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Selmi R, Mamlouk A, Ben Said M, Ben Yahia H, Abdelaali H, Ben Chehida F, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Gritli A, Messadi L. First serological evidence of the Rift Valley fever Phlebovirus in Tunisian camels. Acta Trop 2020; 207:105462. [PMID: 32325049 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis that severely impacts livelihoods, national and international economies, and human health. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of this infection in Tunisian livestock. The present report aimed to update the epidemiological status and identify the risk factors associated with this RVF virus infection in the one-humped dromedary camel from arid areas. A total of 470 sera of apparently healthy camels (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from six governorates from southern and central Tunisia. Samples were tested by a competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). An overall, 162 camels (34%, 95%CI: 0.1-0.4) were seropositive to RVF virus antigen. Logistic regression model revealed three potential risk factors associated with the infection. A meaningful high seropositivity was observed among aged camels (>10 years-old) (40%) (P=0.001; OR=3.367). Besides, camels raised in small flocks particularly intended for meat production showed a high level of seropositivity (37%) (P=0.013; OR=13.173). Animals having close contact with other ruminants showed high seroprevalence (37%) (P=0.022; OR=10.919). This report indicated that Tunisian one-humped dromedaries were exposed to this virus and may contribute to its dissemination among farmers and other livestock. Furthers studies are urgently required to isolate and characterize this virus, evaluate the potential risk of human infection particularly in farmers, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers and finally to program a serious strategy for RVF control.
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Activation of OX40 and CD27 Costimulatory Signalling in Sheep through Recombinant Ovine Ligands. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020333. [PMID: 32580486 PMCID: PMC7350415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily OX40L and CD70 and their receptors are costimulating signalling axes critical for adequate T cell activation in humans and mice but characterisation of these molecules in other species including ruminants is lacking. Here we cloned and expressed the predicted ovine orthologues of the receptors OX40 and CD27, as well as soluble recombinant forms of their potential ovine ligands, OaOX40L and OaCD70. Using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses, we show that both signalling axes are functional in sheep. We show that oligomeric recombinant ligand constructs are able to induce signalling through their receptors on transfected cells. Recombinant defective human adenoviruses were constructed to express the soluble forms of OaOX40L and OaCD70. Both proteins were detected in the supernatant of adenovirus-infected cells and shown to activate NF-κB signalling pathway through their cognate receptor. These adenovirus-secreted OaOX40L and OaCD70 forms could also activate ovine T cell proliferation and enhance IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altogether, this study provides the first characterisation of the ovine costimulatory OX40L-OX40 and CD70-CD27 signalling axes, and indicates that their activation in vivo may be useful to enhance vaccination-induced immune responses in sheep and other ruminants.
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Grossi-Soyster EN, LaBeaud AD. Rift Valley Fever: Important Considerations for Risk Mitigation and Future Outbreaks. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020089. [PMID: 32498264 PMCID: PMC7345646 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic phlebovirus of the Phenuiviridae family with great opportunity for emergence in previously unaffected regions, despite its current geographical limits. Outbreaks of RVFV often infect humans or domesticated animals, such as livestock, concurrently and occur sporadically, ranging from localized outbreaks in villages to multi-country events that spread rapidly. The true burden of Rift Valley fever (RVF) is not well defined due to underreporting, misdiagnosis caused by the broad spectrum of disease presentation, and minimal access for rapid and accurate laboratory confirmation. Severe symptoms may include hemorrhagic fever, loss of vision, psychological impairment or disturbances, and organ failure. Those living in endemic areas and travelers should be aware of the potential for exposure to ongoing outbreaks or interepidemic transmission, and engage in behaviors to minimize exposure risks, as vaccinations in humans are currently unavailable and animal vaccinations are not used routinely or ubiquitously. The lack of vaccines approved for use in humans is concerning, as RVFV has proven to be highly pathogenic in naïve populations, causing severe disease in a large percent of confirmed cases, which could have considerable impact on human health.
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Shiell BJ, Ye S, Harper JA, van der Heide B, Beddome G, Foord AJ, Michalski WP, Bingham J, Peck GR. Reagents for detection of Rift Valley fever virus infection in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:577-580. [PMID: 32450762 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720926476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), resulting in morbidity and mortality in humans and ruminants. Evidence of transboundary outbreaks means that RVFV remains a threat to human health and livestock industries in countries that are free from the disease. To enhance surveillance capability, methods for detection of RVFV are required. The generation of reagents suitable for the detection of RVFV antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from infected animals have been developed and are described herein. Recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Purified rNP was used as an immunogen to produce anti-NP polyclonal antisera in rabbits for use in detection of RVFV NP in experimentally infected animals by immunohistochemistry. Antisera raised in rabbits against rNP were able to recognize viral NP antigen in fixed infected Vero cell pellets and sheep liver. Therefore, the methods and reagents described herein are useful in assays for detection of RVFV infections in animals, for research and surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Shiell
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siying Ye
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Harper
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gary Beddome
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Foord
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grantley R Peck
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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55
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Novel Ionophores Active against La Crosse Virus Identified through Rapid Antiviral Screening. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00086-20. [PMID: 32284379 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00086-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are significant human pathogens, causing diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. Among these viruses, La Crosse virus (LACV), a member of the California serogroup, circulates in the eastern and midwestern United States. While LACV infection is often asymptomatic, dozens of cases of encephalitis are reported yearly. Unfortunately, no antivirals have been approved to treat LACV infection. Here, we developed a method to rapidly test potential antivirals against LACV infection. From this screen, we identified several potential antiviral molecules, including known antivirals. Additionally, we identified many novel antivirals that exhibited antiviral activity without affecting cellular viability. Valinomycin, a potassium ionophore, was among our top targets. We found that valinomycin exhibited potent anti-LACV activity in multiple cell types in a dose-dependent manner. Valinomycin did not affect particle stability or infectivity, suggesting that it may preclude virus replication by altering cellular potassium ions, a known determinant of LACV entry. We extended these results to other ionophores and found that the antiviral activity of valinomycin extended to other viral families, including bunyaviruses (Rift Valley fever virus, Keystone virus), enteroviruses (coxsackievirus, rhinovirus), flavirivuses (Zika virus), and coronaviruses (human coronavirus 229E [HCoV-229E] and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV [MERS-CoV]). In all viral infections, we observed significant reductions in virus titer in valinomycin-treated cells. In sum, we demonstrate the importance of potassium ions to virus infection, suggesting a potential therapeutic target to disrupt virus replication.
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56
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Kim H, Cho M, Son HS. Comparative analysis of codon usage patterns in Rift Valley fever virus. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190240. [PMID: 32422647 PMCID: PMC7323899 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a vector-borne pathogen and is the most widely
known virus in the genus Phlebovirus. Since it was first
reported, RVFV has spread to western Africa, Egypt and Madagascar from its
traditional endemic region, and infections continue to occur in new areas. In
this study, we analyzed genomic patterns according to the infection properties
of RVFV. Among the four segments of RVFV, the nucleotide composition, overall GC
content and the difference of GC composition in the third position of the codons
(%GC3) between groups were the largest in the S (NP) segment, showing that more
diverse codons were used than in other segments. Furthermore, the results of CAI
analysis of the S (NP) segment showed that viruses isolated from regions where
no previous infections had been reported had the highest values, indicating
greater adaptability to human hosts compared with other viruses. This result
suggests that mutations in the S (NP) segment co-evolve with the infected hosts
and may lead to expansion of the geographic range. The distinctive codon usage
patterns observed in specific genomic regions of a group with similar infection
properties may be related to the increasing likelihood of RVFV infections in new
areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, Wonju, Gangwondo, Korea
| | - Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon S Son
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Institute of Public Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,SNU Bioinformatics Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kroeker AL, Smid V, Embury-Hyatt C, Collignon B, Pinette M, Babiuk S, Pickering B. Increased Susceptibility of Cattle to Intranasal RVFV Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:137. [PMID: 32411730 PMCID: PMC7200984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that belongs to the Phenuiviridae family. Infections in animal herds cause abortion storms, high mortality rates in neonates, and mild to severe symptoms. Infected animals can also transmit the virus to people, particularly people who live or work in close contact with livestock. There is currently an ongoing effort to produce safe and efficacious veterinary vaccines against RVFV in livestock to protect against both primary infection in animals and zoonotic infections in people. To test the efficacy of these vaccines it is essential to have a reliable challenge model in relevant target species, including ruminants. In this study we evaluated three routes of inoculation (intranasal, intradermal and a combination of routes) in Holstein cattle using an infectious dose of 107 pfu/ml and a virus strain from the 2006-2007 outbreak in Kenya and Sudan. Our results demonstrated that all routes of inoculation were effective at producing viremia in all animals; however, the intranasal route induced the highest levels and longest duration of viremia, the most noticeable clinical signs, and the most widespread infection of tissues. We therefore recommend using the intranasal inoculation for future vaccine and challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Kroeker
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Valerie Smid
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brad Collignon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mathieu Pinette
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley Pickering
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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58
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Bello MB, Yusoff K, Ideris A, Hair-Bejo M, Jibril AH, Peeters BPH, Omar AR. Exploring the Prospects of Engineered Newcastle Disease Virus in Modern Vaccinology. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040451. [PMID: 32316317 PMCID: PMC7232247 DOI: 10.3390/v12040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traditional vaccines have proven to be incapable of controlling newly emerging infectious diseases. They have also achieved limited success in the fight against a variety of human cancers. Thus, innovative vaccine strategies are highly needed to overcome the global burden of these diseases. Advances in molecular biology and reverse genetics have completely restructured the concept of vaccinology, leading to the emergence of state-of-the-art technologies for vaccine design, development and delivery. Among these modern vaccine technologies are the recombinant viral vectored vaccines, which are known for their incredible specificity in antigen delivery as well as the induction of robust immune responses in the vaccinated hosts. Although a number of viruses have been used as vaccine vectors, genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possesses some useful attributes that make it a preferable candidate for vectoring vaccine antigens. Here, we review the molecular biology of NDV and discuss the reverse genetics approaches used to engineer the virus into an efficient vaccine vector. We then discuss the prospects of the engineered virus as an efficient vehicle of vaccines against cancer and several infectious diseases of man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB, Sokoto 2346, Nigeria;
| | - Ben P. H. Peeters
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, POB 65, NL8200 Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.Y.); (A.I.); (M.H.-B.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+603-89472111
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59
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Gonzalez-Valdivieso J, Borrego B, Girotti A, Moreno S, Brun A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Arias FJ. A DNA Vaccine Delivery Platform Based on Elastin-Like Recombinamer Nanosystems for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1608-1620. [PMID: 32233501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the immunogenicity of six genetically engineered constructs based on elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) fused to the Gn glycoprotein from Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Upon transfection, all constructs showed no effect on cell viability. While fusion constructs including ELR blocks containing hydrophobic amino acids (alanine or isoleucine) did not increase the expression of viral Gn in eukaryotic cells, glutamic acid- or valine-rich fusion proteins showed enhanced expression levels compared with the constructs encoding the viral antigen alone. However, in vivo DNA plasmid immunization assays determined that the more hydrophobic constructs reduced viremia levels after RVFV challenge to a higher extent than glutamic- or valine-rich encoding plasmids and were better inducers of cellular immunity as judged by in vitro restimulation experiments. Although the Gn-ELR fusion constructs did not surpass the protective efficacy of a plasmid vaccine expressing nonfused Gn, our results warrant further experiments directed to take advantage of the immunomodulatory potential of ELR biomaterials for improving vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gonzalez-Valdivieso
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Belen Borrego
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus F Bermejo-Martin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BioSepsis), Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - F Javier Arias
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER-BBN, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 19, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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60
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Characterization of Two Neutralizing Antibodies against Rift Valley Fever Virus Gn Protein. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030259. [PMID: 32120864 PMCID: PMC7150882 DOI: 10.3390/v12030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne virus that can not only cause severe disease in domestic animals but also in humans. However, the licensed vaccines or available therapeutics for humans do not exist. Here, we report two Gn-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), isolated from a rhesus monkey immunized with recombinant human adenoviruses type 4 expressing Rift Valley fever virus Gn and Gc protein (rHAdV4-GnGcopt). The two NAbs were both able to protect host cells from RVFV infection. The interactions between NAbs and Gn were then characterized to demonstrate that these two NAbs might preclude RVFV glycoprotein rearrangement, hindering the exposure of fusion loops in Gc to endosomal membranes after the virus invades the host cell. The target region for the two NAbs is located in the Gn domain III, implying that Gn is a desired target for developing vaccines and neutralizing antibodies against RVFV.
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61
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Li Y, Han L, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Wang H, Gai W, Jin H, Li G, Wang Q, Feng N, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X. Immunogenicity Assessment of Rift Valley Fever Virus Virus-Like Particles in BALB/c Mice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 32118075 PMCID: PMC7031255 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, febrile zoonotic disease that is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV) and is spread by arthropod vectors. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, which have the advantages of strong immunogenicity and safety, play an important role in the prevention of this disease. VLPs for RVFV were successfully prepared by our research group using a baculovirus-insect cell expression system. To study the immunogenicity of these RVFV VLPs, a correct 3rd or 4th generation recombinant baculovirus, rBac-N-G, was identified and used to infect Sf9 cells, which were cultured in suspension at a large scale. Subsequently, cell debris was removed by centrifugation, and the VLPs were concentrated by ultracentrifugation and purified using a sucrose gradient, after which they were used to immunize BALB/c mice by intramuscular injection. The results showed that the RVFV VLPs prepared by our research group could effectively induce mice to produce RVFV neutralizing antibodies and that the prepared VLPs could stimulate mouse spleen cells to produce high levels of the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ. Moreover, the proportion of lymphocytes producing IL-4 and IFN-γ in the spleen of mice immunized with RVFV VLPs was significantly increased. Therefore, the RVFV VLPs prepared in this study had strong immunogenicity and could effectively activate humoral and cellular immunity in mice. This study lays a solid foundation for the development of RVFV VLP vaccine candidates and promotes the healthy development of animal husbandry and human public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Gai
- Nano Innovation Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, China
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62
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Microencapsulated plasmids expressing Gn and Gc glycoproteins of Rift Valley Fever virus enhance humoral immune response in mice. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:529-536. [PMID: 31983039 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to develop biodegradable alginate (ALG)/poly-L-lysine (PLL) microcapsules (MC) with entrapped plasmids expressing Gn and Gc glycoproteins of Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) and to evaluate the humoral immune response in mice. RESULTS Expressing phRVF/Gn and phRVF/Gc plasmids which encode full-sized Gn and Gc glycoproteins and contain signal fusion protein F sequences of human parainfluenza (HPIV-1) were constructed. To protect the plasmids from cleavage by extracellular nucleases, they were entrapped into multilayer ALG/PLL microcapsules by layer-by-layer technique. To study the efficacy of humoral immune response, both native and microencapsulated plasmids were injected intramuscular into BALB/c mice. The humoral response in the mice immunized with free plasmids was characterized by virus-neutralizing antibody induction (with titres 1:4 to 1:8), while the injection of microencapsulated plasmids allowed to increase the titre level (from 1:16 to 1:32). CONCLUSION The plasmids microencapsulated in biodegradable MC could be promising for development of DNA vaccines against RVFV.
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63
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[Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses)]. Uirusu 2020; 70:3-14. [PMID: 33967110 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
"Arbovirus" is a term for a virus transmitted to mammals by hematophagous arthropods; arboviruses; replicate in both mammals and arthropods. Since the life cycle of arboviruses is highly dependent on arthropods, control of the arthropods (vectors) is generally considered important for the control of arbovirus infection. Various pathogens that cause diseases in the medical and veterinary fields are grouped into arboviruses with a history of their discoveries since the early 20th century. Furthermore, because of recent advances in sequencing technology, new arboviruses have been discovered one after another. Here we would like to overview the known arboviruses and their infections.
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64
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Allen ER, Krumm SA, Raghwani J, Halldorsson S, Elliott A, Graham VA, Koudriakova E, Harlos K, Wright D, Warimwe GM, Brennan B, Huiskonen JT, Dowall SD, Elliott RM, Pybus OG, Burton DR, Hewson R, Doores KJ, Bowden TA. A Protective Monoclonal Antibody Targets a Site of Vulnerability on the Surface of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3750-3758.e4. [PMID: 30590046 PMCID: PMC6315105 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gn subcomponent of the Gn-Gc assembly that envelopes the human and animal pathogen, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is a primary target of the neutralizing antibody response. To better understand the molecular basis for immune recognition, we raised a class of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) against RVFV Gn, which exhibited protective efficacy in a mouse infection model. Structural characterization revealed that these nAbs were directed to the membrane-distal domain of RVFV Gn and likely prevented virus entry into a host cell by blocking fusogenic rearrangements of the Gn-Gc lattice. Genome sequence analysis confirmed that this region of the RVFV Gn-Gc assembly was under selective pressure and constituted a site of vulnerability on the virion surface. These data provide a blueprint for the rational design of immunotherapeutics and vaccines capable of preventing RVFV infection and a model for understanding Ab-mediated neutralization of bunyaviruses more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Allen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jayna Raghwani
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Steinar Halldorsson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angela Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Victoria A Graham
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elina Koudriakova
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - George M Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stuart D Dowall
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard M Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Virology & Pathogenesis, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG Wiltshire, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Kings College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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65
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Stedman A, Wright D, Wichgers Schreur PJ, Clark MHA, Hill AVS, Gilbert SC, Francis MJ, van Keulen L, Kortekaas J, Charleston B, Warimwe GM. Safety and efficacy of ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine against Rift Valley fever in pregnant sheep and goats. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:44. [PMID: 31646004 PMCID: PMC6802222 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that was first discovered in Kenya in 1930 and has since spread to become endemic in much of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Rift Valley fever (RVF) causes recurrent outbreaks of febrile illness associated with high levels of mortality and poor outcomes during pregnancy-including foetal malformations, spontaneous abortion and stillbirths-in livestock, and associated with miscarriage in humans. No vaccines are available for human use and those licensed for veterinary use have potential drawbacks, including residual virulence that may contraindicate their use in pregnancy. To address this gap, we previously developed a simian adenovirus vectored vaccine, ChAdOx1 RVF, that encodes RVFV envelope glycoproteins. ChAdOx1 RVF is fully protective against RVF in non-pregnant livestock and is also under development for human use. Here, we now demonstrate that when administered to pregnant sheep and goats, ChAdOx1 RVF is safe, elicits high titre RVFV neutralizing antibody, and provides protection against viraemia and foetal loss, although this protection is not as robust for the goats. In addition, we provide a description of RVFV challenge in pregnant goats and contrast this to the pathology observed in pregnant sheep. Together, our data further support the ongoing development of ChAdOx1 RVF vaccine for use in livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | | | - Madeleine H. A. Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF UK
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Michael J. Francis
- BioVacc Consulting Ltd, The Red House, 10 Market Square, Amersham, HP7 0DQ UK
| | - Lucien van Keulen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - George M. Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108 Kenya
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66
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Genetically Modified Rabies Virus Vector-Based Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine is Safe and Induces Efficacious Immune Responses in Mice. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100919. [PMID: 31597372 PMCID: PMC6832564 DOI: 10.3390/v11100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes Rift Valley fever (RVF), is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes serious morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans. RVF is a World Health Organization (WHO) priority disease and, together with rabies, is a major health burden in Africa. Here, we present the development and characterization of an inactivated recombinant RVFV and rabies virus (RABV) vaccine candidate (rSRV9-eGn). Immunization with rSRV9-eGn stimulated the production of RVFV-specific IgG antibodies and induced humoral and cellular immunity in mice but did not induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. IgG1 and IgG2a were the main isotypes observed by IgG subtype detection, and IgG3 antibodies were not detected. The ratios of IgG1/IgG2a > 1 indicated a Type 2 humoral immune response. An effective vaccine is intended to establish a long-lived population of memory T cells, and mice generated memory cells among the proliferating T cell population after immunization with rSRV9-eGn, with effector memory T cells (TEM) as the major population. Due to the lack of prophylactic treatment experiments, it is impossible to predict whether this vaccine can protect animals from RVFV infection with only high titres of anti-RVFV IgG antibodies and no neutralizing antibodies induced, and thus, protection confirmation needs further verification. However, this RVFV vaccine designed with RABV as the vector provides ideas for the development of vaccines that prevent RVFV and RABV infections.
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67
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Evaluation of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Recombinant Baculovirus-Expressed Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein as the Diagnostic Antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01058-19. [PMID: 31366690 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01058-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection as a global veterinary and public health threat demands the development of safe and accurate diagnostic tests. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of a baculovirus expression system to produce recombinant RVFV nucleoprotein (N) for use as serodiagnostic antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ability of the recombinant N antigen to detect RVFV antibody responses was evaluated in ELISA format using antisera from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with two genetically distinct wild-type RVFV strains and sera from indigenous sheep and goat populations exposed to natural RVFV field infection in The Gambia. The recombinant N exhibited specific reactivity with the N-specific monoclonal antibody and various hyperimmune serum samples from ruminants. The indirect ELISA detected N-specific antibody responses in animals with 100% sensitivity compared to the plaque reduction neutralization test (6 to 21 days postinfection) and with 97% and 100% specificity in sheep and cattle, respectively. There was a high level of correlation between the indirect N ELISA and the virus neutralization test for sheep sera (R 2 = 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73 to 0.92) and cattle sera (R 2 = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.97); in addition, the N-specific ELISA detected RVFV seroprevalence levels of 26.1% and 54.3% in indigenous sheep and goats, respectively, in The Gambia. The high specificity and correlation with the virus neutralization test support the idea of the feasibility of using the recombinant baculovirus-expressed RVFV N-based indirect ELISA to assess RVFV seroprevalence in livestock in areas of endemicity and nonendemicity.
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68
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Mattiuzzo G, Bentley EM, Page M. The Role of Reference Materials in the Research and Development of Diagnostic Tools and Treatments for Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E781. [PMID: 31450611 PMCID: PMC6783900 DOI: 10.3390/v11090781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the Ebola outbreak in Western Africa in 2013-16, a global effort has taken place for preparedness for future outbreaks. As part of this response, the development of vaccines, treatments and diagnostic tools has been accelerated, especially towards pathogens listed as likely to cause an epidemic and for which there are no current treatments. Several of the priority pathogens identified by the World Health Organisation are haemorrhagic fever viruses. This review provides information on the role of reference materials as an enabling tool for the development and evaluation of assays, and ultimately vaccines and treatments. The types of standards available are described, along with how they can be applied for assay harmonisation through calibration as a relative potency to a common arbitrary unitage system (WHO International Unit). This assures that assay metrology is accurate and robust. We describe reference materials that have been or are being developed for haemorrhagic fever viruses and consider the issues surrounding their production, particularly that of biosafety where the viruses require specialised containment facilities. Finally, we advocate the use of reference materials at early stages, including research and development, as this helps produce reliable assays and can smooth the path to regulatory approval.
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MESH Headings
- Africa, Western/epidemiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/blood
- Dengue Virus/immunology
- Dengue Virus/isolation & purification
- Dengue Virus/pathogenicity
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
- Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/isolation & purification
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epidemics/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/pathogenicity
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Information Services
- Lassa Fever/diagnosis
- Lassa Fever/immunology
- Lassa Fever/prevention & control
- Lassa virus/immunology
- Lassa virus/isolation & purification
- Lassa virus/pathogenicity
- Marburg Virus Disease/diagnosis
- Marburg Virus Disease/immunology
- Marburg Virus Disease/prevention & control
- Marburgvirus/immunology
- Marburgvirus/isolation & purification
- Marburgvirus/pathogenicity
- RNA Virus Infections/diagnosis
- RNA Virus Infections/immunology
- RNA Virus Infections/prevention & control
- RNA Viruses/immunology
- RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
- RNA Viruses/pathogenicity
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Rift Valley Fever/diagnosis
- Rift Valley Fever/immunology
- Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control
- Rift Valley fever virus/immunology
- Rift Valley fever virus/isolation & purification
- Rift Valley fever virus/pathogenicity
- Severe Dengue/diagnosis
- Severe Dengue/immunology
- Severe Dengue/prevention & control
- Vaccines/standards
- World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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69
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that was first discovered in Kenya in 1930 and is now endemic throughout multiple African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. RVF virus primarily infects domestic livestock (sheep, goats, cattle) causing high rates of neonatal mortality and abortion, with human infection resulting in a wide variety of clinical outcomes, ranging from self-limiting febrile illness to life-threatening haemorrhagic diatheses, and miscarriage in pregnant women. Since its discovery, RVF has caused many outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with major impacts on human and animal health. However, options for the control of RVF outbreaks are limited by the lack of licensed human vaccines or therapeutics. For this reason, RVF is prioritized by the World Health Organization for urgent research and development of countermeasures for the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of RVF, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and status of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wright
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - George M. Warimwe
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
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70
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Chrun T, Lacôte S, Urien C, Richard CA, Tenbusch M, Aubrey N, Pulido C, Lakhdar L, Marianneau P, Schwartz-Cornil I. A DNA Vaccine Encoding the Gn Ectodomain of Rift Valley Fever Virus Protects Mice via a Humoral Response Decreased by DEC205 Targeting. Front Immunol 2019; 10:860. [PMID: 31105695 PMCID: PMC6494931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is responsible for a serious mosquito-borne viral disease in humans and ruminants. The development of a new and safer vaccine is urgently needed due to the risk of introduction of this arbovirus into RVFV-free continents. We recently showed that a DNA vaccine encoding eGn, the ectodomain of the RVFV Gn glycoprotein, conferred a substantial protection in the sheep natural host and that the anti-eGn IgG levels correlated to protection. Addressing eGn to DEC205 reduced the protective efficacy while decreasing the antibody and increasing the IFNγ T cell responses in sheep. In order to get further insight into the involved mechanisms, we evaluated our eGn-encoding DNA vaccine strategy in the reference mouse species. A DNA vaccine encoding eGn induced full clinical protection in mice and the passive transfer of immune serum was protective. This further supports that antibodies, although non-neutralizing in vitro, are instrumental in the protection against RVFV. Addressing eGn to DEC205 was also detrimental to protection in mice, and in this species, both the antibody and the IFNγ T cell responses were strongly decreased. Conversely when using a plasmid encoding a different antigen, i.e., mCherry, DEC205 targeting promoted the antibody response. Altogether our results show that the outcome of targeting antigens to DEC205 depends on the species and on the fused antigen and is not favorable in the case of eGn. In addition, we bring evidences that eGn in itself is a pertinent antigen to be included in a DNA vaccine and that next developments should aim at promoting the anti-eGn antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphany Chrun
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Lacôte
- ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Virologie, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Urien
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Aubrey
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282 Team BioMAP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Coralie Pulido
- ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Plateforme d'Expérimentation Animale, Lyon, France
| | - Latifa Lakhdar
- ANSES-Laboratoire de Lyon, Plateforme d'Expérimentation Animale, Lyon, France
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71
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Williamson ED, Westlake GE. Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:170-183. [PMID: 30972733 PMCID: PMC6797873 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro‐organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Williamson
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - G E Westlake
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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72
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Ragan IK, Schuck KN, Upreti D, Odendaal L, Richt JA, Trujillo JD, Wilson WC, Davis AS. Rift Valley Fever Viral RNA Detection by In Situ Hybridization in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:553-556. [PMID: 30720389 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a zoonotic, mosquito-borne Phlebovirus, cause abortion storms and death in sheep and cattle resulting in catastrophic economic impacts in endemic regions of Africa. More recently, with changes in competent vector distribution, growing international trade, and its potential use for bioterrorism, RVFV has become a transboundary animal disease of significant concern. New and sensitive techniques that determine RVFV presence, while lessening the potential for environmental contamination and human risk, through the use of inactivated, noninfectious samples such as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are needed. FFPE tissue in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the detection of nucleic acid sequences within the visual context of cellular and tissue morphology. Here, we present a chromogenic pan-RVFV ISH assay based on RNAscope® technology, which is able to detect multiple RVFV strains in FFPE tissues, enabling visual correlation of RVFV RNA presence with histopathologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K Ragan
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kaitlynn N Schuck
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Deepa Upreti
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Lieza Odendaal
- 2 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juergen A Richt
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - William C Wilson
- 3 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - A Sally Davis
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,2 Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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73
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Msimang V, Thompson PN, Jansen van Vuren P, Tempia S, Cordel C, Kgaladi J, Khosa J, Burt FJ, Liang J, Rostal MK, Karesh WB, Paweska JT. Rift Valley Fever Virus Exposure amongst Farmers, Farm Workers, and Veterinary Professionals in Central South Africa. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020140. [PMID: 30736488 PMCID: PMC6409972 DOI: 10.3390/v11020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging arboviral disease of public health and veterinary importance in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Major RVF epidemics were documented in South Africa in 1950⁻1951, 1974⁻1975, and 2010⁻2011. The number of individuals infected during these outbreaks has, however, not been accurately estimated. A total of 823 people in close occupational contact with livestock were interviewed and sampled over a six-month period in 2015⁻2016 within a 40,000 km² study area encompassing parts of the Free State and Northern Cape provinces that were affected during the 2010⁻2011 outbreak. Seroprevalence of RVF virus (RVFV) was 9.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI95%): 7.2⁻11.5%) in people working or residing on livestock or game farms and 8.0% in veterinary professionals. The highest seroprevalence (SP = 15.4%; CI95%: 11.4⁻20.3%) was detected in older age groups (≥40 years old) that had experienced more than one known large epidemic compared to the younger participants (SP = 4.3%; CI95%: 2.6⁻7.3%). The highest seroprevalence was in addition found in people who injected animals, collected blood samples (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.3; CI95%: 1.0⁻5.3), slaughtered animals (OR = 3.9; CI95%: 1.2⁻12.9) and consumed meat from an animal found dead (OR = 3.1; CI95%: 1.5⁻6.6), or worked on farms with dams for water storage (OR = 2.7; CI95%: 1.0⁻6.9). We estimated the number of historical RVFV infections of farm staff in the study area to be most likely 3849 and 95% credible interval between 2635 and 5374 based on seroprevalence of 9.1% and national census data. We conclude that human RVF cases were highly underdiagnosed and heterogeneously distributed. Improving precautions during injection, sample collection, slaughtering, and meat processing for consumption, and using personal protective equipment during outbreaks, could lower the risk of RVFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Msimang
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Animal Production Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2192, South Africa.
| | - Peter N Thompson
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Animal Production Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2192, South Africa.
| | - Stefano Tempia
- MassGenics, Duluth, GA 30026, USA.
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Influenza Division and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30301, USA.
| | | | - Joe Kgaladi
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2192, South Africa.
| | - Jimmy Khosa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2192, South Africa.
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Janusz T Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2192, South Africa.
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The One Health Approach is Necessary for the Control of Rift Valley Fever Infections in Egypt: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020139. [PMID: 30736362 PMCID: PMC6410127 DOI: 10.3390/v11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging transboundary, mosquito-borne, zoonotic viral disease caused high morbidity and mortality in both human and ruminant populations. It is considered an important threat to both agriculture and public health in African and the Middle Eastern countries including Egypt. Five major RVF epidemics have been reported in Egypt (1977, 1993, 1994, 1997, and 2003). The virus is transmitted in Egypt by different mosquito’s genera such as Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Mansonia, leading to abortions in susceptible animal hosts especially sheep, goat, cattle, and buffaloes. Recurrent RVF outbreaks in Egypt have been attributed in part to the lack of routine surveillance for the virus. These periodic epizootics have resulted in severe economic losses. We posit that there is a critical need for new approaches to RVF control that will prevent or at least reduce future morbidity and economic stress. One Health is an integrated approach for the understanding and management of animal, human, and environmental determinants of complex problems such as RVF. Employing the One Health approach, one might engage local communities in surveillance and control of RVF efforts, rather than continuing their current status as passive victims of the periodic RVF incursions. This review focuses upon endemic and epidemic status of RVF in Egypt, the virus vectors and their ecology, transmission dynamics, risk factors, and the ecology of the RVF at the animal/human interface, prevention, and control measures, and the use of environmental and climate data in surveillance systems to predict disease outbreaks.
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75
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Hussein MA, Ali HA, Abd El-Rhman BA, Morcoss TN, Fakhr AE, Swelum AAA, Alowaimer A, Tukur HA, Saadeldin IM. Efficacy of Montanide (IMS 3015) as an adjuvant for an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine in sheep. Acta Trop 2019; 190:193-203. [PMID: 30472082 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate an adjuvant, Montanide (IMS 3015), in improving the quality of Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine relative to the traditional adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide gel. Vaccinated sheep were evaluated using biochemical analysis, kidney function tests, liver function tests, and immunological tests. Sheep vaccinated with Montanide (IMS 3015) adjuvant showed significantly higher total protein, total globulin, and gamma globulin concentrations from the second week until the fifth month than the controls. Conversely, albumin concentration and the A/G ratio significantly decreased during this period. Kidney function and liver function tests revealed no differences among any of the groups. There was a significant increase in lymphocyte proportion and a decrease in neutrophil proportion in sheep vaccinated with the Montanide (IMS 3015) adjuvant. Lymphocyte cell proliferation was significantly different in sheep vaccinated with the Montanide (IMS 3015) adjuvant from that in controls. Neutralizing indices were significantly higher in sheep vaccinated with the Montanide (IMS 3015) adjuvant than in controls. The current study showed that sheep vaccinated with inactivated RVF virus with Montanide (IMS 3015) as an adjuvant were protected and no pathological symptoms or biochemical changes were detected. Moreover, the vaccine induced rapid onset of immunological responses with long durations unlike inactivated RVF vaccine with aluminum hydroxide gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Haytham A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahgat A Abd El-Rhman
- Rift Valley Fever Department, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Timour N Morcoss
- Rift Valley Fever Department, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsadek Fakhr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abdel Aziz Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Alowaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammed A Tukur
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
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76
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Nyundo S, Adamson E, Rowland J, Palermo PM, Matiko M, Bettinger GE, Wambura P, Morrill JC, Watts DM. Safety and immunogenicity of Rift Valley fever MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) from Tanzania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e8. [PMID: 30843406 PMCID: PMC6407455 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of domestic ruminants is considered to be an effective strategy for protecting these animals against Rift Valley fever (RVF), but available vaccines have limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the safety and immunogenicity of RVF virus (RVFV) mutagenesis passage 12 (MP-12) and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in Tanzania. Goats were vaccinated intramuscularly with RVFV MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384, and then on Day 87 post-vaccination (PV) all animals were revaccinated using the RVFV MP-12 vaccine candidate. Serum samples were collected from the animals before and after vaccination at various intervals to test for RVFV using a Vero cell culture assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for RVFV-neutralising antibody using a plaque reduction neutralisation assay. Serum samples collected before vaccination on Days -14 and 0, and on Days 3, 4 and 5 PV were negative for RVFV and neutralising antibody. All animals remained healthy, and viremia was not detected in any of the animals. Rift Valley fever virus antibody was first detected on Day 5 PV at a 1:10 dilution in five of five animals vaccinated with the MP-12 vaccine and in five of eight animals vaccinated with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384. Titres then increased and were sustained at 1:40 to 1:640 through to Day 87 PV. All animals that were revaccinated on Day 87 PV with MP-12 developed antibody titres ranging from 1:160 to as high as 1:10 240 on Days 14 and 21 PV. Although the antibody titres for goats vaccinated with RVF MP-12 were slightly higher than titres elicited by the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine, these findings demonstrated that both vaccines are promising candidates for the prevention of RVF among Tansanian goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salama Nyundo
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture.
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77
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Terasaki K, Juelich TL, Smith JK, Kalveram B, Perez DD, Freiberg AN, Makino S. A single-cycle replicable Rift Valley fever phlebovirus vaccine carrying a mutated NSs confers full protection from lethal challenge in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17097. [PMID: 30459418 PMCID: PMC6244155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a pathogen of Rift Valley fever, which is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease for domestic livestock and humans in African countries. Currently, no approved vaccine is available for use in non-endemic areas. The MP-12 strain is so far the best live attenuated RVFV vaccine candidate because of its good protective efficacy in animal models. However, there are safety concerns for use of MP-12 in humans. We previously developed a single-cycle replicable MP-12 (scMP-12) which lacks NSs gene and undergoes only a single round of viral replication because of its impaired ability to induce membrane-membrane fusion. In the present study, we generated an scMP-12 mutant (scMP-12-mutNSs) carrying a mutant NSs, which degrades double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R but does not inhibit host transcription. Immunization of mice with a single dose (105 PFU) of scMP-12-mutNSs elicited RVFV neutralizing antibodies and high titers of anti-N IgG production and fully protected the mice from lethal wild-type RVFV challenge. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of scMP-12-mutNSs were better than scMP-12, demonstrating that scMP-12-mutNSs is a more efficacious vaccine candidate than scMP-12. Furthermore, our data suggested that RVFV vaccine efficacy can be improved by using this specific NSs mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.,Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - Terry L Juelich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - Birte Kalveram
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - David D Perez
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.,UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.,The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.,Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States. .,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States. .,UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States. .,The Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States. .,Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555-1019, United States.
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78
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Molecular aspects of Rift Valley fever virus and the emergence of reassortants. Virus Genes 2018; 55:1-11. [PMID: 30426314 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. RVFV is a threat to both animal and human health and has costly economic consequences mainly related to livestock production and trade. Competent hosts and vectors for RVFV are widespread, existing outside of endemic countries including the USA. Thus, the possibility of RVFV spreading to the USA or other countries worldwide is of significant concern. RVFV (genus Phlebovirus) is comprised of an enveloped virion containing a three-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome that is able to undergo genetic reassortment. Reassortment has the potential to produce viruses that are more pathogenic, easily transmissible, and that have wider vector or host range. This is especially concerning because of the wide use of live attenuated vaccine strains throughout endemic countries. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of RVFV, genetic diversity of RVFV strains, and RVFV reassortment.
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79
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Abstract
The emergence of novel arboviruses of zoonotic potential in South Africa (SA) threatens human health and animal welfare, and affects economic growth and development. These viruses cause severe infections in animals and humans, including neurological diseases, such as encephalitis, resulting in high morbidities, mortalities and economic losses. With increasing reports of Middelburg, Shuni, Sindbis, West Nile and Wesselsbron virus infections in animals and humans in SA, this article reviews and discusses known and currently emerging arboviruses in the country. These reports underscore the need for increased surveillance, vector control management, public health preparedness, focused research, community awareness programs, and the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic approaches. Furthermore, appropriate medical personnel training and strengthening initiatives for a one-health approach are required to understand and mitigate the emerging arboviral threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mensah
- Virology and Microbiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Virology and Microbiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
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80
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Pinkham C, Ahmed A, Bracci N, Narayanan A, Kehn-Hall K. Host-based processes as therapeutic targets for Rift Valley fever virus. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:64-78. [PMID: 30316916 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an enveloped, segmented, negative sense RNA virus that replicates within the host's cytoplasm. To facilitate its replication, RVFV must utilize host cell processes and as such, these processes may serve as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes key host cell processes impacted by RVFV infection. Specifically the influence of RVFV on host transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, protein half-life and availability, host signal transduction, trafficking and secretory pathways, cytoskeletal modulation, and mitochondrial processes and oxidative stress are discussed. Therapeutics targeted towards host processes that are essential for RVFV to thrive as well as their efficacy and importance to viral pathogenesis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Pinkham
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Aslaa Ahmed
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Nicole Bracci
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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81
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de St. Maurice A, Harmon J, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Namutebi A, Knust B, Shoemaker T, Nichol ST, McElroy AK, Spiropoulou CF. Rift valley fever viral load correlates with the human inflammatory response and coagulation pathway abnormalities in humans with hemorrhagic manifestations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006460. [PMID: 29727450 PMCID: PMC5955566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus is an arbovirus that affects both livestock and humans throughout Africa and in the Middle East. Despite its endemicity throughout Africa, it is a rare event to identify an infected individual during the acute phase of the disease and an even rarer event to collect serial blood samples from the affected patient. Severely affected patients can present with hemorrhagic manifestations of disease. In this study we identified three Ugandan men with RVFV disease that was accompanied by hemorrhagic manifestations. Serial blood samples from these men were analyzed for a series of biomarkers specific for various aspects of human pathophysiology including inflammation, endothelial function and coagulopathy. There were significant differences between biomarker levels in controls and cases both early during the illness and after clearance of viremia. Positive correlation of viral load with markers of inflammation (IP-10, CRP, Eotaxin, MCP-2 and Granzyme B), markers of fibrinolysis (tPA and D-dimer), and markers of endothelial function (sICAM-1) were all noted. However, and perhaps most interesting given the fact that these individuals exhibited hemorrhagic manifestations of disease, was the finding of a negative correlation between viral load and P-selectin, ADAMTS13, and fibrinogen all of which are associated with coagulation pathways occurring on the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle de St. Maurice
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Sophia Mulei
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Barbara Knust
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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82
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A Rift Valley fever virus Gn ectodomain-based DNA vaccine induces a partial protection not improved by APC targeting. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:14. [PMID: 29707242 PMCID: PMC5910381 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus, a phlebovirus endemic in Africa, causes serious diseases in ruminants and humans. Due to the high probability of new outbreaks and spread to other continents where competent vectors are present, vaccine development is an urgent priority as no licensed vaccines are available outside areas of endemicity. In this study, we evaluated in sheep the protective immunity induced by DNA vaccines encoding the extracellular portion of the Gn antigen which was either or not targeted to antigen-presenting cells. The DNA encoding untargeted antigen was the most potent at inducing IgG responses, although not neutralizing, and conferred a significant clinical and virological protection upon infectious challenge, superior to DNA vaccines encoding the targeted antigen. A statistical analysis of the challenge parameters supported that the anti-eGn IgG, rather than the T-cell response, was instrumental in protection. Altogether, this work shows that a DNA vaccine encoding the extracellular portion of the Gn antigen confers substantial—although incomplete—protective immunity in sheep, a natural host with high preclinical relevance, and provides some insights into key immune correlates useful for further vaccine improvements against the Rift Valley fever virus. A vaccine made from the genome of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) offers partial protection, but pieces of the puzzle are missing, say scientists. French and Spanish researchers, led by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research’s Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil, tested in sheep three slightly-differing vaccine candidates using RVFV genes. Such DNA vaccines are designed to generate proteins which a host’s immune system can use to arm itself against a genuine viral infection. Two of the candidates, designed to target cells that would present the viral proteins to the host’s immune system, provided some benefit to the vaccinated sheep. However, the third untargeted candidate, was the most efficient at protecting sheep, although not completely, and at boosting antibody levels despite not neutralizing the virus. These results provide hope for DNA vaccines against RVFV, and offer direction for future research effort.
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83
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Van Regenmortel MHV. Editorial overview: Preventive and therapeutic vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:vii-xi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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84
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Lorenzo G, López-Gil E, Ortego J, Brun A. Efficacy of different DNA and MVA prime-boost vaccination regimens against a Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) challenge in sheep 12 weeks following vaccination. Vet Res 2018; 49:21. [PMID: 29467018 PMCID: PMC5822472 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA and MVA vaccines encoding the RVFV glycoproteins Gn and Gc in an ovine model of RVFV infection. Adult sheep of both sexes were challenged 12 weeks after the last immunization and clinical, virological, biochemical and immunological consequences, were analyzed. Strategies based on immunization with homologous DNA or heterologous DNA/MVA prime-boost were able to induce a rapid in vitro neutralizing antibody response as well as IFNγ production after in vitro virus specific re-stimulation. In these animals we observed reduced viremia levels and less clinical signs when compared with mock-immunized controls. In contrast, sheep inoculated with a homologous MVA prime-boost showed increased viremia correlating with the absence of detectable neutralizing antibody responses, despite of inducing cellular responses after the last immunization. However, faster induction of neutralizing antibodies and IFNγ production after challenge were found in this group when compared to the mock vaccinated group, indicative of a primed immune response. In conclusion, these results suggest that vaccination strategies based on DNA priming were able to mount and maintain specific anti-RVFV glycoprotein immune responses upon homologous or heterologous booster doses, warranting further optimization in large animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Lorenzo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena López-Gil
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain.
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85
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Frantz PN, Teeravechyan S, Tangy F. Measles-derived vaccines to prevent emerging viral diseases. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:493-500. [PMID: 29410084 PMCID: PMC7110469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease epidemics match wars and natural disasters in their capacity to threaten lives and damage economies. Like SARS previously and Zika recently, the Ebola crisis in 2015 showed how vulnerable the world is to these epidemics, with over 11,000 people dying in the outbreak. In addition to causing immense human suffering, these epidemics particularly affect low- and middle-income countries. Many of these deadly infectious diseases that have epidemic potential can become global health emergencies in the absence of effective vaccines. But very few vaccines against these threats have been developed to create proven medical products. The measles vaccine is an efficient, live attenuated, replicating virus that has been safely administered to 2 billion children over the last 40 years, affording life-long protection after a single dose. Taking advantage of these characteristics, this attenuated virus was transformed into a versatile chimeric or recombinant vaccine vector with demonstrated proof-of-principle in humans and a preclinical track record of rapid adaptability and effectiveness for a variety of pathogens. Clinical trials have shown the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine platform in individuals with preexisting immunity to measles. This review describes the potential of this platform to develop new vaccines against emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanramphoei N Frantz
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3965, Paris, France; Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3965, Paris, France.
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