubescens, respectively, isolated from the roots of a non-metallicolous and a calamine population of N. caerulescens, respectively, exhibited the most promising abilities to enhance the Zn phytoextraction potential of N. caerulescens related to a significant increase of the plant biomass. These strains significantly increased the root elemental composition, particularly in the case of K, P, and S, suggesting an improvement of the plant nutrition. Results obtained in this study provide new insights into the relevance of microbial-assisted phytoextraction approaches in the case of hyperaccumulating plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Yung
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Nancy, France
| | | | - Antonin Azou-Barré
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LSE, Nancy, France
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Volatile organic compound patterns predict fungal trophic mode and lifestyle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:673. [PMID: 34083721 PMCID: PMC8175423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which play central roles in the initiation and regulation of fungal interactions. Here we introduce a global overview of fungal VOC patterns and chemical diversity across phylogenetic clades and trophic modes. The analysis is based on measurements of comprehensive VOC profiles of forty-three fungal species. Our data show that the VOC patterns can describe the phyla and the trophic mode of fungi. We show different levels of phenotypic integration (PI) for different chemical classes of VOCs within distinct functional guilds. Further computational analyses reveal that distinct VOC patterns can predict trophic modes, (non)symbiotic lifestyle, substrate-use and host-type of fungi. Thus, depending on trophic mode, either individual VOCs or more complex VOC patterns (i.e., chemical communication displays) may be ecologically important. Present results stress the ecological importance of VOCs and serve as prerequisite for more comprehensive VOCs-involving ecological studies.
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Role of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent (BCA) of phytoparasitic nematodes and plant growth inducer. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107626. [PMID: 34081963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes as plant pathogens adversely affect food, fiber, and biofuels production by causing plant diseases. A variety of chemical nematicides are being applied to soil, seeds, or foliage with a goal of disease prevention. Despite the proven efficacy of these chemicals against plant-parasitic nematodes, factors like prolonged residual toxicity to human health, environmental pollution, and the risk of resistance development can't be neglected. Due to these reasons, many chemicals are being banned continuously or delimited in the crop production system. Alternatively, the need for long-term strategies and integrative approaches to control plant diseases is inevitable. Trichoderma spp. are widely used in agriculture as biological control agents (BCA). To our knowledge, either very little or no information available on the most recent developments regarding Trichoderma-mediated biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. This review summarizes the recent advances in using Trichoderma as BCA and plant growth regulator with a special focus on plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Esparza-Reynoso S, Ruíz-Herrera LF, Pelagio-Flores R, Macías-Rodríguez LI, Martínez-Trujillo M, López-Coria M, Sánchez-Nieto S, Herrera-Estrella A, López-Bucio J. Trichoderma atroviride-emitted volatiles improve growth of Arabidopsis seedlings through modulation of sucrose transport and metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1961-1976. [PMID: 33529396 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants host a diverse microbiome and differentially react to the fungal species living as endophytes or around their roots through emission of volatiles. Here, using divided Petri plates for Arabidopsis-T. atroviride co-cultivation, we show that fungal volatiles increase endogenous sugar levels in shoots, roots and root exudates, which improve Arabidopsis root growth and branching and strengthen the symbiosis. Tissue-specific expression of three sucrose phosphate synthase-encoding genes (AtSPS1F, AtSPS2F and AtSPS3F), and AtSUC2 and SWEET transporters revealed that the gene expression signatures differ from those of the fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata and that AtSUC2 is largely repressed either by increasing carbon availability or by perception of the fungal volatile 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one. Our data point to Trichoderma volatiles as chemical signatures for sugar biosynthesis and exudation and unveil specific modulation of a critical, long-distance sucrose transporter in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruíz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Montserrat López-Coria
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Conjunto E, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Conjunto E, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
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Liu Q, Tang S, Meng X, Zhu H, Zhu Y, Liu D, Shen Q. Proteomic Analysis Demonstrates a Molecular Dialog Between Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 and Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Roots: Role in Promoting Plant Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:631-644. [PMID: 33496609 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a genus of filamentous fungi that play notable roles in stimulating plant growth after colonizing the root surface. However, the key proteins and molecular mechanisms governing this stimulation have not been completely elucidated. In this study, Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU 4742 was investigated in a hydroponic culture system after interacting with cucumber roots. The total proteins of the fungus were characterized, and the key metabolic pathways along with related genes were analyzed through proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The roles played by the regulated proteins during the interaction between plants and NJAU 4742 were further examined. The intracellular or extracellular proteins from NJAU 4742 and extracellular proteins from cucumber were quantified, and the high-abundance proteins were determined which were primarily involved in the shikimate pathway (tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine metabolism, auxin biosynthesis, and secondary metabolite synthesis). Moreover, 15N-KNO3 labeling analysis indicated that NJAU 4742 had a strong ability to convert nitrogenous amino acids, nitrate, nitrile, and amines into ammonia. The auxin synthesis and ammonification metabolism pathways of NJAU 4742 significantly contributed to plant growth. The results of this study demonstrated the crucial metabolic pathways involved in the interactions between Trichoderma spp. and plants.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Siyu Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Meng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Han Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
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Schweiger R, Padilla-Arizmendi F, Nogueira-López G, Rostás M, Lawry R, Brown C, Hampton J, Steyaert JM, Müller C, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Insights into Metabolic Changes Caused by the Trichoderma virens-Maize Root Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:524-537. [PMID: 33166203 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-20-0081-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of crops with root-colonizing endophytic microorganisms are highly relevant to agriculture, because endophytes can modify plant resistance to pests and increase crop yields. We investigated the interactions between the host plant Zea mays and the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens at 5 days postinoculation grown in a hydroponic system. Wild-type T. virens and two knockout mutants, with deletion of the genes tv2og1 or vir4 involved in specialized metabolism, were analyzed. Root colonization by the fungal mutants was lower than that by the wild type. All fungal genotypes suppressed root biomass. Metabolic fingerprinting of roots, mycelia, and fungal culture supernatants was performed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The metabolic composition of T. virens-colonized roots differed profoundly from that of noncolonized roots, with the effects depending on the fungal genotype. In particular, the concentrations of several metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway, including an amino acid and several flavonoids, were modulated. The expression levels of some genes coding for enzymes involved in these pathways were affected if roots were colonized by the ∆vir4 genotype of T. virens. Furthermore, mycelia and fungal culture supernatants of the different T. virens genotypes showed distinct metabolomes. Our study highlights the fact that colonization by endophytic T. virens leads to far-reaching metabolic changes, partly related to two fungal genes. Both metabolites produced by the fungus and plant metabolites modulated by the interaction probably contribute to these metabolic patterns. The metabolic changes in plant tissues may be interlinked with systemic endophyte effects often observed in later plant developmental stages.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Lawry
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - John Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Steyaert
- Lincoln Agritech Ltd., PO Box 69133, Lincoln, Christchurch 7460, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Fincheira P, Quiroz A, Tortella G, Diez MC, Rubilar O. Current advances in plant-microbe communication via volatile organic compounds as an innovative strategy to improve plant growth. Microbiol Res 2021; 247:126726. [PMID: 33640574 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by microorganisms have demonstrated an important role to improve growth and tolerance against abiotic stress on plants. Most studies have used Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant, extending to other plants of commercial interest in the last years. Interestingly, the microbial VOCs are characterized by its biodegradable structure, quick action, absence of toxic substances, and acts at lower concentration to regulate plant physiological changes. These compounds modulate plant physiological processes such as phytohormone pathways, photosynthesis, nutrient acquisition, and metabolisms. Besides, the regulation of gene expression associated with cell components, biological processes, and molecular function are triggered by microbial VOCs. Otherwise, few studies have reported the important role of VOCs for confer plant tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought and salinity. Although VOCs have shown an efficient action to enhance the plant growth under controlled conditions, there are still great challenges for their greenhouse or field application. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the technical procedures, study cases, and physiological mechanisms triggered by microbial VOCs to finally discuss the challenges of its application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fincheira
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - María Cristina Diez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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Bui HX, Desaeger JA. Volatile compounds as potential bio-fumigants against plant-parasitic nematodes - a mini review. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-14. [PMID: 33860253 PMCID: PMC8039993 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fumigation remains the standard practice to manage soilborne pathogens such as plant-parasitic nematodes, bacteria, and fungi, especially in high-value crops. However, increasing regulatory pressure due to the inherent and broad-spectrum toxicity and negative environmental impact of chemical soil fumigants, its negative effect on overall soil health, and increasing demand for organic produce, has created a growing interest in biological fumigants. Many plants and microorganisms emit volatile compounds, which can potentially be used as bio-fumigants. In this mini-review, we summarize the current status of nematology studies focused on the development of volatile compounds emitted from plants and microorganisms as fumigants to control plant-parasitic nematodes. The gap of knowledge and challenges of studying volatile compounds are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Xuan Bui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598
| | - Johan A. Desaeger
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, 33598
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61
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Liu CM, Liu SY, Liao CK, Lo CT, Lin KC, Peng KC. Cabbage defense response provoked by Trichoderma Th-LAAO. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1641-1647. [PMID: 33432379 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanism of Trichoderma L-amino acid oxidase (Th-LAAO) in protecting and in promoting growth of cabbage infected with Botrytis cinerea, a three-way interaction system was established. Cabbage leaves treated with purified Th-LAAO significantly constrained damaged leaf area caused by B. cinerea infection. In response to Th-LAAO treatment, the expression levels of genes involved in photosynthesis, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, Rubisco activase, and ATP synthase increased 2.54, 2.18, and 1.41 folds, respectively. The transcription levels of sucrose transport protein 1 increased 7.6 fold. As to the expression of defense-related genes, the transcription level of ascorbate peroxidase increased 1.46 fold. On the contrary, pathogenesis-related protein 1, chitinase, β-1,3 glucanase, and glutathione S-transferase decreased significantly. Overall, the results indicated that Th-LAAO may stimulate CO2 fixation and sucrose transport and elicit host defense responses in cabbage against B. cinerea, and this elicitation of defense response is likely to contribute to induced systemic resistance of host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan-Kai Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kou-Cheng Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.
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Madbouly AK. Biodiversity of Genus Trichoderma and Their Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Extremophilic Fungi and Their Role in Control of Pathogenic Microbes. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Siqueira ACO, Mascarin GM, Gonçalves CRNCB, Marcon J, Quecine MC, Figueira A, Delalibera Í. Multi-Trait Biochemical Features of Metarhizium Species and Their Activities That Stimulate the Growth of Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Soil Type Affects Organic Acid Production and Phosphorus Solubilization Efficiency Mediated by Several Native Fungal Strains from Mexico. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091337. [PMID: 32887277 PMCID: PMC7565533 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is considered a scarce macronutrient for plants in most tropical soils. The application of rock phosphate (RP) has been used to fertilize crops, but the amount of P released is not always at a necessary level for the plant. An alternative to this problem is the use of Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) to release P from chemically unavailable forms. This study compared the P sorption capacity of soils (the ability to retain P, making it unavailable for the plant) and the profile of organic acids (OA) produced by fungal isolates and the in vitro solubilization efficiency of RP. Trichoderma and Aspergillus strains were assessed in media with or without RP and different soils (Andisol, Alfisol, Vertisol). The type and amount of OA and the amount of soluble P were quantified, and according to our data, under the conditions tested, significant differences were observed in the OA profiles and the amount of soluble P present in the different soils. The efficiency to solubilize RP lies in the release of OAs with low acidity constants independent of the concentration at which they are released. It is proposed that the main mechanism of RP dissolution is the production of OAs.
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Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Esparza-Reynoso S, Pelagio-Flores R, López-Ramírez F, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella A. The fungal NADPH oxidase is an essential element for the molecular dialog between Trichoderma and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2178-2192. [PMID: 32578269 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma stimulate growth and reinforce plant immunity. Nevertheless, how fungal signaling elements mediate the establishment of a successful Trichoderma-plant interaction is largely unknown. In this work, we analyzed growth, root architecture and defense in an Arabidopsis-Trichoderma co-cultivation system, including the wild-type (WT) strain of the fungus and mutants affected in NADPH oxidase. Global gene expression profiles were assessed in both the plant and the fungus during the establishment of the interaction. Trichoderma atroviride WT improved root branching and growth of seedling as previously reported. This effect diminished in co-cultivation with the ∆nox1, ∆nox2 and ∆noxR null mutants. The data gathered of the Arabidopsis interaction with the ∆noxR strain showed that the seedlings had a heightened immune response linked to jasmonic acid in roots and shoots. In the fungus, we observed repression of genes involved in complex carbohydrate degradation in the presence of the plant before contact. However, in the absence of NoxR, such repression was lost, apparently due to a poor ability to adequately utilize simple carbon sources such as sucrose, a typical plant exudate. Our results unveiled the critical role played by the Trichoderma NoxR in the establishment of a fine-tuned communication between the plant and the fungus even before physical contact. In this dialog, the fungus appears to respond to the plant by adjusting its metabolism, while in the plant, fungal perception determines a delicate growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Villalobos-Escobedo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
| | - Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, C. P. 58240, México
| | - Fabiola López-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
| | - León F Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, C. P. 58030, México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Km. 9.6 libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, C. P. 36824, México
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He C, Wang W, Hou J. Plant performance of enhancing licorice with dual inoculating dark septate endophytes and Trichoderma viride mediated via effects on root development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:325. [PMID: 32646473 PMCID: PMC7346674 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess whether licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) can benefit from dual inoculation by Trichoderma viride and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other medicinal plants. METHODS First, we isolated and identified three DSE (Paraboeremia putaminum, Scytalidium lignicola, and Phoma herbarum) and Trichoderma viride from medicinal plants growing in farmland of China. Second, we investigated the influences of these three DSE on the performance of licorice at different T. viride densities (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 CFU/mL) under sterilised condition in a growth chamber. RESULTS Three DSE strains could colonize the roots of licorice, and they established a positive symbiosis with host plants depending on DSE species and T. viride densities. Inoculation of P. putaminum increased the root biomass, length, surface area, and root:shoot ratio. S. lignicola increased the root length, diameter and surface area and decreased the root:shoot ratio. P. herbarum increased the root biomass and surface area. T. viride increased the root biomass, length, and surface area. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis showed that DSE associated with T. viride augmented plant biomass and height, shoot branching, and root surface area. Variations in root morphology and biomass were attributed to differences in DSE species and T. viride density among treatments. P. putaminum or P. herbarum with low- or medium T. viride density and S. lignicola with low- or high T. viride density improved licorice root morphology and biomass. CONCLUSIONS DSE isolated from other medicinal plants enhanced the root growth of licorice plants under different densities T. viride conditions and may also be used to promote the cultivation of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Junling Hou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
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Macías-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Adame-Garnica SG, Del-Val E, Larsen J. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: inter-kingdom communication. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126552. [PMID: 32659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico.
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
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Vinale F, Sivasithamparam K. Beneficial effects of Trichoderma secondary metabolites on crops. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2835-2842. [PMID: 32578292 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selected microbial strains used as active ingredients of biopesticides for agricultural management practices (e.g., IPM, Integrated Pest Management) are known for their ability to control phytopathogens, promote plant growth, and/or induce disease resistance. Microbes belonging to the Trichoderma genus are considered as an appropriate example of beneficial microbes and are model organisms to study plant-microbe interactions. Several Trichoderma strains are marketed as biocontrol agents and are known to increase plant growth, stress tolerance, and nutrient availability. These effects have sometimes been related to the production of effector metabolites that beneficial microbes produce during the interaction with plant and other microbes. Secondary metabolites (SMs) comprise different classes of natural compounds with low molecular weight and having numerous biological roles, especially in the interactions among organisms. Metabolomic analysis of the interactions between plants, phytopathogens, and beneficial fungi aided in the identification of several bioactive fungal SMs that positively affect plant metabolism. Some of these compounds showed direct activity against phytopathogens, but also increased disease resistance by triggering the plant defence system, and/or enhanced vegetative growth. A new generation of bioformulations based on microbial metabolites and living consortia responsible for the desired beneficial effects on crops may overcome the difficulties associated with the use of a single living microbial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy.,CNR Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
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Baron NC, de Souza Pollo A, Rigobelo EC. Purpureocillium lilacinum and Metarhizium marquandii as plant growth-promoting fungi. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9005. [PMID: 32518715 PMCID: PMC7261125 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Especially on commodities crops like soybean, maize, cotton, coffee and others, high yields are reached mainly by the intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. The biological management of crops is a relatively recent concept, and its application has increased expectations about a more sustainable agriculture. The use of fungi as plant bioinoculants has proven to be a useful alternative in this process, and research is deepening on genera and species with some already known potential. In this context, the present study focused on the analysis of the plant growth promotion potential of Purpureocillium lilacinum, Purpureocillium lavendulum and Metarhizium marquandii aiming its use as bioinoculants in maize, bean and soybean. Methods Purpureocillium spp. and M. marquandii strains were isolated from soil samples. They were screened for their ability to solubilize phosphorus (P) and produce indoleacetic acid (IAA) and the most promising strains were tested at greenhouse in maize, bean and soybean plants. Growth promotion parameters including plant height, dry mass and contents of P and nitrogen (N) in the plants and in the rhizospheric soil were assessed. Results Thirty strains were recovered and characterized as Purpureocillium lilacinum (25), Purpureocillium lavendulum (4) and Metarhizium marquandii (1). From the trial for P solubilization and IAA production, seven strains were selected and inoculated in maize, bean and soybean plants. These strains were able to modify in a different way the evaluated parameters involving plant growth in each crop, and some strains distinctly increased the availability of P and N, for the last, an uncommon occurrence involving these fungi. Moreover, the expected changes identified at the in vitro analysis were not necessarily found in planta. In addition, this study is the first to evaluate the effect of the isolated inoculation of these fungi on the growth promotion of maize, bean and soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Carla Baron
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Graduation Program, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza Pollo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everlon Cid Rigobelo
- Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology Graduation Program, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Differential Response of Tomato Plants to the Application of Three Trichoderma Species When Evaluating the Control of Pseudomonas syringae Populations. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050626. [PMID: 32422955 PMCID: PMC7285377 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are well known biocontrol agents that are able to induce responses in the host plants against an array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we investigate, when applied to tomato seeds, the potential of Trichoderma strains belonging to three different species, T. parareesei T6, T. asperellum T25, and T. harzianum T34, to control the fully pathogenic strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, able to produce the coronatine (COR) toxin, and the COR-deficient strain Pst DC3118 in tomato plants, and the molecular mechanisms by which the plant can modulate its systemic defense. Four-week old tomato plants, seed-inoculated, or not, with a Trichoderma strain, were infected, or not, with a Pst strain, and the changes in the expression of nine marker genes representative of salicylic acid (SA) (ICS1 and PAL5) and jasmonic acid (JA) (TomLoxC) biosynthesis, SA- (PR1b1), JA- (PINII and MYC2) and JA/Ethylene (ET)-dependent (ERF-A2) defense pathways, as well as the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene AREB2 and the respiratory burst oxidase gene LERBOH1, were analyzed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with the bacteria. The significant increase obtained for bacterial population sizes in the leaves, disease index, and the upregulation of tomato genes related to SA, JA, ET and ABA in plants inoculated with Pst DC3000 compared with those obtained with Pst DC3118, confirmed the COR role as a virulence factor, and showed that both Pst and COR synergistically activate the JA- and SA-signaling defense responses, at least at 72 hpi. The three Trichoderma strains tested reduced the DC3118 levels to different extents and were able to control disease symptoms at the same rate. However, a minor protection (9.4%) against DC3000 was only achieved with T. asperellum T25. The gene deregulation detected in Trichoderma-treated plus Pst-inoculated tomato plants illustrates the complex system of a phytohormone-mediated signaling network that is affected by the pathogen and Trichoderma applications but also by their interaction. The expression changes for all nine genes analyzed, excepting LERBOH1, as well as the bacterial populations in the leaves were significantly affected by the interaction. Our results show that Trichoderma spp. are not adequate to control the disease caused by fully pathogenic Pst strains in tomato plants.
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A P S, Thankappan S, G K, Uthandi S. Comprehensive profiling of the VOCs of Trichoderma longibrachiatum EF5 while interacting with Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126436. [PMID: 32179388 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum EF5 is an endophytic fungal antagonist of rice. It is used for the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens-Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. We demonstrate that T. longibrachiatum EF5 inhibits the growth of these pathogens on direct interaction as well as via the production of the microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). The mVOCs reduced mycelial growth and inhibited the production of sclerotia by altering the mycelial structure. We profiled 138 mVOCs, when T. longibrachiatum EF5 interacted with the two pathogens. During these interactions, several compounds are up- or downregulated by T. longibrachiatum EF5, including longifolene, caryophyllene,1-Butanol 2-methyl, cedrene, and cuprenene. These compounds are involved in the biosynthetic pathways of the sesquiterpenoid and alkane, and the degradation pathway of trimethylamine. We provide an insight into the multiple modes by which T. longibrachiatum EF5 exerts antagonistic actions, such as hyperparasitism, competitions, and antibiosis via mVOCs. In contrast to their antimicrobial properties, these metabolites could also promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridharan A P
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Biocatalysts Lab., Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Karthikeyan G
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Lab., Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
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Atif MJ, Ahanger MA, Amin B, Ghani MI, Ali M, Cheng Z. Mechanism of Allium Crops Bulb Enlargement in Response to Photoperiod: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1325. [PMID: 32079095 PMCID: PMC7072895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoperiod marks a varied set of behaviors in plants, including bulbing. Bulbing is controlled by inner signals, which can be stimulated or subdued by the ecological environment. It had been broadly stated that phytohormones control the plant development, and they are considered to play a significant part in the bulb formation. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in understanding and advancement about the photoperiodic initiation of bulbing in plants. A noticeable query is to what degree the mechanisms discovered in bulb crops are also shared by other species and what other qualities are also dependent on photoperiod. The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) protein has a role in flowering; however, the FT genes were afterward reported to play further functions in other biological developments (e.g., bulbing). This is predominantly applicable in photoperiodic regulation, where the FT genes seem to have experienced significant development at the practical level and play a novel part in the switch of bulb formation in Alliums. The neofunctionalization of FT homologs in the photoperiodic environments detects these proteins as a new class of primary signaling mechanisms that control the growth and organogenesis in these agronomic-related species. In the present review, we report the underlying mechanisms regulating the photoperiodic-mediated bulb enlargement in Allium species. Therefore, the present review aims to systematically review the published literature on the bulbing mechanism of Allium crops in response to photoperiod. We also provide evidence showing that the bulbing transitions are controlled by phytohormones signaling and FT-like paralogues that respond to independent environmental cues (photoperiod), and we also show that an autorelay mechanism involving FT modulates the expression of the bulbing-control gene. Although a large number of studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawaad Atif
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- Vegetable Crops Program, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Bakht Amin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (M.J.A.); (B.A.); (M.I.G.); (M.A.)
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Nykiel-Szymańska J, Bernat P, Słaba M. Biotransformation and detoxification of chloroacetanilide herbicides by Trichoderma spp. with plant growth-promoting activities. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 163:216-226. [PMID: 31973860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use of chlorinated organic compounds, environmental pollution is a key issue in agricultural and industrial areas. In this study, biodegradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides, such as alachlor and metolachlor, by eight fungal strains of Trichoderma spp. originating from different microorganism collections was investigated. The tested fungi converted 80-99% of alachlor and 40-79% of metolachlor after 7 days of incubation. Biotransformation of herbicides was performed mainly by dechlorination and hydroxylation reactions. Eight alachlor metabolites and four byproducts of metolachlor conversion were detected in Trichoderma cultures, including two metolachlor intermediates for the first time identified in fungi. Moreover, in the cultures of six Trichoderma strains supplemented with chloroacetanilides, a decrease in toxicity was observed toward tested Artemia franciscana crustaceans. Simultaneously, 7 days after the application of the spores of T. koningii IM 0956, T. citrinoviride IM 6325, T. harzianum KKP 534, T. viride KKP 792 and T. virens DSM 1963 the length of roots and shoots of rapeseed seedlings treated with alachlor or metolachlor significantly increased. All tested strains exhibited plant growth-promoting traits, such as siderophore production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) activity, and phosphate solubilization, even in the presence of chloroacetanilide herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Metwally RA, Al-Amri SM. Individual and interactive role of Trichoderma viride and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and pigment content of onion plants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:79-86. [PMID: 31677281 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of interactions between beneficial micro-organisms associated with plant roots is important, because such interactions might either enhance or inhibit the beneficial effects of individual species. The effect of the combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a biocontrol fungus (Trichoderma viride) on different growth parameters and chlorophyll a,b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll and total pigments of onion (Allium cepa) plants was studied under glasshouse conditions. The results proved that AM fungi and T. viride are compatible with each other and their combined use was effective not only in improving onion growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights, root and shoot lengths and leaf area but also increasing total chlorophyll, carotenoids and total pigments content in onion leaves. Where, inoculation of onion plants by AM fungi and T. viride alone or in combination significantly increased bulb diameters of onion plants 20, 12·5 and 17·5% increase; respectively, when compared with control ones. Also percentage of AM fungal colonization increased greatly with T. viride inoculation. Therefore, AM fungi and T. viride could be a good alternate of chemical fertilizer for improving the growth of onion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Significance and Impact of the Study: The need for increasing agricultural productivity and quality has led to an excessive use of chemical fertilizers; creating serious threats to human health and the environment. The use of biofertilizers is an alternative for sustaining high production with low ecological impact. Thus the goal of this study was to propose a biological technique using arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Trichoderma viride (plant-microbe interaction) for increasing plant growth that represent a great opportunities for recent agricultural practices. This may be an indication displaying the AM and Trichoderma significance for plant progress and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Metwally
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - S M Al-Amri
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Art, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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76
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Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Tyśkiewicz R, Nowak A, Ozimek E, Majewska M, Hanaka A, Tyśkiewicz K, Pawlik A, Janusz G. Phytohormones (Auxin, Gibberellin) and ACC Deaminase In Vitro Synthesized by the Mycoparasitic Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 Strain and Changes in the Level of Auxin and Plant Resistance Markers in Wheat Seedlings Inoculated with this Strain Conidia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4923. [PMID: 31590281 PMCID: PMC6801869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hormonal balance and plant growth may be shaped by microorganisms synthesizing phytohormones, regulating its synthesis in the plant and inducing plant resistance by releasing elicitors from cell walls (CW) by degrading enzymes (CWDE). It was shown that the Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 strain, isolated from a healthy rye rhizosphere, colonized the rhizoplane of wheat seedlings and root border cells (RBC) and caused approximately 40% increase of stem weight. The strain inhibited (in over 90%) the growth of polyphagous Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. graminearum) phytopathogens through a mechanism of mycoparasitism. Chitinolytic and glucanolytic activity, strongly stimulated by CW of F. culmorum in the DEMTkZ3A0 liquid culture, is most likely responsible for the lysis of hyphae and macroconidia of phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. as well as the release of plant resistance elicitors. In DEMTkZ3A0 inoculated plants, an increase in the activity of the six tested plant resistance markers and a decrease in the concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA) auxin were noted. IAA and gibberellic acid (GA) but also the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) enzyme regulating ethylene production by plant were synthesized by DEMTkZ3A0 in the liquid culture. IAA synthesis was dependent on tryptophan and negatively correlated with temperature, whereas GA synthesis was positively correlated with the biomass and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska St. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Ave. 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Singh SP, Pandey S, Mishra N, Giri VP, Mahfooz S, Bhattacharya A, Kumari M, Chauhan P, Verma P, Nautiyal CS, Mishra A. Supplementation of Trichoderma improves the alteration of nutrient allocation and transporter genes expression in rice under nutrient deficiencies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 143:351-363. [PMID: 31541990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients are the finite natural resources that are essential for productivity and development of rice and its deficiency causes compromised yield along with reduced immunity against several biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the potential of Trichoderma reesei has been investigated as a biofertilizer (BF) to ameliorate nutrient stress in different rice cultivars at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The results indicated that cultivar Heena is much more compatible with BF as compared to cultivar Kiran at 50% nutrient limiting condition. Enhancement in physiological attributes and photosynthetic pigments were observed in BF treated Heena seedlings. The localization of biofertilizer in treated roots was further validated by scanning electron micrographs. This result correlated well with the higher levels of Indole acetic acid and Gibberellic acid in biofertilizer treated rice. Similarly, the uptake of micro-nutrients such as Fe, Co, Cu and Mo was found to be 1.4-1.9 fold higher respectively in BF treated Heena seedlings under 50% nutrient deficient condition. Furthermore, different stress ameliorating enzymes Guaiacol peroxidase, Super oxide dismutase, Total Phenolic Content, Phenol Peroxidase, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Ascorbate peroxidase in Heena seedlings were also increased by 1.8, 1.4, 1.2, 2.4, 1.2, and 8.3-fold respectively, at 50% nutrient deficient condition. The up-regulation of different micro and macro-nutrients allocation and accumulation; metal tolerance related; auxin synthesis genes in BF treated Heena as compared to 50% nutrient deficient condition was further supported by our findings that the application of biofertilizer efficiently ameliorated the deficiency of nutrients in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Pratap Singh
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Nishtha Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ved Prakash Giri
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Hasanganj, Lucknow, 226 007, India
| | - Sahil Mahfooz
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Arpita Bhattacharya
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Chauhan
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Pratibha Verma
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- Division of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
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78
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Xian HQ, Liu L, Li YH, Yang YN, Yang S. Molecular tagging of biocontrol fungus Trichoderma asperellum and its colonization in soil. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:255-264. [PMID: 31541488 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To conduct molecular tagging of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma asperellum strain T4 and elucidate its colonization patterns in soil. METHODS AND RESULTS We constructed an expression vector harbouring a hygromycin B-resistant gene (hph) and an efficient green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene. By applying Agrobacterium AGL-1-mediated genetic transformation technology, we conducted molecular tagging of T. asperellum and monitored the colonization dynamics of T. asperellum in soil. The results of tracking five independent transformants of T. asperellum indicated that its expansion rates ranged from 4·7 to 6·8 cm week-1 . After inoculation in soil, the quantities of T. asperellum could be maintained at over 10 × 104 CFU per gram soil in the first year. In the third year after inoculation, the quantities of T. asperellum in soil were still higher than 1 × 103 CFU per gram soil. In addition, molecularly tagged T. asperellum in soil in the second year (i.e. 12 months) after inoculation could still reach the biocontrol effect on cucumber Rhizoctonia rot by more than 74%. CONCLUSION Trichoderma asperellum strain T4 is capable of effectively colonizing in soil and surviving for more than 1 year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has provided the scientific basis for applying T. asperellum as the biocontrol fungus for prevention and control of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Q Xian
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China.,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Shandong Province, China
| | - L Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Y-H Li
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Y-N Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China
| | - S Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Shandong Province, China.,Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Shandong Province, China.,Qingdao International Center on Microbes Utilizing Biogas, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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79
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Ji S, Liu Z, Liu B, Wang Y. Comparative analysis of biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 transcriptome during its interaction with Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis. Microbiol Res 2019; 227:126294. [PMID: 31421718 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After exposure to with Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis, the expression of genes in Trichoderma asperellum were compared in four transcriptomes. The top 20 high expression genes included six heat shock proteins and three hydrophobins, indicating that Trichoderma can rapidly adapt to environment stresses and elicit a plant defense response. The genes, involved in the interaction between Trichoderma and plant, showed an increasing expression level, for example sugar transporters, EPL1s, endoxylanases, pectin lyases, and nitrilases. Interestingly, sugar transporters also showed high expression when T. asperellum was cultured on medium lacking a carbon substrate, which would contribute to T. asperellum's survival and domination in ecological niche competition. And the genes related to mycoparasitism were expressed abundantly following T. asperellum's interaction with PdPap, indicating the PdPap induction could enhance the mycoparasitic ability of T. asperellum. Twelve chitinases and five glucanases showed higher expression in transcriptome Cs, indicating that T. asperellum secretes both types of enzyme before interacting with pathogens, allowing T. asperellum to implement mycoparasitism and obtain more energy. Many novel transcripts were obtained in each transcriptome, which may play important roles in the biocontrol process of T. asperellum. Interestingly, T. asperellum undergo constitutive alternative splicing in the biocontrol process: Seven biocontrol genes were alternative spliced via intron retention. qRT-PCR analysis proved that intron retention is negatively associated with the expression of chitinase, oligopeptide transporters, and beta-lactamase. However, the percentage of MAPK intron retention was quite low, suggesting that intron retention has little effect on the function of MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, 150040, Harbin, China.
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80
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Involvement of lytic enzymes and secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. in the biological control of Pythium myriotylum. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:179-188. [PMID: 31267375 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities and involvement of extracellular lytic enzymes produced by four strains of Trichoderma in the inhibition of Pythium myriotylum. Antagonistic effects were tested by dual culture. Activities of lytic enzymes were evaluated from the filtrate of each strain after cultivation in selected media. Organic extracts were obtained from liquid media subsequent to the cultivation of Trichoderma in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Non-volatile organic compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids were evaluated spectrophotometrically while volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of the organic extracts was determined using the poisoning method. Results have shown that all the strains were antagonists against P. myriotylum. T. erinaceum (IT-58), T. gamsii (IT-62), T. afroharzianum (P8), and T. harzianum (P11) that were found to produce cellulase, protease, and xylanase. Over 20 compounds were identified in each extract, including esters, lactones, and organic acids. The organic extracts also contained high amounts of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids and significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. myriotylum. The minimal inhibition concentrations were 80 μg/μL, 40 μg/μL, 20 μg/μL, and 10 μg/μL, for extracts obtained from T. erinaceum (IT-58), T. gamsii (IT-62), T. afroharzianum (P8), and T. harzianum (P11), respectively. There was significant correlation between the production of total polyphenol and flavonoid content and the antagonistic effects of the tested strains.
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81
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Silva RN, Monteiro VN, Steindorff AS, Gomes EV, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ. Trichoderma/pathogen/plant interaction in pre-harvest food security. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:565-583. [PMID: 31345411 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Large losses before crop harvesting are caused by plant pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes. Among these, fungi are the major cause of losses in agriculture worldwide. Plant pathogens are still controlled through application of agrochemicals, causing human disease and impacting environmental and food security. Biological control provides a safe alternative for the control of fungal plant pathogens, because of the ability of biocontrol agents to establish in the ecosystem. Some Trichoderma spp. are considered potential agents in the control of fungal plant diseases. They can interact directly with roots, increasing plant growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, Trichoderma can directly kill fungal plant pathogens by antibiosis, as well as via mycoparasitism strategies. In this review, we will discuss the interactions between Trichoderma/fungal pathogens/plants during the pre-harvest of crops. In addition, we will highlight how these interactions can influence crop production and food security. Finally, we will describe the future of crop production using antimicrobial peptides, plants carrying pathogen-derived resistance, and plantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene Neves Monteiro
- Campus of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Campus Henrique Santillo, Anapolis, Goiás State, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biofunctional, Center of Higher Education Morgana Potrich Eireli, Morgana Potrich College, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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82
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Ramírez-Valdespino CA, Casas-Flores S, Olmedo-Monfil V. Trichoderma as a Model to Study Effector-Like Molecules. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1030. [PMID: 31156578 PMCID: PMC6529561 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are capable of perceiving microorganisms by coordinating processes to establish different forms of plant–microbe relationships. Plant colonization is governed in fungal and bacterial systems by secreted effector molecules, suppressing plant defense responses and modulating plant physiology to promote either virulence or compatibility. Proteins, secondary metabolites, and small RNAs have been described as effector molecules that use different mechanisms to establish the interaction. Effector molecules have been studied in more detail due to their involvement in harmful interactions, leading to a negative impact on agriculture. Recently, research groups have started to study the effectors in symbiotic interactions. Interestingly, most symbiotic effectors are members of the same families present in phytopathogens. Nevertheless, the quantity and ratio of secreted effectors depends on the microorganism and the host, suggesting a complex mechanism of recognition between the plant and their associated microorganisms. Fungi belonging to Trichoderma genus interact with plants by inducing their defense system and promoting plant growth. Research suggests that some of these effects are associated with effector molecules that Trichoderma delivers during the association with the plant. In this review, we will focus on the main findings concerning the effector molecules reported in Trichoderma spp. and their role during the interaction with plants, mainly in the molecular dialogue that takes place between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Ramírez-Valdespino
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biohidrometalurgia, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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83
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García-Gómez P, Almagro G, Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, Ameztoy K, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Antolín MC, Urdiain A, López-Belchi MD, López-Gómez P, Morán JF, Garrido J, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Volatile compounds other than CO 2 emitted by different microorganisms promote distinct posttranscriptionally regulated responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1729-1746. [PMID: 30480826 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A "box-in-box" cocultivation system was used to investigate plant responses to microbial volatile compounds (VCs) and to evaluate the contributions of organic and inorganic VCs (VOCs and VICs, respectively) to these responses. Arabidopsis plants were exposed to VCs emitted by adjacent Alternaria alternata and Penicillium aurantiogriseum cultures, with and without charcoal filtration. No VOCs were detected in the headspace of growth chambers containing fungal cultures with charcoal filters. However, these growth chambers exhibited elevated CO2 and bioactive CO and NO headspace concentrations. Independently of charcoal filtration, VCs from both fungal phytopathogens promoted growth and distinct developmental changes. Plants cultured at CO2 levels observed in growth boxes containing fungal cultures were identical to those cultured at ambient CO2 . Plants exposed to charcoal-filtered fungal VCs, nonfiltered VCs, or superelevated CO2 levels exhibited transcriptional changes resembling those induced by increased irradiance. Thus, in the "box-in-box" system, (a) fungal VICs other than CO2 and/or VOCs not detected by our analytical systems strongly influence the plants' responses to fungal VCs, (b) different microorganisms release VCs with distinct action potentials, (c) transcriptional changes in VC-exposed plants are mainly due to enhanced photosynthesis signaling, and (d) regulation of some plant responses to fungal VCs is primarily posttranscriptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - María Carmen Antolín
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amadeo Urdiain
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Belchi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Concepción, Avenue Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro López-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - José Fernando Morán
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Julián Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
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84
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Guo Y, Ghirardo A, Weber B, Schnitzler JP, Benz JP, Rosenkranz M. Trichoderma Species Differ in Their Volatile Profiles and in Antagonism Toward Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria bicolor. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31105677 PMCID: PMC6499108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are economically important due to their plant growth- and performance-promoting effects, such as improved nutrient supply, mycoparasitism of plant-pathogens and priming of plant defense. Due to their mycotrophic lifestyle, however, they might also be antagonistic to other plant-beneficial fungi, such as mycorrhiza-forming species. Trichoderma spp. release a high diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which likely play a decisive role in the inter-species communication. It has been shown that Trichoderma VOCs can inhibit growth of some plant pathogens, but their inhibition potentials during early interactions with mutualistic fungi remain unknown. Laccaria bicolor is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus which in symbiotic relationship is well known to facilitate plant performance. Here, we investigated the VOC profiles of three strains of Trichoderma species, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma Hamatum, and Trichoderma velutinum, as well as L. bicolor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). We further examined the fungal performance and the VOC emission profiles during confrontation of the Trichoderma species with L. bicolor in different co-cultivation scenarios. The VOC profiles of the three Trichoderma species were highly species-dependent. T. harzianum was the strongest VOC emitter with the most diverse compound pattern, followed by T. hamatum and T. velutinum. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. and L. bicolor altered the VOC emission patterns dramatically in some scenarios. The co-cultivations also revealed contact degree-dependent inhibition of one of the fungal partners. Trichoderma growth was at least partially inhibited when sharing the same headspace with L. bicolor. In direct contact between both mycelia, however, L. bicolor growth was impaired, indicating that Trichoderma and L. bicolor apply different effectors when defending their territory. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that all examined individual fungal species in axenic cultures, as well as their co-cultivations were characterized by a distinct VOC emission pattern. The results underline the importance of VOCs in fungal interactions and reveal unexpected adjustability of the VOC emissions according to the specific biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Estrada-Rivera M, Rebolledo-Prudencio OG, Pérez-Robles DA, Rocha-Medina MDC, González-López MDC, Casas-Flores S. Trichoderma Histone Deacetylase HDA-2 Modulates Multiple Responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1343-1361. [PMID: 30670606 PMCID: PMC6446751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are a rich source of secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may induce plant defenses and modulate plant growth. In filamentous fungi, chromatin modifications regulate secondary metabolism. In this study we investigated how the absence of histone deacetylase HDA-2 in the Trichoderma atroviride strain Δhda-2 impacts its effect on a host, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The production of VOCs and their impact on plant growth and development were assessed as well. The Δhda-2 strain was impaired in its ability to colonize Arabidopsis roots, thus affecting the promotion of plant growth and modulation of plant defenses against foliar pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae, which normally result from interaction with T. atroviride Furthermore, Δhda-2 VOCs were incapable of triggering plant defenses to counterattack foliar pathogens. The Δhda-2 overproduced the VOC 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP), which resulted in enhanced root branching and differentially regulated phytohormone-related genes. Analysis of ten VOCs (including 6-PP) revealed that three of them positively regulated plant growth, whereas six had the opposite effect. Assessment of secondary metabolites, detoxification, and communication with plant-related genes showed a dual role for HDA-2 in T. atroviride gene expression regulation during its interaction with plants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of acetylated histone H3 on the promoters of plant-responsive genes in Δhda-2 showed, in the presence of Arabidopsis, low levels of epl-1 and abc-2 compared with that in the wild type; whereas ctf-1 presented high constitutive levels, supporting a dual role of HDA-2 in gene regulation. This work highlights the importance of HDA-2 as a global regulator in Trichoderma to modulate multiple responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnolia Estrada-Rivera
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Oscar Guillermo Rebolledo-Prudencio
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Doris Arisbeth Pérez-Robles
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Ma Del Carmen Rocha-Medina
- Laboratorio Nacional de Biotecnología Agrícola, Médica y Ambiental, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - María Del Carmen González-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), Camino a la presa San José No. 2055, Colonia Lomas 4a sección. C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Li ZT, Janisiewicz WJ, Liu Z, Callahan AM, Evans BE, Jurick WM, Dardick C. Exposure in vitro to an Environmentally Isolated Strain TC09 of Cladosporium sphaerospermum Triggers Plant Growth Promotion, Early Flowering, and Fruit Yield Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1959. [PMID: 30774644 PMCID: PMC6367233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of bacteria and fungi have been found to promote plant growth through mutualistic interactions involving elements such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we report the identification of an environmentally isolated strain of Cladosporium sphaerospermum (herein named TC09), that substantially enhances plant growth after exposure in vitro beyond what has previously been reported. When cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under in vitro conditions, tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to TC09 cultures for 20 days increased stem height and whole plant biomass up to 25- and 15-fold, respectively, over controls without exposure. TC09-mediated growth promotion required >5 g/L sucrose in the plant culture medium and was influenced by the duration of exposure ranging from one to 10 days, beyond which no differences were detected. When transplanted to soil under greenhouse conditions, TC09-exposed tobacco plants retained higher rates of growth. Comparative transcriptome analyses using tobacco seedlings exposed to TC09 for 10 days uncovered differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse biological processes including cell expansion and cell cycle, photosynthesis, phytohormone homeostasis and defense responses. To test the potential efficacy of TC09-mediated growth promotion on agricultural productivity, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) of two different varieties, Cayenne and Minisweet, were pre-exposed to TC09 and planted in the greenhouse to monitor growth, flowering, and fruit production. Results showed that treated pepper plants flowered 20 days earlier and yielded up to 213% more fruit than untreated controls. Altogether the data suggest that exposure of young plants to C. sphaerospermum produced VOCs may provide a useful tool to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian T. Li
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wojciech J. Janisiewicz
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ann M. Callahan
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Breyn E. Evans
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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87
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Adnan M, Islam W, Shabbir A, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Huang Z, Chen HYH, Lu GD. Plant defense against fungal pathogens by antagonistic fungi with Trichoderma in focus. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:7-18. [PMID: 30710672 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases cause considerable damage to the economically important crops worldwide thus posing continuous threat to global food security. Management of these diseases is normally done via utilization of chemicals that have severe negative impact upon human health and surrounding ecosystems. Finding eco-friendly alternatives has led the researchers to focus towards biological control of fungal diseases through biocontrol agents such as antagonistic fungi (AF) and other microorganisms. AF include various genera of fungi that cure the fungal diseases on plants effectively. Furthermore, they play a regulatory role in various plant physiological pathways and interactions. AF are highly host specific having negligible effects on non-target organisms and have fast mass production capability. However, understanding the mechanisms of the effects of AF on plant diseases is a prerequisite for their effective utilization as biocontrol agent. Trichoderma is one of the most important fungal genera known for its antagonistic activity against disease causing fungal pathogens. Therefore, in this review, we have focused upon Trichoderma-mediated fungal diseases management via illustrating its taxonomy, important strains, biodiversity and mode of action. Furthermore, we have assessed the criteria to be followed for selection of AF and the factors influencing their efficiency. Finally, we evaluated the advantages and limitations of Trichoderma as AF. We conclude that effective AF utilization against fungal pathogens can serve as a safe strategy for our Planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Govt. of Punjab, Agriculture Department, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asad Shabbir
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Narrabri, 2390, Australia; University of the Punjab, Department of Botany, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A Ghramh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Faculty of Forestry and the Forest Environment, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Cruz-Magalhães V, Nieto-Jacobo MF, van Zijll de Jong E, Rostás M, Padilla-Arizmendi F, Kandula D, Kandula J, Hampton J, Herrera-Estrella A, Steyaert JM, Stewart A, Loguercio LL, Mendoza-Mendoza A. The NADPH Oxidases Nox1 and Nox2 Differentially Regulate Volatile Organic Compounds, Fungistatic Activity, Plant Growth Promotion and Nutrient Assimilation in Trichoderma atroviride. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3271. [PMID: 30728815 PMCID: PMC6351448 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic systems, membrane-bound NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a part of normal physiological functions. In the soil-borne mycoparasitic and plant facultative symbiont Trichoderma atroviride, Nox1 and the regulator NoxR are involved in differentiation induced by mechanical damage, while the role of Nox2 has not been determined. The knock-out strains Δnox1, ΔnoxR and Δnox2 were compared to the parental strain (WT) in their ability to grow and conidiate under a series of stress conditions (osmotic, oxidative, membrane, and cell-wall stresses). All three genes were differentially involved in the stress-response phenotypes. In addition, several interactive experiments with biotic factors (plant seedlings and other fungi) were performed comparing the mutant phenotypes with the WT, which was used as the reference strain. Δnox1 and ΔnoxR significantly reduced the antagonistic activity of T. atroviride against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in direct confrontation assays, but Δnox2 showed similar activity to the WT. The Δnox1, ΔnoxR, and Δnox2 mutants showed quantitative differences in the emission of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The effects of a blend of these volatiles on plant-growth promotion of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were determined in closed-chamber experiments. The increase in root and shoot biomass induced by T. atroviride VOCs was significantly lowered by ΔnoxR and Δnox1, but not by Δnox2. In terms of fungistatic activity at a distance, Δnox2 had a significant reduction in this trait against R. solani and S. sclerotiorum, while fungistasis was highly increased by ΔnoxR and Δnox1. Identification and quantification of individual VOCs in the blends emitted by the strains was performed by GC-MS and the patterns of variation observed for individual volatiles, such as 6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP-1) and (E)-6-Pent-1-enylpyran-2-one (6PP-2) were consistent with their negative effects in plant-growth promotion and positive effects in fungistasis at a distance. Nox1 and NoxR appear to have a ubiquitous regulatory role of in a variety of developmental and interactive processes in T. atroviride either as positive or negative modulators. Nox2 may also have a role in regulating production of VOCs with fungistatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Cruz-Magalhães
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Diwakar Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Janaki Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - John Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Alison Stewart
- The Foundation for Arable Research (FAR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Leandro Lopes Loguercio
- Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
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Ramírez-Valdespino CA, Casas-Flores S, Olmedo-Monfil V. Trichoderma as a Model to Study Effector-Like Molecules. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31156578 DOI: 10.3389/pmic.2019.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are capable of perceiving microorganisms by coordinating processes to establish different forms of plant-microbe relationships. Plant colonization is governed in fungal and bacterial systems by secreted effector molecules, suppressing plant defense responses and modulating plant physiology to promote either virulence or compatibility. Proteins, secondary metabolites, and small RNAs have been described as effector molecules that use different mechanisms to establish the interaction. Effector molecules have been studied in more detail due to their involvement in harmful interactions, leading to a negative impact on agriculture. Recently, research groups have started to study the effectors in symbiotic interactions. Interestingly, most symbiotic effectors are members of the same families present in phytopathogens. Nevertheless, the quantity and ratio of secreted effectors depends on the microorganism and the host, suggesting a complex mechanism of recognition between the plant and their associated microorganisms. Fungi belonging to Trichoderma genus interact with plants by inducing their defense system and promoting plant growth. Research suggests that some of these effects are associated with effector molecules that Trichoderma delivers during the association with the plant. In this review, we will focus on the main findings concerning the effector molecules reported in Trichoderma spp. and their role during the interaction with plants, mainly in the molecular dialogue that takes place between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Ramírez-Valdespino
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biohidrometalurgia, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Sergio Casas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional y Comparativa, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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90
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Porras-Troncoso MD, Olmedo-Monfil V, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma Species: Versatile Plant Symbionts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:6-16. [PMID: 30412012 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-18-0218-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Because of the need to provide food for the growing population, agricultural activity is faced with the huge challenge of counteracting the negative effects generated by adverse environmental factors and diseases caused by pathogens on crops, while avoiding environmental pollution due to the excessive use of agrochemicals. The exploitation of biological systems that naturally increase plant vigor, preparing them against biotic and abiotic stressors that also promote their growth and productivity represents a useful and viable strategy to help face these challenges. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma have been widely used in agriculture as biocontrol agents because of their mycoparasitic capacity and ability to improve plant health and protection against phytopathogens, which makes it an excellent plant symbiont. The mechanisms employed by Trichoderma include secretion of effector molecules and secondary metabolites that mediate the beneficial interaction of Trichoderma with plants, providing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here we discuss the most recent advances in understanding the mechanisms employed by this opportunistic plant symbiont as biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter. In addition, through genome mining we approached a less explored factor that Trichoderma could be using to become successful plant symbionts, the production of phytohormones-auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, among others. This approach allowed us to detect sets of genes encoding proteins potentially involved in phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling. We discuss the implications of these findings in the physiology of the fungus and in the establishment of its interaction with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - María Daniela Porras-Troncoso
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Vianey Olmedo-Monfil
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- First and third authors: Departamento de Biología, DCNyE Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n. CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., México; and second and fourth authors: Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav. Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, CP 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
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Pandey RP, Srivastava AK, Gupta VK, O’Donovan A, Ramteke PW. Enhanced yield of diverse varieties of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by different isolates of Mesorhizobium ciceri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42398-018-00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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92
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The Arabidopsis-Trichoderma interaction reveals that the fungal growth medium is an important factor in plant growth induction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16427. [PMID: 30401880 PMCID: PMC6219587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp colonizes the plant rhizosphere and provides pathogen resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and enhance growth and development. We evaluated the Arabidopsis-Trichoderma interaction using a split system in which Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma virens were grown on PDA or MS medium. Arabidopsis growth was significantly increased at 3 and 5 days post-inoculation with both Trichoderma species, when the fungal strains were grown on PDA in split interaction. The analysis of DR5:uidA reporter line revealed a greater auxin accumulation in root tips when the fungi were grown on PDA in a split interaction. The root hair-defective phenotype of Arabidopsis rhd6 mutant was reverted with both Trichoderma species, even in split interactions. At 12 °C, Trichoderma species in split interactions were able to mitigate the effects of cold stress on the plant, and also Trichoderma induced the AtERD14 expression, a cold related gene. Volatile organic compounds analysis revealed that Trichoderma strains produce mainly sesquiterpenes, and that the type and abundance of these compounds was dependent on the fungal strain and the culture medium. Our results show that fungal nutrition is an important factor in plant growth in a split interaction.
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93
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Siebers M, Rohr T, Ventura M, Schütz V, Thies S, Kovacic F, Jaeger KE, Berg M, Dörmann P, Schulz M. Disruption of microbial community composition and identification of plant growth promoting microorganisms after exposure of soil to rapeseed-derived glucosinolates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200160. [PMID: 29969500 PMCID: PMC6029813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants are engaged in intricate communities with soil bacteria and fungi indispensable for plant survival and growth. The plant-microbial interactions are largely governed by specific metabolites. We employed a combination of lipid-fingerprinting, enzyme activity assays, high-throughput DNA sequencing and isolation of cultivable microorganisms to uncover the dynamics of the bacterial and fungal community structures in the soil after exposure to isothiocyanates (ITC) obtained from rapeseed glucosinolates. Rapeseed-derived ITCs, including the cyclic, stable goitrin, are secondary metabolites with strong allelopathic affects against other plants, fungi and nematodes, and in addition can represent a health risk for human and animals. However, the effects of ITC application on the different bacterial and fungal organisms in soil are not known in detail. ITCs diminished the diversity of bacteria and fungi. After exposure, only few bacterial taxa of the Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Acidobacteria proliferated while Trichosporon (Zygomycota) dominated the fungal soil community. Many surviving microorganisms in ITC-treated soil where previously shown to harbor plant growth promoting properties. Cultivable fungi and bacteria were isolated from treated soils. A large number of cultivable microbial strains was capable of mobilizing soluble phosphate from insoluble calcium phosphate, and their application to Arabidopsis plants resulted in increased biomass production, thus revealing growth promoting activities. Therefore, inclusion of rapeseed-derived glucosinolates during biofumigation causes losses of microbiota, but also results in enrichment with ITC-tolerant plant microorganisms, a number of which show growth promoting activities, suggesting that Brassicaceae plants can shape soil microbiota community structure favoring bacteria and fungi beneficial for Brassica plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Siebers
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Rohr
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marina Ventura
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vadim Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Filip Kovacic
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Berg
- Institute for Organic Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Experimental Farm Wiesengut of University of Bonn, Hennef, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Margot Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Pelagio-Flores R, Esparza-Reynoso S, Garnica-Vergara A, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella A. Trichoderma-Induced Acidification Is an Early Trigger for Changes in Arabidopsis Root Growth and Determines Fungal Phytostimulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:822. [PMID: 28567051 PMCID: PMC5434454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are common rhizosphere inhabitants widely used as biological control agents and their role as plant growth promoting fungi has been established. Although soil pH influences several fungal and plant functional traits such as growth and nutrition, little is known about its influence in rhizospheric or mutualistic interactions. The role of pH in the Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction was studied by determining primary root growth and lateral root formation, root meristem status and cell viability, quiescent center (QC) integrity, and auxin inducible gene expression. Primary root growth phenotypes in wild type seedlings and STOP1 mutants allowed identification of a putative root pH sensing pathway likely operating in plant-fungus recognition. Acidification by Trichoderma induced auxin redistribution within Arabidopsis columella root cap cells, causing root tip bending and growth inhibition. Root growth stoppage correlated with decreased cell division and with the loss of QC integrity and cell viability, which were reversed by buffering the medium. In addition, stop1, an Arabidopsis mutant sensitive to low pH, was oversensitive to T. atroviride primary root growth repression, providing genetic evidence that a pH root sensing mechanism reprograms root architecture during the interaction. Our results indicate that root sensing of pH mediates the interaction of Trichoderma with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuato, México
| | - Saraí Esparza-Reynoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - Amira Garnica-Vergara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPNIrapuato, México
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