51
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Balhuizen MD, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP. Outer Membrane Vesicle Induction and Isolation for Vaccine Development. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:629090. [PMID: 33613498 PMCID: PMC7889600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.629090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release vesicular structures from their outer membrane, so called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs have a variety of functions such as waste disposal, communication, and antigen or toxin delivery. These vesicles are the promising structures for vaccine development since OMVs carry many surface antigens that are identical to the bacterial surface. However, isolation is often difficult and results in low yields. Several methods to enhance OMV yield exist, but these do affect the resulting OMVs. In this review, our current knowledge about OMVs will be presented. Different methods to induce OMVs will be reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. The effects of the induction and isolation methods used in several immunological studies on OMVs will be compared. Finally, the challenges for OMV-based vaccine development will be examined and one example of a successful OMV-based vaccine will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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52
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Thoma J, Burmann BM. Preparation of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles for Characterisation of Periplasmic Proteins in Their Native Environment. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3853. [PMID: 33659500 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally formed by budding from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs consist of a lipid bilayer identical in composition to the original outer membrane and contain periplasmic content within their lumen. Enriched with specific envelope proteins, OMVs make for an excellent native-like platform to study these proteins in-situ using biophysical methods. Here, we describe in detail the preparation of OMVs from Escherichia coli, which are luminally enriched with periplasmic proteins and uniformly labeled with stable isotopes (2H and 15N), suitable for the subsequent characterisation of proteins at atomic resolution in their native environment by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. The ability to perform structural studies of periplasmic components in-situ clears the way to reaching an in-depth understanding of the functional and mechanistic details of this unique cellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thoma
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M Burmann
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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53
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Micoli F, MacLennan CA. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101433. [PMID: 33309166 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B have been extensively explored. Following the success of the MeNZB OMV vaccine in controlling an outbreak of N. meningitidis B in New Zealand, additional research and development resulted in the licensure of the OMV-containing four-component 4CMenB vaccine, Bexsero. This provided broader protection against multiple meningococcal B strains. Advances in the field of genetic engineering have permitted further improvements in the platform resulting in increased yields, reduced endotoxicity and decoration with homologous and heterologous antigens to enhance immuno genicity and provide broader protection. The OMV vaccine platform has been extended to many other pathogens. In this review, we discuss progress in the development of the OMV vaccine delivery platform, highlighting successful applications, together with potential challenges and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 62 Buckingham Gate, London, United Kingdom; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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54
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Liu L, Wu J, Gao J, Lu X. Bacteria-Derived Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Containers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000893. [PMID: 32945152 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, investigations on bacteria-derived materials have progressed from being a proof of concept to a means for improving traditional biomaterials. Owing to their unique characteristics, such as gene manipulation, rapid proliferation, and specific targeting, bacteria-derived materials have provided remarkable flexibility in applied biomedical functionalization. In this review, bacteria-derived nanoparticles are focused on as a promising biomaterial, introducing several bacterial species with great potential and useful strategies for fabrication. Through well-designed choices, bacteria-derived nanoparticles can be exploited to obtain functional bacteria-mimicking materials for a variety of applications, including cargo delivery, imaging, therapy, and immune modulation. Finally, the prospects and challenges of bacteria-derived nanoparticles are discussed. Particularly, safety concerns regarding the use of bacteria and their immunogenicity remain major obstacles to the clinical application of bacteria-derived nanoparticles and these concerns are immediate priorities for the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy Zhejiang University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
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55
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Mohammadzadeh R, Ghazvini K, Farsiani H, Soleimanpour S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular vesicles: exploitation for vaccine technology and diagnostic methods. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 47:13-33. [PMID: 33044878 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1830749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a fatal epidemic disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Pervasive latent infection, multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR- and XDR-TB), and TB/HIV co-infection make TB a global health problem, which emphasises the design and development of efficient vaccines and diagnostic biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secretion is a conserved phenomenon in all the domains of life. Various cargos such as nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins, and enzymes have been recognised in these nano-sized vesicles that may be involved in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. The intrinsic adjuvant effect, native immunogenic cargo, sensing by host immune cells, circulation in all body fluids, and comprehensive distribution of antigens introduce EVs as a promising tool for designing novel vaccines, diagnostic biomarkers, and drug delivery systems. Genetic engineering of the EV-producing bacteria and the subsequent production of proper EVs could facilitate the development of the EV-based therapeutic applications. Recently, it was demonstrated that thick-walled mycobacteria release EVs, which contain immunodominant cargos such as lipoglycans and lipoproteins. The present article is a comprehensive review on the recent findings of Mtb EVs biology and the exploitation of EVs for the vaccine technology and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Mohammadzadeh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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56
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Lima S, Matinha-Cardoso J, Tamagnini P, Oliveira P. Extracellular Vesicles: An Overlooked Secretion System in Cyanobacteria. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E129. [PMID: 32751844 PMCID: PMC7459746 DOI: 10.3390/life10080129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, the active transport of material from the interior to the exterior of the cell, or secretion, represents a very important mechanism of adaptation to the surrounding environment. The secretion of various types of biomolecules is mediated by a series of multiprotein complexes that cross the bacterial membrane(s), each complex dedicated to the secretion of specific substrates. In addition, biological material may also be released from the bacterial cell in the form of vesicles. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayered, nanoscale structures, derived from the bacterial cell envelope, which contain membrane components as well as soluble products. In cyanobacteria, the knowledge regarding EVs is lagging far behind compared to what is known about, for example, other Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we present a summary of the most important findings regarding EVs in Gram-negative bacteria, discussing aspects of their composition, formation processes and biological roles, and highlighting a number of technological applications tested. This lays the groundwork to raise awareness that the release of EVs by cyanobacteria likely represents an important, and yet highly disregarded, survival strategy. Furthermore, we hope to motivate future studies that can further elucidate the role of EVs in cyanobacterial cell biology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Lima
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.L.); (J.M.-C.); (P.T.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Matinha-Cardoso
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.L.); (J.M.-C.); (P.T.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Tamagnini
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.L.); (J.M.-C.); (P.T.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.L.); (J.M.-C.); (P.T.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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57
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OMV Vaccines and the Role of TLR Agonists in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124416. [PMID: 32575921 PMCID: PMC7352230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are bacterial nanoparticles that are spontaneously released during growth both in vitro and in vivo by Gram-negative bacteria. They are spherical, bilayered membrane nanostructures that contain many components found within the external surface of the parent bacterium. Naturally, OMVs serve the bacteria as a mechanism to deliver DNA, RNA, proteins, and toxins, as well as to promote biofilm formation and remodel the outer membrane during growth. On the other hand, as OMVs possess the optimal size to be uptaken by immune cells, and present a range of surface-exposed antigens in native conformation and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activating components, they represent an attractive and powerful vaccine platform able to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This work reviews the TLR-agonists expressed on OMVs and their capability to trigger individual TLRs expressed on different cell types of the immune system, and then focuses on their impact on the immune responses elicited by OMVs compared to traditional vaccines.
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58
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Cheng K, Kang Q, Zhao X. Biogenic nanoparticles as immunomodulator for tumor treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1646. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keman Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing China
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province College of Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing China
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59
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Thoma J, Burmann BM. High-Resolution In Situ NMR Spectroscopy of Bacterial Envelope Proteins in Outer Membrane Vesicles. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1656-1660. [PMID: 32233422 PMCID: PMC7310948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is an elaborate cellular environment, consisting of two lipid membranes separated by the aqueous periplasm. So far, efforts to mimic this environment under laboratory conditions have been limited by the complexity of the asymmetric bacterial outer membrane. To evade this impasse, we recently established a method to modify the protein composition of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from Escherichia coli as a platform for biophysical studies of outer membrane proteins in their native membrane environment. Here, we apply protein-enriched OMVs to characterize the structure of three envelope proteins from E. coli using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and expand the methodology to soluble periplasmic proteins. We obtain high-resolution in situ NMR spectra of the transmembrane protein OmpA as well as the periplasmic proteins CpxP and MalE. We find that our approach facilitates structural investigations of membrane-attached protein domains and is especially suited for soluble proteins within their native periplasmic environment. Thereby, the use of OMVs in solution NMR methods allows in situ analysis of the structure and dynamics of proteins twice the size compared to the current in-cell NMR methodology. We therefore expect our work to pave the way for more complex NMR studies of bacterial envelope proteins in the native environment of OMVs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Thoma
- Wallenberg
Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn M. Burmann
- Wallenberg
Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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60
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Shi Y, Song H, Yu C. Antibiotic-Free Antibacterial Strategies Enabled by Nanomaterials: Progress and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904106. [PMID: 31799752 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is one of the top ten leading causes of death globally and the worst killer in low-income countries. The overuse of antibiotics leads to ever-increasing antibiotic resistance, posing a severe threat to human health. Recent advances in nanotechnology provide new opportunities to address the challenges in bacterial infection by killing germs without using antibiotics. Antibiotic-free antibacterial strategies enabled by advanced nanomaterials are presented. Nanomaterials are classified on the basis of their mode of action: nanomaterials with intrinsic or light-mediated bactericidal properties and others that serve as vehicles for the delivery of natural antibacterial compounds. Specific attention is given to antibacterial mechanisms and the structure-performance relationship. Practical antibacterial applications employing these antibiotic-free strategies are also introduced. Current challenges in this field and future perspectives are presented to stimulate new technologies and their translation to fight against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yannan Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yiru Shi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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61
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Kikuchi Y, Obana N, Toyofuku M, Kodera N, Soma T, Ando T, Fukumori Y, Nomura N, Taoka A. Diversity of physical properties of bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles revealed through atomic force microscopy phase imaging. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7950-7959. [PMID: 32232238 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10850e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria release nanometer-scale extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) to mediate a variety of biological processes. We analyzed individual MVs under physiological conditions by phase imaging of high-speed atomic force microscopy to assess the physiological heterogeneity of MVs isolated from bacterial cultures. Phase imaging makes it possible to map the physical properties of an individual, fragile MV in an isolated MV population containing a broad variety of vesicle diameters, from 20 to 150 nm. We also developed a method for quantitatively comparing the physical properties of MVs among samples. This allowed for the comparison of the physical properties of MVs isolated from different bacterial species. We compared bacterial MVs isolated from four bacterial species and artificially synthesized liposomes. We demonstrate that each bacterial species generates physically heterogeneous types of MVs, unlike the physical homogeneity displayed by liposomes. These results indicate that the physical heterogeneity of bacterial MVs is mainly caused by compositional differences mediated through biological phenomena and could be unique to each species. We provide a new methodology using phase imaging that would pave the way for single-vesicle analysis of extracellular vesicles of a broad size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Kikuchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa university, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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62
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Yaman S, Chintapula U, Rodriguez E, Ramachandramoorthy H, Nguyen KT. Cell-mediated and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for drug delivery and cancer therapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:879-911. [PMID: 33796822 PMCID: PMC8011581 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery platforms have been developed over the last two decades because of their favorable features in terms of improved drug bioavailability and stability. Despite recent advancement in nanotechnology platforms, this approach still falls short to meet the complexity of biological systems and diseases, such as avoiding systemic side effects, manipulating biological interactions and overcoming drug resistance, which hinders the therapeutic outcomes of the NP-based drug delivery systems. To address these issues, various strategies have been developed including the use of engineered cells and/or cell membrane-coated nanocarriers. Cell membrane receptor profiles and characteristics are vital in performing therapeutic functions, targeting, and homing of either engineered cells or cell membrane-coated nanocarriers to the sites of interest. In this context, we comprehensively discuss various cell- and cell membrane-based drug delivery approaches towards cancer therapy, the therapeutic potential of these strategies, and the limitations associated with engineered cells as drug carriers and cell membrane-associated drug nanocarriers. Finally, we review various cell types and cell membrane receptors for their potential in targeting, immunomodulation and overcoming drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yaman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Yaman S and Chintapula U contributed equally to this work
| | - Uday Chintapula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Yaman S and Chintapula U contributed equally to this work
| | - Edgar Rodriguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Harish Ramachandramoorthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Joint Bioengineering Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Correspondence Address: Dr. Kytai T. Nguyen, Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Blvd ERB244, Arlington, TX 76010, USA. E-mail:
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63
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Jiang L, Schinkel M, van Essen M, Schiffelers RM. Bacterial membrane vesicles as promising vaccine candidates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 145:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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64
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Identification of lipid A deacylase as a novel, highly conserved and protective antigen against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17014. [PMID: 31745113 PMCID: PMC6863877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is a major cause of large outbreaks worldwide associated with hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. While vaccine development is warranted, a licensed vaccine, specific for human use, against EHEC is not yet available. In this study, the reverse vaccinology approach combined with genomic, transcriptional and molecular epidemiology data was applied on the EHEC O157:H7 genome to select new potential vaccine candidates. Twenty-four potential protein antigens were identified and one of them (MC001) was successfully expressed onto Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) delivery system. GMMA expressing this vaccine candidate was immunogenic, raising a specific antibody response. Immunization with the MC001 candidate was able to reduce the bacterial load of EHEC O157:H7 strain in feces, colon and caecum tissues after murine infection. MC001 is homologue to lipid A deacylase enzyme (LpxR), and to our knowledge, this is the first study describing it as a potential vaccine candidate. Gene distribution and sequence variability analysis showed that MC001 is present and conserved in EHEC and in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains. Given the high genetic variability among and within E. coli pathotypes, the identification of such conserved antigen suggests that its inclusion in a vaccine might represent a solution against major intestinal pathogenic strains.
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65
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Vijayan V, Mohapatra A, Uthaman S, Park IK. Recent Advances in Nanovaccines Using Biomimetic Immunomodulatory Materials. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E534. [PMID: 31615112 PMCID: PMC6835828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines plays a vital role in the effective control of several fatal diseases. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines have yet to be developed for completely curing deadly diseases, such as cancer, malaria, HIV, and serious microbial infections. Thus, suitable vaccine candidates need to be designed to elicit appropriate immune responses. Nanotechnology has been found to play a unique role in the design of vaccines, providing them with enhanced specificity and potency. Nano-scaled materials, such as virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), and protein NPs, have received considerable attention over the past decade as potential carriers for the delivery of vaccine antigens and adjuvants, due to their beneficial advantages, like improved antigen stability, targeted delivery, and long-time release, for which antigens/adjuvants are either encapsulated within, or decorated on, the NP surface. Flexibility in the design of nanomedicine allows for the programming of immune responses, thereby addressing the many challenges encountered in vaccine development. Biomimetic NPs have emerged as innovative natural mimicking biosystems that can be used for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in biomimetic nanovaccines, and their use in anti-bacterial therapy, anti-HIV therapy, anti-malarial therapy, anti-melittin therapy, and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Vijayan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
| | - Adityanarayan Mohapatra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 58128, Korea.
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66
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Bacterial outer membrane vesicles engineered with lipidated antigens as a platform for Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21780-21788. [PMID: 31591215 PMCID: PMC6815149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) represent an interesting vaccine platform for their built-in adjuvanticity and simplicity of production process. Moreover, OMVs can be decorated with foreign antigens using different synthetic biology approaches. However, the optimal OMV engineering strategy, which should guarantee the OMV compartmentalization of most heterologous antigens in quantities high enough to elicit protective immune responses, remains to be validated. In this work we exploited the lipoprotein transport pathway to engineer OMVs with foreign proteins. Using 5 Staphylococcus aureus protective antigens expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions to a lipoprotein leader sequence, we demonstrated that all 5 antigens accumulated in the vesicular compartment at a concentration ranging from 5 to 20% of total OMV proteins, suggesting that antigen lipidation could be a universal approach for OMV manipulation. Engineered OMVs elicited high, saturating antigen-specific antibody titers when administered to mice in quantities as low as 0.2 μg/dose. Moreover, the expression of lipidated antigens in E. coli BL21(DE3)ΔompAΔmsbBΔpagP was shown to affect the lipopolysaccharide structure, with the result that the TLR4 agonist activity of OMVs was markedly reduced. These results, together with the potent protective activity of engineered OMVs observed in mice challenged with S. aureus Newman strain, makes the 5-combo-OMVs a promising vaccine candidate to be tested in clinics.
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Abstract
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicle (OMV) is a kind of spherical lipid bilayer nanostructure naturally secreted by bacteria, which has diverse functions such as intracellular and extracellular communication, horizontal gene transfer, transfer of contents to host cells, and eliciting an immune response in host cells. In this review, several methods including ultracentrifugation and precipitation for isolating OMVs were summarized. The latest progresses of OMVs in biomedical fields, especially in vaccine development, cancer treatment, infection control, and bioimaging and detection were also summarized in this review. We highlighted the importance of genetic engineering for the safe and effective application and in facilitating the rapid development of OMVs. Finally, we discussed the bottleneck problems about OMVs in preparation and application at present and put forward our own suggestions about them. Some perspectives of OMVs in biomedical field were also provided.
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Zhang Y, Fang Z, Li R, Huang X, Liu Q. Design of Outer Membrane Vesicles as Cancer Vaccines: A New Toolkit for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091314. [PMID: 31500086 PMCID: PMC6769604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been extensively studied in recent years and have contributed to exceptional achievements in cancer treatment. They are some of the most newly developed vaccines, although only two are currently approved for use, Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC). Despite the approval of these two vaccines, most vaccines have been terminated at the clinical trial stage, which indicates that although they are effective in theory, concerns still exist, including low antigenicity of targeting antigens and tumor heterogeneity. In recent years, with new understanding of the biological function and vaccine potential of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), their potential application in cancer vaccine design deserves our attention. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanisms, advantages, and prospects of OMVs as antigen-carrier vaccines in cancer vaccine development. We believe that OMV-based vaccines present a safe and effective cancer therapeutic option with broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zheyan Fang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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69
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Gerritzen MJH, Salverda MLM, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, Stork M. Spontaneously released Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicles as vaccine platform: production and purification. Vaccine 2019; 37:6978-6986. [PMID: 31383485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoparticles produced by Gram-negative bacteria that can be used as vaccines. The application of OMVs as vaccine component can be expanded by expressing heterologous antigens on OMVs, creating an OMV-based antigen presenting platform. This study aims to develop a production process for such OMV-based vaccines and studies a production method based on meningococcal OMVs that express heterologous antigens on their surface. As a proof of concept, the Borrelia burgdorferi antigens OspA and OspC were expressed on Neisseria meningitidis OMVs to create a concept anti-Lyme disease vaccine. Production of OMVs released in the culture supernatant was induced by high dissolved oxygen concentrations and purification was based on scalable unit operations. A crude recovery of 90 mg OMV protein could be obtained per liter culture. Expressing heterologous antigens on the OMVs did result in minor reduction of bacterial growth, while OMV production remained constant. The antigen expression did not alter the OMV characteristics. This study shows that production of well characterized OMVs containing heterologous antigens is possible with high yields by combining high oxygen concentrations with an optimized purification process. It is concluded that heterologous OMVs show potential as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J H Gerritzen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Merijn L M Salverda
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Exploratory & Clinical Research, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 1409, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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70
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Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)-based Dual Vaccine for Influenza A H1N1 Virus and MERS-CoV. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020046. [PMID: 31141982 PMCID: PMC6631769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most functional medical intervention to prophylactically control severe diseases caused by human-to-human or animal-to-human transmissible viral pathogens. Annually, seasonal influenza epidemics attack human populations leading to 290–650 thousand deaths/year worldwide. Recently, a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged. Together, those two viruses present a significant public health burden in areas where they circulate. Herein, we generated a bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs)-based vaccine presenting the antigenic stable chimeric fusion protein of the H1-type haemagglutinin (HA) of the pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1) strain from 2009 (H1N1pdm09) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (OMVs-H1/RBD). Our results showed that the chimeric antigen could induce specific neutralizing antibodies against both strains leading to protection of immunized mice against H1N1pdm09 and efficient neutralization of MERS-CoV. This study demonstrate that OMVs-based vaccines presenting viral antigens provide a safe and reliable approach to protect against two different viral infections.
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Wallis J, Shenton DP, Carlisle RC. Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:189-204. [PMID: 30963549 PMCID: PMC6468175 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is easy to argue that vaccine development represents humankind's most important and successful endeavour, such is the impact that vaccination has had on human morbidity and mortality over the last 200 years. During this time the original method of Jenner and Pasteur, i.e. that of injecting live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, has been developed and supplemented with a wide range of alternative approaches which are now in clinical use or under development. These next-generation technologies have been designed to produce a vaccine that has the effectiveness of the original live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, but without the associated risks and limitations. Indeed, the method of development has undoubtedly moved away from Pasteur's three Is paradigm (isolate, inactivate, inject) towards an approach of rational design, made possible by improved knowledge of the pathogen-host interaction and the mechanisms of the immune system. These novel vaccines have explored methods for targeted delivery of antigenic material, as well as for the control of release profiles, so that dosing regimens can be matched to the time-lines of immune system stimulation and the realities of health-care delivery in dispersed populations. The methods by which vaccines are administered are also the subject of intense research in the hope that needle and syringe dosing, with all its associated issues regarding risk of injury, cross-infection and patient compliance, can be replaced. This review provides a detailed overview of new vaccine vectors as well as information pertaining to the novel delivery platforms under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wallis
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. P. Shenton
- Defence Science and Technology LaboratoryPorton DownUK
| | - R. C. Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Grandi A, Fantappiè L, Irene C, Valensin S, Tomasi M, Stupia S, Corbellari R, Caproni E, Zanella I, Isaac SJ, Ganfini L, Frattini L, König E, Gagliardi A, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Parri M, Grandi G. Vaccination With a FAT1-Derived B Cell Epitope Combined With Tumor-Specific B and T Cell Epitopes Elicits Additive Protection in Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2018; 8:481. [PMID: 30416985 PMCID: PMC6212586 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human FAT1 is overexpressed on the surface of most colorectal cancers (CRCs) and in particular a 25 amino acid sequence (D8) present in one of the 34 cadherin extracellular repeats carries the epitope recognized by mAb198.3, a monoclonal antibody which partially protects mice from the challenge with human CRC cell lines in xenograft mouse models. Here we present data in immune competent mice demonstrating the potential of the D8-FAT1 epitope as CRC cancer vaccine. We first demonstrated that the mouse homolog of D8-FAT1 (mD8-FAT1) is also expressed on the surface of CT26 and B16F10 murine cell lines. We then engineered bacterial outer membranes vesicles (OMVs) with mD8-FAT1 and we showed that immunization of BALB/c and C57bl6 mice with engineered OMVs elicited anti-mD8-FAT1 antibodies and partially protected mice from the challenge against CT26 and EGFRvIII-B16F10 cell lines, respectively. We also show that when combined with OMVs decorated with the EGFRvIII B cell epitope or with OMVs carrying five tumor-specific CD4+ T cells neoepitopes, mD8-FAT1 OMVs conferred robust protection against tumor challenge in C57bl6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. Considering that FAT1 is overexpressed in both KRAS+ and KRAS− CRCs, these data support the development of anti-CRC cancer vaccines in which the D8-FAT1 epitope is used in combination with other CRC-specific antigens, including mutation-derived neoepitopes.
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73
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Farjadian F, Moghoofei M, Mirkiani S, Ghasemi A, Rabiee N, Hadifar S, Beyzavi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Bacterial components as naturally inspired nano-carriers for drug/gene delivery and immunization: Set the bugs to work? Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:968-985. [PMID: 29499341 PMCID: PMC5971145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery is a rapidly growing area of research motivated by the nanotechnology revolution, the ideal of personalized medicine, and the desire to reduce the side effects of toxic anti-cancer drugs. Amongst a bewildering array of different nanostructures and nanocarriers, those examples that are fundamentally bio-inspired and derived from natural sources are particularly preferred. Delivery of vaccines is also an active area of research in this field. Bacterial cells and their components that have been used for drug delivery, include the crystalline cell-surface layer known as "S-layer", bacterial ghosts, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial products or derivatives (e.g. spores, polymers, and magnetic nanoparticles). Considering the origin of these components from potentially pathogenic microorganisms, it is not surprising that they have been applied for vaccines and immunization. The present review critically summarizes their applications focusing on their advantages for delivery of drugs, genes, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soroush Mirkiani
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Koch institute of MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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74
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Lin LCW, Chattopadhyay S, Lin JC, Hu CMJ. Advances and Opportunities in Nanoparticle- and Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines against Bacterial Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701395. [PMID: 29508547 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics. Despite the success of vaccination, vaccines remain unavailable for many pressing microbial diseases, including tuberculosis, chlamydia, and staphylococcus infections. Amid continuing research efforts in antibacterial vaccine development, the advancement of nanomaterial engineering has brought forth new opportunities in vaccine designs. With increasing knowledge in antibacterial immunity and immunologic adjuvants, innovative nanoparticles are designed to elicit the appropriate immune responses for effective antimicrobial defense. Rationally designed nanoparticles are demonstrated to overcome delivery barriers to shape the adaptive immunity. This article reviews the advances in nanoparticle- and nanomaterial-based antibacterial vaccines and summarizes the development of nanoparticulate adjuvants for immune potentiation against microbial pathogens. In addition, challenges and progress in ongoing antibacterial vaccine development are discussed to highlight the opportunities for future vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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75
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Wang S, Gao J, Wang Z. Outer membrane vesicles for vaccination and targeted drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1523. [PMID: 29701017 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane-derived compartments that spontaneously secrete from a wide range of cells and tissues. EVs have shown to be the carriers in delivering drugs and small interfering RNA. Among EVs, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) recently have gained the interest in vaccine development and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we summarize the current discoveries of OMVs and their functions. In particular, we focus on the biogenesis of OMVs and their functions in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of OMVs in vaccination and targeted drug delivery. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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76
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Donnarumma D, Maestri C, Giammarinaro PI, Capriotti L, Bartolini E, Veggi D, Petracca R, Scarselli M, Norais N. Native State Organization of Outer Membrane Porins Unraveled by HDx-MS. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1794-1800. [PMID: 29619829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDx) associated with mass spectrometry (MS) is emerging as a powerful tool to provide conformational information about membrane proteins. Unfortunately, as for X-ray diffraction and NMR, HDx performed on reconstituted in vitro systems might not always reflect the in vivo environment. Outer-membrane vesicles naturally released by Escherichia coli were used to carry out analysis of native OmpF through HDx-MS. A new protocol compatible with HDx analysis that avoids hindrance from the lipid contents was setup. The extent of deuterium incorporation was in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction data of OmpF as the buried β-barrels incorporated a low amount of deuterium, whereas the internal loop L3 and the external loops incorporated a higher amount of deuterium. Moreover, the kinetics of incorporation clearly highlights that peptides segregate well in two distinct groups based exclusively on a trimeric organization of OmpF in the membrane: peptides presenting fast kinetics of labeling are facing the complex surrounding environment, whereas those presenting slow kinetics are located in the buried core of the trimer. The data show that HDx-MS applied to a complex biological system is able to reveal solvent accessibility and spatial arrangement of an integral outer-membrane protein complex.
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77
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Frey S, Castro A, Arsiwala A, Kane RS. Bionanotechnology for vaccine design. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:80-88. [PMID: 29597075 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses. One method to produce strong immune responses is to emulate the appearance of a pathogen. Since pathogens such as viruses and bacteria often display multiple copies of ligands on their surfaces, the immune system is particularly sensitive towards multivalent displays of antigens. Consequently, when designing a vaccine, it is advantageous to decorate a nanostructured surface with multiple copies of an antigen. This review highlights the design and efficacy of a diverse set of recently developed nanostructured vaccine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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78
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Weyant KB, Mills DC, DeLisa MP. Engineering a new generation of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018; 19:77-85. [PMID: 30568873 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical synthesis, conjugation chemistry, engineered biosynthesis, and formulation design have spawned a new generation of vaccines that incorporate carbohydrate antigens. By providing better immunity against a variety of pathogens or malignant cells and lowering the cost of production, these developments overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional vaccines involving polysaccharides. Moreover, the resulting vaccine candidates are shedding light on how the immune system responds to carbohydrates and providing mechanistic insight that can help guide future vaccine design. Here, we review recent engineering efforts to develop and manufacture carbohydrate-based vaccines that are efficacious, durable, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Weyant
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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79
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Grandi A, Tomasi M, Zanella I, Ganfini L, Caproni E, Fantappiè L, Irene C, Frattini L, Isaac SJ, König E, Zerbini F, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Giusti F, Ferlenghi I, Parri M, Grandi G. Synergistic Protective Activity of Tumor-Specific Epitopes Engineered in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Oncol 2017; 7:253. [PMID: 29164053 PMCID: PMC5681935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally produced by all Gram-negative bacteria and, thanks to their plasticity and unique adjuvanticity, are emerging as an attractive vaccine platform. To test the applicability of OMVs in cancer immunotherapy, we decorated them with either one or two protective epitopes present in the B16F10EGFRvIII cell line and tested the protective activity of OMV immunization in C57BL/6 mice challenged with B16F10EGFRvIII. Materials and methods The 14 amino acid B cell epitope of human epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) and the mutation-derived CD4+ T cell neo-epitope of kif18b gene (B16-M30) were used to decorate OMVs either alone or in combination. C57BL/6 were immunized with the OMVs and then challenged with B16F10EGFRvIII cells. Immunogenicity and protective activity was followed by measuring anti-EGFRvIII antibodies, M30-specific T cells, tumor-infiltrating cell population, and tumor growth. Results Immunization with engineered EGFRvIII-OMVs induced a strong inhibition of tumor growth after B16F10EGFRvIII challenge. Furthermore, mice immunized with engineered OMVs carrying both EGFRvIII and M30 epitopes were completely protected from tumor challenge. Immunization was accompanied by induction of high anti-EGFRvIII antibody titers, M30-specific T cells, and infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the tumor site. Conclusion OMVs can be decorated with tumor antigens and can elicit antigen-specific, protective antitumor responses in immunocompetent mice. The synergistic protective activity of multiple epitopes simultaneously administered with OMVs makes the OMV platform particularly attractive for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Tomasi
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luisa Ganfini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Caproni
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Fantappiè
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Carmela Irene
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Frattini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Samine J Isaac
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico König
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Zerbini
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Parri
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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80
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Gourlay L, Peri C, Bolognesi M, Colombo G. Structure and Computation in Immunoreagent Design: From Diagnostics to Vaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:1208-1220. [PMID: 28739221 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel immunological tools for efficient diagnosis and treatment of emerging infections are urgently required. Advances in the diagnostic and vaccine development fields are continuously progressing, with reverse vaccinology and structural vaccinology (SV) methods for antigen identification and structure-based antigen (re)design playing increasingly relevant roles. SV, in particular, is predicted to be the front-runner in the future development of diagnostics and vaccines targeting challenging diseases such as AIDS and cancer. We review state-of-the-art methodologies for structure-based epitope identification and antigen design, with specific applicative examples. We highlight the implications of such methods for the engineering of biomolecules with improved immunological properties, potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic uses, and discuss the perspectives of structure-based rational design for the production of advanced immunoreagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Gourlay
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Peri
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco, 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
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81
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Gerritzen MJH, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, Stork M. High throughput nanoparticle tracking analysis for monitoring outer membrane vesicle production. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1333883. [PMID: 28717425 PMCID: PMC5505008 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1333883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical membrane nanoparticles released by Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs can be quantified in complex matrices by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA can be performed in static mode or with continuous sample flow that results in analysis of more particles in a smaller time-frame. Flow measurements must be performed manually despite the availability of a sample changer on the NanoSight system. Here we present a method for automated measurements in flow mode. OMV quantification in flow mode results in lower variance in particle quantification (coefficient of variation (CV) of 6%, CV static measurements of 14%). Sizing of OMVs was expected to be less favorable in flow mode due to the increased movement of the particles. However, we observed a CV of 3% in flow mode and a CV of 8% in static measurements. Flow rates of up to 5 µL/min displayed correct size and particle measurements, however, particle concentration was slightly lower than in static measurements. The automated method was used to assess OMV release of batch cultures of Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria released more OMVs in stationary growth phase, while the size of the vesicles remained constant throughout the culture. Taken together, this study shows that automated measurements in flow mode can be established with advanced scripting to reduce the workload for the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J H Gerritzen
- Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michiel Stork
- Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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82
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Abstract
The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from eukaryotes has gained strong interest in recent years. However, research into the therapeutic application of their bacterial counterparts, known as bacterial membrane vesicles, is only just beginning to be appreciated. Membrane vesicles (MVs) from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria offer significant advantages in therapeutic development, including large-scale, cost effective production and ease of molecular manipulation to display foreign antigens. The nanoparticle size of MVs enables their dissemination through numerous tissue types, and their natural immunogenicity and self-adjuvanting capability can be harnessed to induce both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in vaccine design. Moreover, the ability to target MVs to specific tissues through the display of surface receptors raises their potential use as targeted MV-based anti-cancer therapy. This review discusses recent advances in MV research with particular emphasis on exciting new possibilities for the application of MVs in therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3068, Australia.
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83
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Gerritzen MJH, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, van der Pol L, Stork M. Bioengineering bacterial outer membrane vesicles as vaccine platform. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:565-574. [PMID: 28522212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally non-replicating, highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles derived from Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs from pathogenic bacteria have been successfully used as vaccines against bacterial meningitis and sepsis among others and the composition of the vesicles can easily be engineered. OMVs can be used as a vaccine platform by engineering heterologous antigens to the vesicles. The major advantages of adding heterologous proteins to the OMV are that the antigens retain their native conformation, the ability of targeting specific immune responses, and a single production process suffices for many vaccines. Several promising vaccine platform concepts have been engineered based on decorating OMVs with heterologous antigens. This review discusses these vaccine concepts and reviews design considerations as the antigen location, the adjuvant function, physiochemical properties, and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J H Gerritzen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H Wijffels
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, P.O. Box 1409, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Leo van der Pol
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Molecular Biology and Immunology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Process Development Bacterial Vaccines, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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84
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Fantappiè L, Irene C, De Santis M, Armini A, Gagliardi A, Tomasi M, Parri M, Cafardi V, Bonomi S, Ganfini L, Zerbini F, Zanella I, Carnemolla C, Bini L, Grandi A, Grandi G. Some Gram-negative Lipoproteins Keep Their Surface Topology When Transplanted from One Species to Another and Deliver Foreign Polypeptides to the Bacterial Surface. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1348-1364. [PMID: 28483926 PMCID: PMC5500766 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, outer membrane-associated lipoproteins can either face the periplasm or protrude out of the bacterial surface. The mechanisms involved in lipoprotein transport through the outer membrane are not fully elucidated. Some lipoproteins reach the surface by using species-specific transport machinery. By contrast, a still poorly characterized group of lipoproteins appears to always cross the outer membrane, even when transplanted from one organism to another. To investigate such lipoproteins, we tested the expression and compartmentalization in E. coli of three surface-exposed lipoproteins, two from Neisseria meningitidis (Nm-fHbp and NHBA) and one from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa-fHbp). We found that all three lipoproteins were lipidated and compartmentalized in the E. coli outer membrane and in outer membrane vesicles. Furthermore, fluorescent antibody cell sorting analysis, proteolytic surface shaving, and confocal microscopy revealed that all three proteins were also exposed on the surface of the outer membrane. Removal or substitution of the first four amino acids following the lipidated cysteine residue and extensive deletions of the C-terminal regions in Nm-fHbp did not prevent the protein from reaching the surface of the outer membrane. Heterologous polypeptides, fused to the C termini of Nm-fHbp and NHBA, were efficiently transported to the E. coli cell surface and compartmentalized in outer membrane vesicles, demonstrating that these lipoproteins can be exploited in biotechnological applications requiring Gram-negative bacterial surface display of foreign polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantappiè
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Carmela Irene
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Micaela De Santis
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armini
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Assunta Gagliardi
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- ¶Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafardi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Serena Bonomi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Luisa Ganfini
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Zerbini
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Carnemolla
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- §Functional Proteomics Lab., Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Grandi
- ¶Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- From the ‡Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy;
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85
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Zerbini F, Zanella I, Fraccascia D, König E, Irene C, Frattini LF, Tomasi M, Fantappiè L, Ganfini L, Caproni E, Parri M, Grandi A, Grandi G. Large scale validation of an efficient CRISPR/Cas-based multi gene editing protocol in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:68. [PMID: 28438207 PMCID: PMC5404680 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exploitation of the CRISPR/Cas9 machinery coupled to lambda (λ) recombinase-mediated homologous recombination (recombineering) is becoming the method of choice for genome editing in E. coli. First proposed by Jiang and co-workers, the strategy has been subsequently fine-tuned by several authors who demonstrated, by using few selected loci, that the efficiency of mutagenesis (number of mutant colonies over total number of colonies analyzed) can be extremely high (up to 100%). However, from published data it is difficult to appreciate the robustness of the technology, defined as the number of successfully mutated loci over the total number of targeted loci. This information is particularly relevant in high-throughput genome editing, where repetition of experiments to rescue missing mutants would be impractical. This work describes a "brute force" validation activity, which culminated in the definition of a robust, simple and rapid protocol for single or multiple gene deletions. RESULTS We first set up our own version of the CRISPR/Cas9 protocol and then we evaluated the mutagenesis efficiency by changing different parameters including sequence of guide RNAs, length and concentration of donor DNAs, and use of single stranded and double stranded donor DNAs. We then validated the optimized conditions targeting 78 "dispensable" genes. This work led to the definition of a protocol, featuring the use of double stranded synthetic donor DNAs, which guarantees mutagenesis efficiencies consistently higher than 10% and a robustness of 100%. The procedure can be applied also for simultaneous gene deletions. CONCLUSIONS This work defines for the first time the robustness of a CRISPR/Cas9-based protocol based on a large sample size. Since the technical solutions here proposed can be applied to other similar procedures, the data could be of general interest for the scientific community working on bacterial genome editing and, in particular, for those involved in synthetic biology projects requiring high throughput procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zerbini
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanella
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Davide Fraccascia
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Enrico König
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Carmela Irene
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca F. Frattini
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasi
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Fantappiè
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luisa Ganfini
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Elena Caproni
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Parri
- Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Grandi
- Toscana Life Sciences Scientific Park, Via Fiorentina, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology Unit, CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 9, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
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86
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Chen L, Valentine JL, Huang CJ, Endicott CE, Moeller TD, Rasmussen JA, Fletcher JR, Boll JM, Rosenthal JA, Dobruchowska J, Wang Z, Heiss C, Azadi P, Putnam D, Trent MS, Jones BD, DeLisa MP. Outer membrane vesicles displaying engineered glycotopes elicit protective antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3609-18. [PMID: 27274048 PMCID: PMC4932928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518311113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS) component of lipopolysaccharides on the surface of gram-negative bacteria is both a virulence factor and a B-cell antigen. Antibodies elicited by O-PS often confer protection against infection; therefore, O-PS glycoconjugate vaccines have proven useful against a number of different pathogenic bacteria. However, conventional methods for natural extraction or chemical synthesis of O-PS are technically demanding, inefficient, and expensive. Here, we describe an alternative methodology for producing glycoconjugate vaccines whereby recombinant O-PS biosynthesis is coordinated with vesiculation in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli to yield glycosylated outer membrane vesicles (glycOMVs) decorated with pathogen-mimetic glycotopes. Using this approach, glycOMVs corresponding to eight different pathogenic bacteria were generated. For example, expression of a 17-kb O-PS gene cluster from the highly virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) strain Schu S4 in hypervesiculating E. coli cells yielded glycOMVs that displayed F. tularensis O-PS. Immunization of BALB/c mice with glycOMVs elicited significant titers of O-PS-specific serum IgG antibodies as well as vaginal and bronchoalveolar IgA antibodies. Importantly, glycOMVs significantly prolonged survival upon subsequent challenge with F. tularensis Schu S4 and provided complete protection against challenge with two different F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) live vaccine strains, thereby demonstrating the vaccine potential of glycOMVs. Given the ease with which recombinant glycotopes can be expressed on OMVs, the strategy described here could be readily adapted for developing vaccines against many other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiao Chen
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jenny L Valentine
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Chung-Jr Huang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Christine E Endicott
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Tyler D Moeller
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jed A Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Joseph M Boll
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Joseph A Rosenthal
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Justyna Dobruchowska
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - David Putnam
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Genetics Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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87
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Salverda MLM, Meinderts SM, Hamstra HJ, Wagemakers A, Hovius JWR, van der Ark A, Stork M, van der Ley P. Surface display of a borrelial lipoprotein on meningococcal outer membrane vesicles. Vaccine 2016; 34:1025-33. [PMID: 26801064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are gaining attention as vaccine candidates. The successful expression of heterologous antigens in OMVs, with the OMV functioning both as adjuvant and delivery vehicle, has greatly enhanced their vaccine potential. Since there are indications that surface exposed antigens might induce a superior immune response, targeting of heterologous antigens to the OMV surface is of special interest. Several systems for surface display of heterologous antigens on OMVs have been developed. However, these systems have not been used to display lipidated membrane-associated proteins known as lipoproteins, which are emerging as key targets for protective immunity. We were therefore interested to see whether we could express a foreign lipoprotein on the outer surface of OMVs. When outer surface protein A (OspA), a borrelial surface-exposed lipoprotein, was expressed in meningococci, it was found that although OspA was present in OMVs, it was no longer surface-exposed. Therefore, a set of fusions of OspA to different regions of factor H binding protein (fHbp), a meningococcal surface-exposed lipoprotein, were designed and tested for their surface-exposure. An N-terminal part of fHbp was found to be necessary for the successful surface display of OspA on meningococcal OMVs. When mice were immunized with this set of OMVs, an OspA-specific antibody response was only elicited by OMVs with clearly surface-exposed OspA, strengthening the idea that the exact positioning of an antigen in the OMV affects the immune response. This method for the surface display of heterologous lipoproteins on OMVs is a step forward in the development of OMVs as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merijn L M Salverda
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne M Meinderts
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Hamstra
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines (IIV), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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88
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Abstract
Historically vaccines were produced using whole attenuated or killed pathogens and still a large proportion of current vaccines utilizes such procedure. However, for safety and quality reasons the development of novel vaccines is preferentially based on the selection and use of specific pathogen components which alone are capable of eliciting protective immune responses against the pathogens they derived from. The big challenge for vaccinologists is how to select the right antigens and to combine them with proper immune stimulatory components (adjuvants) in order to induce protective immunity. This Commentary outlines the authors' view on the current and future strategies for the efficient and rapid identification of the most effective protective antigens and adjuvants. Since efficacious subunit-based vaccines against recalcitrant pathogens are likely to require more than one antigen and/or immune stimulator, this poses the problem of how to make such vaccines economically acceptable. In this regard, the authors also present their view of how bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) could become a promising platform for the development of future vaccines. The unique properties of OMVs might be exploited in the field of infectious diseases and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Tomasi
- b CIBIO, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento ; Trento , Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- b CIBIO, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento ; Trento , Italy
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89
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van der Pol L, Stork M, van der Ley P. Outer membrane vesicles as platform vaccine technology. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1689-706. [PMID: 26912077 PMCID: PMC4768646 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released spontaneously during growth by many Gram-negative bacteria. They present a range of surface antigens in a native conformation and have natural properties like immunogenicity, self-adjuvation and uptake by immune cells which make them attractive for application as vaccines against pathogenic bacteria. In particular with Neisseria meningitidis, they have been investigated extensively and an OMV-containing meningococcal vaccine has recently been approved by regulatory agencies. Genetic engineering of the OMV-producing bacteria can be used to improve and expand their usefulness as vaccines. Recent work on meningitis B vaccines shows that OMVs can be modified, such as for lipopolysaccharide reactogenicity, to yield an OMV product that is safe and effective. The overexpression of crucial antigens or simultaneous expression of multiple antigenic variants as well as the expression of heterologous antigens enable expansion of their range of applications. In addition, modifications may increase the yield of OMV production and can be combined with specific production processes to obtain high amounts of well-defined, stable and uniform OMV particle vaccine products. Further improvement can facilitate the development of OMVs as platform vaccine product for multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel Stork
- Product Development, Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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90
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