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Chen H, Zhang X, Su H, Zeng J, Chan H, Li Q, Liu X, Zhang L, Wu WKK, Chan MTV, Chen H. Immune dysregulation and RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in sepsis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1764. [PMID: 36149809 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the host immune dysregulation to infection. It is a highly heterogeneous syndrome with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. The host immune response to sepsis can be divided into hyper-inflammatory and immune-suppressive phases which could exist simultaneously. In the initial stage, systemic immune response is activated after exposure to pathogens. Both innate and adaptive immune cells undergo epigenomic, transcriptomic, and functional reprogramming, resulting in systemic and persistent inflammatory responses. Following the hyper-inflammatory phase, the body is in a state of continuous immunosuppression, which is related to immune cell apoptosis, metabolic failure, and epigenetic reprogramming. Immunosuppression leads to increased susceptibility to secondary infections in patients with sepsis. RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) has been recognized as an indispensable epitranscriptomic modification involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies suggest that m6A could reprogram both innate and adaptive immune cells through posttranscriptional regulation of RNA metabolism. Dysregulated m6A modifications contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases. In this review, we summarize immune cell changes and the potential role of m6A modification in sepsis. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Judeng Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mechanisms of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells barrier dysfunction induced by LPS: The roles of ceramides and the Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome. Microvasc Res 2023; 147:104491. [PMID: 36709858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) barrier dysfunction and proinflammatory cytokine influx into lung tissue, resulting in pulmonary oedema. Ceramide overproduction is an important mediator of pulmonary hyperinflammation and pulmonary oedema in Acute lung injury (ALI). Ceramides induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation are essential for the hyperinflammatory response. However, the roles and specific mechanisms of ceramide-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, proinflammatory cytokine manufacturing and PMVECs barrier dysfunction in ALI are unclear. Herein, pretreatment with the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) inhibitor imipramine (but not a neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase) inhibitor or de novo pathway inhibitor) significantly inhibited ceramide early production in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI; Furthermore, the Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, increased PMVECs permeability and lung injury were significantly decreased. Verapamil, a Txnip inhibitor, substantially inhibited Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, increased PMVECs permeability and lung injury in rats with C8-ceramide-induced ALI. In vitro, short hairpin RNA-mediated Txnip silencing significantly inhibited C8-ceramide-induced Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in NR8383 alveolar macrophages (AMs) and early secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (4-12 h) as well as IL-6 and TNF-α at subsequent times (later than 12 h). However, C8-ceramide significantly increased the early secretion (within 8 h) of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in a co-culture model of NR8383 AMs and PMVECs, and Txnip silencing of NR8383 AMs inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced cytoskeletal rearrangements, intercellular connection breakage and hyperpermeability in PMVECs. Overall, our results suggest that in LPS-induced ALI, ceramide-mediated Txnip/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in NR8383 AMs leads to early IL-1β release, subsequently inducing PMVECs injury and release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, ultimately leading to PMVECs barrier dysfunction and ALI.
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Xu SW, Ilyas I, Weng JP. Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: an overview of evidence, biomarkers, mechanisms and potential therapies. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:695-709. [PMID: 36253560 PMCID: PMC9574180 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is still raging. However, the pathophysiology of acute and post-acute manifestations of COVID-19 (long COVID-19) is understudied. Endothelial cells are sentinels lining the innermost layer of blood vessel that gatekeep micro- and macro-vascular health by sensing pathogen/danger signals and secreting vasoactive molecules. SARS-CoV-2 infection primarily affects the pulmonary system, but accumulating evidence suggests that it also affects the pan-vasculature in the extrapulmonary systems by directly (via virus infection) or indirectly (via cytokine storm), causing endothelial dysfunction (endotheliitis, endothelialitis and endotheliopathy) and multi-organ injury. Mounting evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to multiple instances of endothelial dysfunction, including reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, oxidative stress, endothelial injury, glycocalyx/barrier disruption, hyperpermeability, inflammation/leukocyte adhesion, senescence, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), hypercoagulability, thrombosis and many others. Thus, COVID-19 is deemed as a (micro)vascular and endothelial disease. Of translational relevance, several candidate drugs which are endothelial protective have been shown to improve clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to provide a latest summary of biomarkers associated with endothelial cell activation in COVID-19 and offer mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of endothelial activation/dysfunction in macro- and micro-vasculature of COVID-19 patients. We envisage further development of cellular models and suitable animal models mimicking endothelial dysfunction aspect of COVID-19 being able to accelerate the discovery of new drugs targeting endothelial dysfunction in pan-vasculature from COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo-Wen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Jian-Ping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NETs) Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054896. [PMID: 36902325 PMCID: PMC10002918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have been exploring the mechanisms driving NETs formation, much less attention has been paid to the degradation and elimination of these structures. The NETs clearance and the effective removal of extracellular DNA, enzymatic proteins (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, myeloperoxidase) or histones are necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis, to prevent inflammation and to avoid the presentation of self-antigens. The persistence and overabundance of DNA fibers in the circulation and tissues may have dramatic consequences for a host leading to the development of various systemic and local damage. NETs are cleaved by a concerted action of extracellular and secreted deoxyribonucleases (DNases) followed by intracellular degradation by macrophages. NETs accumulation depends on the ability of DNase I and DNAse II to hydrolyze DNA. Furthermore, the macrophages actively engulf NETs and this event is facilitated by the preprocessing of NETs by DNase I. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the current knowledge about the mechanisms of NETs degradation and its role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis, autoimmune diseases, cancer and severe infections, as well as to discuss the possibilities for potential therapeutic interventions. Several anti-NETs approaches had therapeutic effects in animal models of cancer and autoimmune diseases; nevertheless, the development of new drugs for patients needs further study for an effective development of clinical compounds that are able to target NETs.
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Khalid U, Dimov D, Vlaykova T. Matrix metalloproteinases in COVID-19: underlying significance. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2023.2186137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khalid
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dimo Dimov
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Vlaykova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Li N, Xu X, Qi Z, Gao C, Zhao P, Yang J, Damirin A. Lpar1-mediated Effects in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Crucial for Lung Repair in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Lung Injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:161-175. [PMID: 36287629 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0331oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ARDS/ALI) involves acute respiratory failure characterized by vascular endothelial and lung alveolar epithelial injury. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can mediate vasculogenesis. However, the limitations of EPCs, such as low survival and differentiation, are believed to inhibit the effectiveness of autologous cell therapies. This study demonstrated that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive small molecule without immunogenicity, is involved in the survival and antiapoptotic effects in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. This study aimed to explore whether LPA improves the survival of EPCs, enhancing the cellular therapeutic efficacy in ARDS, and these results will expand the application of LPA in stem cells and regenerative medicine. LPA promoted the colony formation, proliferation, and migration of EPCs and upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) in EPCs. LPA pretreatment of transplanted EPCs improved the therapeutic effect by increasing EPC numbers in the rat lungs. LPA enhanced EPC proliferation and migration through Lpar1 coupled to Gi/o and Gq/11, respectively. Activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2, or ERK1/2, was related to LPA-induced EPC proliferation but not migration. LPA/Lpar1-mediated Gi/o protein was also shown to be involved in promoting VEGF expression and inhibiting IL-1α expression in EPCs. Low LPA concentrations are present after lung injury; thus, the restoration of LPA may promote endothelial cell homeostasis and lung repair in ARDS. Inhalation of LPA significantly promoted the homing of endogenous EPCs to the lung and reduced lung injury in both rats with LPS-induced ALI and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected mice. Taken together, these data indicated that LPA/Lpar1-mediated effects in EPCs are involved in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis and lung tissue repair under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narengerile Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; and.,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiyuan Xu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhimin Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chanchan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Alatangaole Damirin
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Lorincz R, Alvarez AB, Walkey CJ, Mendonça SA, Lu ZH, Martinez AE, Ljungberg C, Heaney JD, Lagor WR, Curiel DT. In vivo editing of the pan-endothelium by immunity evading simian adenoviral vector. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114189. [PMID: 36587560 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological applications deriving from the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 site-specific nuclease system continue to impact and accelerate gene therapy strategies. Safe and effective in vivo co-delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target somatic cells is essential in the clinical therapeutic context. Both non-viral and viral vector systems have been applied for this delivery matter. Despite elegant proof-of-principle studies, available vector technologies still face challenges that restrict the application of CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated gene therapy. Of note, the mandated co-delivery of the gene-editing components must be accomplished in the potential presence of pre-formed anti-vector immunity. Additionally, methods must be sought to limit the potential of off-target editing. To this end, we have exploited the molecular promiscuities of adenovirus (Ad) to address the key requirements of CRISPR/Cas9-facilitated gene therapy. In this regard, we have endeavored capsid engineering of a simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus isolate 36 (SAd36) to achieve targeted modifications of vector tropism. The SAd36 vector with the myeloid cell-binding peptide (MBP) incorporated in the capsid has allowed selective in vivo modifications of the vascular endothelium. Importantly, vascular endothelium can serve as an effective non-hepatic cellular source of deficient serum factors relevant to several inherited genetic disorders. In addition to allowing for re-directed tropism, capsid engineering of nonhuman primate Ads provide the means to circumvent pre-formed vector immunity. Herein we have generated a SAd36. MBP vector that can serve as a single intravenously administered agent allowing effective and selective in vivo editing for endothelial target cells of the mouse spleen, brain and kidney. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Lorincz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aluet Borrego Alvarez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher J Walkey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samir A Mendonça
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhi Hong Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexa E Martinez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cecilia Ljungberg
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R Lagor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Significance of Pulmonary Endothelial Injury and the Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostanoid Signaling. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010117. [PMID: 36671689 PMCID: PMC9855370 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a key role in the dynamic balance of hemodynamic, humoral and inflammatory processes in the human body. Its central importance and the resulting therapeutic concepts are the subject of ongoing research efforts and form the basis for the treatment of numerous diseases. The pulmonary endothelium is an essential component for the gas exchange in humans. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction has serious consequences for the oxygenation and the gas exchange in humans with the potential of consecutive multiple organ failure. Therefore, in this review, the dysfunction of the pulmonary endothel due to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, ventilator-related injury, and aspiration is presented in a medical context. Selected aspects of the interaction of endothelial cells with primarily alveolar macrophages are reviewed in more detail. Elucidation of underlying causes and mechanisms of damage and repair may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Specific emphasis is placed on the processes leading to the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and downstream prostanoid-based signaling pathways associated with this enzyme.
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Shi X, Seidle KA, Simms KJ, Dong F, Chilian WM, Zhang P. Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108315. [PMID: 36436689 PMCID: PMC9944665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive injury of endothelial cells in blood vasculature, especially in the microcirculatory system, frequently occurs in hosts suffering from sepsis and the accompanied systemic inflammation. Pathological factors, including toxic components derived from invading microbes, oxidative stress associated with tissue ischemia/reperfusion, and vessel active mediators generated during the inflammatory response, are known to play important roles in mediating endothelial injury. Collapse of microcirculation and tissue edema developed from the failure of endothelial barrier function in vital organ systems, including the lung, brain, and kidney, are detrimental, which often predict fatal outcomes. The host body possesses a substantial capacity for maintaining vascular homeostasis and repairing endothelial damage. Bone marrow and vascular wall niches house endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In response to septic challenges, EPCs in their niche environment are rapidly activated for proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In the meantime, release of EPCs from their niches into the blood stream and homing of these vascular precursors to tissue sites of injury are markedly increased. The recruited EPCs actively participate in host defense against endothelial injury and repair of damage in blood vasculature via direct differentiation into endothelial cells for re-endothelialization as well as production of vessel active mediators to exert paracrine and autocrine effects on angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. In recent years, investigations on significance of EPCs in host defense and molecular signaling mechanisms underlying regulation of the EPC response have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches for effective prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced vascular injury as well as vital organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kelly A Seidle
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Simms
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America.
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Kumar R, Aktay-Cetin Ö, Craddock V, Morales-Cano D, Kosanovic D, Cogolludo A, Perez-Vizcaino F, Avdeev S, Kumar A, Ram AK, Agarwal S, Chakraborty A, Savai R, de Jesus Perez V, Graham BB, Butrous G, Dhillon NK. Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: Multilayered cross-talks in the setting of coinfections and comorbidities. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011063. [PMID: 36634048 PMCID: PMC9836319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its sublineages pose a new challenge to healthcare systems worldwide due to its ability to efficiently spread in immunized populations and its resistance to currently available therapies. COVID-19, although targeting primarily the respiratory system, is also now well established that later affects every organ in the body. Most importantly, despite the available therapy and vaccine-elicited protection, the long-term consequences of viral infection in breakthrough and asymptomatic individuals are areas of concern. In the past two years, investigators accumulated evidence on how the virus triggers our immune system and the molecular signals involved in the cross-talk between immune cells and structural cells in the pulmonary vasculature to drive pathological lung complications such as endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis. In the review, we emphasize recent updates on the pathophysiological inflammatory and immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential long-term consequences that may consequently lead to the development of pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Öznur Aktay-Cetin
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vaughn Craddock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergey Avdeev
- Department of Pulmonology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar Ram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Ananya Chakraborty
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Giessen, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, California, United States of America
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Lung Biology Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ghazwan Butrous
- Cardiopulmonary Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet K. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
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Xie J, Zhu CL, Wan XJ, Zhao ZZ, Meng Y, Li P, Guo Y, Liu Q, Bian JJ, Deng XM, Wang JF. GSDMD-mediated NETosis promotes the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250011. [PMID: 36250416 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a classical molecule involved in pyroptosis. It has been reported to be cleaved into N-terminal fragments to form pores in the neutrophil membrane and promote the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, it remains unclear if GSDMD is involved in neutrophil regulation and NET release during ARDS. The role of neutrophil GSDMD in the development of ARDS was investigated in a murine model of ARDS induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using the neutrophil specific GSDMD-deficient mice. The neutrophil GSDMD cleavage and its relationship with NETosis were also explored in ARDS patients. The cleavage of GSDMD in neutrophils from ARDS patients and mice was upregulated. Inhibition of GSDMD by genetic knockout or inhibitors resulted in reduced production of NET both in vivo and in vitro, and attenuation of LPS-induced lung injury. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that the inhibition of GSDMD attenuated endothelial injury co-cultured with neutrophils from ARDS patients, while extrinsic NETs reversed the protective effect of GSDMD inhibition. Collectively, our data suggest that the neutrophil GSDMD cleavage is crucial in NET release during ARDS. The NET release maintained by cleaved GSDMD in neutrophils may be a key event in the development of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Long Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jian Wan
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yu Guo
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Bian
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, the Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Li L, Cook C, Liu Y, Li J, Jiang J, Li S. Endothelial glycocalyx in hepatopulmonary syndrome: An indispensable player mediating vascular changes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039618. [PMID: 36618396 PMCID: PMC9815560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious pulmonary vascular complication that causes respiratory insufficiency in patients with chronic liver diseases. HPS is characterized by two central pathogenic features-intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) and angiogenesis. Endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of blood vessels which is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including controlling vascular tone and angiogenesis. In terms of lung disorders, it has been well established that eGCX contributes to dysregulated vascular contraction and impaired blood-gas barrier and fluid clearance, and thus might underlie the pathogenesis of HPS. Additionally, pharmacological interventions targeting eGCX are dramatically on the rise. In this review, we aim to elucidate the potential role of eGCX in IPVD and angiogenesis and describe the possible degradation-reconstitution equilibrium of eGCX during HPS through a highlight of recent literature. These studies strongly underscore the therapeutic rationale in targeting eGCX for the treatment of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
| | - Christopher Cook
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiantao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Shaomin Li,
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Suda K, Yamada S, Miyahara K, Fujiwara N, Kosaka S, Abe K, Seo S, Nakamura S, Lane GJ, Yamataka A. High intestinal vascular permeability in a murine model for Hirschsprung’s disease: implications for postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 39:15. [PMID: 36449111 PMCID: PMC9713090 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal vascular permeability (VP) in a murine model for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and postoperative Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) were investigated. METHODS Intestinal VP was determined using a Miles assay using 1% Evans blue injected into a superficial temporal vein of newborn endothelin receptor-B KO HD model (KO) and syngeneic wild-type (WT) mice (n = 5, respectively). Extravasated Evans blue in normoganglionic ileum (Ng-I), normoganglionic proximal colon (Ng-PC) and aganglionic distal colon (Ag-DC) was quantified by absorbance at 620 nm. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-B, CDH5, SELE and CD31, and immunofluorescence for CD31 were performed. RESULTS VP was significantly higher in Ng-I, Ng-PC, and Ag-DC from KO than WT (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). qPCR demonstrated upregulated VEGF-A in Ng-I and Ag-DC, VEGF-B in Ng-I, and SELE in Ng-I and Ng-PC (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), and downregulated CDH5 in Ng-I and Ng-PC from KO (p < 0.05, respectively). Expression of CD31 mRNA in Ng-I and Ag-DC from KO was significantly higher on qPCR (p < 0.05) but differences on immunofluorescence were not significant. CONCLUSIONS VP may be etiologic for postoperative HAEC throughout the intestinal tract even after excision of aganglionic bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Suda
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyahara
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Naho Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Seitaro Kosaka
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumpei Abe
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shogo Seo
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, and Division of Ultrastructural Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Geoffrey J Lane
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Yamataka
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Airway Epithelial Cell Junctions as Targets for Pathogens and Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122619. [PMID: 36559113 PMCID: PMC9786141 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular contacts between epithelial cells are established and maintained by the apical junctional complexes (AJCs). AJCs conserve cell polarity and build epithelial barriers to pathogens, inhaled allergens, and environmental particles in the respiratory tract. AJCs consist of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the airway barrier. Emerging evidence has shown that different microorganisms cause airway barrier dysfunction by targeting TJ and AJ proteins. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which several microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) lead to the disruption of AJCs in airway epithelial cells. We present recent progress in understanding signaling pathways involved in the formation and regulation of cell junctions. We also summarize the potential chemical inhibitors and pharmacological approaches to restore the integrity of the airway epithelial barrier. Understanding the AJCs-pathogen interactions and mechanisms by which microorganisms target the AJC and impair barrier function may further help design therapeutic innovations to treat these infections.
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Zheng D, Liu J, Piao H, Zhu Z, Wei R, Liu K. ROS-triggered endothelial cell death mechanisms: Focus on pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039241. [PMID: 36389728 PMCID: PMC9663996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is a single layer of epithelium covering the surface of the vascular system, and it represents a physical barrier between the blood and vessel wall that plays an important role in maintaining intravascular homeostasis. However, endothelial dysfunction or endothelial cell death can cause vascular barrier disruption, vasoconstriction and diastolic dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory responses, and thrombosis, which are closely associated with the progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, ischemic stroke, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism underlying endothelial cell death. Growing evidence suggests that ROS can trigger endothelial cell death in various ways, including pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Therefore, this review will systematically illustrate the source of ROS in endothelial cells (ECs); reveal the molecular mechanism by which ROS trigger pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis in ECs; and provide new ideas for the research and treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hulin Piao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kexiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Kexiang Liu,
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Dogan L, Allahverdiyeva A, Önel M, Meşe S, Saka Ersin E, Anaklı İ, Sarıkaya ZT, Zengin R, Gucyetmez B, Yurtturan Uyar N, Özcan PE, Kocagöz AS, Uysal HK, Akinci İO, Ağaçfidan A. Is SARS-CoV-2 viral load a predictor of mortality in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients? J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221137443. [DOI: 10.1177/03000605221137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Viral load varies during infection and is higher during the initial stages of disease. Given the importance of the intensive care unit (ICU) in the late stages of COVID-19 infection, analyzing cycle threshold values to detect viral load upon ICU admission can be a clinically valuable tool for identifying patients with the highest mortality risk. Methods This was a retrospectively designed study. Patients older than 18 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and had a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200 were included in the study. The patient population was divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Results Two hundred patients were included in the study. In non-survivors, age, relevant ICU admission scores, and procalcitonin levels were significantly higher whereas PaO2/FiO2 ratios and cycle threshold levels were significantly lower than in survivors. Conclusion Viral load at ICU admission has significant prognostic value. In combination with age, comorbidities, and severity scores, viral load may assist clinicians in identifying individuals who need more intensive monitoring. Increased awareness may improve outcomes by allowing the more effective monitoring and treatment of patients. More prospective studies are needed to determine how a high viral load worsens disease and how to avoid irreversible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerzan Dogan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Intensive Care Unit, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Önel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Meşe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Saka Ersin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlkay Anaklı
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tuğçe Sarıkaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rehile Zengin
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Gucyetmez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neval Yurtturan Uyar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ergin Özcan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Sesin Kocagöz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ali Ağaçfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents May Present Pro-Longed Endothelium Injury. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216461. [PMID: 36362687 PMCID: PMC9658558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic posed a great threat to public health, healthcare systems and the economy worldwide. It became clear that, in addition to COVID-19 and acute disease, the condition that develops after recovery may also negatively impact survivors’ health and quality of life. The damage inflicted by the viral infection on endothelial cells was identified quite early on as a possible mechanism underlying the so-called post-COVID syndrome. It became an urgent matter to establish whether convalescents present chronic endothelial impairment, which could result in an increased risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic complications. Methods: In this study, we measured the levels of CRP, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and syndecan-1 as markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in generally healthy convalescents selected from blood donors and compared these to a healthy control group. Results: We found higher concentrations of E-selectin and a lower level of syndecan-1 in convalescents in comparison to those of the control group. Conclusion: Based on our results, it can be concluded that, at least 6 months after infection, there is only slight evidence of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 convalescents who do not suffer from other comorbidities related to endothelial impairment.
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Das AC, Foroutan A, Qian B, Hosseini Naghavi N, Shabani K, Shooshtari P. Single-Cell Chromatin Accessibility Data Combined with GWAS Improves Detection of Relevant Cell Types in 59 Complex Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911456. [PMID: 36232752 PMCID: PMC9570273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several disease risk variants reside on non-coding regions of DNA, particularly in open chromatin regions of specific cell types. Identifying the cell types relevant to complex traits through the integration of chromatin accessibility data and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data can help to elucidate the mechanisms of these traits. In this study, we created a collection of associations between the combinations of chromatin accessibility data (bulk and single-cell) with an array of 201 complex phenotypes. We integrated the GWAS data of these 201 phenotypes with bulk chromatin accessibility data from 137 cell types measured by DNase-I hypersensitive sequencing and found significant results (FDR adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05) for at least one cell type in 21 complex phenotypes, such as atopic dermatitis, Graves’ disease, and body mass index. With the integration of single-cell chromatin accessibility data measured by an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (scATAC-seq), taken from 111 adult and 111 fetal cell types, the resolution of association was magnified, enabling the identification of further cell types. This resulted in the identification of significant correlations (FDR adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05) between 15 categories of single-cell subtypes and 59 phenotypes ranging from autoimmune diseases like Graves’ disease to cardiovascular traits like diastolic/systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Chandra Das
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aidin Foroutan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Brian Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Nader Hosseini Naghavi
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kayvan Shabani
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Parisa Shooshtari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Zhong H, Zhou Y, Mei SY, Tang R, Feng JH, He ZY, Xu QY, Xing SP. Scars of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis of post-COVID-19 fibrosis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:967829. [PMID: 36203683 PMCID: PMC9530282 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.967829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) becomes a worldwide public health threat. Increasing evidence proves that COVID-19-induced acute injuries could be reversed by a couple of therapies. After that, post-COVID-19 fibrosis (PCF), a sequela of "Long COVID," earns rapidly emerging concerns. PCF is associated with deteriorative lung function and worse quality of life. But the process of PCF remains speculative. Therefore, we aim to conduct a bibliometric analysis to explore the overall structure, hotspots, and trend topics of PCF. Materials and methods A comprehensive search was performed in the Web of Science core database to collect literature on PCF. Search syntax included COVID-19 relevant terms: "COVID 19," "COVID-19 Virus Disease," "COVID-19 Virus Infection," "Coronavirus Disease-19," "2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease," "2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection," "SARS Coronavirus 2 Infection," "COVID-19 Pandemic," "Coronavirus," "2019-nCoV," and "SARS-CoV-2"; and fibrosis relevant terms: "Fibrosis," "Fibroses," and "Cirrhosis." Articles in English were included. Totally 1,088 publications were enrolled. Searching results were subsequentially exported and collected for the bibliometric analysis. National, organizational, and individual level data were analyzed and visualized through biblioshiny package in the R, VOSviewer software, the CiteSpace software, and the Graphical Clustering Toolkit (gCLUTO) software, respectively. Results The intrinsic structure and development in the field of PCF were investigated in the present bibliometric analysis. The topmost keywords were "COVID-19" (occurrences, 636) surrounded by "SARS-CoV-2" (occurrences, 242), "coronavirus" (occurrences, 123), "fibrosis" (occurrences, 120), and "pneumonia" (occurrences, 94). The epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, and therapy of PCF were extensively studied. After this, based on dynamic analysis of keywords, hot topics sharply changed from "Wuhan," "inflammation," and "cytokine storm" to "quality of life" and "infection" through burst detection; from "acute respiratory syndrome," "cystic-fibrosis" and "fibrosis" to "infection," "COVID-19," "quality-of-life" through thematic evolution; from "enzyme" to "post COVID." Similarly, co-cited references analysis showed that topics of references with most citations shift from "pulmonary pathology" (cluster 0) to "COVID-19 vaccination" (cluster 6). Additionally, the overview of contributors, impact, and collaboration was revealed. Summarily, the USA stood out as the most prolific, influential, and collaborative country. The Udice French Research University, Imperial College London, Harvard University, and the University of Washington represented the largest volume of publications, citations, H-index, and co-authorships, respectively. Dana Albon was the most productive and cited author with the strongest co-authorship link strength. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis topped the list of prolific and influential journals. Conclusion Outcomes gained from this study assisted professionals in better realizing PCF and would guide future practices. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutics were study hotspots in the early phase of PCF research. As the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and progress in this field, recent attention shifted to the quality of life of patients and post-COVID comorbidities. Nevertheless, COVID-19 relevant infection and vaccination were speculated to be research trends with current and future interest. International cooperation as well as in-depth laboratory experiments were encouraged to promote further explorations in the field of PCF.
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The Interplay between Aquaporin-1 and the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury Model in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810588. [PMID: 36142499 PMCID: PMC9502402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), a water channel, and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) are implicated in acute lung injury responses, modulating among others pulmonary vascular leakage. We hypothesized that the AQP1 and HIF1A systems interact, affecting mRNA, protein levels and function of AQP1 in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, the role of AQP1 in apoptosis and wound healing progression was examined. Both AQP1 mRNA and protein expression levels were higher in HPMECs exposed to LPS compared to untreated HPMECs. However, in the LPS-exposed HIF1A-silenced cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of AQP1 remained unaltered. In the permeability experiments, a statistically significant volume increase was observed at the 360 s time-point in the LPS-exposed HPMECs, while LPS-exposed HIF1A-silenced HPMECs did not exhibit cell swelling, implying a dysfunctional AQP1. AQP1 did not seem to affect cell apoptosis yet could interfere with endothelial migration and/or proliferation. Based on our results, it seems that HIF1A silencing negatively affects AQP1 mRNA and protein expression, as well as AQP1 function, in the setting of lung injury.
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Zhang Z, Kuang Y, Ma K, Li Y, Liu X, Shi Y, Wu X. Gclc overexpression inhibits apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through the PI3K/AKT/Foxo1 pathway to alleviate inflammation in acute lung injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Evolution of Acute Lung Injury. Radiol Clin North Am 2022; 60:925-939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The Protective Effect of Artesunate on LPS-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7655033. [PMID: 36051498 PMCID: PMC9427245 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7655033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Artesunate (AS) is a derivative of artemisinin that can exert anti-inflammatory effects. This study aims to explore the effect of AS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods The newborn mice were used for experimental ARDS model establishment by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) into mice with or without AS (20 mg/kg) pretreatment. After that, the pathological morphology of mouse lung tissue was observed by H&E staining. The content of inflammatory factors in serum was measured by ELISA and mRNA expression and lung tissue was determined by qRT-PCR. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and related proteins in lung tissue was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results AS treatment effectively alleviated the LPS-induced lung injury and pulmonary edema, and reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α in serum and lung tissues of experimental ARDS mice. In addition, AS treatment reduced the expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in lung tissues of experimental ARDS mice. Conclusion AS alleviated LPS-induced lung injury in ARDS mice by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Feng Q, Si Y, Zhu L, Wang F, Fang J, Pan C, Gao X, Liu W. Anti-inflammatory effects of a SERP 30 polysaccharide from the residue of Sarcandra glabra against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115262. [PMID: 35398243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai, a valuable dietetic Chinese herb, is still widely used today. Multiple ingredients of S. glabra with a variety of activities such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor were studied. However, the Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai polysaccharide hasn't been reported for its anti-inflammatory effect. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai polysaccharide was assessed in LPS-induced ARDS mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A polysaccharide coded as SERP 30 was obtained by water extraction, alcohol precipitation, and gel filtration. After the physicochemical properties determination and structural characterization, LPS induced-mice ARDS model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and associated antioxidant activities of SERP 30. H&E staining was used to observe the seriousness of lung injury in mice. The ELISA method was used to measure the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) in the serum of the mice. The TBA method and the WST-1 method were used to evaluate the oxidative stress injury. Immunohistochemistry was used to distinguish the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), heparinase (HPA), syndecan-1, and decorin in ARDS-mice lung tissue. Western blotting was used to confirm the expression of related proteins in mouse lung tissue. RESULTS SERP 30 had a potential role in improving lung damage, reducing inflammation, and preventing oxidative stress. Moreover, SERP 30 significantly attenuated the damage to the endothelial glycocalyx and maintained the integrity of the glycocalyx. The western blotting result implied that the main anti-inflammatory mechanism is directed towards NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways with inhibiting the activation of associated proteins. CONCLUSION This research provides a theoretical basis for treating ARDS by using a byproduct from food resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yu Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Simcere Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Nanjing, 210042, PR China
| | - Junqiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Liu C, Xiao K, Xie L. Advances in the Regulation of Macrophage Polarization by Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Implications for ALI/ARDS Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928134. [PMID: 35880175 PMCID: PMC9307903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a common condition with high mortality. ALI/ARDS is caused by multiple etiologies, and the main clinical manifestations are progressive dyspnea and intractable hypoxemia. Currently, supportive therapy is the main ALI/ARDS treatment, and there remains a lack of targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. Macrophages are important components of innate immunity. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory, while M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stem cells with broad application prospects in tissue regeneration due to their multi-directional differentiation potential along with their anti-inflammatory and paracrine properties. MSCs can regulate the balance of M1/M2 macrophage polarization to improve the prognosis of ALI/ARDS. In this paper, we review the mechanisms by which MSCs regulate macrophage polarization and the signaling pathways associated with polarization. This review is expected to provide new targets for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Center of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Center of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
| | - Lixin Xie
- Center of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Xiao, ; Lixin Xie,
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Keskinidou C, Vassiliou AG, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Orfanos SE. Mechanistic Understanding of Lung Inflammation: Recent Advances and Emerging Techniques. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3501-3546. [PMID: 35734098 PMCID: PMC9207257 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s282695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung injury characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma. Hence, it is considered as the most appropriate clinical syndrome to study pathogenic mechanisms of lung inflammation. ARDS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU), while no effective pharmacological treatment exists. It is very important therefore to fully characterize the underlying pathobiology and the related mechanisms, in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In vivo and in vitro models are important pre-clinical tools in biological and medical research in the mechanistic and pathological understanding of the majority of diseases. In this review, we will present data from selected experimental models of lung injury/acute lung inflammation, which have been based on clinical disorders that can lead to the development of ARDS and related inflammatory lung processes in humans, including ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI), sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion, smoke, acid aspiration, radiation, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), influenza, Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae and coronaviruses infection. Data from the corresponding clinical conditions will also be presented. The mechanisms related to lung inflammation that will be covered are oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular traps, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, surfactant, and water and ion channels. Finally, we will present a brief overview of emerging techniques in the field of omics research that have been applied to ARDS research, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which may recognize factors to help stratify ICU patients at risk, predict their prognosis, and possibly, serve as more specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysi Keskinidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos E Orfanos
- First Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Evangelismos" Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Severe COVID-19 ARDS Treated by Bronchoalveolar Lavage with Diluted Exogenous Pulmonary Surfactant as Salvage Therapy: In Pursuit of the Holy Grail? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133577. [PMID: 35806862 PMCID: PMC9267619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by inflammatory lung injury, progressive parenchymal stiffening and consolidation, alveolar and airway collapse, altered vascular permeability, diffuse alveolar damage, and surfactant deficiency. COVID-19 causes both pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (COVID-19 ARDS). COVID-19 ARDS is characterized by severe refractory hypoxemia and high mortality. Despite extensive research, the treatment of COVID-19 ARDS is far from satisfactory. Some treatments are recommended for exhibiting some clinically positive impacts on COVID-19 patients although there are already several drugs in clinical trials, some of which are already demonstrating promising results in addressing COVID-19. Few studies have demonstrated beneficial effects in non-COVID-19 ARDS treatment of exogenous surfactant, and there is no evidence-based, proven method for the procedure of surfactant administration. Aim: The aim of this work is to underline the key role of ATII cells and reduced surfactant levels in COVID-19 ARDS and to emphasize the rational basis for exogenous surfactant therapy in COVID-19 ARDS, providing insights for future research. Methods: In this article, we describe and support via the literature the decision to administer large volumes of surfactant to two patients via bronchoalveolar lavage to maximize its distribution in the respiratory tract. Results: In this study, we report on two cases of COVID-19 ARDS in patients who have been successfully treated with diluted surfactants by bronchoalveolar lavage, followed by a low-dose bolus of surfactant. Conclusion: Combining the administration of diluted, exogenous pulmonary surfactant via bronchoalveolar lavage along with the standard therapy for SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS may be a promising way of improving the management of ARDS.
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Alshahrani S, Korairi H, Sharifi A, Alqahtani M, Qahtani S, Ahamed K, Kaabi A, Alzahrani O, Abouelyazid A. Depression: a predictor of coronary heart disease in Saudi Arabia. CARDIOMETRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.22.147153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: This research study mainly deals to evaluate the effect of depression in coronary heart disease patients. Background: Depression is one of the common comorbidity among patients presented with acute coronary syndrome or those with major cardiovascular event. Depression has been independently associated or lead to acute cardiac events in patients. Method: The study was conducted from three months followed-up patients with recent diagnosed coronary heart disease and they getting treatment from cardiac centres “Armed Forces Hospitals. Depression was evaluated by using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale and the cardiac outcome was assessed clinically by echo parameters and cardiac biomarkers such as C-reactive Protein. The data were analysis by SPSS version 23. Results: In this study 83 patients were part of this research. The patients had been picked up from range 18-65 year in which mostly patients were male (75%) than female (25%). Among 83 coronary heart disease patients 29.5% were suffering from depression while 19.5% were on severity. The deterioration factor was significantly influence by depression and smoking. Conclusion: Depression has a great impact on deterioration of the cardiac outcomes. It can serve as a predictive variable for future cardiological morbidity and mortality.
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Ge S, He W, Zhang L, Lin S, Luo Y, Chen Q, Zeng M. Ghrelin pretreatment enhanced the protective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium on lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial cell injury. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111612. [PMID: 35248651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung endothelial barrier injury plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. It has been demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (BMSCs-CM) and ghrelin have a protective effect. This study investigated if ghrelin pretreatment enhanced the protective effect of BMSCs-CM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cell injury. METHODS BMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow, expanded, then phenotypically tested for mesenchymal stem cell-identifying criteria by flow cytometry. The effects of the conditioned medium derived from ghrelin-pretreated BMSCs (BMSCs-ghrelin-pretreated-CM) on LPS-injured endothelial cells were evaluated by migration, apoptosis, permeability, and pro-inflammatory factor (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) assays in endothelial cells. Further, AKT/GSK3β pathway activation in endothelial cells was examined by Western blot, and the gene expression profiles of ghrelin-pretreated BMSCs were examined by RNA sequencing. RESULTS BMSCs-ghrelin-pretreated-CM had a greater protective effect on LPS-induced endothelial cell injury than BMSCs-CM by improving cell migration, alleviating apoptosis, and reducing endothelial permeability and the release of pro-inflammatory factors in endothelial cells. The mechanism is partly related to AKT/GSK3β pathway activation after BMSCs-ghrelin-pretreated-CM treatment. There were five upregulated candidate genes (Wnt5a [i.e., Wnt Family Member 5A], S100b [i.e., S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B], Bmp2 [i.e., Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2], Id4 [i.e., Inhibitor Of DNA Binding 4], and PTHLH [i.e., Parathyroid Hormone Like Hormone]) in BMSCs after ghrelin treatment, and all were associated with AKT pathway activation and endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin pretreatment enhanced the protective effect of BMSCs-CM on LPS-induced endothelial cell injury, partly by activating the AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ge
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wanmei He
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shan Lin
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuling Luo
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingui Chen
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mian Zeng
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Pulmonary Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, PR China.
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Raghavan S, Leo MD. Histamine Potentiates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Entry Into Endothelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:872736. [PMID: 35548336 PMCID: PMC9084361 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.872736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is one of the most serious global health crises in recent history. COVID-19 patient symptoms range from life-threatening to mild and asymptomatic, which presents unique problems in identifying, quarantining, and treating the affected individuals. The emergence of unusual symptoms among survivors, now referred to as “Long COVID”, is concerning, especially since much about the condition and the treatment of it is still relatively unknown. Evidence so far also suggests that some of these symptoms can be attributed to vascular inflammation. Although famotidine, the commonly used histamine H2 receptor (H2R) blocker, was shown to have no antiviral activity, recent reports indicate that it could prevent adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Histamine is a classic proinflammatory mediator, the levels of which increase along with other cytokines during COVID-19 infection. Histamine activates H2R signaling, while famotidine specifically blocks H2R activation. Investigating the effects of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 Receptor-Binding Domain (Spike) on ACE2 expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells, we found that the presence of histamine potentiated spike-mediated ACE2 internalization into endothelial cells. This effect was blocked by famotidine, protein kinase A inhibition, or by H2 receptor protein knockdown. Together, these results indicate that histamine and histamine receptor signaling is likely essential for spike protein to induce ACE2 internalization in endothelial cells and cause endothelial dysfunction and that this effect can be blocked by the H2R blocker, famotidine.
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Uehara I, Kajita M, Tanimura A, Hida S, Onda M, Naito Z, Taki S, Tanaka N. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose induces deglycosylation of proinflammatory cytokine receptors and strongly reduces immunological responses in mouse models of inflammation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00940. [PMID: 35212163 PMCID: PMC8873284 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti‐proinflammatory cytokine therapies against interleukin (IL)‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and IL‐1 are major advancements in treating inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis. Such therapies are mainly performed by injection of antibodies against cytokines or cytokine receptors. We initially found that the glycolytic inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (2‐DG), a simple monosaccharide, attenuated cellular responses to IL‐6 by inhibiting N‐linked glycosylation of the IL‐6 receptor gp130. Aglycoforms of gp130 did not bind to IL‐6 or activate downstream intracellular signals that included Janus kinases. 2‐DG completely inhibited dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis, a mouse model for inflammatory bowel disease, and alleviated laminarin‐induced arthritis in the SKG mouse, an experimental model for human rheumatoid arthritis. These diseases have been shown to be partially dependent on IL‐6. We also found that 2‐DG inhibited signals for other proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and interferon ‐γ, and accordingly, prevented death by another inflammatory disease, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shock. Furthermore, 2‐DG prevented LPS shock, a model for a cytokine storm, and LPS‐induced pulmonary inflammation, a model for acute respiratory distress syndrome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). These results suggest that targeted therapies that inhibit cytokine receptor glycosylation are effective for treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuno Uehara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kajita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Munehiko Onda
- Department of Pathology, Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zenya Naito
- Department of Pathology, Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Yuan L, Cheng S, Sol WM, van der Velden AI, Vink H, Rabelink TJ, van den Berg BM. Heparan sulfate mimetic fucoidan restores the endothelial glycocalyx and protects against dysfunction induced by serum of COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00652-2021. [PMID: 35509442 PMCID: PMC8958944 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00652-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence proves that endothelial dysfunction is involved in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression. We previously demonstrated that the endothelial surface glycocalyx has a critical role in maintenance of vascular integrity. Here, we hypothesised that serum factors of severe COVID-19 patients affect the glycocalyx and result in endothelial dysfunction. We included blood samples of 32 COVID-19 hospitalised patients at the Leiden University Medical Center, of which 26 were hospitalised in an intensive care unit (ICU) and six on a non-ICU hospital floor; 18 of the samples were obtained from convalescent patients 6 weeks after hospital discharge, and 12 from age-matched healthy donors (control) during the first period of the outbreak. First, we determined endothelial (angiopoietin 2 (ANG2)) and glycocalyx degradation (soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) and syndecan-1 (sSDC1)) markers in plasma. In the plasma of COVID-19 patients, circulating ANG2 and sTM were elevated in patients in the ICU. Primary lung microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) and human glomerular microvascular endothelial cell (GEnC) cultured in the presence of these sera led to endothelial cell glycocalyx degradation, barrier disruption, inflammation and increased coagulation on the endothelial surface, significantly different compared to healthy control and non-ICU patient sera. These changes could all be restored in the presence of fucoidan. In conclusion, our data highlight the link between endothelial glycocalyx degradation, barrier failure and induction of a procoagulant surface in COVID-19 patients in ICU which could be targeted earlier in disease by the presence of heparan sulfate mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushun Yuan
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shuzhen Cheng
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy M.P.J. Sol
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk I.M. van der Velden
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Vink
- Dept of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- MicroVascular Health Solutions LLC, Alpine, UT, USA
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M. van den Berg
- The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- For a list of the BEAT-COVID study group members and their affiliations see the Acknowledgements
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Kertesz Z, Harrington EO, Braza J, Guarino BD, Chichger H. Agonists for Bitter Taste Receptors T2R10 and T2R38 Attenuate LPS-Induced Permeability of the Pulmonary Endothelium in vitro. Front Physiol 2022; 13:794370. [PMID: 35399266 PMCID: PMC8985831 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.794370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an excessive increase in pulmonary vascular permeability. In settings of ARDS, the loss of barrier integrity is mediated by cell-cell contact disassembly and actin remodelling. Studies into molecular mechanisms responsible for improving microvascular barrier function are therefore vital in the development of therapeutic targets for reducing vascular permeability seen in ARDS. Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors found in several extraoral systems, including lung epithelial and smooth muscle cells. In the present study, we show for the first time that several T2Rs are expressed in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs). Our results focus on those which are highly expressed as: T2R10, T2R14 and T2R38. Agonists for T2R10 (denatonium) and T2R38 (phenylthiourea), but not T2R14 (noscapine), significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced permeability and VE-cadherin internalisation in HPAECs. In T2R10- or T2R38-siRNA knockdown cells, these endothelial-protective effects were abolished, indicating a direct effect of agonists in regulating barrier integrity. Our further findings indicate that T2R10 and T2R38 exert their barrier-protective function through cAMP but via Rac1-dependent and independent pathways, respectively. However, using an in vivo model of ARDS, the T2R38 agonist, phenylthiourea, was not able to protect against pulmonary edema formation. Taken together, these studies identify bitter taste sensing in the pulmonary endothelium to regulate barrier integrity in vitro through cAMP-Rac1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kertesz
- Biomedical Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth O. Harrington
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Julie Braza
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brianna D. Guarino
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Havovi Chichger
- Biomedical Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Xie Y, Liu L. Role of Chemerin/ChemR23 axis as an emerging therapeutic perspective on obesity-related vascular dysfunction. J Transl Med 2022; 20:141. [PMID: 35317838 PMCID: PMC8939091 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient epidemiological investigations demonstrate that there is a close correlation between obesity and vascular dysfunction. Nevertheless, specific mechanisms underlying this link remain currently unclear. Given the crucial and decisive role of vascular dysfunction in multitudinous diseases, various hypotheses had been proposed and numerous experiments were being carried out. One recognized view is that increased adipokine secretion following the expanded mass of white adipose tissue due to obesity contributes to the regulation of vascular function. Chemerin, as a neo-adipokine, whose systemic level is elevated in obesity, is believed as a regulator of adipogenesis, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction via binding its cell surface receptor, chemR23. Hence, this review aims to focus on the up-to-date proof on chemerin/chemR23 axis-relevant signaling pathways, emphasize the multifarious impacts of chemerin/chemR23 axis on vascular function regulation, raise certain unsettled questions to inspire further investigations, and explore the therapeutic possibilities targeting chemerin/chemR23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China. .,Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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85
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Fukatsu M, Ohkawara H, Wang X, Alkebsi L, Furukawa M, Mori H, Fukami M, Fukami SI, Sano T, Takahashi H, Harada-Shirado K, Kimura S, Sugimoto K, Ogawa K, Ikezoe T. The suppressive effects of Mer inhibition on inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of LPS-induced ALI/ARDS. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabd2533. [PMID: 35258998 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has not yet been fully elucidated. Growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6) has marked effects on hemostasis and reduces inflammation through its interaction with receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family: Tyro3, Axl, and Mer. Here, we found that plasma concentrations of Gas6 and soluble Mer were greater in patients with severe sepsis or septic ALI/ARDS compared with those in normal healthy donors. To determine whether the Gas6-Mer axis was critical in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, we investigated the effects of intravenous administration of the selective Mer inhibitor UNC2250 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mouse models subjected to inhalation of LPS. UNC2250 markedly inhibited the infiltration into the lungs of neutrophils and monocytes with increased amounts of Gas6 and Mer proteins, severe lung damage, and increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-induced ALI in mice. In human pulmonary aortic endothelial cells, LPS induced decreases in the amounts of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, thrombomodulin, and vascular endothelial-cadherin, which was blocked by treatment with UNC2250. UNC2250 also inhibited the LPS-dependent increases in cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in HL-60 cells, a human neutrophil-like cell line, and RAW264.7 cells, a mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line. These data provide insights into the potential multiple beneficial effects of the Mer inhibitor UNC2250 as a therapeutic reagent to treat inflammatory responses in ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Fukatsu
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohkawara
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Xintao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Lobna Alkebsi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miki Furukawa
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mori
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Miwa Fukami
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fukami
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sano
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuei Ogawa
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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86
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Fu Z. Molecular hydrogen is a potential protective agent in the management of acute lung injury. Mol Med 2022; 28:27. [PMID: 35240982 PMCID: PMC8892414 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is a more severe form of ALI, are life-threatening clinical syndromes observed in critically ill patients. Treatment methods to alleviate the pathogenesis of ALI have improved to a great extent at present. Although the efficacy of these therapies is limited, their relevance has increased remarkably with the ongoing pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. Several studies have demonstrated the preventive and therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen in the various diseases. The biological effects of molecular hydrogen mainly involve anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and autophagy and cell death modulation. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen on ALI and its underlying mechanisms and aims to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of ALI and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiling Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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87
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Michalski JE, Kurche JS, Schwartz DA. From ARDS to pulmonary fibrosis: the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic? Transl Res 2022; 241:13-24. [PMID: 34547499 PMCID: PMC8452088 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the medical and scientific communites since it was first reported in late 2019, we are only beginning to understand the chronic health burdens associated with this disease. Although COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease, the lungs are the primary source of infection and injury, resulting in pneumonia and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Given that pulmonary fibrosis is a well-recognized sequela of ARDS, many have questioned whether COVID-19 survivors will face long-term pulmonary consequences. This review is aimed at integrating our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying fibroproliferative ARDS with our current knowledge of the pulmonary consequences of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Michalski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan S Kurche
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Medicine Service, Pulmonary Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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88
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Oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and decreased vascular nitric oxide in COVID-19 patients. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103893. [PMID: 35219085 PMCID: PMC8865837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. The resulting endothelial injury induces widespread thrombosis and microangiopathy. Nevertheless, early specific markers of endothelial dysfunction and vascular redox status in COVID-19 patients are currently missing. Methods Observational study including ICU and non-ICU adult COVID-19 patients admitted in hospital for acute respiratory failure, compared with control subjects matched for cardiovascular risk factors similar to ICU COVID-19 patients, and ICU septic shock patients unrelated to COVID-19. Findings Early SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an imbalance between an exacerbated oxidative stress (plasma peroxides levels in ICU patients vs. controls: 1456.0 ± 400.2 vs 436 ± 272.1 mmol/L; P < 0.05) and a reduced nitric oxide bioavailability proportional to disease severity (5-α-nitrosyl-hemoglobin, HbNO in ICU patients vs. controls: 116.1 ± 62.1 vs. 163.3 ± 46.7 nmol/L; P < 0.05). HbNO levels correlated with oxygenation parameters (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) in COVID-19 patients (R2 = 0.13; P < 0.05). Plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, renin or serum level of TREM-1 ruled out any hyper-activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system or leucocyte respiratory burst in ICU COVID-19 patients, contrary to septic patients. Interpretation Endothelial oxidative stress with ensuing decreased NO bioavailability appears as a likely pathogenic factor of endothelial dysfunction in ICU COVID-19 patients. A correlation between NO bioavailability and oxygenation parameters is observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These results highlight an urgent need for oriented research leading to a better understanding of the specific endothelial oxidative stress that occurs during SARS-CoV-2. Funding Stated in the acknowledgments section.
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89
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Khamissi FZ, Ning L, Kefaloyianni E, Dun H, Arthanarisami A, Keller A, Atkinson JJ, Li W, Wong B, Dietmann S, Lavine K, Kreisel D, Herrlich A. Identification of kidney injury released circulating osteopontin as causal agent of respiratory failure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5900. [PMID: 35213222 PMCID: PMC8880785 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury can drive secondary organ injury; however, mechanisms and mediators are not well understood. To identify interorgan cross-talk mediators, we used acute kidney injury (AKI)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) as a clinically important example. Using kidney and lung single-cell RNA sequencing after AKI in mice followed by ligand-receptor pairing analysis across organs, kidney ligands to lung receptors, we identify kidney-released circulating osteopontin (OPN) as a novel AKI-ALI mediator. OPN release from kidney tubule cells triggered lung endothelial leakage, inflammation, and respiratory failure. Pharmacological or genetic OPN inhibition prevented AKI-ALI. Transplantation of ischemic wt kidneys caused AKI-ALI, but not of ischemic OPN-global knockout kidneys, identifying kidney-released OPN as necessary interorgan signal to cause AKI-ALI. We show that OPN serum levels are elevated in patients with AKI and correlate with kidney injury. Our results demonstrate feasibility of using ligand-receptor analysis across organs to identify interorgan cross-talk mediators and may have important therapeutic implications in human AKI-ALI and multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hao Dun
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Amy Keller
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Atkinson
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian Wong
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory Lavine
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Washington University School in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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90
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Gelzo M, Cacciapuoti S, Pinchera B, De Rosa A, Cernera G, Scialò F, Comegna M, Mormile M, Fabbrocini G, Parrella R, Corso G, Gentile I, Castaldo G. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 3 and 9 as biomarkers of severity in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1212. [PMID: 35075175 PMCID: PMC8786927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the wide clinical heterogeneity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still unknown. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may have a role in the lung damage and regeneration that occur in severe patients. We studied serum MMP3 and MMP9 as potential biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, in 108 hospitalized patients with different World Health Organization (WHO) severity stage and in 48 controls. At hospital admission, serum MMP3 was increased in COVID-19 patients with a significant trend along the progression of the WHO stage, while serum levels of MMP9 were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients with no correlation with disease severity. At 1 week from hospitalization, MMP3 was reduced, suggesting an early pathogenic role of the protein in lung inflammation, while MMP9 levels were further increased, indicating a late role of the protein in the inflammatory process, specifically during the repairing phase. Furthermore, serum MMP9 was positively correlated with serum interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, and circulating neutrophils and monocytes number. In conclusion, serum MMP3 may help to early predict the severity of COVID-19 and both proteins, MMP3 and MMP9, may contribute to define severe COVID-19 patients that may benefit from a targeted therapy on MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gelzo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cacciapuoti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pinchera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata De Rosa
- Divisione di Malattie Infettive Respiratorie, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Emergenze Infettive, Ospedale Cotugno, AORN dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gustavo Cernera
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Scialò
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marika Comegna
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Mormile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Parrella
- Divisione di Malattie Infettive Respiratorie, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive e Emergenze Infettive, Ospedale Cotugno, AORN dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Corso
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Scarl, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145, Naples, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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91
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Histone H4 induces heparan sulfate degradation by activating heparanase in chlorine gas-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2022; 23:14. [PMID: 35073921 PMCID: PMC8785471 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heparan sulfate (HS) degradation mediates pulmonary endothelial hyper-permeability and acute pulmonary edema during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The aim of this study was to examine whether histone H4 induced HS degradation by activating heparanase (HPSE) in chlorine gas (Cl2)-induced ARDS. Methods Acute lung injury was induced by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 injection in C57BL/6 mice. Histone H4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma was measured by ELISA. HS degradation was measured by immunostaining, ELISA, and flow cytometry. HPSE mRNA and protein were measured by real-time qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively, at preset timepoints. The HPSE inhibitor OGT2115 and specific siRNAs were used to study the role of HPSE during HS degradation caused by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge. Blocking antibodies against TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, or TLR6 were used in vitro to investigate which signaling pathway was involved. The transcriptional regulation of HPSE was studied vis-à-vis NF-κB, which was assessed by nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of I-κBα protein. Results Histone H4 in BALF and plasma increased evidently after Cl2 inhalation. Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge caused obvious acute lung injury in mice, and the pulmonary glycocalyx was degraded evidently as observed from endothelial HS staining and measurement of plasma HS fragments. Pretreatment with OGT2115, an HPSE inhibitor, relieved the acute lung injury and HS degradation caused by Cl2 exposure or histone H4 challenge. Targeted knockdown of HPSE by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly inhibited histone H4 induced HS degradation in HPMECs, as measured by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. By inducing phosphorylation of I-κB α and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, histone H4 directly promoted mRNA transcription and protein expression of HPSE in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a blocking antibody against TLR4 markedly inhibited both activation of NF-κB and expression of HPSE induced by histone H4. Conclusions Histone H4 is a major pro-inflammatory mediator in Cl2-induced ARDS in mice, and induces HS degradation by activating HPSE via TLRs- and NF-κB-signaling pathways.
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92
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Ider M, Naseri A, Ok M, Gulersoy E, Bas TM, Uney K, Parlak TM, Abdelaziz A. Serum sRAGE and sE-selectin levels are useful biomarkers of lung injury and prediction of mortality in calves with perinatal asphyxia. Theriogenology 2022; 181:113-118. [PMID: 35078123 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biomarkers specific to lung endothelial and epithelial damage in the determination of lung injury and its severity in calves with perinatal asphyxia and to evaluate their prognostic importance among survivors and non-survivor calves. Ten healthy calves and 20 calves with perinatal asphyxia were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination and laboratory analysis were performed at admission. Serum concentrations of soluble advanced glycation end-product receptor (sRAGE), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), clara cell secretory protein (CC16), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured to assess lung injury. Venous pH, sO2, HCO3, and BE of calves with perinatal asphyxia were significantly lower than the healthy calves. sRAGE, sE-selectin, pCO2, and lactate were significantly high in calves with asphyxia. ROC analysis showed that sRAGE, sE-selectin, pCO2, lactate, and respiratory rate were higher while HCO3 and BE were lower in the nonsurvivor calves than survivors. In conclusion, serum sRAGE and sE-selectin concentrations highlight the utility of these biomarkers in determining lung injury in calves with asphyxia. Also, pH, pCO2, lactate, HCO3, BE, and respiratory rate along with serum sRAGE and sE-selectin were useful indicators in the prediction of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ider
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, 42003, Turkey.
| | - A Naseri
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - M Ok
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - E Gulersoy
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanlıurfa, 63200, Turkey
| | - T M Bas
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - K Uney
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - T M Parlak
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, 42003, Turkey
| | - A Abdelaziz
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Konya, 42003, Turkey
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93
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Liu J, Dean DA. Gene Therapy for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Physiol 2022; 12:786255. [PMID: 35111077 PMCID: PMC8801611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.786255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating clinical syndrome that leads to acute respiratory failure and accounts for over 70,000 deaths per year in the United States alone, even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While its molecular details have been teased apart and its pathophysiology largely established over the past 30 years, relatively few pharmacological advances in treatment have been made based on this knowledge. Indeed, mortality remains very close to what it was 30 years ago. As an alternative to traditional pharmacological approaches, gene therapy offers a highly controlled and targeted strategy to treat the disease at the molecular level. Although there is no single gene or combination of genes responsible for ARDS, there are a number of genes that can be targeted for upregulation or downregulation that could alleviate many of the symptoms and address the underlying mechanisms of this syndrome. This review will focus on the pathophysiology of ARDS and how gene therapy has been used for prevention and treatment. Strategies for gene delivery to the lung, such as barriers encountered during gene transfer, specific classes of genes that have been targeted, and the outcomes of these approaches on ARDS pathogenesis and resolution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David A. Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: David A. Dean,
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94
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Beasley MB. Acute lung injury-from cannabis to COVID. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1-7. [PMID: 34504310 PMCID: PMC8428494 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent world events have refocused attention on the pathology associated with clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The vast majority of cases of clinical ARDS will have diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) histologically, but other histologies may occur less frequently. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the pathology of DAD and acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia and provide insights into the pathologic features associated with the E-cigarette/vaping-associated lung-injury outbreak and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Beasley
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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95
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Esquivel-Ruiz S, González-Rodríguez P, Lorente JA, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Herrero R, Moreno L. Extracellular Vesicles and Alveolar Epithelial-Capillary Barrier Disruption in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Potential. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752287. [PMID: 34887773 PMCID: PMC8650589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring genetic material, proteins and organelles between different cells types in both health and disease. Recent evidence suggests that these vesicles, more than simply diagnostic markers, are key mediators of the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other lung diseases. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of EVs released by pulmonary structural cells (alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells) and immune cells in these diseases, with particular attention to their ability to modulate inflammation and alveolar-capillary barrier disruption, a hallmark of ARDS. EVs also offer a unique opportunity to develop new therapeutics for the treatment of ARDS. Evidences supporting the ability of stem cell-derived EVs to attenuate the lung injury and ongoing strategies to improve their therapeutic potential are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Esquivel-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma González-Rodríguez
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Lorente
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.,Clinical Section, School of Medicine, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Herrero
- Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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96
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HIV-1 Tat and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Orchestrate the Setup of in Cis and in Trans Cell-Surface Interactions Functional to Lymphocyte Trans-Endothelial Migration. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247488. [PMID: 34946571 PMCID: PMC8705413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 transactivating factor Tat is released by infected cells. Extracellular Tat homodimerizes and engages several receptors, including integrins, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) syndecan-1 expressed on various cells. By means of experimental cell models recapitulating the processes of lymphocyte trans-endothelial migration, here, we demonstrate that upon association with syndecan-1 expressed on lymphocytes, Tat triggers simultaneously the in cis activation of lymphocytes themselves and the in trans activation of endothelial cells (ECs). This "two-way" activation eventually induces lymphocyte adhesion and spreading onto the substrate and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin reorganization at the EC junctions, with consequent endothelial permeabilization, leading to an increased extravasation of Tat-presenting lymphocytes. By means of a panel of biochemical activation assays and specific synthetic inhibitors, we demonstrate that during the above-mentioned processes, syndecan-1, integrins, FAK, src and ERK1/2 engagement and activation are needed in the lymphocytes, while VEGFR2, integrin, src and ERK1/2 are needed in the endothelium. In conclusion, the Tat/syndecan-1 complex plays a central role in orchestrating the setup of the various in cis and in trans multimeric complexes at the EC/lymphocyte interface. Thus, by means of computational molecular modelling, docking and dynamics, we also provide a characterization at an atomic level of the binding modes of the Tat/heparin interaction, with heparin herein used as a structural analogue of the heparan sulfate chains of syndecan-1.
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97
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Time-series transcriptomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage cells from virulent and low virulent PRRSV-1-infected piglets. J Virol 2021; 96:e0114021. [PMID: 34851149 PMCID: PMC8826917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has evolved to escape the immune surveillance for a survival advantage leading to a strong modulation of host’s immune responses and favoring secondary bacterial infections. However, limited data are available on how the immunological and transcriptional responses elicited by virulent and low-virulent PRRSV-1 strains are comparable and how they are conserved during the infection. To explore the kinetic transcriptional signature associated with the modulation of host immune response at lung level, a time-series transcriptomic analysis was performed in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon experimental in vivo infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence, virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low-virulent subtype 1 3249 strain. The time-series analysis revealed overlapping patterns of dysregulated genes enriched in T-cell signaling pathways among both virulent and low-virulent strains, highlighting an upregulation of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory immune checkpoints that were disclosed as Hub genes. On the other hand, virulent Lena infection induced an early and more marked “negative regulation of immune system process” with an overexpression of co-inhibitory receptors genes related to T-cell and NK cell functions, in association with more severe lung lesion, lung viral load, and BAL cell kinetics. These results underline a complex network of molecular mechanisms governing PRRSV-1 immunopathogenesis at lung level, revealing a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints in the pulmonary disease, which may have an impact on T-cell activation and related pathways. These immune checkpoints, together with the regulation of cytokine-signaling pathways, modulated in a virulence-dependent fashion, orchestrate an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the major threats to swine health and global production, causing substantial economic losses. We explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host immune response at lung level performing a time-series transcriptomic analysis upon experimental infection with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. A complex network of molecular mechanisms was revealed to control the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV-1 infection, highlighting an interplay among pro- and anti-inflammatory responses as a potential mechanism to restrict inflammation-induced lung injury. Moreover, a pivotal role of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoints was evidenced, which may lead to progressive dysfunction of T cells, impairing viral clearance and leading to persistent infection, favoring as well secondary bacterial infections or viral rebound. However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the functional role of immune checkpoints in advanced stages of PRRSV infection and explore a possible T-cell exhaustion state.
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98
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Zhou H, Zheng D, Wang H, Wu Y, Peng X, Li Q, Li T, Liu L. The protective effects of pericyte-derived microvesicles on vascular endothelial functions via CTGF delivery in sepsis. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:115. [PMID: 34784912 PMCID: PMC8594111 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that sepsis is a prevalent severe disease caused by infection and the treatment strategies are limited. Recently pericyte-derived microvesicles (PMVs) were confirmed to be therapeutic in many diseases, whether PMVs can protect vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury is unknown. METHODS Pericytes were extracted from the retina of newly weaned rats, and PMVs were collected after starvation and characterized by flow-cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. First, the effect of PMVs on pulmonary vascular function in septic rats was measured via intravenous administration with HE staining, immunofluorescence, and Elisa analysis. Then, PMVs were co-incubated with VECs in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and observed the protective effect of PMVs on VECs. Next, the proteomic analysis and further Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed to analyze the therapeutic mechanism of PMVs, and the angiogenesis-related protein CTGF was highly expressed in PMVs. Finally, by CTGF upregulation and downregulation in PMV, the role of PMV-carried CTGF was investigated. RESULTS PMVs restored the proliferation and angiogenesis ability of pulmonary VECs, and alleviated pulmonary vascular leakage in septic rats and LPS-stimulated VECs. Further study showed that PMVs delivered CTGF to VECs, and subsequently activated ERK1/2, and increased the phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby improving the function of VECs. The further study found CD44 mediated the absorption and internalization of PMVs to VECs, the anti-CD44 antibody inhibited the protective effect of PMVs. CONCLUSIONS PMVs may delivery CTGF to VECs, and promote the proliferation and angiogenesis ability by activating the CTGF-ERK1/2-STAT3 axis, thereby protecting pulmonary vascular function in sepsis. The therapeutic effect of PMVs was highly related to CD44-mediated absorption. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Danyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430064 China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xiaoyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Qinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
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99
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Deek SA. BPC 157 as Potential Treatment for COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2021; 158:110736. [PMID: 34798584 PMCID: PMC8575535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak. COVID-19 is largely seen as a thrombotic and vascular disease targeting endothelial cells (ECs) throughout the body that can provoke the breakdown of central vascular functions. This explains the complications and multi-organ failure seen in COVID-19 patients including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular complications, liver damage, and neurological damage. Acknowledging the comorbidities and potential organ injuries throughout the course of COVID-19 is therefore crucial in the clinical management of patients. Here we discuss BPC 157, based primarily on animal model data, as a novel agent that can improve the clinical management of COVID-19. BPC 157 is a peptide that has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and endothelial-protective effects in different organ systems in different species. BPC 157 activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is associated with nitric oxide (NO) release, tissue repair and angiomodulatory properties which can lead to improved vascular integrity and immune response, reduced proinflammatory profile, and reduced critical levels of the disease. As a result, discussion of its use as a potential prophylactic and complementary treatment is critical. All examined treatments, although potentiality effective against COVID-19, need either appropriate drug development or clinical trials in humans to be suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Deek
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712 Austin, TX, USA.
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100
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Fu S, Yu S, Zhao Y, Ma X, Li X. Unfractionated Heparin Attenuated Histone-Induced Pulmonary Syndecan-1 Degradation in Mice: a Preliminary Study on the Roles of Heparinase Pathway. Inflammation 2021; 45:712-724. [PMID: 34657233 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial glycocalyx degradation is thought to facilitate the development of sepsis. Histone is a significant mediator in sepsis. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) possessed beneficial effects on sepsis. Thereby, this study aims to figure out whether histone can disrupt glycocalyx and to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of UFH. Male mice (C57BL/6, 8-10 weeks old, weighing 20-25 g) were randomly divided into five groups including control group, histone group, histone + UFH group, histone + heparinase (HPA) inhibitor group, and histone + UFH + HPA inhibitor group. The mice were treated with histone (50 mg/kg) via tail vein immediately after HPA (20 mg/kg) injection. UFH (400 U/kg) was injected 1h after histone administration. The other groups were injected with equal volume of sterile saline accordingly. UFH alleviated histone-induced lung injury and pulmonary edema. UFH inhibited histone-induced lung coagulation activation and inflammatory response. UFH treatment markedly inhibited pulmonary glycocalyx degradation by reducing the histone-induced decrease in the levels of lung syndecan-1 mRNA and protein. UFH downregulated histone-induced expression of HPA mRNA and protein, and thus alleviated glycocalyx degradation. UFH protects against histone-induced pulmonary glycocalyx injury partly by heparinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street 155, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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