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Álvarez-Rodríguez P, García-Suárez VM. Effect of Impurity Adsorption on the Electronic and Transport Properties of Graphene Nanogaps. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:500. [PMID: 35057218 PMCID: PMC8779888 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Graphene stands out as a versatile material with several uses in fields that range from electronics to biology. In particular, graphene has been proposed as an electrode in molecular electronics devices that are expected to be more stable and reproducible than typical ones based on metallic electrodes. In this work, we study by means of first principles, simulations and a tight-binding model the electronic and transport properties of graphene nanogaps with straight edges and different passivating atoms: Hydrogen or elements of the second row of the periodic table (boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluoride). We use the tight-binding model to reproduce the main ab-initio results and elucidate the physics behind the transport properties. We observe clear patterns that emerge in the conductance and the current as one moves from boron to fluoride. In particular, we find that the conductance decreases and the tunneling decaying factor increases from the former to the latter. We explain these trends in terms of the size of the atom and its onsite energy. We also find a similar pattern for the current, which is ohmic and smooth in general. However, when the size of the simulation cell is the smallest one along the direction perpendicular to the transport direction, we obtain highly non-linear behavior with negative differential resistance. This interesting and surprising behavior can be explained by taking into account the presence of Fano resonances and other interference effects, which emerge due to couplings to side atoms at the edges and other couplings across the gap. Such features enter the bias window as the bias increases and strongly affect the current, giving rise to the non-linear evolution. As a whole, these results can be used as a template to understand the transport properties of straight graphene nanogaps and similar systems and distinguish the presence of different elements in the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Manuel García-Suárez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, 33007 Oviedo, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), 33007 Oviedo, Spain
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52
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Park J, Kravchuk P, Krishnaprasad A, Roy T, Kang EH. Graphene Enhances Actin Filament Assembly Kinetics and Modulates NIH-3T3 Fibroblast Cell Spreading. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:509. [PMID: 35008935 PMCID: PMC8745492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin plays critical roles in various cellular functions, including cell morphogenesis, differentiation, and movement. The assembly of actin monomers into double-helical filaments is regulated in surrounding microenvironments. Graphene is an attractive nanomaterial that has been used in various biomaterial applications, such as drug delivery cargo and scaffold for cells, due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Although several studies have shown the potential effects of graphene on actin at the cellular level, the direct influence of graphene on actin filament dynamics has not been studied. Here, we investigate the effects of graphene on actin assembly kinetics using spectroscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that graphene enhances the rates of actin filament growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, cell morphology and spreading are modulated in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH-3T3 cultured on a graphene surface without significantly affecting cell viability. Taken together, these results suggest that graphene may have a direct impact on actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Park
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.P.); (P.K.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Pavlo Kravchuk
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.P.); (P.K.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Adithi Krishnaprasad
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.P.); (P.K.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Tania Roy
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.P.); (P.K.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Ellen Hyeran Kang
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.P.); (P.K.); (A.K.); (T.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Investigation of the Morphology and Electrical Properties of Graphene Used in the Development of Biosensors for Detection of Influenza Viruses. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:bios12010008. [PMID: 35049636 PMCID: PMC8774066 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we discuss the mechanisms behind changes in the conductivity, low-frequency noise, and surface morphology of biosensor chips based on graphene films on SiC substrates during the main stages of the creation of biosensors for detecting influenza viruses. The formation of phenylamine groups and a change in graphene nano-arrangement during functionalization causes an increase in defectiveness and conductivity. Functionalization leads to the formation of large hexagonal honeycomb-like defects up to 500 nm, the concentration of which is affected by the number of bilayer or multilayer inclusions in graphene. The chips fabricated allowed us to detect the influenza viruses in a concentration range of 10−16 g/mL to 10−10 g/mL in PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that these defects are responsible for the inhomogeneous aggregation of antibodies and influenza viruses over the functionalized graphene surface. Non-uniform aggregation is responsible for a weak non-linear logarithmic dependence of the biosensor response versus the virus concentration in PBS. This feature of graphene nano-arrangement affects the reliability of detection of extremely low virus concentrations at the early stages of disease.
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Park H, Kim G, Seo Y, Yoon Y, Min J, Park C, Lee T. Improving Biosensors by the Use of Different Nanomaterials: Case Study with Microcystins as Target Analytes. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:525. [PMID: 34940282 PMCID: PMC8699174 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eutrophication of lakes and rivers without adequate rainfall leads to excessive growth of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) that produce toxicants, green tides, and unpleasant odors. The rapid growth of CyanoHABs owing to global warming, climate change, and the development of rainforests and dams without considering the environmental concern towards lakes and rivers is a serious issue. Humans and livestock consuming the toxicant-contaminated water that originated from CyanoHABs suffer severe health problems. Among the various toxicants produced by CyanoHABs, microcystins (MCs) are the most harmful. Excess accumulation of MC within living organisms can result in liver failure and hepatocirrhosis, eventually leading to death. Therefore, it is essential to precisely detect MCs in water samples. To date, the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been the standard methods for the detection of MC and provide precise results with high reliability. However, these methods require heavy instruments and complicated operation steps that could hamper the portability and field-readiness of the detection system. Therefore, in order for this goal to be achieved, the biosensor has been attracted to a powerful alternative for MC detection. Thus far, several types of MC biosensor have been proposed to detect MC in freshwater sample. The introduction of material is a useful option in order to improve the biosensor performance and construct new types of biosensors. Introducing nanomaterials to the biosensor interface provides new phenomena or enhances the sensitivity. In recent times, different types of nanomaterials, such as metallic, carbon-based, and transition metal dichalcogenide-based nanomaterials, have been developed and used to fabricate biosensors for MC detection. This study reviews the recent advancements in different nanomaterial-based MC biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Gahyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yejin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
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Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Fan C, Liu X. Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100771. [PMID: 34928026 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-atom-thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large-area and uniform films with high-quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based-electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom-up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well-defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as-grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer-related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer-free approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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56
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Ma Y, Qiang T, Gao M, Liang J, Jiang Y. Quantitative, Temperature-Calibrated and Real-Time Glucose Biosensor Based on Symmetrical-Meandering-Type Resistor and Intertwined Capacitor Structure. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:484. [PMID: 34940241 PMCID: PMC8699495 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we propose a glucose biosensor with the advantages of quantification, excellent linearity, temperature-calibration function, and real-time detection based on a resistor and capacitor, in which the resistor works as a temperature sensor and the capacitor works as a biosensor. The resistor has a symmetrical meandering type structure that increases the contact area, leading to variations in resistance and effective temperature monitoring of a glucose solution. The capacitor is designed with an intertwined structure that fully contacts the glucose solution, so that capacitance is sensitively varied, and high sensitivity monitoring can be realized. Moreover, a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic channel is applied to achieve a fixed shape, a fixed point, and quantitative measurements, which can eliminate influences caused by fluidity, shape, and thickness of the glucose sample. The glucose solution in a temperature range of 25-100 °C is measured with variations of 0.2716 Ω/°C and a linearity response of 0.9993, ensuring that the capacitor sensor can have reference temperature information before detecting the glucose concentration, achieving the purpose of temperature calibration. The proposed capacitor-based biosensor demonstrates sensitivities of 0.413 nF/mg·dL-1, 0.048 nF/mg·dL-1, and 0.011 pF/mg·dL-1; linearity responses of 0.96039, 0.91547, and 0.97835; and response times less than 1 second, respectively, at DC, 1 kHz, and 1 MHz for a glucose solution with a concentration range of 25-1000 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tian Qiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.M.); (M.G.); (J.L.); (Y.J.)
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57
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Han Q, Pang J, Li Y, Sun B, Ibarlucea B, Liu X, Gemming T, Cheng Q, Zhang S, Liu H, Wang J, Zhou W, Cuniberti G, Rümmeli MH. Graphene Biodevices for Early Disease Diagnosis Based on Biomarker Detection. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3841-3881. [PMID: 34696585 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of diseases plays a vital role in healthcare and the extension of human life. Graphene-based biosensors have boosted the early diagnosis of diseases by detecting and monitoring related biomarkers, providing a better understanding of various physiological and pathological processes. They have generated tremendous interest, made significant advances, and offered promising application prospects. In this paper, we discuss the background of graphene and biosensors, including the properties and functionalization of graphene and biosensors. Second, the significant technologies adopted by biosensors are discussed, such as field-effect transistors and electrochemical and optical methods. Subsequently, we highlight biosensors for detecting various biomarkers, including ions, small molecules, macromolecules, viruses, bacteria, and living human cells. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of graphene-based biosensors and related broad research interests are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Han
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yufen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Baojun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, 336 West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - Qilin Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingang Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Mark H. Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden D-01171, Germany
- College of Energy, Soochow, Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Technology (CEET), VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic
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58
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Shahriari S, Sastry M, Panjikar S, Singh Raman RK. Graphene and Graphene Oxide as a Support for Biomolecules in the Development of Biosensors. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2021; 14:197-220. [PMID: 34815666 PMCID: PMC8605898 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s334487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide have become the base of many advanced biosensors due to their exceptional characteristics. However, lack of some properties, such as inertness of graphene in organic solutions and non-electrical conductivity of graphene oxide, are their drawbacks in sensing applications. To compensate for these shortcomings, various methods of modifications have been developed to provide the appropriate properties required for biosensing. Efficient modification of graphene and graphene oxide facilitates the interaction of biomolecules with their surface, and the ultimate bioconjugate can be employed as the main sensing part of the biosensors. Graphene nanomaterials as transducers increase the signal response in various sensing applications. Their large surface area and perfect biocompatibility with lots of biomolecules provide the prerequisite of a stable biosensor, which is the immobilization of bioreceptor on transducer. Biosensor development has paramount importance in the field of environmental monitoring, security, defense, food safety standards, clinical sector, marine sector, biomedicine, and drug discovery. Biosensor applications are also prevalent in the plant biology sector to find the missing links required in the metabolic process. In this review, the importance of oxygen functional groups in functionalizing the graphene and graphene oxide and different types of functionalization will be explained. Moreover, immobilization of biomolecules (such as protein, peptide, DNA, aptamer) on graphene and graphene oxide and at the end, the application of these biomaterials in biosensors with different transducing mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahriari
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murali Sastry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R K Singh Raman
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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59
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Thiyagarajan P. A review on three-dimensional graphene: Synthesis, electronic and biotechnology applications-The Unknown Riddles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 15:348-357. [PMID: 34694709 PMCID: PMC8675775 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, carbon‐based nanostructures such as buckyball (C60), carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene and three‐dimensional (3D) graphene have been identified as promising materials for electronic, electrochemical energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors), optical and sensing applications. Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, scientists have devised mass production techniques and explored graphene as a promising material for a wide range of applications. Most of the electronic and solar cell applications require materials with good electronic conductivity, mobility and finite bandgap. Graphene is a zero bandgap material which prevents it from the mainstream applications. On the other hand, 3D graphene has good electronic conductivity, mobility, bandgap and electrochemical properties. This review article will focus on the synthesis of the 3D graphene, its structure‐property relationships, biotechnology and electronic applications and the hidden properties that are yet to be explored fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradheep Thiyagarajan
- Department of Micro & Nano Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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60
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Gosai A, Khondakar KR, Ma X, Ali MA. Application of Functionalized Graphene Oxide Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring: Simple Graphene Derivatives to 3D Printed Platforms. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:384. [PMID: 34677340 PMCID: PMC8533804 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors hold great potential for revolutionizing personalized medicine and environmental monitoring. Their construction is the key factor which depends on either manufacturing techniques or robust sensing materials to improve efficacy of the device. Functional graphene is an attractive choice for transducing material due to its various advantages in interfacing with biorecognition elements. Graphene and its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) are thus being used extensively for biosensors for monitoring of diseases. In addition, graphene can be patterned to a variety of structures and is incorporated into biosensor devices such as microfluidic devices and electrochemical and plasmonic sensors. Among biosensing materials, GO is gaining much attention due to its easy synthesis process and patternable features, high functionality, and high electron transfer properties with a large surface area leading to sensitive point-of-use applications. Considering demand and recent challenges, this perspective review is an attempt to describe state-of-the-art biosensors based on functional graphene. Special emphasis is given to elucidating the mechanism of sensing while discussing different applications. Further, we describe the future prospects of functional GO-based biosensors for health care and environmental monitoring with a focus on additive manufacturing such as 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnivo Gosai
- Corning Inc., Science & Technology, Painted Post, NY 14870, USA;
| | - Kamil Reza Khondakar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA;
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15235, USA
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61
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Basak S, Packirisamy G. Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical, Catalytic, and Energy Applications. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Basak
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 Uttarakhand India
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62
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Advancement in Salmonella Detection Methods: From Conventional to Electrochemical-Based Sensing Detection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11090346. [PMID: 34562936 PMCID: PMC8468554 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale food-borne outbreaks caused by Salmonella are rarely seen nowadays, thanks to the advanced nature of the medical system. However, small, localised outbreaks in certain regions still exist and could possess a huge threat to the public health if eradication measure is not initiated. This review discusses the progress of Salmonella detection approaches covering their basic principles, characteristics, applications, and performances. Conventional Salmonella detection is usually performed using a culture-based method, which is time-consuming, labour intensive, and unsuitable for on-site testing and high-throughput analysis. To date, there are many detection methods with a unique detection system available for Salmonella detection utilising immunological-based techniques, molecular-based techniques, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, optical phenotyping, and biosensor methods. The electrochemical biosensor has growing interest in Salmonella detection mainly due to its excellent sensitivity, rapidity, and portability. The use of a highly specific bioreceptor, such as aptamers, and the application of nanomaterials are contributing factors to these excellent characteristics. Furthermore, insight on the types of biorecognition elements, the principles of electrochemical transduction elements, and the miniaturisation potential of electrochemical biosensors are discussed.
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63
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Al Faruque MA, Syduzzaman M, Sarkar J, Bilisik K, Naebe M. A Review on the Production Methods and Applications of Graphene-Based Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2414. [PMID: 34578730 PMCID: PMC8469961 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials in the form of fibres, fabrics, films, and composite materials are the most widely investigated research domains because of their remarkable physicochemical and thermomechanical properties. In this era of scientific advancement, graphene has built the foundation of a new horizon of possibilities and received tremendous research focus in several application areas such as aerospace, energy, transportation, healthcare, agriculture, wastewater management, and wearable technology. Although graphene has been found to provide exceptional results in every application field, a massive proportion of research is still underway to configure required parameters to ensure the best possible outcomes from graphene-based materials. Until now, several review articles have been published to summarise the excellence of graphene and its derivatives, which focused mainly on a single application area of graphene. However, no single review is found to comprehensively study most used fabrication processes of graphene-based materials including their diversified and potential application areas. To address this genuine gap and ensure wider support for the upcoming research and investigations of this excellent material, this review aims to provide a snapshot of most used fabrication methods of graphene-based materials in the form of pure and composite fibres, graphene-based composite materials conjugated with polymers, and fibres. This study also provides a clear perspective of large-scale production feasibility and application areas of graphene-based materials in all forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Syduzzaman
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
- Department of Textile Engineering Management, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Joy Sarkar
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh;
| | - Kadir Bilisik
- Nano/Micro Fiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Maryam Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
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Gijare M, Chaudhari S, Ekar S, Garje A. A facile synthesis of GO/CuO-blended nanofiber sensor electrode for efficient enzyme-free amperometric determination of glucose. J Anal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-021-00289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe development of biosensors with innovative nanomaterials is crucial to enhance the sensing performance of as-prepared biosensors. In the present research work, we prepared copper (II) oxide (CuO) and graphene oxide (GO) composite nanofibers using the hydrothermal synthesis route. The structural and morphological properties of as-prepared GO/CuO nanofibers were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer, field-emission scanning, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated GO/CuO nanofibers exhibit nanosized diameters and lengths in the order of micrometers. These GO/CuO nanofibers were employed to prepare non-enzymatic biosensors (GO/CuO nanofibers/FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide)) modified electrodes for enhanced glucose detection. The sensing performance of the biosensors was evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). GO/CuO/FTO biosensor achieved high sensitivity of 1274.8 μA mM−1cm−2 having a linear detection range from 0.1 to 10 mM with the lower detection limit (0.13 μM). Further, the prepared biosensor showed good reproducibility repeatability, excellent selectivity, and long-time stability. Moreover, the technique used for the preparation of the GO/CuO composite is simple, rapid, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. These electrodes are employed for the detection of glucose in blood serum with RSD ~ 1.58%.
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Yildiz G, Bolton-Warberg M, Awaja F. Graphene and graphene oxide for bio-sensing: General properties and the effects of graphene ripples. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:62-79. [PMID: 34237423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of Graphene based materials, such as graphene oxide (GO), in biosensing applications is gaining significant interest, due to high signal output, with strong potential for high industrial growth rate. Graphene's excellent conduction and mechanical properties (such as toughness and elasticity) coupled with high reactivity to chemical molecules are some of its appealing properties. The presence of ripples on the surface (whether indigenous or induced) represents another property/variable that provide enormous potential if harnessed properly. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the use of graphene for biosensing. We discuss briefly the general topic of using graphene for biosensing applications with special emphasis on wearable graphene-based biosensors. The intrinsic ripples of graphene and their effect on graphene biosensing capabilities are thoroughly discussed. We dedicate a section also for the manipulation of intrinsic ripples. Then we review the use of Graphene oxide (GO) in biosensing and discuss the effect of ripples on its properties. We present a review of the current biosensor devices made out of GO for detection of different molecular targets. Finally, we present some thoughts for future perspectives and opportunities of this field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biosensors are tools that detect the presence and amount of a chemical substance, such as pregnancy tests and glucose monitoring devices. They are general portable, have short response times and are sensitive, making them highly effective. Gold and silver are used in biosensors and more recently, graphene. Graphene is sheets of carbon atoms and is the only two-dimensional crystal in nature. It has unique features allowing its effective use in biosensing applications, including the presence of ripples (non-flat areas that give it its electronic properties). The last comprehensive review of this topic was published in 2016. This paper reviews the current knowledge of graphene based biosensors, with a focus on ripples and their effect on graphene biosensing capabilities.
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Alagarsamy KN, Mathan S, Yan W, Rafieerad A, Sekaran S, Manego H, Dhingra S. Carbon nanomaterials for cardiovascular theranostics: Promises and challenges. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2261-2280. [PMID: 33553814 PMCID: PMC7829079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart attack and stroke cause irreversible tissue damage. The currently available treatment options are limited to "damage-control" rather than tissue repair. The recent advances in nanomaterials have offered novel approaches to restore tissue function after injury. In particular, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have shown significant promise to bridge the gap in clinical translation of biomaterial based therapies. This family of carbon allotropes (including graphenes, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes) have unique physiochemical properties, including exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, chemical behaviour, thermal stability and optical properties. These intrinsic properties make CNMs ideal materials for use in cardiovascular theranostics. This review is focused on recent efforts in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases using graphenes and carbon nanotubes. The first section introduces currently available derivatives of graphenes and carbon nanotubes and discusses some of the key characteristics of these materials. The second section covers their application in drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering and immunomodulation with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The final section discusses current shortcomings and limitations of CNMs in cardiovascular applications and reviews ongoing efforts to address these concerns and to bring CNMs from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Narayan Alagarsamy
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sajitha Mathan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Weiang Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafieerad
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hanna Manego
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Olejnik B, Kozioł A, Brzozowska E, Ferens-Sieczkowska M. Application of selected biosensor techniques in clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:925-937. [PMID: 34289786 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1957833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Examination of disease biomarkers mostly performed on crude materials, such as serum, meets some obstacles, resulting from sample complexity and the wide range of concentrations and sizes of the components. Techniques currently used in clinical diagnostics are usually time-consuming and expensive. The more sensitive and portable devices are needed for early diagnostics. Chemical sensors are devices that convert chemical information into parameters suitable for fast and precise processing and measurement. AREA COVERED We review the use of biosensors and their possible application in early diagnostics of some diseases like cancer or viral infections. We focus on different types of biorecognition and some technical modifications, lowering the limit of detection potentially attractive to medical practitioners. EXPERT OPINION Among the new diagnostic strategies, the use of biosensors is of increasing interest. In these techniques, the capture ligand interacts with the analyte of interest. Measuring interactions between partners in real time by surface plasmon resonance yields valuable information about kinetics and affinity in a short time and without labels. Importantly, the tendency in such techniques is to make biosensor devices smaller and the test results apparent with the naked eye, so they can be used in point-of-care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olejnik
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kozioł
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Wrocław, Poland
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Uda MNA, Gopinath SCB, Hashim U, Halim NH, Parmin NA, Uda MNA, Adam T, Anbu P. Silica and graphene mediate arsenic detection in mature rice grain by a newly patterned current-volt aptasensor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14688. [PMID: 34282233 PMCID: PMC8289824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a major global threat to the ecosystem. Here we describe a highly accurate sensing platform using silica nanoparticles/graphene at the surface of aluminum interdigitated electrodes (Al IDE), able to detect trace amounts of arsenic(III) in rice grain samples. The morphology and electrical properties of fabricated Al IDEs were characterized and standardized using AFM, and SEM with EDX analyses. Micrometer scale Al IDEs were fabricated with silicon, aluminum, and oxygen as primary elements. Validation of the bare Al IDE with electrolyte fouling was performed at different pH levels. The sensing surface was stable with no electrolyte fouling at pH 7. Each chemical modification step was monitored with current-volt measurement. The surface chemical bonds were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and revealed different peaks when interacting with arsenic (1600-1000 cm-1). Both silica nanoparticles and graphene presented a sensitive limit of detection as measured by slope calibration curves at 0.0000001 pg/ml, respectively. Further, linear regression was established using ΔI (A) = 3.86 E-09 log (Arsenic concentration) [g/ml] + 8.67 E-08 [A] for silica nanoparticles, whereas for graphene Y = 3.73 E-09 (Arsenic concentration) [g/ml] + 8.52 E-08 on the linear range of 0.0000001 pg/ml to 0.01 pg/ml. The R2 for silica (0.96) and that of graphene (0.94) was close to the maximum (1). Modification with silica nanoparticles was highly stable. The potential use of silica nanoparticles in the detection of arsenic in rice grain extract can be attributed to their size and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. N. A. Uda
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia ,grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia ,grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Uda Hashim
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
| | - N. H. Halim
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
| | - N. A. Parmin
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
| | - M. N. Afnan Uda
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Tijjani Adam
- grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis Malaysia ,grid.430704.40000 0000 9363 8679Faculty of Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis Malaysia
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- grid.202119.90000 0001 2364 8385Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Panahi A, Sadighbayan D, Forouhi S, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Recent Advances of Field-Effect Transistor Technology for Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:103. [PMID: 33918325 PMCID: PMC8065562 DOI: 10.3390/bios11040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have been intensively researched toward label-free biomolecule sensing for different disease screening applications. High sensitivity, incredible miniaturization capability, promising extremely low minimum limit of detection (LoD) at the molecular level, integration with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology and last but not least label-free operation were amongst the predominant motives for highlighting these sensors in the biosensor community. Although there are various diseases targeted by FET sensors for detection, infectious diseases are still the most demanding sector that needs higher precision in detection and integration for the realization of the diagnosis at the point of care (PoC). The COVID-19 pandemic, nevertheless, was an example of the escalated situation in terms of worldwide desperate need for fast, specific and reliable home test PoC devices for the timely screening of huge numbers of people to restrict the disease from further spread. This need spawned a wave of innovative approaches for early detection of COVID-19 antibodies in human swab or blood amongst which the FET biosensing gained much more attention due to their extraordinary LoD down to femtomolar (fM) with the comparatively faster response time. As the FET sensors are promising novel PoC devices with application in early diagnosis of various diseases and especially infectious diseases, in this research, we have reviewed the recent progress on developing FET sensors for infectious diseases diagnosis accompanied with a thorough discussion on the structure of Chem/BioFET sensors and the readout circuitry for output signal processing. This approach would help engineers and biologists to gain enough knowledge to initiate their design for accelerated innovations in response to the need for more efficient management of infectious diseases like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Panahi
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Deniz Sadighbayan
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Saghi Forouhi
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Sensors and Actuators (BioSA) Laboratory, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (A.P.); (D.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Keel Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Li Y, Peng Z, Holl NJ, Hassan MR, Pappas JM, Wei C, Izadi OH, Wang Y, Dong X, Wang C, Huang YW, Kim D, Wu C. MXene-Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Sensing of Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6643-6653. [PMID: 33748577 PMCID: PMC7944395 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An MXene-graphene field-effect transistor (FET) sensor for both influenza virus and 2019-nCoV sensing was developed and characterized. The developed sensor combines the high chemical sensitivity of MXene and the continuity of large-area high-quality graphene to form an ultra-sensitive virus-sensing transduction material (VSTM). Through polymer linking, we are able to utilize antibody-antigen binding to achieve electrochemical signal transduction when viruses are deposited onto the VSTM surface. The MXene-graphene VSTM was integrated into a microfluidic channel that can directly receive viruses in solution. The developed sensor was tested with various concentrations of antigens from two viruses: inactivated influenza A (H1N1) HA virus ranging from 125 to 250,000 copies/mL and a recombinant 2019-nCoV spike protein ranging from 1 fg/mL to 10 pg/mL. The average response time was about ∼50 ms, which is significantly faster than the existing real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method (>3 h). The low limit of detection (125 copies/mL for the influenza virus and 1 fg/mL for the recombinant 2019-nCoV spike protein) has demonstrated the sensitivity of the MXene-graphene VSTM on the FET platform to virus sensing. Especially, the high signal-to-viral load ratio (∼10% change in source-drain current and gate voltage) also demonstrates the ultra-sensitivity of the developed MXene-graphene FET sensor. In addition, the specificity of the sensor was also demonstrated by depositing the inactivated influenza A (H1N1) HA virus and the recombinant 2019-nCoV spike protein onto microfluidic channels with opposite antibodies, producing signal differences that are about 10 times lower. Thus, we have successfully fabricated a relatively low-cost, ultrasensitive, fast-responding, and specific inactivated influenza A (H1N1) and 2019-nCoV sensor with the MXene-graphene VSTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Li
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Zhekun Peng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Natalie J. Holl
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Missouri University
of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Md. Rifat Hassan
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - John M. Pappas
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Congjie Wei
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Omid Hoseini Izadi
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Xiangyang Dong
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yue-Wern Huang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Missouri University
of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - DongHyun Kim
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65401, United States
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Graphene on SiC Substrate as Biosensor: Theoretical Background, Preparation, and Characterization. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030590. [PMID: 33513840 PMCID: PMC7865904 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work is devoted to the development and optimization of the parameters of graphene-based sensors. The graphene films used in the present study were grown on semi-insulating 6H-SiC substrates by thermal decomposition of SiC at the temperature of ~1700 °C. The results of measurements by Auger and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the presence of single-layer graphene on the silicon carbide surface. Model approach to the theory of adsorption on epitaxial graphene is presented. It is demonstrated that the Green-function method in conjunction with the simple substrate models permit one to obtain analytical results for the charge transfer between adsorbed molecules and substrate. The sensor structure was formed on the graphene film by laser. Initially, a simpler gas sensor was made. The sensors developed in this study demonstrated sensitivity to the NO2 concentration at the level of 1–0.01 ppb. The results obtained in the course of development and the results of testing of the graphene-based sensor for detection of protein molecules are also presented. The biosensor was fabricated by the technology previously developed for the gas sensor. The working capacity of the biosensor was tested with an immunochemical system constituted by fluorescein and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding this dye.
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Nurrohman DT, Chiu NF. A Review of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors: Current Status and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:216. [PMID: 33467669 PMCID: PMC7830205 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor has become a powerful analytical tool for investigating biomolecular interactions. There are several methods to excite surface plasmon, such as coupling with prisms, fiber optics, grating, nanoparticles, etc. The challenge in developing this type of biosensor is to increase its sensitivity. In relation to this, graphene is one of the materials that is widely studied because of its unique properties. In several studies, this material has been proven theoretically and experimentally to increase the sensitivity of SPR. This paper discusses the current development of a graphene-based SPR biosensor for various excitation methods. The discussion begins with a discussion regarding the properties of graphene in general and its use in biosensors. Simulation and experimental results of several excitation methods are presented. Furthermore, the discussion regarding the SPR biosensor is expanded by providing a review regarding graphene-based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensor to provide an overview of the development of materials in the biosensor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Taufiq Nurrohman
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics Engineering, State Polytechnic of Cilacap, Cilacap 53211, Indonesia
| | - Nan-Fu Chiu
- Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Biosensors, Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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Responses of the Pheromone-Binding Protein of the Silk Moth Bombyx mori on a Graphene Biosensor Match Binding Constants in Solution. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020499. [PMID: 33445619 PMCID: PMC7827809 DOI: 10.3390/s21020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An electronic biosensor for odors was assembled by immobilizing the silk moth Bombyx mori pheromone binding protein (BmorPBP1) on a reduced graphene oxide surface of a field-effect transistor. At physiological pH, the sensor detects the B. mori pheromones, bombykol and bombykal, with good affinity and specificity. Among the other odorants tested, only eugenol elicited a strong signal, while terpenoids and other odorants (linalool, geraniol, isoamyl acetate, and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine) produced only very weak responses. Parallel binding assays were performed with the same protein and the same ligands, using the common fluorescence approach adopted for similar proteins. The results are in good agreement with the sensor’s responses: bombykol and bombykal, together with eugenol, proved to be strong ligands, while the other compounds showed only poor affinity. When tested at pH 4, the protein failed to bind bombykol both in solution and when immobilized on the sensor. This result further indicates that the BmorPBP1 retains its full activity when immobilized on a surface, including the conformational change observed in acidic conditions. The good agreement between fluorescence assays and sensor responses suggests that ligand-binding assays in solution can be used to screen mutants of a binding protein when selecting the best form to be immobilized on a biosensor.
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Al Rugaie O, Jabir M, Kadhim R, Karsh E, Sulaiman GM, Mohammed SAA, Khan RA, Mohammed HA. Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide Flakes Synergistic Partaking in Cytosolic Bactericidal Augmentation: Role of ROS and NOX2 Activity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010101. [PMID: 33466290 PMCID: PMC7824746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and graphene oxide flakes (GOFs) exerted significantly (p < 0.0001) supportive roles on the phagocytosis bioactivity of the immune cells of phagocytic nature against the Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Under experimental conditions, upon bacterial exposure, the combined GNPs and GOFs induced significant clearance of bacteria through phagosome maturation (p < 0.0001) from time-points of 6 to 30 min and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS, p < 0.0001) through the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2, p < 0.0001)-based feedback mechanism. The effects of the combined presence of GNPs and GOFs on phagocytosis (p < 0.0001) suggested a synergistic action underway, also achieved through elevated signal transduction activity in the bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM, p < 0.0001). The current study demonstrated that GNPs’ and GOFs’ bactericidal assisting potentials could be considered an effective and alternative strategy for treating infections from both positive and negative bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah Al Rugaie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, P.O. Box 991, Al-Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majid Jabir
- Department of Applied Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, University of Technology, Baghdad 35010, Iraq; (R.K.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.A.A.M.); Tel.: +964-(0)-7902-781-890 (G.M.S.); +966-(0)-530-309-899 (S.A.A.M.)
| | - Rua Kadhim
- Department of Applied Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, University of Technology, Baghdad 35010, Iraq; (R.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Esraa Karsh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, University of Technology, Baghdad 35010, Iraq; (R.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Department of Applied Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, University of Technology, Baghdad 35010, Iraq; (R.K.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.A.A.M.); Tel.: +964-(0)-7902-781-890 (G.M.S.); +966-(0)-530-309-899 (S.A.A.M.)
| | - Salman A. A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.A.A.M.); Tel.: +964-(0)-7902-781-890 (G.M.S.); +966-(0)-530-309-899 (S.A.A.M.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.K.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.K.); (H.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
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75
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Kasturi S, Eom Y, Torati SR, Kim C. Highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on naturally reduced rGO/Au nanocomposite for the detection of miRNA-122 biomarker. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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76
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Nanomaterial-based fluorescent biosensors for monitoring environmental pollutants: A critical review. TALANTA OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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77
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Shunaev VV, Glukhova OE. Pillared Graphene Structures Supported by Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes as the Potential Recognition Element for DNA Biosensors. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225219. [PMID: 33227896 PMCID: PMC7699186 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of electrochemical biosensors is an important challenge in modern biomedicine since they allow detecting femto- and pico-molar concentrations of molecules. During this study, pillared graphene structures supported by vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT-graphene) are examined as the potential recognition element of DNA biosensors. Using mathematical modeling methods, the atomic supercells of different (VACNT-graphene) configurations and the energy profiles of its growth are found. Regarding the VACNT(12,6)-graphene doped with DNA nitrogenous bases, calculated band structure and conductivity parameters are used. The obtained results show the presence of adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine on the surface of VACNT(12,6)-graphene significantly changes its conductivity so the considered object could be the prospective element for DNA biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga E. Glukhova
- Department of Physics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia;
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8452-514562
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78
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Le HTN, Park J, Cho S. A Probeless Capacitive Biosensor for Direct Detection of Amyloid Beta 1-42 in Human Serum Based on an Interdigitated Chain-Shaped Electrode. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E791. [PMID: 32825726 PMCID: PMC7569882 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (aβ) 1-42, a peptide that is 1-42 amino acids long, is a major component of senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Aβ detection has become an essential antecedence to predict the declining mental abilities of patients. In this paper, a probeless capacitive biosensor for the non-Faradaic detection of aβ 1-42 peptide was developed by immobilizing a specific anti-aβ antibody onto a self-assembled monolayer functionalized interdigitated chain-shaped electrode (anti-aβ/SAM/ICE). The novelty and difference of this article from previous studies is the direct detection of aβ peptide with no redox probe ((Fe(CN)6)3-/4-), which can avoid the denaturation of the protein caused by the metallization (binding of aβ to metal ion Fe which is presented in the redox couple). The direct detection of aβ with no redox probe is performed by non-Faradaic capacitive measurement, which is greatly different from the Faradaic measurement of the charge transfer resistance of the redox probe. The detection of various aβ 1-42 peptide concentrations in human serum (HS) was performed by measuring the relative change in electrode interfacial capacitance due to the specific antibody-aβ binding. Capacitance change in the anti-aβ/SAM/ICE biosensor showed a linear detection range between 10 pg mL-1 and 104 pg mL-1, and a detection limit of 7.5 pg mL-1 in HS, which was much lower than the limit of detection for CSF aβ 1-42 (~500 pg mL-1) and other biosensors. The small dissociation constant Kd of the antibody-antigen interaction was also found to be 0.016 nM in HS, indicating the high binding affinity of the anti-aβ/SAM/ICE biosensor in the recognizing of aβ 1-42. Thus, the developed sensor can be used for label-free and direct measurement of aβ 1-42 peptide and for point-of-care diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease without redox probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T. Ngoc Le
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
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79
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Bonanni A. Advances on the Use of Graphene as a Label for Electrochemical Biosensors. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bonanni
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371
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80
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Bai Y, Shu T, Su L, Zhang X. Functional nucleic acid-based fluorescence polarization/anisotropy biosensors for detection of biomarkers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6655-6665. [PMID: 32601896 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sensitive and selective detection of biomarkers plays a crucial role in disease diagnostics, drug discovery, and early screening of cancers. The achievement of this goal highly depends on the continuous development of biosensing technologies. Among them, fluorescence anisotropy/polarization (FA/FP) analysis receives increasing interest due to the advantage of simple operation, fast response, and no background interference. In recent decades, great progress has been achieved in FA/FP sensors thanks to the development of functional nucleic acids (FNAs) including aptamers and nucleic acid enzymes. This review focuses on FNA-based FA/FP sensors for the quantitative detection of biomarkers, such as nucleic acid, small molecules, and proteins. The design strategies, recognition elements, and practical applications are fully highlighted. The article also discusses the challenges of applying FNA-based FA/FP sensors in the next generation and the potential solutions along with future prospects. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Bai
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tong Shu
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Su
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
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81
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Demirci S, Can M, Sahiner N. Graphene Aerogels for In Situ Synthesis of Conductive Poly(para-phenylenediamine) Polymers, and Their Sensor Application. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E626. [PMID: 32605054 PMCID: PMC7408166 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, macroporous graphene aerogels (GAs) were synthesized by chemical reduction of graphene oxide sheets and were used as a support material for in situ synthesis of conductive poly(para-phenylenediamine) (p(p-PDA)). The in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) in GA was carried out by using a simple oxidation polymerization technique. Moreover, the prepared conductive p(p-PDA) polymers in the networks of GAs were doped with various types of acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), respectively. The prepared GA and different acid-doped forms as GA/p(p-PDA) composites were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and conductivity measurements. The observed FT-IR peaks at 1574 cm-1, and 1491 cm-1, for stretching deformations of quinone and benzene, respectively, confirmed the in situ synthesis of P(p-PDA) polymers within GAs. The conductivity of GAs with 2.17 × 10-4 ± 3.15 × 10-5 S·cm-1 has experienced an approximately 250-fold increase to 5.16 × 10-2 ± 2.72 × 10-3 S·cm-1 after in situ synthesis of p(p-PDA) polymers and with HCl doping. Conductivity values for different types of acid-doped GA/p(p-PDA) composites were compared with the bare p(p-PDA) and their undoped forms. Moreover, the changes in the conductivity of GA and GA/p(p-PDA) composites upon CO2 gas exposure were compared and their sensory potential in terms of response and sensitivity, along with reusability in CO2 detection, were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahin Demirci
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mehmet Can
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (M.C.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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