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Glyoxyl-Activated Agarose as Support for Covalently Link Novo-Pro D: Biocatalysts Performance in the Hydrolysis of Casein. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a commercial protease (Novo-Pro D (NPD)), both in soluble and immobilized forms, in the hydrolysis of proteins (using casein as model protein). Immobilization of the protease NPD on 6% agarose activated with glyoxyl groups for 24 h at 20 °C and pH 10.0 allowed preparing immobilized biocatalyst with around 90% immobilization yield, 92% recovered activity versus small substrate, and a thermal stability 5.3-fold higher than the dialyzed soluble enzyme at 50 °C and pH 8.0. Immobilization times longer than 24 h lead to a decrease in the recovered activity and did not improve the biocatalyst stability. At 50 °C and pH 6.5, the immobilized NPD was around 20-fold more stable than the dialyzed soluble protease. Versus casein, the immobilized NDP presented a 10% level of activity, but it allowed hydrolyzing casein (26 g/L) at 50 °C and pH 6.5 up to a 40% degree of hydrolysis (DH) after 2 h reaction, while under the same conditions, only a 34% DH was achieved with soluble NPD. In addition, the immobilized NPD showed good reusability, maintaining the DH of casein for at least ten 2h-reaction batches.
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Lima GM, Effer B, Biasoto HP, Feijoli V, Pessoa A, Palmisano G, Monteiro G. Glycosylation of L-asparaginase from E. coli through yeast expression and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Yang X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yang E, Qu Y, Xu H, Chen Y, Irbis C, Yan J. A Thermo-Active Laccase Isoenzyme From Trametes trogii and Its Potential for Dye Decolorization at High Temperature. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:241. [PMID: 32140151 PMCID: PMC7042201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermo-activation and thermostable laccase isoenzyme (Lac 37 II) produced by Trametes trogii S0301 at 37°C was purified to apparent homogeneity by anionic exchange chromatography and sephadex G-75 chromatography, with 12.3% of yeiled and a specific activity of 343.1 U mg-1. The molecular weight of the purified Lac 37 II was estimated to be approximately 56 kDa in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal pH and temperature for the protein was 2.7 and 60°C, respectively. The purified Lac 37 II showed higher resistance to all tested metal ions and organic solvents except for Fe2+ and Cd2+ at 37°C and the activity of the purified Lac 37 was significantly enhanced by Cu2+ at 50 mM. The K cat , K m , and K cat /K m of Lac 37 II were 2.977 s-1, 16.1 μM, and 184.9 s-1 μM-1, respecively, in the condition of pH 2.7 and 60°C using ABTS as a substrate. Peptide-mass fingerprinting analysis showed that the Lac 37 II matched to the gene-deduced sequences of lcc3 in T. trogii BAFC 463, other than Lcc1, Lcc 2, and Lcc 4. Compared with laccase prepared at 28°C, the onset of thermo-activation of Lac 37 II activity occurred at 30°C with an increase of 10%, and reached its maximum at the temperatures range of 40-60°C with an increase of about 40% of their original activity. Furthermore, Lac 37 II showed the efficient decolorization ability toward triphenylmethane dyes at 60°C, with decolorization rates of 100 and 99.1% for 25 mg L-1 malachite and crystal violet in 5 h, respectively, when hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) was used as a mediator. In conclusion, it is the first time to report a thermo-activation laccase from a thermophilic T. trogii strain, which has a better enzyme property and higher decolorization ability among fungal laccases, and it also has a further application prospective in the field of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulei Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - En Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, China
| | - Chagan Irbis
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinping Yan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Abhinav K, Feng L, Morrison E, Jung Y, Dear J, Takahashi S, Heck MMS. The conserved metalloprotease invadolysin is present in invertebrate haemolymph and vertebrate blood. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.044073. [PMID: 31615765 PMCID: PMC6899020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified invadolysin, a novel essential metalloprotease, for functions in chromosome structure, cell proliferation and migration. Invadolysin also plays an important metabolic role in insulin signalling and is the only protease known to localise to lipid droplets, the main lipid storage organelle in the cell. In silico examination of the protein sequence of invadolysin predicts not only protease and lipase catalytic motifs, but also post-translational modifications and the secretion of invadolysin. Here we show that the protease motif of invadolysin is important for its role in lipid accumulation, but not in glycogen accumulation. The lipase motif does not appear to be functionally important for the accumulation of lipids or glycogen. Post-translational modifications likely contribute to modulating the level, localisation or activity of invadolysin. We identified a secreted form of invadolysin in the soluble fraction of invertebrate hemolymph (where we observe sexually dimorphic forms) and also vertebrate plasma, including in the extracellular vesicle fraction. Biochemical analysis for various post-translational modifications demonstrated that secreted invadolysin is both N- and O-glycosylated, but not apparently GPI-linked. The discovery of invadolysin in the extracellular milieu suggests a role for invadolysin in normal organismal physiology. Summary: In this study, we show that the conserved metalloprotease invadolysin is present in invertebrate hemolymph and vertebrate blood, suggesting the protein may function in organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Abhinav
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Linda Feng
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Emma Morrison
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yunshin Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - James Dear
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Margarete M S Heck
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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55
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Goettig P, Brandstetter H, Magdolen V. Surface loops of trypsin-like serine proteases as determinants of function. Biochimie 2019; 166:52-76. [PMID: 31505212 PMCID: PMC7615277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases from family S1 (clan PA) constitute the largest protease group in humans and more generally in vertebrates. The prototypes chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase represent simple digestive proteases in the gut, where they cleave nearly any protein. Multidomain trypsin-like proteases are key players in the tightly controlled blood coagulation and complement systems, as well as related proteases that are secreted from diverse immune cells. Some serine proteases are expressed in nearly all tissues and fluids of the human body, such as the human kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases with specialization for often unique substrates and accurate timing of activity. HtrA and membrane-anchored serine proteases fulfill important physiological tasks with emerging roles in cancer. The high diversity of all family members, which share the tandem β-barrel architecture of the chymotrypsin-fold in the catalytic domain, is conferred by the large differences of eight surface loops, surrounding the active site. The length of these loops alters with insertions and deletions, resulting in remarkably different three-dimensional arrangements. In addition, metal binding sites for Na+, Ca2+ and Zn2+ serve as regulatory elements, as do N-glycosylation sites. Depending on the individual tasks of the protease, the surface loops determine substrate specificity, control the turnover and allow regulation of activation, activity and degradation by other proteins, which are often serine proteases themselves. Most intriguingly, in some serine proteases, the surface loops interact as allosteric network, partially tuned by protein co-factors. Knowledge of these subtle and complicated molecular motions may allow nowadays for new and specific pharmaceutical or medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, München, Germany
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56
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Zhu F, Qiu N, Sun H, Meng Y, Zhou Y. Integrated Proteomic and N-Glycoproteomic Analyses of Chicken Egg during Embryonic Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11675-11683. [PMID: 31545598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To better appreciate the alterations of egg proteins and their modifications during embryonic development, a comparative and quantitative study was performed aimed at chicken egg white and yolk proteome and N-glycoproteome after 12 days of incubation using tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling technology in conjunction with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A total of 334 unique N-glycosite-containing peptides from 153 N-glycoproteins were identified, of which 82 N-glycosite-containing peptides showed significant changes after 12 days of incubation. The varied proteome was mainly involved with antibacterial, ionic binding, cell proliferation, and embryonic development, while the different degrading and/or absorbing priorities of egg proteins were proposed. This study provides substantial insight into the effects of N-glycoprotein variations on the utilization of egg proteins by chicken embryo during incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haohao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
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57
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Nyström EEL, Arike L, Ehrencrona E, Hansson GC, Johansson MEV. Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1) forms non-covalent oligomers in colonic mucus and has mucin 2-processing properties. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17075-17089. [PMID: 31570526 PMCID: PMC6851300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1) is one of the major nonmucin proteins found in intestinal mucus. It is part of a larger family of CLCA proteins that share highly conserved features and domain architectures. The CLCA domain arrangement is similar to proteins belonging to the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family, known to process extracellular matrix proteins. Therefore, CLCA1 is an interesting candidate in the search for proteases that process intestinal mucus. Here, we investigated CLCA1's biochemical properties both in vitro and in mucus from mouse and human colon biopsy samples. Using immunoblotting with CLCA1-specific antibodies and recombinant proteins, we observed that the CLCA1 C-terminal self-cleavage product forms a disulfide-linked dimer that noncovalently interacts with the N-terminal part of CLCA1, which further interacts to form oligomers. We also characterized a second, more catalytically active, N-terminal product of CLCA1, encompassing the catalytic domain together with its von Willebrand domain type A (VWA). This fragment was unstable but could be identified in freshly prepared mucus. Furthermore, we found that CLCA1 can cleave the N-terminal part of the mucus structural component MUC2. We propose that CLCA1 regulates the structural arrangement of the mucus and thereby takes part in the regulation of mucus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E L Nyström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa Arike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Ehrencrona
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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58
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Ouephanit C, Boonvitthya N, Bozonnet S, Chulalaksananukul W. High-Level Heterologous Expression of Endo-1,4-β-Xylanase from Penicillium citrinum in Pichia pastoris X-33 Directed through Codon Optimization and Optimized Expression. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193515. [PMID: 31569777 PMCID: PMC6804294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most common industrial xylanases are produced from filamentous fungi. In this study, the codon-optimized xynA gene encoding xylanase A from the fungus Penicilium citrinum was successfully synthesized and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The levels of secreted enzyme activity under the control of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PGAP) and alcohol oxidase 1 (PAOX1) promoters were compared. The Pc Xyn11A was produced as a soluble protein and the total xylanase activity under the control of PGAP and PAOX1 was 34- and 193-fold, respectively, higher than that produced by the native strain of P. citrinum. The Pc Xyn11A produced under the control of the PAOX1 reached a maximum activity of 676 U/mL when induced with 1% (v/v) methanol every 24 h for 5 days. The xylanase was purified by ion exchange chromatography and then characterized. The enzyme was optimally active at 55 °C and pH 5.0 but stable over a broad pH range (3.0–9.0), retaining more than 80% of the original activity after 24 h or after pre-incubation at 40 °C for 1 h. With birchwood xylan as a substrate, Pc Xyn11A showed a Km(app) of 2.8 mg/mL, and a kcat of 243 s−1. The high level of secretion of Pc Xyn11A and its stability over a wide range of pH and moderate temperatures could make it useful for a variety of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Ouephanit
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Warawut Chulalaksananukul
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Biofuels by Biocatalysts Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Bonzom C, Hüttner S, Mirgorodskaya E, Chong SL, Uthoff S, Steinbüchel A, Verhaert RMD, Olsson L. Glycosylation influences activity, stability and immobilization of the feruloyl esterase 1a from Myceliophthora thermophila. AMB Express 2019; 9:126. [PMID: 31407106 PMCID: PMC6691016 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous protein production is widely used in industrial biotechnology. However, using non-native production hosts can lead to enzymes with altered post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation. We have investigated how production in a non-native host affects the physicochemical properties and enzymatic activity of a feruloyl esterase from Myceliophthora thermophila, MtFae1a. The enzyme was produced in two microorganisms that introduce glycosylation (M. thermophila and Pichia pastoris) and in Escherichia coli (non-glycosylated). Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of glycosylation and revealed differences in the lengths of glycan chains between the enzymes produced in M. thermophila and P. pastoris. The melting temperature and the optimal temperature for activity of the non-glycosylated enzyme were considerably lower than those of the glycosylated enzymes. The three MtFae1a versions also exhibited differences in specific activity and specificity. The catalytic efficiency of the glycosylated enzymes were more than 10 times higher than that of the non-glycosylated one. In biotechnology, immobilization is often used to allow reusing enzyme and was investigated on mesoporous silica particles. We found the binding kinetics and immobilization yield differed between the enzyme versions. The largest differences were observed when comparing enzymes with and without glycosylation, but significant variations were also observed between the two differently glycosylated enzymes. We conclude that the biotechnological value of an enzyme can be optimized for a specific application by carefully selecting the production host.
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60
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Goonatilleke E, Huang J, Xu G, Wu L, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Human Milk Proteins and Their Glycosylation Exhibit Quantitative Dynamic Variations during Lactation. J Nutr 2019; 149:1317-1325. [PMID: 31098625 PMCID: PMC6686052 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins in human milk are essential and known to support the growth, development, protection, and health of the newborn. These proteins are highly modified by glycans that are currently being recognized as vital to protein structure, stability, function, and health of the intestinal mucosa. Although milk proteins have been studied, the quantitative changes in milk proteins and their respective site-specific glycosylation are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study expanded the analytical tools for milk proteins and their site-specific glycosylation and applied these tools to a large cohort to determine changes in individual protein concentrations and their site-specific N-glycosylation across lactation. DESIGN A tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to 231 breast-milk samples from 33 mothers in Davis, California, obtained during 7 different periods of lactation. Dynamic changes in the absolute abundances of milk proteins, as well as variation in site-specific N-glycosylation of individual proteins, were quantified. RESULTS α-Lactalbumin, β-casein, k-casein, and α-antitrypsin were significantly increased from colostrum to transitional milk (4.37 ± 1.33 g/L to 6.41 ± 0.72 g/L, 2.25 ± 0.86 g/L to 2.59 ± 0.78 g/L, 1.33 ± 0.44 g/L to 1.60 ± 0.39 g/L, and 0.09 ± 0.10 g/L to 0.11 ± 0.04 g/L, respectively; P < 0.002). α-Lactalbumin (37%), β-casein (9%), and lysozyme (159%) were higher in mature milk than in colostrum. Glycans exhibited different behavior. Fucosylated glycans of lactoferrin and high-mannose, undecorated, fucosylated, sialylated, and combined fucosylated + sialylated glycans of secretory immunoglobulin A increased during lactation even when the concentrations of the parent proteins decreased. CONCLUSIONS Proteins in healthy mothers vary dynamically through lactation to support the development of infants. Individual milk proteins carried unique glycan modifications that varied systematically in structure even with site specificity. The role of glycosylation in human milk proteins will be important in understanding the functional components of human milk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA
| | | | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Davis, CA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Rodziewicz P, Loroch S, Marczak Ł, Sickmann A, Kayser O. Cannabinoid synthases and osmoprotective metabolites accumulate in the exudates of Cannabis sativa L. glandular trichomes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:108-116. [PMID: 31084863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds produced by Cannabis sativa L., which accumulate in storage cavities of glandular trichomes as a part of the exudates. We investigated if tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase and cannabidiolic acid synthase, which are involved in the last step of cannabinoid biosynthesis, are also secreted into Cannabis trichome exudates. The exudates were collected by microsuction from storage cavities of Cannabis glandular trichomes and were subjected for proteomic and metabolomic analyses. The catalytic activity of the exudates was documented by cannabigerolic acid biotransformation studies under hydrophobic conditions. Electrophoretic separations revealed protein bands at ˜65 kDa, which were further identified as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase and cannabidiolic acid synthase. The accumulation of the enzymes in trichome exudates increased substantially during the flowering period in the drug-type Cannabis plants. The content of cannabinoids increased significantly after incubating hexane-diluted trichome exudates with cannabigerolic acid. In this study, we showed that Cannabis glandular trichomes secrete and accumulate cannabinoid synthases in storage cavities, and the enzymes able to convert cannabigerolic acid under hydrophobic trichome-mimicking conditions. Metabolite profiling of the exudates revealed compounds with hydrophilic, osmoprotective and amphiphilic properties, which may play a role in providing a necessary aqueous microenvironment, which enables enzyme solubility and biocatalysis under hydrophobic conditions of glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Rodziewicz
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Semenov AG, Katrukha AG. A View on the Interrelationship between Obesity and Natriuretic Peptide Measurements: Can Dysregulation in pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide Glycosylation Explain Decreased B-type Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations in Obese Heart Failure Patients? Clin Chem 2019; 65:1070-1072. [PMID: 31235540 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.306175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Semenov
- HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland; .,School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey G Katrukha
- HyTest Ltd., Turku, Finland.,School of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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63
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Post-Translational Modification-Dependent Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123077. [PMID: 31238509 PMCID: PMC6627178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their capacity to process different proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were initially described as a family of secreted proteases, functioning as main ECM regulators. However, through proteolytic processing of various biomolecules, MMPs also modulate intra- and extracellular pathways and networks. Thereby, they are functionally implicated in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological processes. Consequently, MMP activity is tightly regulated through a combination of epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional control of gene expression, proteolytic activation, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and extracellular inhibition. In addition, MMPs, their substrates and ECM binding partners are frequently modified by PTMs, which suggests an important role of PTMs in modulating the pleiotropic activities of these proteases. This review summarizes the recent progress towards understanding the role of PTMs (glycosylation, phosphorylation, glycosaminoglycans) on the activity of several members of the MMP family.
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Boncler M, Wu Y, Watala C. The Multiple Faces of C-Reactive Protein-Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications in Cardiovascular Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E2062. [PMID: 31151201 PMCID: PMC6600390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an intriguing protein which plays a variety of roles in either physiological or pathophysiological states. For years it has been regarded merely as a useful biomarker of infection, tissue injury and inflammation, and it was only in the early 80s that the modified isoforms (mCRP) of native CRP (nCRP) appeared. It soon became clear that the roles of native CRP should be clearly discriminated from those of the modified form and so the impacts of both isoforms were divided to a certain degree between physiological and pathophysiological states. For decades, CRP has been regarded only as a hallmark of inflammation; however, it has since been recognised as a significant predictor of future episodes of cardiovascular disease, independent of other risk factors. The existence of modified CRP isoforms and their possible relevance to various pathophysiological conditions, suggested over thirty years ago, has prompted the search for structural and functional dissimilarities between the pentameric nCRP and monomeric mCRP isoforms. New attempts to identify the possible relevance between the diversity of structures and their opposing functions have initiated a new era of research on C-reactive protein. This review discusses the biochemical aspects of CRP physiology, emphasizing the supposed relevance between the structural biology of CRP isoforms and their differentiated physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Boncler
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Yi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Cezary Watala
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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Ressler VT, Raines RT. Consequences of the Endogenous N-Glycosylation of Human Ribonuclease 1. Biochemistry 2019; 58:987-996. [PMID: 30633504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) is the most prevalent human homologue of the archetypal enzyme RNase A. RNase 1 contains sequons for N-linked glycosylation at Asn34, Asn76, and Asn88 and is N-glycosylated at all three sites in vivo. The effect of N-glycosylation on the structure and function of RNase 1 is unknown. By using an engineered strain of the yeast Pichia pastoris, we installed a heptasaccharide (Man5GlcNAc2) on the side chain of Asn34, Asn76, and Asn88 to produce the authentic triglycosylated form of human RNase 1. As a glutamine residue is not a substrate for cellular oligosaccharyltransferase, we used strategic asparagine-to-glutamine substitutions to produce the three diglycosylated and three monoglycosylated forms of RNase 1. We found that the N-glycosylation of RNase 1 at any position attenuates its catalytic activity but enhances both its thermostability and its resistance to proteolysis. N-Glycosylation at Asn34 generates the most active and stable glycoforms, in accord with its sequon being highly conserved among vertebrate species. These data provide new insight on the biological role of the N-glycosylation of a human secretory enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Ressler
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Srinivasan S, Stephens C, Wilson E, Panchadsaram J, DeVoss K, Koistinen H, Stenman UH, Brook MN, Buckle AM, Klein RJ, Lilja H, Clements J, Batra J. Prostate Cancer Risk-Associated Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Affects Prostate-Specific Antigen Glycosylation and Its Function. Clin Chem 2018; 65:e1-e9. [PMID: 30538125 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.295790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic association studies have reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at chromosome 19q13.3 to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Recently, the rs61752561 SNP (Asp84Asn substitution) in exon 3 of the kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) gene encoding prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was reported to be strongly associated with PCa risk (P = 2.3 × 10-8). However, the biological contribution of the rs61752561 SNP to PCa risk has not been elucidated. METHODS Recombinant PSA protein variants were generated to assess the SNP-mediated biochemical changes by stability and substrate activity assays. PC3 cell-PSA overexpression models were established to evaluate the effect of the SNP on PCa pathogenesis. Genotype-specific correlation of the SNP with total PSA (tPSA) concentrations and free/total (F/T) PSA ratio were determined from serum samples. RESULTS Functional analysis showed that the rs61752561 SNP affects PSA stability and structural conformation and creates an extra glycosylation site. This PSA variant had reduced enzymatic activity and the ability to stimulate proliferation and migration of PCa cells. Interestingly, the minor allele is associated with lower tPSA concentrations and high F/T PSA ratio in serum samples, indicating that the amino acid substitution may affect PSA immunoreactivity to the antibodies used in the clinical immunoassays. CONCLUSIONS The rs61752561 SNP appears to have a potential role in PCa pathogenesis by changing the glycosylation, protein stability, and PSA activity and may also affect the clinically measured F/T PSA ratio. Accounting for these effects on tPSA concentration and F/T PSA ratio may help to improve the accuracy of the current PSA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carson Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janaththani Panchadsaram
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerry DeVoss
- Endocrinology, QML Pathology, Mansfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Klein
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hans Lilja
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology Service) and Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Judith Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; .,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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67
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Costa DAL, Filho EXF. Microbial β-mannosidases and their industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:535-547. [PMID: 30426153 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heteropolymers of mannan are polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall of gymnosperms and some angiosperms, including palm trees (Arecales and Monocot). Degradation of the complex structure of these polysaccharides requires the synergistic action of enzymes that disrupt the internal carbon skeleton of mannan and accessory enzymes that remove side chain substituents. However, complete degradation of these polysaccharides is carried out by an exo-hydrolase termed β-mannosidase. Microbial β-mannosidases belong to families 1, 2, and 5 of glycosyl hydrolases, and catalyze the hydrolysis of non-reducing ends of mannose oligomers. Besides, these enzymes are also involved in transglycosylation reactions. Because of their activity at different temperatures and pH values, these enzymes are used in a variety of industrial applications and the pharmaceutical, food, and biofuel industries.
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68
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Podzimek T, Přerovská T, Šantrůček J, Kovaľ T, Dohnálek J, Matoušek J, Lipovová P. N-glycosylation of tomato nuclease TBN1 produced in N. benthamiana and its effect on the enzyme activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:152-161. [PMID: 30348313 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A unique analysis of an enzyme activity versus structure modification of the tomato nuclease R-TBN1 is presented. R-TBN1, the non-specific nuclease belonging to the S1-P1 nuclease family, was recombinantly produced in N. benthamiana. The native structure is posttranslationally modified by N-glycosylation at three sites. In this work, it was found that this nuclease is modified by high-mannose type N-glycosylation with a certain degree of macro- and microheterogeneity. To monitor the role of N-glycosylation in its activity, hypo- and hyperglycosylated nuclease mutants, R-TBN1 digested by α-mannosidase, and R-TBN1 deglycosylated by PNGase F were prepared. Deglycosylated R-TBN1 and mutant N94D/N112D were virtually inactive. Compared to R-TBN1 wt, both N94D and N112D mutants showed about 60% and 10% of the activity, respectively, while the N186D, D36S, and D36S/E104 N mutants were equally or even more active than R-TBN1 wt. The partial demannosylation of R-TBN1 did not affect the nuclease activity; moreover, a little shift in substrate specificity was observed. The results show two facts: 1) which sites must be occupied by a glycan for the proper folding and stability and 2) how N. benthamiana glycosylates the foreign nuclease. At the same time, the modifications can be interesting in designing the nuclease activity or specificity through its glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Podzimek
- University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Přerovská
- University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kovaľ
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Biocev, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dohnálek
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Biocev, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre, ASCR v.v.i., Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 32, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lipovová
- University of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
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Geng F, Xie Y, Wang J, Majumder K, Qiu N, Ma M. N-Glycoproteomic Analysis of Chicken Egg Yolk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11510-11516. [PMID: 30339407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational N-glycosylation of food proteins plays a critical role in their structure and function. However, the N-glycoproteome of chicken egg yolk (CEY) has not been studied yet. Glycopeptides hydrolyzed from CEY proteins were enriched, with deglycosylation occurring using PNGase F, and then were identified using a shotgun glycoproteomics strategy. A total of 217 N-glycosylation sites and 86 glycoproteins were identified in CEY, and these glycoproteins are mainly involved in the binding, biological regulation, catalytic activity, and metabolic processes. Among the identified CEY glycoproteins, 22 were recognized as proteases and protease inhibitors, suggesting that a proteinase/inhibitor regulation system exists in CEY; further, 15 were members of the complement and immune systems, which provide protection against potential threats during hatching. The study provides important structural information about CEY glycoproteins and aids in the understanding of the underlying mechanism of embryo development as well as changes in CEY functional characteristics during storage and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture) , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
| | - Yunxiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture) , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture) , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering , Chengdu University , No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue , Chengdu 610106 , P. R. China
| | - Kaustav Majumder
- Food Science and Technology Department , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , 1400 R Street , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Ning Qiu
- National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , No. 1 Shizishan Street , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Meihu Ma
- National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , No. 1 Shizishan Street , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
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Guo S, Briza P, Magdolen V, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Activation and activity of glycosylated KLKs 3, 4 and 11. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1009-1022. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidases 3, 4, 11, and KLK2, the activator of KLK3/PSA, belong to the prostatic group of the KLKs, whose major physiological function is semen liquefaction during the fertilization process. Notably, these KLKs are upregulated in prostate cancer and are used as clinical biomarkers or have been proposed as therapeutic targets. However, this potential awaits a detailed characterization of these proteases. In order to study glycosylated prostatic KLKs resembling the natural proteases, we used Leishmania (LEXSY) and HEK293 cells for secretory expression. Both systems allowed the subsequent purification of soluble pro-KLK zymogens with correct propeptides and of the mature forms. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction, enzymatic deglycosylation assays, and mass spectrometry confirmed the glycosylation of these KLKs. Activation of glycosylated pro-KLKs 4 and 11 turned out to be most efficient by glycosylated KLK2 and KLK4, respectively. By comparing the glycosylated prostatic KLKs with their non-glycosylated counterparts from Escherichia coli, it was observed that the N-glycans stabilize the KLK proteases and change their activation profiles and their enzymatic activity to some extent. The functional role of glycosylation in prostate-specific KLKs could pave the way to a deeper understanding of their biology and to medical applications.
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71
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li J. Mass spectrometry for protein sialoglycosylation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:652-680. [PMID: 29228471 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of structurally unique and negatively charged nine-carbon sugars, normally found at the terminal positions of glycan chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The glycosylation of proteins is a universal post-translational modification in eukaryotic species and regulates essential biological functions, in which the most common sialic acid is N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (2-keto-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galactononulopyranos-1-onic acid) (Neu5NAc). Because of the properties of sialic acids under general mass spectrometry (MS) conditions, such as instability, ionization discrimination, and mixed adducts, the use of MS in the analysis of protein sialoglycosylation is still challenging. The present review is focused on the application of MS related methodologies to the study of both N- and O-linked sialoglycans. We reviewed MS-based strategies for characterizing sialylation by analyzing intact glycoproteins, proteolytic digested glycopeptides, and released glycans. The review concludes with future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zack Li
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Environment and Health, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Costa CRC, Belchor MN, Rodrigues CFB, Toyama DDO, de Oliveira MA, Novaes DP, Toyama MH. Edema Induced by a Crotalus durissus terrificus Venom Serine Protease (Cdtsp 2) Involves the PAR Pathway and PKC and PLC Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082405. [PMID: 30111691 PMCID: PMC6121655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) represent an essential group of enzymatic toxins involved in several pathophysiological effects on blood homeostasis. Some findings suggest the involvement of this class of enzymatic toxins in inflammation. In this paper, we purified and isolated a new gyroxin isoform from the Crotalus durissus terrificus (Cdt) venom, designated as Cdtsp 2, which showed significant proinflammatory effects in a murine model. In addition, we performed several studies to elucidate the main pathway underlying the edematogenic effect induced by Cdtsp 2. Enzymatic assays and structural analysis (primary structure analysis and three-dimensional modeling) were closely performed with pharmacological assays. The determination of edematogenic activity was performed using Cdtsp 2 isolated from snake venom, and was applied to mice treated with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, dexamethasone (Dexa), antagonists for protease-activated receptors (PARs), or saline (negative control). Additionally, we measured the levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cdtsp 2 is characterized by an approximate molecular mass of 27 kDa, an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.5, and significant fibrinolytic activity, as well as the ability to hydrolyze Nα-benzoyl-l-arginine 4-nitroanilide (BAPNA). Its primary and three-dimensional structures revealed Cdtsp 2 as a typical snake venom serine protease that induces significant edema via the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), involving PARs, PKC, PLC, and COX-2 receptors, as well as inducing a significant increase in MDA levels. Our results showed that Cdtsp 2 is a serine protease with significant enzymatic activity, and it may be involved in the degradation of PAR1 and PAR2, which activate PLC and PKC to mobilize AA, while increasing oxidative stress. In this article, we provide a new perspective for the role of SVSPs beyond their effects on blood homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R C Costa
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, BIOMOLPEP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Novo Belchor
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, BIOMOLPEP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniela de Oliveira Toyama
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, BIOMOLPEP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcos A de Oliveira
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, LABIMES, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Danielle P Novaes
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, BIOMOLPEP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Institute of Biosciences, Coastal Campus, BIOMOLPEP, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 11330-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sim JS, Kesawat MS, Kumar M, Kim SY, Mani V, Subramanian P, Park S, Lee CM, Kim SR, Hahn BS. Lack of the α1,3-Fucosyltransferase Gene ( Osfuct) Affects Anther Development and Pollen Viability in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041225. [PMID: 29670011 PMCID: PMC5979348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the key post-translational modifications. α1,3-Fucosyltransferase (OsFucT) is responsible for transferring α1,3-linked fucose residues to the glycoprotein N-glycan in plants. We characterized an Osfuct mutant that displayed pleiotropic developmental defects, such as impaired anther and pollen development, diminished growth, shorter plant height, fewer tillers, and shorter panicle length and internodes under field conditions. In addition, the anthers were curved, the pollen grains were shriveled, and pollen viability and pollen number per anther decreased dramatically in the mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analyses of the N-glycans revealed that α1,3-fucose was lacking in the N-glycan structure of the mutant. Mutant complementation revealed that the phenotype was caused by loss of Osfuct function. Transcriptome profiling also showed that several genes essential for plant developmental processes were significantly altered in the mutant, including protein kinases, transcription factors, genes involved in metabolism, genes related to protein synthesis, and hypothetical proteins. Moreover, the mutant exhibited sensitivity to an increased concentration of salt. This study facilitates a further understanding of the function of genes mediating N-glycan modification and anther and pollen development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Vimalraj Mani
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Soyoung Park
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Seong-Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
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Kumar R, Kumar V, Kumar S. Production of recombinant Erns protein of classical swine fever virus and assessment of its enzymatic activity: A recombinant Newcastle disease virus-based approach. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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75
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Feijoo-Siota L, Rama JLR, Sánchez-Pérez A, Villa TG. Expression, activation and processing of a novel plant milk-clotting aspartic protease in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2018; 268:28-39. [PMID: 29339117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galium verum, also known as Lady's Bedstraw or Cheese Rennet, is an herbaceous perennial plant traditionally used in cheese-making. We used RACE PCR to isolate novel enzymes from Galium verum with the ability to clot milk. This approach generated two cDNA sequences (named preprogaline A and B) encoding proteins displaying the typical plant aspartic protease primary structure. Preprogaline B was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, after deleting and replacing its original signal peptide with the yeast α-factor signal peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The secreted recombinant protein was obtained by growing P. pastoris in YPD medium and had the ability to clot milk. The mature form of progaline B is a heterodimeric glycosylated enzyme, with a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa, that contains a heavy (30.7 kDa) and a light (13.5 kDa) polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Western blot analysis revealed that progaline B is activated by the acidification of the yeast culture medium and that enzymatic activation requires two steps. First the precursor protein is cleaved into two polypeptide chains by partial removal of the plant-specific insert (PSI) present in plant aspartic proteases; this is later followed by propeptide removal. By altering the pH of the P. pastoris culture medium, we were able to obtain either active or inactive forms of the enzyme. Recombinant progaline B displayed a κ-casein hydrolysis pattern analogous to those produced by the animal and microbial coagulants currently used in the dairy industry, but it exhibited a different digestion profile on α- and β-caseins. The plant protease progaline B displays milk-clotting activities suitable for the production of novel dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Feijoo-Siota
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - José Luis R Rama
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tomás G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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76
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Strutton B, Jaffé SR, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Producing a glycosylating Escherichia coli cell factory: The placement of the bacterial oligosaccharyl transferase pglB onto the genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:686-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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77
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Savickas S, Auf dem Keller U. Targeted degradomics in protein terminomics and protease substrate discovery. Biol Chem 2017; 399:47-54. [PMID: 28850541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted degradomics integrates positional information into mass spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics workflows and thereby enables analysis of proteolytic cleavage events with unprecedented specificity and sensitivity. Rapid progress in the establishment of protease-substrate relations provides extensive degradomics target lists that now can be tested with help of selected and parallel reaction monitoring (S/PRM) in complex biological systems, where proteases act in physiological environments. In this minireview, we describe the general principles of targeted degradomics, outline the generic experimental workflow of the methodology and highlight recent and future applications in protease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Savickas
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, Building 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Auf dem Keller
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, Building 301, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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78
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Schulze S, Urzica E, Reijnders MJMF, van de Geest H, Warris S, Bakker LV, Fufezan C, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Schaap PJ, Peters SA, Hippler M. Identification of methylated GnTI-dependent N-glycans in Botryococcus brauni. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1361-1369. [PMID: 28737213 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals and vascular plants, microalgae show a high diversity in the N-glycan structures of complex N-glycoproteins. Although homologues for β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI), a key enzyme in the formation of complex N-glycans, have been identified in several algal species, GnTI-dependent N-glycans have not been detected so far. We have performed an N-glycoproteomic analysis of the hydrocarbon oils accumulating green microalgae Botryococcus braunii. Thereby, the analysis of intact N-glycopeptides allowed the determination of N-glycan compositions. Furthermore, insights into the role of N-glycosylation in B. braunii were gained from functional annotation of the identified N-glycoproteins. In total, 517 unique N-glycosylated peptides have been identified, including intact N-glycopeptides that harbored N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) at the nonreducing end. Surprisingly, these GnTI-dependent N-glycans were also found to be modified with (di)methylated hexose. The identification of GnTI-dependent N-glycans in combination with N-glycan methylation in B. braunii revealed an uncommon type of N-glycan processing in this microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulze
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Eugen Urzica
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Maarten J M F Reijnders
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Warris
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Linda V Bakker
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, 12163, Germany
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6703 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Sander A Peters
- Applied Bioinformatics, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
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79
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Gamerith C, Vastano M, Ghorbanpour SM, Zitzenbacher S, Ribitsch D, Zumstein MT, Sander M, Herrero Acero E, Pellis A, Guebitz GM. Enzymatic Degradation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Polyesters by P. pastoris Expressed Cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 28596765 PMCID: PMC5443175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To study hydrolysis of aromatic and aliphatic polyesters cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) was expressed in P. pastoris. No significant differences between the expression of native Thc_Cut1 and of two glycosylation site knock out mutants (Thc_Cut1_koAsn and Thc_Cut1_koST) concerning the total extracellular protein concentration and volumetric activity were observed. Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was shown for all three enzymes based on quantification of released products by HPLC and similar concentrations of released terephthalic acid (TPA) and mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) were detected for all enzymes. Both tested aliphatic polyesters poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were hydrolyzed by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST, although PBS was hydrolyzed to significantly higher extent than PHBV. These findings were also confirmed via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis; for PHBV only a small mass change was observed while the mass of PBS thin films decreased by 93% upon enzymatic hydrolysis with Thc_Cut1. Although both enzymes led to similar concentrations of released products upon hydrolysis of PET and PHBV, Thc_Cut1_koST was found to be significantly more active on PBS than the native Thc_Cut1. Hydrolysis of PBS films by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST was followed by weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within 96 h of hydrolysis up to 92 and 41% of weight loss were detected with Thc_Cut1_koST and Thc_Cut1, respectively. Furthermore, SEM characterization of PBS films clearly showed that enzyme tretment resulted in morphological changes of the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Vastano
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Sahar M Ghorbanpour
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyTulln, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | - Michael T Zumstein
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Pellis
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyTulln, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
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