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Mahata D, Cherian A, Parab A, Gupta V. In situ functionalization of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) polyester with a multi-functional macromolecular additive. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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52
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Effects of gamma irradiation on 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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Robinson TM, Talebian S, Foroughi J, Yue Z, Fay CD, Wallace GG. Fabrication of Aligned Biomimetic Gellan Gum-Chitosan Microstructures through 3D Printed Microfluidic Channels and Multiple In Situ Cross-Linking Mechanisms. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3638-3648. [PMID: 33463177 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we use a combination of ionic- and photo-cross-linking to develop a fabrication method for producing biocompatible microstructures using a methacrylated gellan gum (a polyanion) and chitosan (a polycation) in addition to lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) as the photoinitiator. This work involves the development of a low-cost, portable 3D bioprinter and a customized extrusion mechanism for controlled introduction of the materials through a 3D printed microfluidic nozzle, before being cross-linked in situ to form robust microstructure bundles. The formed microstructures yielded a diameter of less than 1 μm and a tensile strength range of ∼1 MPa. This study is the first to explore and achieve GGMA:CHT microstructure fabrication by means of controlled in-line compaction and photo-cross-linking through 3D printed microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Robinson
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sepehr Talebian
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Zhilian Yue
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Cormac D Fay
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,SMART Infrastructure Facility, Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Wasti S, Adhikari S. Use of Biomaterials for 3D Printing by Fused Deposition Modeling Technique: A Review. Front Chem 2020; 8:315. [PMID: 32457867 PMCID: PMC7221194 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary manufacturing technique that can fabricate a 3D object by depositing materials layer by layer. Different materials such as metals, polymers, and concretes are generally used for 3D printing. In order to make 3D printing sustainable, researchers are working on the use of different bioderived materials for 3D printing. Because of the abundant and sustainable sources, and versatile properties, biomaterials are considered as the potential candidates that have the ability to replace petroleum-based polymers. This review highlights the basic overview of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique of 3D printing and recent developments that have occurred on FDM printing using biomaterials. Specifically, FDM printing process, final properties, and characteristics of biopolymers, their composites, and polymers containing biofillers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Wasti
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Sushil Adhikari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Zhang J, Xie B, Xi Z, Zhao L, Cen L, Yang Y. A comparable study of polyglycolic acid's degradation on macrophages' activation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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56
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Frone AN, Batalu D, Chiulan I, Oprea M, Gabor AR, Nicolae CA, Raditoiu V, Trusca R, Panaitescu DM. Morpho-Structural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA/PHB/Cellulose Biodegradable Nanocomposites Obtained by Compression Molding, Extrusion, and 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010051. [PMID: 31878292 PMCID: PMC7023130 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable blends and nanocomposites were produced from polylactic acid (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and cellulose nanocrystals (NC) by a single step reactive blending process using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a cross-linking agent. With the aim of gaining more insight into the impact of processing methods upon the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites, three different processing techniques were employed: compression molding, extrusion, and 3D printing. The addition of DCP improved interfacial adhesion and the dispersion of NC in nanocomposites as observed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The carbonyl index calculated from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed increased crystallinity after DCP addition in PLA/PHB and PLA/PHB/NC, also confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analyses. NC and DCP showed nucleating activity and favored the crystallization of PLA, increasing its crystallinity from 16% in PLA/PHB to 38% in DCP crosslinked blend and to 43% in crosslinked PLA/PHB/NC nanocomposite. The addition of DCP also influenced the melting-recrystallization processes due to the generation of lower molecular weight products with increased mobility. The thermo-mechanical characterization of uncross-linked and cross-linked PLA/PHB blends and nanocomposites showed the influence of the processing technique. Higher storage modulus values were obtained for filaments obtained by extrusion and 3D printed meshes compared to compression molded films. Similarly, the thermogravimetric analysis showed an increase of the onset degradation temperature, even with more than 10 °C for PLA/PHB blends and nanocomposites after extrusion and 3D-printing, compared with compression molding. This study shows that PLA/PHB products with enhanced interfacial adhesion, improved thermal stability, and mechanical properties can be obtained by the right choice of the processing method and conditions using NC and DCP for balancing the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21316-3068
| | - Dan Batalu
- Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioana Chiulan
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Madalina Oprea
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Valentin Raditoiu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Roxana Trusca
- Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (I.C.); (M.O.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.); (V.R.); (D.M.P.)
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Pastor-Artigues MM, Roure-Fernández F, Ayneto-Gubert X, Bonada-Bo J, Pérez-Guindal E, Buj-Corral I. Elastic Asymmetry of PLA Material in FDM-Printed Parts: Considerations Concerning Experimental Characterisation for Use in Numerical Simulations. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010015. [PMID: 31861413 PMCID: PMC6981541 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to characterise the material poly lactic acid (PLA), printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, under three loading conditions—tension, compression and bending—in order to get data that will allow to simulate structural components. In the absence of specific standards for materials manufactured in FDM technology, characterisation is carried out based on ASTM International standards D638, D695 and D790, respectively. Samples manufactured with the same printing parameters have been built and tested; and the tensile, compressive and flexural properties have been determined. The influences of the cross-sectional shape and the specimen length on the strength and elastic modulus of compression are addressed. By analysing the mechanical properties obtained in this way, the conclusion is that they are different, are not coherent with each other, and do not reflect the bimodular nature (different behaviour of material in tension and compression) of this material. A finite element (FE) model is used to verify these differences, including geometric non-linearity, to realistically reproduce conditions during physical tests. The main conclusion is that the test methods currently used do not guarantee a coherent set of mechanical properties useful for numerical simulation, which highlights the need to define new characterisation methods better adapted to the behaviour of FDM-printed PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma-Magdalena Pastor-Artigues
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering (RMEE), Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.R.-F.); (X.A.-G.); (J.B.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-401-6532
| | - Francesc Roure-Fernández
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering (RMEE), Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.R.-F.); (X.A.-G.); (J.B.-B.)
| | - Xavier Ayneto-Gubert
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering (RMEE), Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.R.-F.); (X.A.-G.); (J.B.-B.)
| | - Jordi Bonada-Bo
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering (RMEE), Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (F.R.-F.); (X.A.-G.); (J.B.-B.)
| | - Elsa Pérez-Guindal
- Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Engineering (RMEE), Vilanova i la Geltrú School of Engineering (EPSEVG), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08800 Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain;
| | - Irene Buj-Corral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (EM), Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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58
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Jain S, Fuoco T, Yassin MA, Mustafa K, Finne-Wistrand A. Printability and Critical Insight into Polymer Properties during Direct-Extrusion Based 3D Printing of Medical Grade Polylactide and Copolyesters. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:388-396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tiziana Fuoco
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammed A. Yassin
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Finne-Wistrand
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen, 56-58, SE 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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59
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Abstract
Human bones have unique structures and characteristics, and replacing a natural bone in the case of bone fracture or bone diseases is a very complicated problem. The main goal of this paper was to summarize the recent research on polymer materials as bone substitutes and for bone repair. Bone treatment methods, bone substitute materials as well as their advantages and drawbacks, and manufacturing methods were reviewed. Biopolymers are the most promising materials in the field of artificial bones and using biopolymers with the shape memory effect can improve the integration of an artificial bone into the human body by better mimicking the structure and properties of natural bones, decreasing the invasiveness of surgical procedures by producing deployable implants. It has been shown that the application of the rapid prototyping technology for artificial bones allows the customization of bone substitutes for a patient and the creation of artificial bones with a complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kashirina
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongtao Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
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60
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Réu P, Svedberg G, Hässler L, Möller B, Andersson Svahn H, Gantelius J. A 61% lighter cell culture dish to reduce plastic waste. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216251. [PMID: 31039189 PMCID: PMC6490915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a ubiquitous and flexible research method. However, it heavily relies on plastic consumables generating millions of tonnes of plastic waste yearly. Plastic waste is a major and growing global concern. Here we describe a new cell culture dish that offers a culture area equivalent to three petri dishes but that is on average 61% lighter and occupies 67% less volume. Our dish is composed of a lid and three thin containers surrounded by a light outer shell. Cell culture can be performed in each of the containers sequentially. The outer shell provides the appropriate structure for the manipulation of the dish as a whole. The prototype was tested by sequentially growing cells in each of its containers. As a control, sequential cultures in groups of 3 petri dishes were performed. No statistical differences were found between the prototype and the control in terms of cell number, cell viability or cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Réu
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Svedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Hässler
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Mechatronics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Möller
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Mechatronics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Gantelius
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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61
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Domínguez-Robles J, Martin NK, Fong ML, Stewart SA, Irwin NJ, Rial-Hermida MI, Donnelly RF, Larrañeta E. Antioxidant PLA Composites Containing Lignin for 3D Printing Applications: A Potential Material for Healthcare Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040165. [PMID: 30987304 PMCID: PMC6523288 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin (LIG) is a natural biopolymer with well-known antioxidant capabilities. Accordingly, in the present work, a method to combine LIG with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for fused filament fabrication applications (FFF) is proposed. For this purpose, PLA pellets were successfully coated with LIG powder and a biocompatible oil (castor oil). The resulting pellets were placed into an extruder at 200 °C. The resulting PLA filaments contained LIG loadings ranging from 0% to 3% (w/w). The obtained filaments were successfully used for FFF applications. The LIG content affected the mechanical and surface properties of the overall material. The inclusion of LIG yielded materials with lower resistance to fracture and higher wettabilities. Moreover, the resulting 3D printed materials showed antioxidant capabilities. By using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, the materials were capable of reducing the concentration of this compound up to ca. 80% in 5 h. This radical scavenging activity could be potentially beneficial for healthcare applications, especially for wound care. Accordingly, PLA/LIG were used to design meshes with different designs for wound dressing purposes. A wound healing model compound, curcumin (CUR), was applied in the surface of the mesh and its diffusion was studied. It was observed that the dimensions of the meshes affected the permeation rate of CUR. Accordingly, the design of the mesh could be modified according to the patient’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Niamh K Martin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Mun Leon Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Sarah A Stewart
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Nicola J Irwin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | | | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Evaluation of the Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Structures Fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printer. INVENTIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions4010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer is a simple device capable of manufacturing three-dimensional structures in a series of easy steps. Commercial-level FFF 3D printers have spread rapidly in many fields in recent years. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer used as a typical printing medium for FFF 3D printers. The FFF printer constructs an object with melted polymer extruded from a tiny scanning nozzle. The mechanical properties of FFF 3D structures printed with different scan patterns can therefore vary in accordance with the directions from which forces act upon them. The nozzle scan pattern also influences the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the structures in accordance with the degradation caused by the hydrolysis of PLA. In this study we conducted tensile tests to evaluate the strength characteristics of 3D printed test pieces formed from PLA using four different scan patterns: parallel, vertical, parallel-and-vertical, and cross-hatched at opposing diagonal angles to the tensile direction. We also formed test pieces by an injection molding method using the same material, for further comparison. We evaluated the deterioration of the test pieces after immersing them in saline for certain periods. After the test pieces formed by different nozzle scan patterns were immersed, they exhibited differences in the rates by which their maximum tensile stresses deteriorated and their masses increased through water uptake. The influences of the scan patterns could be classified into two types: the unidirectional scan pattern influence and bidirectional scan pattern influence. The data obtained in this research will be applied to structural design when the FFF 3D printer is employed for the fabrication of structures with PLA filament.
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Bagheri A, Buj-Corral I, Ferrer M, Pastor MM, Roure F. Determination of the Elasticity Modulus of 3D-Printed Octet-Truss Structures for Use in Porous Prosthesis Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2420. [PMID: 30501122 PMCID: PMC6317202 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, scaffolds can be obtained by means of 3D printing. Different structures are used in order to reduce the stiffness of the solid material. The present article analyzes the mechanical behavior of octet-truss microstructures. Three different octet structures with strut radii of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mm were studied. The theoretical relative densities corresponding to these structures were 34.7%, 48.3%, and 61.8%, respectively. Two different values for the ratio of height (H) to width (W) were considered, H/W = 2 and H/W = 4. Several specimens of each structure were printed, which had the shape of a square base prism. Compression tests were performed and the elasticity modulus (E) of the octet-truss lattice-structured material was determined, both, experimentally and by means of Finite Element Methods (FEM). The greater the strut radius, the higher the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength. Better agreement was found between the experimental and the simulated modulus of elasticity results for H/W = 4 than for H/W = 2. The octet-truss lattice can be considered to be a promising structure for printing in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Irene Buj-Corral
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Ferrer
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Magdalena Pastor
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Roure
- Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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64
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Alizadeh-Osgouei M, Li Y, Wen C. A comprehensive review of biodegradable synthetic polymer-ceramic composites and their manufacture for biomedical applications. Bioact Mater 2018; 4:22-36. [PMID: 30533554 PMCID: PMC6258879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of various materials in biomedical procedures has recently experienced rapid growth. One area that is currently receiving significant attention from the scientific community is the treatment of a number of different types of bone-related diseases and disorders by using biodegradable polymer-ceramic composites. Biomaterials, the most common materials used to repair or replace damaged parts of the human body, can be categorized into three major groups: metals, ceramics, and polymers. Composites can be manufactured by combining two or more materials to achieve enhanced biocompatibility and biomechanical properties for specific applications. Biomaterials must display suitable properties for their applications, about strength, durability, and biological influence. Metals and their alloys such as titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-based alloys have been widely investigated for implant-device applications because of their excellent mechanical properties. However, these materials may also manifest biological issues such as toxicity, poor tissue adhesion and stress shielding effect due to their high elastic modulus. To mitigate these issues, hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have been used on metals because their chemical composition is similar to that of bone and teeth. Recently, a wide range of synthetic polymers such as poly (l-lactic acid) and poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide) have been studied for different biomedical applications, owing to their promising biocompatibility and biodegradability. This article gives an overview of synthetic polymer-ceramic composites with a particular emphasis on calcium phosphate group and their potential applications in tissue engineering. It is hoped that synthetic polymer-ceramic composites such as PLLA/HA and PCL/HA will provide advantages such as eliminating the stress shielding effect and the consequent need for revision surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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Menčík P, Přikryl R, Stehnová I, Melčová V, Kontárová S, Figalla S, Alexy P, Bočkaj J. Effect of Selected Commercial Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer Biodegradable Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Print. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11101893. [PMID: 30282917 PMCID: PMC6213132 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the influence of selected commercial plasticizers structure, which are based on esters of citric acid, on mechanical and thermal properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer biodegradable blends. These plasticizers were first tested with respect to their miscibility with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PHB/PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB/PLA/plasticizer blends in the weight ratio (wt %) of 60/25/15 were then prepared by single screw and corotating meshing twin screw extruders in the form of filament for further three-dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical, thermal properties, and shape stability (warping effect) of 3D printed products can be improved just by the addition of appropriate plasticizer to polymeric blend. The goal was to create new types of eco-friendly PHB/PLA/plasticizers blends and to highly improve the poor mechanical properties of neat PHB/PLA blends (with majority of PHB) by adding appropriate plasticizer. Mechanical properties of plasticized blends were then determined by the tensile test of 3D printed test samples (dogbones), as well as filaments. Measured elongation at break rapidly enhanced from 21% for neat non-plasticized PHB/PLA blends (reference) to 328% for best plasticized blends in the form of filament, and from 5% (reference) to 187% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. The plasticizing effect on blends was confirmed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The study of morphology was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy. Significant problem of plasticized blends used to be also plasticizer migration, therefore the diffusion of plasticizers from the blends after 15 days of exposition to 110 °C in the drying oven was investigated as their measured weight loss. Almost all of the used plasticizers showed meaningful positive softening effects, but the diffusion of plasticizers at 110 °C exposition was quite extensive. The determination of the degree of disintegration of selected plasticized blend when exposed to a laboratory-scale composting environment was executed to roughly check the “biodegradability”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Menčík
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Stehnová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Melčová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Alexy
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Bočkaj
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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66
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Novel Biocomposite Engineering and Bio-Applications. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040080. [PMID: 30274156 PMCID: PMC6316439 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Comparison of the mechanobiological performance of bone tissue scaffolds based on different unit cell geometries. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:28-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Filgueira D, Holmen S, Melbø JK, Moldes D, Echtermeyer AT, Chinga-Carrasco G. 3D Printable Filaments Made of Biobased Polyethylene Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E314. [PMID: 30966349 PMCID: PMC6415196 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different series of biobased polyethylene (BioPE) were used for the manufacturing of biocomposites, complemented with thermomechanical pulp (TMP) fibers. The intrinsic hydrophilic character of the TMP fibers was previously modified by grafting hydrophobic compounds (octyl gallate and lauryl gallate) by means of an enzymatic-assisted treatment. BioPE with low melt flow index (MFI) yielded filaments with low void fraction and relatively low thickness variation. The water absorption of the biocomposites was remarkably improved when the enzymatically-hydrophobized TMP fibers were used. Importantly, the 3D printing of BioPE was improved by adding 10% and 20% TMP fibers to the composition. Thus, 3D printable biocomposites with low water uptake can be manufactured by using fully biobased materials and environmentally-friendly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filgueira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Isaac Newton, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Solveig Holmen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Diego Moldes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Isaac Newton, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Chinga-Carrasco G. Potential and Limitations of Nanocelluloses as Components in Biocomposite Inks for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting and for Biomedical Devices. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:701-711. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Chinga-Carrasco
- Lead Scientist−Biocomposites, RISE PFI, Høgskoleringen 6b, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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