51
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Aptamer-based 'point-of-care testing'. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:198-208. [PMID: 26876017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that can be artificially generated by a method called Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). The generated aptamers have been assessed for high-performance sensing applications due to their appealing characteristics. With either aptamers alone or complementing with antibodies, several high sensitive and portable sensors have been demonstrated for use in 'point-of-care testing'. Due to their high suitability and flexibility, aptamers are conjugated with nanostructures and utilized in field applications. Moreover, aptamers are more amenable to chemical modifications, making them capable of utilization with most developed sensors. In this overview, we discuss novel, portable, and aptamer-based sensing strategies that are suitable for 'point-of-care testing'.
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52
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Gissberg O, Zaghloul EM, Lundin KE, Nguyen CH, Landras-Guetta C, Wengel J, Zain R, Smith CIE. Delivery, Effect on Cell Viability, and Plasticity of Modified Aptamer Constructs. Nucleic Acid Ther 2016; 26:183-9. [PMID: 26859550 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2015.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AS1411 is a g-quadruplex-forming aptamer capable of selectively entering cancer cells by nucleolin receptor-mediated uptake. In this study, we investigated the cell internalization properties and plasticity of AS1411 carrying different locked nucleic acid-containing cargo oligonucleotides (ONs) for delivery into A549 and U2OS cells. We found that internalization efficiency is highly governed by ON cargo chemistry and composition since the inherent antitumor properties of AS1411 were lost when attached to a nontoxic ON, noTox. However, a toxic ON, Tox, demonstrated potent cytotoxicity after aptamer-mediated uptake in A549 cells. We also examined the effect of unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) modifications in the loop region of the aptamer, and how the cargo ONs and UNA incorporation affect the secondary structure of AS1411, in the presence or absence of two novel ellipticine derivatives. These findings add new insights to the design and future applications of aptamer-guided delivery of ON cargo to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Gissberg
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eman M Zaghloul
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karin E Lundin
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Chi-Hung Nguyen
- 2 Institut Curie, PSL Research University , UMR 9187-U 1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, INSERM, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Corinne Landras-Guetta
- 2 Institut Curie, PSL Research University , UMR 9187-U 1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, INSERM, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Jesper Wengel
- 3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Nucleic Acid Centre, University of Southern Denmark , Odense, Denmark
| | - Rula Zain
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge, Sweden
- 4 Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Rare Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge, Sweden
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Lee JW, Kim HJ, Heo K. Therapeutic aptamers: developmental potential as anticancer drugs. BMB Rep 2016; 48:234-7. [PMID: 25560701 PMCID: PMC4436860 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, composed of single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that interact with target molecules through a specific three-dimensional structure, are selected from pools of combinatorial oligonucleotide libraries. With their high specificity and affinity for target proteins, ease of synthesis and modification, and low immunogenicity and toxicity, aptamers are considered to be attractive molecules for development as anticancer therapeutics. Two aptamers - one targeting nucleolin and a second targeting CXCL12 - are currently undergoing clinical trials for treating cancer patients, and many more are under study. In this mini-review, we present the current clinical status of aptamers and aptamer-based cancer therapeutics. We also discuss advantages, limitations, and prospects for aptamers as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
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54
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Use of aptamers in immunoassays. Mol Immunol 2016; 70:149-54. [PMID: 26774749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, short single-chain DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, react specifically with small molecules, as well as with proteins. Unlike antibodies, they may be obtained relatively easily. Aptamers are now widely employed in immunological studies and could replace antibodies in immunoassays. In this short review, methods for immobilizing aptamers on various insoluble materials (so-called apta-sorbents) are described. Recent findings on their use in the detection and isolation of immunoglobulins and their application in various immunoassays are also discussed.
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55
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Lin H, Song P, Zhao Y, Xue LJ, Liu Y, Chu CQ. Targeting Th17 Cells with Small Molecules and Small Interference RNA. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:290657. [PMID: 26792955 PMCID: PMC4697089 DOI: 10.1155/2015/290657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 17, IL-17F, and IL-22. Anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies show potent efficacy in psoriasis but poor effect in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease. Alternative agents targeting Th17 cells may be a better way to inhibit the development and function of Th17 cells than antibodies of blocking a single effector cytokine. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) which acts as the master transcription factor of Th17 differentiation has been an attractive pharmacologic target for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. Recent progress in technology of chemical screen and engineering nucleic acid enable two new classes of therapeutics targeting RORγt. Chemical screen technology identified several small molecule specific inhibitors of RORγt from a small molecule library. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology enabled target specific aptamers to be isolated from a random sequence oligonucleotide library. In this review, we highlight the development and therapeutic potential of small molecules inhibiting Th17 cells by targeting RORγt and aptamer mediated CD4(+) T cell specific delivery of small interference RNA against RORγt gene expression to inhibit pathogenic effector functions of Th17 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Pingfang Song
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li-Jia Xue
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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56
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Generation of Aptamers with an Expanded Chemical Repertoire. Molecules 2015; 20:16643-71. [PMID: 26389865 PMCID: PMC6332006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic co-polymerization of modified nucleoside triphosphates (dN*TPs and N*TPs) is a versatile method for the expansion and exploration of expanded chemical space in SELEX and related combinatorial methods of in vitro selection. This strategy can be exploited to generate aptamers with improved or hitherto unknown properties. In this review, we discuss the nature of the functionalities appended to nucleoside triphosphates and their impact on selection experiments. The properties of the resulting modified aptamers will be described, particularly those integrated in the fields of biomolecular diagnostics, therapeutics, and in the expansion of genetic systems (XNAs).
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57
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Subramanian N, Kanwar JR, Kanwar RK, Sreemanthula J, Biswas J, Khetan V, Krishnakumar S. EpCAM Aptamer-siRNA Chimera Targets and Regress Epithelial Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132407. [PMID: 26176230 PMCID: PMC4503753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker is over expressed in epithelial cancers and in retinoblastoma (RB). We fabricated an EpCAM targeting aptamer-siRNA chimera and investigated its anti-tumor property and EpCAM intracellular domain (EpICD) mediated signaling in epithelial cancer. The anti-tumor efficacy of EpCAM aptamer-siEpCAM chimera (EpApt-siEp) was evaluated by qPCR, northern and Western blotting in WERI-Rb1- RB cell line, primary RB tumor cells and in MCF7- breast cancer cell line. Anti-tumor activity of EpApt-siEp was studied in vivo using epithelial cancer (MCF7) mice xenograft model. The mechanism and pathways involved in the anti-tumor activity was further studied using protein arrays and qPCR. EpApt-siEp chimera was processed in vitro by dicer enzyme. Treatment of the WERI-Rb1 and MCF7 cells with EpApt-siEp revealed statistically significant down regulation of EpCAM expression (P<0.005) and concomitant reduction in cellular proliferation. In primary RB cells cultured from RB tumors, EpApt-siEp silenced EpCAM, significantly inhibited (P<0.01) cell proliferation and induced cytotoxicity. Knockdown of EpICD expressed in RB primary tumors led to repression of pluripotency markers, SOX2, OCT4, NANOG, and CD133. In vivo studies showed complete tumor growth regression without any toxicity in animals (P<0.001) and tumor tissues showed significant downregulation (P<0.05) of EpCAM, MRP1, ABCG2, stathmin, survivin and upregulation of ATM (P<0.05) leading to apoptosis by intrinsic pathway with minor alteration in cytokines. Our results revealed that EpApt-siEp potentially eradicated EpCAM positive cancer cells through CSC marker suppression and apoptosis, while sparing normal EpCAM negative adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Subramanian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria-3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria-3217, Australia
- * E-mail: (SK); (JK)
| | - Rupinder K. Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria-3217, Australia
| | - JagadeeshBabu Sreemanthula
- L & T Ocular Pathology department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
| | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- L & T Ocular Pathology department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Department of Ocular Oncology and Vitreoretina, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
- L & T Ocular Pathology department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai, India
- * E-mail: (SK); (JK)
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58
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Zhao N, Pei SN, Qi J, Zeng Z, Iyer SP, Lin P, Tung CH, Zu Y. Oligonucleotide aptamer-drug conjugates for targeted therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26204224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers can specifically bind biomarkers on cancer cells and can be readily chemically modified with different functional molecules for personalized medicine. To target acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, we developed a single-strand DNA aptamer specific for the biomarker CD117, which is highly expressed on AML cells. Sequence alignment revealed that the aptamer contained a G-rich core region with a well-conserved functional G-quadruplex structure. Functional assays demonstrated that this synthetic aptamer was able to specifically precipitate CD117 proteins from cell lysates, selectively bound cultured and patient primary AML cells with high affinity (Kd < 5 nM), and was specifically internalized into CD117-expressing cells. For targeted AML treatment, aptamer-drug conjugates were fabricated by chemical synthesis of aptamer (Apt) with methotrexate (MTX), a central drug used in AML chemotherapy regimens. The formed Apt-MTX conjugates specifically inhibited AML cell growth, triggered cell apoptosis, and induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Importantly, Apt-MTX had little effect on CD117-negative cells under the same treatment conditions. Moreover, exposure of patient marrow specimens to Apt-MTX resulted in selective growth inhibition of primary AML cells and had no toxicity to off-target background normal marrow cells within the same specimens. These findings indicate the potential clinical value of Apt-MTX for targeted AML therapy with minimal to no side effects in patients, and also open an avenue to chemical synthesis of new, targeted biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianxi Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sung-Nan Pei
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zihua Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Cancer Pathology Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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59
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McConnell EM, Holahan MR, DeRosa MC. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 24:388-404. [PMID: 25296265 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers are short, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA able to recognize and bind to a multitude of targets ranging from small molecules to cells. Aptamers have emerged as valuable tools for fundamental research, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Due to their small size, strong target affinity, lack of immunogenicity, and ease of chemical modification, aptamers are an attractive alternative to other molecular recognition elements, such as antibodies. Although it is a challenging environment, the central nervous system and related molecular targets present an exciting potential area for aptamer research. Aptamers hold promise for targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Here we review recent advances in aptamer research for neurotransmitter and neurotoxin targets, demyelinating disease and spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular disorders, pathologies related to protein aggregation (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prions), brain cancer (glioblastomas and gliomas), and regulation of receptor function. Challenges and limitations posed by the blood brain barrier are described. Future perspectives for the application of aptamers to the central nervous system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McConnell
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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60
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A Highlight of Recent Advances in Aptamer Technology and Its Application. Molecules 2015; 20:11959-80. [PMID: 26133761 PMCID: PMC6331864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers and SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technology have gained increasing attention over the past 25 years. Despite their functional similarity to protein antibodies, oligonucleotide aptamers have many unique properties that are suitable for clinical applications and industrialization. Aptamers may be superior to antibodies in fields such as biomarker discovery, in vitro and in vivo diagnosis, precisely controlled drug release, and targeted therapy. However, aptamer commercialization has not occurred as quickly as expected, and few aptamer-based products have yet successfully entered clinical and industrial use. Thus, it is important to critically review some technical barriers of aptamer and SELEX technology per se that may impede aptamer development and application. To date, how to rapidly obtain aptamers with superior bioavailability over antibodies remains the key issue. In this review, we discuss different chemical and structural modification strategies aimed to enhance aptamer bioavailability. We also discuss improvements to SELEX process steps to shorten the selection period and improve the SELEX process success rate. Applications in which aptamers are particularly suited and perform differently or superior to antibodies are briefly introduced.
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61
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Mol M, Kosey D, Singh S. Nano-Synthetic Devices in Leishmaniasis: A Bioinformatics Approach. Front Immunol 2015; 6:323. [PMID: 26150819 PMCID: PMC4473697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology is an investigative and constructive means of understanding the complexities of biology. Substantial progress in the fields has resulted in the creation of synthetic gene circuits, which when uploaded into the appropriate nanoliposomal vehicle, can be used for a tunable response in a cell. These tunable elements can be applied to treat diseased condition for a transition to a healthy state. Though in its nascent stage of development synthetic biology is beginning to use its constructs to bring engineering approaches into biomedicine for treatment of infectious disease leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milsee Mol
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus , Pune , India
| | - Dipali Kosey
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus , Pune , India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus , Pune , India
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62
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Subramanian N, Sreemanthula JB, Balaji B, Kanwar JR, Biswas J, Krishnakumar S. A strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction of a novel EpCAM aptamer-fluorescent conjugate for imaging of cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:11810-3. [PMID: 25005751 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02996h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a novel EpCAM aptamer (SYL3C)-DIBO-AF594 fluorescent conjugate was synthesised by bioorthogonal chemistry utilizing a strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (copper free click) reaction (SPAAC). The ligation efficiency of SPAAC was improved by freeze-thaw cycles. The obtained conjugate showed target specific binding and aided in the imaging of various EpCAM positive cancer cell lines like MCF7, MDAMB453, Weri-RB1 and PC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Subramanian
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Kamalnayan Bajaj Research Institute, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India.
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63
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Migliaccio N, Palmieri C, Ruggiero I, Fiume G, Martucci NM, Scala I, Quinto I, Scala G, Lamberti A, Arcari P. B-cell receptor-guided delivery of peptide-siRNA complex for B-cell lymphoma therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:50. [PMID: 25983658 PMCID: PMC4433068 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the clinical response of conventional anticancer therapy, including chemotherapeutic treatments, radiation therapy and corticosteroids, tumorigenic B-cell lymphomas show an incomplete response to clinical practices that result in a minimal residual disease (MRD) where few residual neoplastic cells undetected in vivo, replenish the cancer cell reservoir. This scenario, which is also shared with other cancer diseases, requires the development of strategies to advance in novel, selective targeting toward the tumorigenic cells that survive to the anticancer agents. Methods Here, we have taken advantage of the therapeutic properties of an idiotype specific peptide (pA20-36) that bind specifically to murine B-lymphoma cells in the setting of an anti cancer strategy, based on the selected delivery of electrostatic-based complex, peptide-siRNA. To this end, two engineered, arginine rich, peptides that included the pA20-36 targeting sequence were designed to bind fluorescent-labelled siRNA. One peptide presented 9 Arg at the C-terminal of pA20-36 whereas the other included 5 Arg at the N- and C-terminus, respectively. Results Compared to the control and random peptide-siRNA complexes, both pA20-36-siRNA complexes were endowed with the selective delivering of fluorescent-labelled siRNA toward the A20 murine B-cell lymphoma, as evaluated by cytofluorimetry and confocal microscopy, whereas fluorescent-labelled siRNA alone was not internalized in the selected cells. Compared to peptide controls, the use of the modified pA20-36 peptides complexed with siRNA anti-GAPDH and anti-Bcl2 showed a down-regulation in the expression levels of the corresponding genes. Conclusions Peptide-siRNA complex can be suitable tool for both selective peptide-driven cell targeting and gene silencing. In this setting, the improvement of this strategy is expected to provide a safe and non-invasive approach for the delivery of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Migliaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, I-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Immacolata Ruggiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, I-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola M Martucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Iris Scala
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, I-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, I-88100 Germaneto, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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64
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Predicting the Uncertain Future of Aptamer-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Molecules 2015; 20:6866-87. [PMID: 25913927 PMCID: PMC6272696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great promise of nucleic acid aptamers in the areas of diagnostics and therapeutics for their facile in vitro development, lack of immunogenicity and other desirable properties, few truly successful aptamer-based products exist in the clinical or other markets. Core reasons for these commercial deficiencies probably stem from industrial commitment to antibodies including a huge financial investment in humanized monoclonal antibodies and a general ignorance about aptamers and their performance among the research and development community. Given the early failures of some strong commercial efforts to gain government approval and bring aptamer-based products to market, it may seem that aptamers are doomed to take a backseat to antibodies forever. However, the key advantages of aptamers over antibodies coupled with niche market needs that only aptamers can fill and more recent published data still point to a bright commercial future for aptamers in areas such as infectious disease and cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. As more researchers and entrepreneurs become familiar with aptamers, it seems inevitable that aptamers will at least be considered for expanded roles in diagnostics and therapeutics. This review also examines new aptamer modifications and attempts to predict new aptamer applications that could revolutionize biomedical technology in the future and lead to marketed products.
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65
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Chen A, Yang S. Replacing antibodies with aptamers in lateral flow immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:230-242. [PMID: 25912679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers have been identified against various targets as a type of chemical or nucleic acid ligand by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) with high sensitivity and specificity. Aptamers show remarkable advantages over antibodies due to the nucleic acid nature and target-induced structure-switching properties and are widely used to design various fluorescent, electrochemical, or colorimetric biosensors. However, the practical applications of aptamer-based sensing and diagnostics are still lagging behind those of antibody-based tests. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) represents a well established and appropriate technology among rapid assays because of its low cost and user-friendliness. The antibody-based platform is utilized to detect numerous targets, but it is always hampered by the antibody preparation time, antibody stability, and effect of modification on the antibody. Seeking alternatives to antibodies is an area of active research and is of tremendous importance. Aptamers are receiving increasing attention in lateral flow applications because of a number of important potential performance advantages. We speculate that aptamer-based LFIA may be one of the first platforms for commercial use of aptamer-based diagnosis. This review first gives an introduction to aptamer including the selection process SELEX with its focus on aptamer advantages over antibodies, and then depicts LFIA with its focus on aptamer opportunities in LFIA over antibodies. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances in the development of aptamer-based lateral flow biosensing assays with the aim to provide a general guide for the design of aptamer-based lateral flow biosensing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
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66
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Barman J. Targeting cancer cells using aptamers: cell-SELEX approach and recent advancements. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single stranded nucleic acid based therapeutic and diagnostic molecules which can be isolated from a random pool of oligonucleotides by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Barman
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit
- Biological Science Division
- Indian Statistical Institute
- Kolkata
- India
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67
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Delaviz N, Gill P, Ajami A, Aarabi M. Aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for the efficient removal of HCV particles from human plasma samples. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12209k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is a methodology for selectively capturing HCV particles from human plasma samples using aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. The aptamers were specifically bound to the E1E2 glycoprotein of HCV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delaviz
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Center
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Sari
- Iran
| | - Pooria Gill
- Nanomedicine Group
- Immunogenetics Research Center
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Sari
- Iran
| | - Abolghasem Ajami
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Center
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Sari
- Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Diabetes Research Center
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
- Sari
- Iran
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68
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Xiang D, Shigdar S, Qiao G, Wang T, Kouzani AZ, Zhou SF, Kong L, Li Y, Pu C, Duan W. Nucleic acid aptamer-guided cancer therapeutics and diagnostics: the next generation of cancer medicine. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:23-42. [PMID: 25553096 PMCID: PMC4265746 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapies, such as chemo- and/or radio-therapy are often unable to completely eradicate cancers due to abnormal tumor microenvironment, as well as increased drug/radiation resistance. More effective therapeutic strategies for overcoming these obstacles are urgently in demand. Aptamers, as chemical antibodies that bind to targets with high affinity and specificity, are a promising new and novel agent for both cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Aptamer-based cancer cell targeting facilitates the development of active targeting in which aptamer-mediated drug delivery could provide promising anticancer outcomes. This review is to update the current progress of aptamer-based cancer diagnosis and aptamer-mediated active targeting for cancer therapy in vivo, exploring the potential of this novel form of targeted cancer therapy.
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Saito Y, Hashimoto Y, Arai M, Tarashima N, Miyazawa T, Miki K, Takahashi M, Furukawa K, Yamazaki N, Matsuda A, Ishida T, Minakawa N. Chemistry, properties, and in vitro and in vivo applications of 2'-O-methoxyethyl-4'-thioRNA, a novel hybrid type of chemically modified RNA. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2535-40. [PMID: 25314258 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, properties, and in vitro and in vivo applications of 2'-O-methoxyethyl-4'-thioRNA (MOE-SRNA), a novel type of hybrid chemically modified RNA. In its hybridization with complementary RNA, MOE-SRNA showed a moderate improvement of Tm value (+3.4 °C relative to an RNA:RNA duplex). However, the results of a comprehensive comparison of the nuclease stability of MOE-SRNA relative to 2'-O-methoxyethylRNA (MOERNA), 2'-O-methyl-4'-thioRNA (Me-SRNA), 2'-O-methylRNA (MeRNA), 4'-thioRNA (SRNA), and natural RNA revealed that MOE-SRNA had the highest stability (t1/2 >48 h in human plasma). Because of the favorable properties of MOE-SRNA, we evaluated its in vitro and in vivo potencies as an anti-microRNA oligonucleotide against miR-21. Although the in vitro potency of MOE-SRNA was moderate, its in vivo potency was significant for the suppression of tumor growth (similar to that of MOERNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505 (Japan)
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70
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Abstract
In recent years aptamers, synthetic DNA or RNA single-chain oligonucleotides, have been used in various immunological studies to bind specific ligands. Detailed data on the interactions of an RNA aptamer with a human Fc fragment were obtained by X-ray crystallography. The complex formation involves multiple weak interactions that resemble protein-protein interactions. Aptamers specific to cell surface receptors may serve as antagonists or agonists blocking or stimulating cell activities. As aptamers can modify T-cell reactions, they could be useful in the treatment of chronic diseases such as autoimmune and oncological pathologies. In chimeras constructed for the delivery of active substances to defined targets, aptamers specific to surface proteins may be used to transport constructs directed to targets such as tumor cells. Aptamers are also employed as highly specific reagents in immunological assays after being labeled with reporter groups such as fluorescent dyes or following immobilization on insoluble carriers such as membranes or microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Nezlin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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71
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Bruno JG, Richarte AM, Phillips T. Preliminary Development of a DNA Aptamer-Magnetic Bead Capture Electrochemiluminescence Sandwich Assay for Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Microchem J 2014; 115:32-38. [PMID: 24764602 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-two candidate DNA aptamer sequences were selected for binding to the cardiovascular biomarker B-type or brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Candidate aptamers were screened to rank their relative affinities against BNP by an aptamer-based ELISA-like aptamer microplate assay (ELASA). The highest affinity aptamers from ELASA screening were also paired in all possible combinations and screened for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay potential in capture aptamer-magnetic bead and ruthenium trisbipyridine (Ru(bpy)32+)-reporter aptamer sandwich formats. The top ECL sandwich combinations utilized the same aptamer pair in either capture or reporting roles with nanogram to low picogram per mL levels of detection even in 50% human serum. ECL assay sensitivity and linearity even in 50% human serum suggest that the aptamer-based assay is at least comparable to other reported immunoassays for BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Alicia M Richarte
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Taylor Phillips
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229
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Celedón G, González G, Gulppi F, Pazos F, Lanio ME, Alvarez C, Calderón C, Montecinos R, Lissi E. Effect of human serum albumin upon the permeabilizing activity of sticholysin II, a pore forming toxin from Stichodactyla heliantus. Protein J 2013; 32:593-600. [PMID: 24197505 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sticholysin II (St II) is a haemolytic toxin isolated from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. The high haemolytic activity of this toxin is strongly dependent on the red cell status and the macromolecule conformation. In the present communication we evaluate the effect of human serum albumin on St II haemolytic activity and its capacity to form pores in the bilayer of synthetic liposomes. St II retains its pore forming capacity in the presence of large concentrations (up to 500 μM) of human serum albumin. This effect is observed both in its capacity to produce red blood cells haemolysis and to generate functional pores in liposomes. In particular, the capacity of the toxin to lyse red blood cells increases in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). Regarding the rate of the pore forming process, it is moderately decreased in liposomes and in red blood cells, in spite of an almost total coverage of the interface by albumin. All the data obtained in red cells and model membranes show that St II remains lytically active even in the presence of high HSA concentrations. This stubbornness can explain why the toxin is able to exert its haemolytic activity on membranes immersed in complex plasma matrixes such as those present in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Celedón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
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