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Rosa NN, Pekkinen J, Zavala K, Fouret G, Korkmaz A, Feillet-Coudray C, Atalay M, Hanhineva K, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K, Micard V. Impact of wheat aleurone structure on metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10101-10109. [PMID: 25238637 DOI: 10.1021/jf503314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of native and structurally modified wheat aleurone, by dry-grinding or enzymatic treatments, to counteract metabolic disorders in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). C57BL6/J mice were first fed ad libitum with a high-fat diet for 9 weeks to induce obesity, after which the native or treated aleurone fractions were added (13% (w/w)) in the high-fat diets for an additional 8 weeks. The effects of the aleurone-enriched diets were evaluated by assessing body weight gain, adiposity, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin and leptin, and anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Enrichment of the diet with native or finely ground aleurone did not improve any parameter analyzed; finely ground aleurone even slightly increased (p = 0.03) body weight gain. Enrichment of the diet with enzymatically treated aleurone only had a tendency toward lower body weight gain, visceral adipose tissue accumulation, fasting plasma insulin, and leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nicole Rosa
- Montpellier SupAgro-INRA-UMII-CIRAD, JRU IATE1208 Agropolymers Engineering and Emerging Technologies , 2 Place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Harris Jackson K, West SG, Vanden Heuvel JP, Jonnalagadda SS, Ross AB, Hill AM, Grieger JA, Lemieux SK, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circumference: a randomized controlled-feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:577-86. [PMID: 24944054 PMCID: PMC4095661 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher whole-grain (WG) intake is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, there is inconsistent clinical evidence with regard to the benefit of WGs compared with refined grains (RGs) on MetS. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that consuming WGs in the place of RGs would improve MetS criteria in individuals with or at risk of MetS. DESIGN A randomized, controlled, open-label parallel study was conducted in 50 overweight and obese individuals with increased waist circumference and one or more other MetS criteria. Participants consumed a controlled weight-loss diet containing either WG or RG (control) products for 12 wk. Body composition, MetS criteria and related markers, and plasma alkylresorcinols (compliance marker of WG intake) were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 wk. A subgroup (n = 28) underwent magnetic resonance imaging to quantify subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT). RESULTS Baseline variables were not significantly different between groups; however, the RG group tended to have higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P = 0.06). Alkylresorcinols increased with consumption of the WG diet and did not change with consumption of the RG diet (time × treatment, P < 0.0001), which showed dietary compliance. There were no differences in anthropometric changes between groups; however, weight, body mass index, and percentage of body AT decreased at both 6 and 12 wk (P < 0.05), and reductions in percentage of abdominal AT occurred by 6 wk and did not change between 6 and 12 wk (P = 0.09). Both glucose (P = 0.02) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.04) were lower with the consumption of the WG compared with the RG diet. However, when noncompliant individuals (n = 3) were removed, the glucose effect was stronger (P = 0.01) and the HDL-cholesterol effect was no longer significant (P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS Replacing RGs with WGs within a weight-loss diet does not beneficially affect abdominal AT loss and has modest effects on markers of MetS. WGs appear to be effective at normalizing blood glucose concentrations, especially in those individuals with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Harris Jackson
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Sheila G West
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - John P Vanden Heuvel
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Satya S Jonnalagadda
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Alastair B Ross
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Alison M Hill
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Susan K Lemieux
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences (KHJ, SGW, AMH, JAG, and PMK-E), Biobehavioral Health (SGW), and Veterinary and Biomedical Science (JPVH); the Center of Excellence in Nutrigenomics (JPVH and PMK-E); and the Social, Life, and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center (SKL), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; the Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN (SSJ); the Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (ABR); the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden (ABR); the Nutritional Physiology Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia (AMH); and the Robinson Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia (JAG)
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Adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet in relation to obesity among Iranian female nurses. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:705-12. [PMID: 24810207 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited observational studies have considered habitual consumption of the general population to examine the relationship between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate adherence to the DASH diet in relation to general and central obesity among female nurses in Isfahan, Iran. DESIGN Cross-sectional study carried out among 293 female nurses aged >30 years who were selected by a multistage, cluster random sampling method. Usual dietary intakes were assessed using a validated FFQ. We constructed the DASH score based on foods and nutrients emphasized or minimized in the DASH diet, focusing on eight components: high intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes, low-fat dairy products and whole grains and low intakes of sodium, sweetened beverages, and red and processed meats. General and abdominal obesity were defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm, respectively. SETTING Isfahan, Iran. SUBJECTS Female nurses (n 293) aged >30 years. RESULTS Increased adherence to the DASH diet was associated with older age (P<0.01) and lower waist circumference (P=0.04). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of general obesity between extreme quartiles of the DASH diet score. After adjustment for age, energy intake and other confounding factors, DASH diet score was not significantly associated with obesity. However, with further controlling for other dietary factors, those in the highest quartile of DASH diet score were 71 % less likely to have general obesity compared with those in the lowest quartile. In addition, following a DASH diet was inversely associated with central obesity after adjustment for potential confounders (OR=0.37; 95 % CI 0.14, 0.96). CONCLUSIONS We found that adherence to the DASH diet was inversely related to central obesity among Iranian adult females. This association remained significant even after adjustment for potential confounders.
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Georgoulis M, Kontogianni MD, Tileli N, Margariti A, Fragopoulou E, Tiniakos D, Zafiropoulou R, Papatheodoridis G. The impact of cereal grain consumption on the development and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1727-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Landberg R, Marklund M, Kamal-Eldin A, Åman P. An update on alkylresorcinols – Occurrence, bioavailability, bioactivity and utility as biomarkers. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Yasutake K, Kohjima M, Kotoh K, Nakashima M, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M. Dietary habits and behaviors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1756-67. [PMID: 24587653 PMCID: PMC3930974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of health problems in Western (industrialized) countries. Moreover, the incidence of infantile NAFLD is increasing, with some of these patients progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. These trends depend on dietary habits and life-style. In particular, overeating and its associated obesity affect the development of NAFLD. Nutritional problems in patients with NAFLD include excess intake of energy, carbohydrates, and lipids, and shortages of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Although nutritional therapeutic approaches are required for prophylaxis and treatment of NAFLD, continuous nutrition therapy is difficult for many patients because of their dietary habits and lifestyle, and because the motivation for treatment differs among patients. Thus, it is necessary to assess the nutritional background and to identify nutritional problems in each patient with NAFLD. When assessing dietary habits, it is important to individually evaluate those that are consumed excessively or insufficiently, as well as inappropriate eating behaviors. Successful nutrition therapy requires patient education, based on assessments of individual nutrients, and continuing the treatment. In this article, we update knowledge about NAFLD, review the important aspects of nutritional assessment targeting treatment success, and present some concrete nutritional care plans which can be applied generally.
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57
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Fujii H, Iwase M, Ohkuma T, Ogata-Kaizu S, Ide H, Kikuchi Y, Idewaki Y, Joudai T, Hirakawa Y, Uchida K, Sasaki S, Nakamura U, Kitazono T. Impact of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry. Nutr J 2013; 12:159. [PMID: 24330576 PMCID: PMC3878841 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fiber is beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is consumed differently in ethnic foods around the world. We investigated the association between dietary fiber intake and obesity, glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 4,399 patients were assessed for dietary fiber intake using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. The associations between dietary fiber intake and various cardiovascular risk factors were investigated cross-sectionally. Results Body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein negatively associated with dietary fiber intake after adjusting for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, total energy intake, fat intake, saturated fatty acid intake, leisure-time physical activity and use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The homeostasis model assessment insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol positively associated with dietary fiber intake. Dietary fiber intake was associated with reduced prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome after multivariate adjustments including obesity. Furthermore, dietary fiber intake was associated with lower prevalence of albuminuria, low estimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease after multivariate adjustments including protein intake. Additional adjustments for obesity, hypertension or metabolic syndrome did not change these associations. Conclusion We demonstrated that increased dietary fiber intake was associated with better glycemic control and more favorable cardiovascular disease risk factors including chronic kidney disease in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic patients should be encouraged to consume more dietary fiber in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanori Iwase
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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58
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Zamboni M, Rossi AP, Fantin F, Zamboni G, Chirumbolo S, Zoico E, Mazzali G. Adipose tissue, diet and aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 136-137:129-37. [PMID: 24321378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Age related increase in body fat mass, visceral adipose tissue (AT), and ectopic fat deposition are strongly related to worse health conditions in the elderly. Moreover, with aging higher inflammation in adipose tissue may be observed and may contribute to inflammaging. Aging may significantly affect AT function by modifying the profile of adipokines produced by adipose cells, reducing preadipocytes number and their function and increasing AT macrophages infiltration. The initiating events of the inflammatory cascade promoting a greater AT inflammatory profile are not completely understood. Nutrients may determine changes in the amount of body fat, in its distribution as well as in AT function with some nutrients showing a pro-inflammatory effect on AT. Evidences are sparse and quite controversial with only a few studies performed in older subjects. Different dietary patterns are the result of the complex interaction of foods and nutrients, thus more studies are needed to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and changes in adipose tissue structure, distribution and function in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Zoico
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzali
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Birkett
- The Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, MI, U.S.A
- Corresponding author
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60
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Consumption of wheat bran modified by autoclaving reduces fat mass in hamsters. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:793-802. [PMID: 24100600 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect that wheat bran modified by autoclaving (MWB) had on reducing fat accumulation in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemia- and obesity-inducing diet. METHODS Male hamsters (n = 45) were randomized into 3 groups and fed a hypercholesterolemia- and obesity-inducing diet with or without 10% standard wheat bran or MWB for 28 days. Our outcome measures included body composition measured by DXA, oxygen consumption and plasma lipids and glucose concentrations. RESULTS Animals fed the MWB diet had lower % fat mass (49.8 vs. 53.4%; p = 0.02) and higher % lean body mass (47.2 vs. 44.1%; p = 0.02) compared with controls despite no differences in food intake or weight gain. Additionally, plasma glucose tended to be lower (6.9 vs. 8.5 mmol/l; p < 0.08) in the MWB animals compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the compositional changes in autoclaved wheat bran, specifically solubility of phenolic antioxidants and fiber, may have contributed to the lower fat accumulation in our animals. Further study is needed to determine whether the exact mechanism involved increased lipolysis and energy utilization from adipose.
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Pol K, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Raben A, Tetens I, Kristensen M. Whole grain and body weight changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:872-84. [PMID: 23945718 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.064659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole grains have received increased attention for their potential role in weight regulation. A high intake has been associated with smaller weight gain in prospective cohort studies, whereas the evidence from randomized controlled studies has been less consistent. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of whole-grain compared with non-whole-grain foods on changes in body weight, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference by using a meta-analytic approach. DESIGN We conducted a systematic literature search in selected databases. Studies were included in the review if they were randomized controlled studies of whole-grain compared with a non-whole-grain control in adults. A total of 2516 articles were screened for eligibility, and relevant data were extracted from 26 studies. Weighted mean differences were calculated, and a metaregression analysis was performed by using the whole-grain dose (g/d). RESULTS Data from 2060 participants were included. Whole-grain intake did not show any effect on body weight (weighted difference: 0.06 kg; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.20 kg; P = 0.45), but a small effect on the percentage of body fat was seen (weighted difference: -0.48%; 95% CI: -0.95%, -0.01%; P = 0.04) compared with that for a control. An examination of the impact of daily whole-grain intake could predict differences between groups, but there was no significant association (β = -0.0013 kg × g/d; 95% CI: -0.011, 0.009 kg × g/d). CONCLUSIONS Whole-grain consumption does not decrease body weight compared with control consumption, but a small beneficial effect on body fat may be present. The relatively short duration of intervention studies (≤16 wk) may explain the lack of difference in body weight and fat. Discrepancies between studies may be caused by differences in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrie Pol
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey GC, Klurfeld DM. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:594-619. [PMID: 23803885 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of whole grain and chronic disease have often included bran-enriched foods and other ingredients that do not meet the current definition of whole grains. Therefore, we assessed the literature to test whether whole grains alone had benefits on these diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the contribution of bran or cereal fiber on the impact of whole grains on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and body weight measures, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human studies as the basis for establishing an American Society for Nutrition (ASN) position on this subject. DESIGN We performed a comprehensive PubMed search of human studies published from 1965 to December 2010. RESULTS Most whole-grain studies included mixtures of whole grains and foods with ≥25% bran. Prospective studies consistently showed a reduced risk of T2D with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. For body weight, a limited number of prospective studies on cereal fiber and whole grains reported small but significant reductions in weight gain. For CVD, studies found reduced risk with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. CONCLUSIONS The ASN position, based on the current state of the science, is that consumption of foods rich in cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran is modestly associated with a reduced risk of obesity, T2D, and CVD. The data for whole grains alone are limited primarily because of varying definitions among epidemiologic studies of what, and how much, was included in that food category.
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Ross AB, Godin JP, Minehira K, Kirwan JP. Increasing whole grain intake as part of prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:585876. [PMID: 23762052 PMCID: PMC3670556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the rise in rates of obesity, there has been an increase in the rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While NAFLD at least partially originates from poor diet, there is a lack of nutritional recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD, beyond eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and emphasising weight loss. The limited current literature suggests that there may be opportunities to provide more tailored dietary advice for people diagnosed with or at risk of NAFLD. Epidemiological studies consistently find associations between whole grain intake and a reduced risk of obesity and related diseases, yet no work has been done on the potential of whole grains to prevent and/or be a part of the treatment for fatty liver diseases. In this review, we examine the potential and the current evidence for whole grains having an impact on NAFLD. Due to their nutrient and phytochemical composition, switching from consuming mainly refined grains to whole grains should be considered as part of the nutritional guidelines for patients diagnosed with or at risk for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B. Ross
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
- Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Major cereal grain fibers and psyllium in relation to cardiovascular health. Nutrients 2013; 5:1471-87. [PMID: 23628720 PMCID: PMC3708330 DOI: 10.3390/nu5051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies reveal the cardiovascular benefits of consuming dietary fiber and, especially, cereal fiber. Cereal fiber is associated with cardiovascular risk reduction through multiple mechanisms and consuming a variety of cereal fiber sources offers health benefits specific to the source. Certain cereal fibers have been studied more extensively than others and provide greater support for their incorporation into a healthful diet. β-glucan from oats or barley, or a combination of whole oats and barley, and soluble fiber from psyllium reduces the risk of coronary heart disease; inulin-type fructans added to foods and beverages may modestly decrease serum triacylglycerols; arabinoxylan and resistant starch may improve glycemic control. Individuals with low cereal fiber intake should increase their intake of whole grains in order to receive the benefits of whole grains in addition to fiber. For those adjusting to the texture and palatability of whole grains, turning to added-fiber products rich in β-glucan and psyllium may allow them to reach their fiber goals without increasing caloric intake.
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Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Golzarand M, Shiva N, Azizi F. Association between dietary phytochemical index and 3-year changes in weight, waist circumference and body adiposity index in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012. [PMID: 23206375 PMCID: PMC3546027 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High intakes of phytochemical-rich foods have favorable effects on the prevention of chronic diseases. In this study we assessed the dietary phytochemical index (PI) in relation to 3-year change in weight, waist circumference (WC), body adiposity index (BAI) among Tehranian adults. Methods This longitudinal study was conducted in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, between 2006–2008 and 2009–2011, on 1938 adults, aged 19–70 y. The usual intake of participants was measured at baseline using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and dietary PI was calculated. Anthropometric measures were assessed both at baseline and 3 years later. Multiple regression models were used to estimate mean difference changes in anthropometrics associated with various dietary PI. Results The mean age of participants was 40.4 ± 13.0 y, at baseline, respectively. Mean weight gain was 1.49 ± 5.06 kg (1.65 ± 5.3 kg in men and 1.34 ± 4.9 kg in women) during 3-year period. After adjustment for potential confounding variables including age at baseline, sex, BMI, educational levels, smoking, physical activity, total energy intake, dietary intake of carbohydrate, fat and protein, dietary intakes of whole grains in the highest quartile category of PI were inversely associated with 3-year changes in weight and WC (P for trend <0.05). Dietary intake of fruits in the highest quartile was also associated with lower weight gain during the study period (P for trend <0.05). There was significant inverse association between the highest quartile category of dietary PI with the 3-year changes in weight and BAI (P for trend <0.05). Conclusion Higher dietary PI could have favorable effects on prevention of weight gain and reduction of body adiposity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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66
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Niba L. Enrichment of Whole Grain Foods with Soluble Fiber: Enhancing Health Benefits and Remedying a Critical Shortfall. CEREAL FOOD WORLD 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/cfw-57-6-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Niba
- Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ, U.S.A
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Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption Patterns: The Relationship to Nutrient Intake, Whole Grain Intake, and Body Mass Index in an Older American Population. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:631310. [PMID: 23094158 PMCID: PMC3474243 DOI: 10.1155/2012/631310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the relationship between ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast cereal consumption patterns and body mass index (BMI), nutrient intake, and whole grain intake in an older American population. Design. A cross-sectional survey of US households, collected by the NPD Group via the National Eating Trends (NET) survey. Main outcome measures include BMI, nutrient intake, and whole grain intake. Subjects/Setting. The sample included 1759 participants age 55 and older, which was divided into approximate quartiles based on intake of RTE breakfast cereal for the 2-week period (0 servings, 1-3 servings, 4-7 servings, and ≥8 servings). Results. In the multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for energy and age; intake of dietary fiber, whole grains, and the majority of micronutrients examined were found to be positively associated with frequent RTE cereal consumption. The proportion of participants consuming less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) was lower for the highest quartile of RTE cereal consumers compared to nonconsumers, for the majority of vitamins and minerals examined. Significant differences in BMI between RTE breakfast cereal intake groups were found for men. Conclusion. Results suggest that ready-to-eat breakfast cereals may contribute to the nutritional quality of the diets of older Americans. Prospective studies and experimental trials are needed to better evaluate the role of RTE cereal consumption in energy balance.
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Ma J, Ross AB, Shea MK, Bruce SJ, Jacques PF, Saltzman E, Lichtenstein AH, Booth SL, McKeown NM. Plasma alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain intake, are related to lower BMI in older adults. J Nutr 2012; 142:1859-64. [PMID: 22955514 PMCID: PMC3442796 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.163253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids found in the bran fraction of whole-grain wheat, rye, and barley. In intervention studies, plasma AR concentration increased in response to greater intakes of whole grain, wheat, and rye. This study examined the cross-sectional associations between plasma AR and habitual whole-grain intake, BMI, and metabolic risk factors in 407 free-living older adults (166 men and 241 women; aged 60-81y; median BMI: 27 kg/m(2)). Plasma AR were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS, and whole-grain intakes were estimated by using an FFQ. After adjustment for fasting TG concentrations, median plasma AR concentrations across quartile categories of AR were 5, 14, 27, and 62 nmol/L, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficients between plasma AR and whole-grain wheat-rich foods and total bran intake were 0.31 and 0.27, respectively (both P < 0.0001). After adjustment for multiple covariates, the geometric means of BMI in the lowest and highest quartile category of plasma AR were 27.6 and 26.7 kg/m(2), respectively (P-trend = 0.04). No associations were observed between plasma AR and glucose and insulin. Our study shows a dose-dependent relationship between whole-grain intake and plasma AR and confirms the previously observed inverse relationship between whole-grain intake and BMI using an independent biomarker of whole-grain wheat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ma
- Nutrition Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - M. Kyla Shea
- Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Section of Gerontology, Sticht Center on Aging, Winston-Salem, NC; and
| | | | - Paul F. Jacques
- Nutrition Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, and
| | - Sarah L. Booth
- Vitamin K Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Nicola M. McKeown
- Nutrition Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zienczuk N, Young TK, Cao ZR, Egeland GM. Dietary correlates of an at-risk BMI among Inuit adults in the Canadian high arctic: cross-sectional international polar year Inuit health survey, 2007-2008. Nutr J 2012; 11:73. [PMID: 22989025 PMCID: PMC3502283 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study's objective was to investigate the dietary correlates of an at-risk body mass index (BMI) among Inuit adults from thirty-six communities across the Canadian Arctic using data from the cross-sectional International Polar Year Inuit Health Survey, conducted in 2007-2008. METHODS The survey included assessments of 24-hr dietary recall, sociodemographics, physical activity, and anthropometry. Dietary characteristics of overweight and obesity were similar and therefore combined into one at- risk BMI category (≥25 kg/m2) for analyses. The relationship between an at-risk BMI and energy intake from macronutrients, high sugar drinks, high-fat foods, saturated fatty acids, and traditional foods were examined entering each dietary variable separately into a logistic regression model as an independent variable. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, region, kcalories, walking, smoking and alcohol consumption. Further multivariable models considered selected dietary variables together in one model. RESULTS An at-risk BMI was present for 64% with a prevalence of overweight and obesity of 28% and 36%, respectively. Consumption of high-sugar drinks (>15.5% E) was significantly related with having an at-risk BMI (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.2; 2.2), whereas the % E from total carbohydrate evaluated as a continuous variable and as quartiles was inversely related to an at-risk BMI (P -trend < 0.05) in multivariable analyses. While % E from high-fat foods was positively related to an at-risk BMI, the findings were not significant in a model controlling for high-sugar drinks and % E from carbohydrates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of overweight and obesity is of public health concern among Inuit. The current findings highlight the obesogenic potential of high-sugar drink consumption in an ethnically distinct population undergoing rapid cultural changes and raises concerns regarding carbohydrate restricted diets. Health promotion programs aimed at preventing the development of an unhealthy body weight should focus on physical activity and the promotion of healthy diets with reduced intake of sugar drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zienczuk
- Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (CINE) and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3 V9, Canada
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Abstract
Whole grain (WG)-rich diets are purported to have a variety of health benefits, including a favorable role in body weight regulation. Current dietary recommendations advocate substituting WG for refined grains (RG), because many of the beneficial bioactive components intrinsic to WG are lost during the refining process. Epidemiological studies consistently demonstrate that higher intakes of WG, but not RG, are associated with lower BMI and/or reduced risk of obesity. However, recent clinical trials have failed to support a role for WG in promoting weight loss or maintenance. Though the biochemical and structural characteristics of WG have been shown to modulate appetite, nutrient availability, and energy utilization, the capacity of WG foods to elicit these effects varies with the type and amount of grain consumed as well as the nature of its consumption. As such, WG foods differentially affect physiologic factors influencing body weight with the common practice of processing and reconstituting WG ingredients during food production likely mitigating the capacity for WG to benefit body weight regulation.
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71
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Whole grain consumption is inversely associated with BMI Z-score in rural school-aged children. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:212-8. [PMID: 22894825 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012003527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between intake of whole grains and BMI Z-score in rural children. DESIGN General linear models and logistic regression were used to examine the cross-sectional associations between whole grain intake and BMI Z-score, prevalence and odds ratios of overweight and obesity. Dietary intake was assessed using the Block Food Screener for ages 2-17 years. Children were classified into three categories according to servings of whole grain intake: <1·0 serving/d, 1·0-1·5 servings/d and >1·5 servings/d. SETTING The CHANGE (Creating Healthy, Active and Nurturing Growing-up Environments) study, an obesity prevention intervention in elementary schools in eight rural US communities in California, Mississippi, Kentucky and South Carolina. SUBJECTS Seven hundred and ninety-two children attending 3rd-6th grade. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity and state of residence, whole grain intake was inversely associated with BMI Z-score (0·90 v. 0·61 in the lowest v. the highest whole grain intake category; P trend = 0·01). Children who consumed >1·5 servings of whole grains/d had a 40 % lower risk of being obese (OR = 0·60; 95 % CI 0·38, 0·95, P = 0·02) compared with children who consumed <1·0 serving/d. Further adjustment for potential dietary predictors of body weight (fruit, vegetable and dairy intakes) did not change the observed associations. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the intake of whole grains as part of an overall healthy lifestyle may be beneficial for children to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
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Lefevre M, Jonnalagadda S. Effect of whole grains on markers of subclinical inflammation. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:387-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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73
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Kristensen M, Toubro S, Jensen MG, Ross AB, Riboldi G, Petronio M, Bügel S, Tetens I, Astrup A. Whole grain compared with refined wheat decreases the percentage of body fat following a 12-week, energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2012; 142:710-6. [PMID: 22357746 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies show inverse associations between intake of whole grain and adiposity and cardiovascular risk; however, only a few dietary intervention trials have investigated the effect of whole-grain consumption on health outcomes. We studied the effect of replacing refined wheat (RW) with whole-grain wheat (WW) for 12 wk on body weight and composition after a 2-wk run-in period of consumption of RW-containing food intake. In this open-label randomized trial, 79 overweight or obese postmenopausal women were randomized to an energy-restricted diet (deficit of ~1250 kJ/d) with RW or WW foods providing 2 MJ/d. Body weight and composition, blood pressure, and concentration of circulating risk markers were measured at wk 0, 6, and 12. Fecal output and energy excretion were assessed during run-in and wk 12. Plasma alkylresorcinol analysis indicated good compliance with the intervention diets. Body weight decreased significantly from baseline in both the RW (-2.7 ± 1.9 kg) and WW (-3.6 ± 3.2 kg) groups, but the decreases did not differ between the groups (P = 0.11). The reduction in body fat percentage was greater in the WW group (-3.0%) than in the RW group (-2.1%) (P = 0.04). Serum total and LDL cholesterol increased by ~5% (P < 0.01) in the RW group but did not change in the WW group; hence, the changes differed between the groups (P = 0.02). In conclusion, consumption of whole-grain products resulted in a greater reduction in the percentage fat mass, whereas body weight changes did not differ between the RW and WW groups. Serum total and LDL cholesterol, two important risk factors of cardiovascular disease, increased with RW but not WW consumption, which may suggest a cardioprotective role for whole grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kristensen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Schwartz N, Kaye EK, Nunn ME, Spiro A, Garcia RI. High-Fiber Foods Reduce Periodontal Disease Progression in Men Aged 65 and Older: The Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study/Dental Longitudinal Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012; 60:676-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schwartz
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; Connecticut
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75
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Williams PG. Evaluation of the evidence between consumption of refined grains and health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:80-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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McKeown NM, Hruby A, Saltzman E, Choumenkovitch SF, Jacques PF. Weighing in on Whole Grains: A Review of Evidence Linking Whole Grains to Body Weight. CEREAL FOOD WORLD 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/cfw-57-1-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - A. Hruby
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - E. Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - S. Furlong Choumenkovitch
- John Hancock Research Center on Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity Prevention, Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - P. F. Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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Abstract
Cereal-based food products have been the basis of the human diet since ancient times. Dietary guidelines all over the world are recommending the inclusion of whole grains because of the increasing evidence that whole grains and whole-grain-based products have the ability to enhance health beyond the simple provision of energy and nutrients. In this review we will examine the main chemical components present in whole grains that may have health enhancing properties (dietary fiber, inulin, beta-glucan, resistant starch, carotenoids, phenolics, tocotrienols, and tocopherols) and the role that whole grains may play in disease prevention (cardiovascular diseases and strokes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, as well as different forms of cancer). The knowledge derived from the functional properties of the different chemical components present in whole grains will aid in the formulation and development of new food products with health enhancing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Borneo
- Cátedra Química Aplicada, Facultad Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Giacco R, Della Pepa G, Luongo D, Riccardi G. Whole grain intake in relation to body weight: from epidemiological evidence to clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:901-908. [PMID: 22036468 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This viewpoint aims to 1) review the available scientific literature on the relationship between whole grain consumption and body weight regulation; 2) evaluate the potential mechanisms whereby whole grain intake may help reduce overweight and 3) try to understand why epidemiological studies and clinical trials provide diverging results on this topic. All the prospective epidemiological studies demonstrate that a higher intake of whole grains is associated with lower BMI and body weight gain. However, these results do not clarify whether whole grain consumption is simply a marker of a healthier lifestyle or a factor favoring "per se" lower body weight. Habitual whole grain consumption seems to cause lower body weight by multiple mechanisms such as lower energy density of whole grain based products, lower glycemic index, fermentation of non digestible carbohydrates (satiety signals) and finally by modulating intestinal microflora. In contrast with epidemiological evidence, the results of few clinical trials do not confirm that a whole grain low-calorie diet is more effective in reducing body weight than a refined cereal diet, but their results may have been affected by small sample size or short duration of the intervention. Therefore, further intervention studies with adequate methodology are needed to clarify this question. For the time being, whole grain consumption can be recommended as one of the features of the diet that may help control body weight but also because is associated with a lower risk to develop type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giacco
- CNR-Institute of Food Science, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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80
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Romaguera D, Ängquist L, Du H, Jakobsen MU, Forouhi NG, Halkjær J, Feskens EJM, van der A DL, Masala G, Steffen A, Palli D, Wareham NJ, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boeing H, Riboli E, Sørensen TI. Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23384. [PMID: 21858094 PMCID: PMC3157378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary factors such as low energy density and low glycemic index were associated with a lower gain in abdominal adiposity. A better understanding of which food groups/items contribute to these associations is necessary. Objective To ascertain the association of food groups/items consumption on prospective annual changes in “waist circumference for a given BMI” (WCBMI), a proxy for abdominal adiposity. Design We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years. WCBMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on BMI, and annual change in WCBMI (ΔWCBMI, cm/y) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline, divided by follow-up time. The association between food groups/items and ΔWCBMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression, and random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates. Results Higher fruit and dairy products consumption was associated with a lower gain in WCBMI whereas the consumption of white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks was positively associated with ΔWCBMI. When these six food groups/items were analyzed in combination using a summary score, those in the highest quartile of the score – indicating a more favourable dietary pattern –showed a ΔWCBMI of −0.11 (95% CI −0.09 to −0.14) cm/y compared to those in the lowest quartile. Conclusion A dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Romaguera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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81
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Abstract
The recently discovered SCFA-activated G-coupled protein receptors FFA receptor 2 and FFA receptor 3 are co-localised in l-cells with the anorexigenic 'ileal brake' gut hormone peptide YY, and also in adipocytes, with activation stimulating leptin release. Thus, SCFA such as acetate and propionate show promise as a candidate to increase satiety-enhancing properties of food. We therefore postulate SCFA may have a role in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis. SCFA can be delivered either directly within food, or indirectly via the colon by the provision of fermentable non-digestible carbohydrates. A review of studies investigating the effects of oral SCFA ingestion on appetite suggests that while oral SCFA ingestion is associated with enhanced satiety, this may be explained by product palatability rather than a physiological effect of SCFA. Colon-derived SCFA generated during microfloral fermentation have also been suggested to explain satiety-enhancing properties of non-digestible carbohydrates. However, findings are mixed from investigations into the effects of the prebiotic inulin-type fructans on appetite. Overall, data presented in this review do not support a role for SCFA in appetite regulation.
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Jonnalagadda SS, Harnack L, Hai Liu R, McKeown N, Seal C, Liu S, Fahey GC. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: health benefits associated with whole grains--summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium. J Nutr 2011; 141:1011S-22S. [PMID: 21451131 PMCID: PMC3078018 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.132944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The symposium "Putting the Whole Grain Puzzle Together: Health Benefits Associated with Whole Grains" sponsored by the ASN brought together researchers to review the evidence regarding the health benefits associated with whole grains. Current scientific evidence indicates that whole grains play an important role in lowering the risk of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, and also contribute to body weight management and gastrointestinal health. The essential macro- and micronutrients, along with the phytonutrients present in whole grains, synergistically contribute to their beneficial effects. Current evidence lends credence to the recommendations to incorporate whole grain foods into a healthy diet and lifestyle program. The symposium also highlighted the need for further research to examine the role of whole grain foods in disease prevention and management to gain a better understanding of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya S. Jonnalagadda
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, 55427,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Lisa Harnack
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicola McKeown
- Nutrition Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Chris Seal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, New Castle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE17RU UK
| | - Simin Liu
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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Fibre intake among the Belgian population by sex–age and sex–education groups and its association with BMI and waist circumference. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1692-703. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to assess total dietary fibre intake and the main contributors to fibre intake in the Belgian population by sex–age and sex–education groups and to investigate its relationship with BMI and waist circumference (WC). The participants of the Belgian food consumption survey (2004) were randomly selected. Information about food intake was collected using two repeated, non-consecutive 24 h recall interviews. A total of 3083 individuals ( ≥ 15 years; 1546 men and 1537 women) completed both interviews. The main contributors to total fibre intake (17·8 g/d) were cereals and cereal products (34 %; 5·9 g/d), potatoes and other tubers (18·6 %; 3·3 g/d), fruits (14·7 %; 2·8 g/d) and vegetables (14·4 %; 2·6 g/d). Legume fibre intake was extremely low (0·672 %; 0·139 g/d). In all sex–age and sex–education groups, total fibre intake was below the recommendations of the Belgian Superior Health Council. Men (21 g/d) consumed significantly more fibre than women (17·3 g/d) (P < 0·001). Lower educated men and higher educated women reported the highest fibre intake. A significant inverse association was found between total fibre intake and WC (β = − 0·118, P < 0·001). Fruit-derived fibre was positively associated with WC (β = 0·731, P = 0·001). In summary, total fibre intake was inversely associated with WC, whereas fruit-derived fibre intake was positively associated with WC in the Belgian population.
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84
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O'Neil CE, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Nicklas TA. Whole grain and fiber consumption are associated with lower body weight measures in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Nutr Res 2011; 30:815-22. [PMID: 21147364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association of whole grain consumption with body weight measures and prevalence of overweight/obesity in a recent, nationally representative sample of adults. A secondary analysis of 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data was conducted using adults 19 to 50 years of age (y) (n = 7,039) and 51+ y (n = 6,237). Participants were categorized by whole grain consumption: ≥ 0 to <0.6, ≥ 0.6 to <1.5, ≥ 1.5 to <3.0, and ≥ 3.0 servings/day. Main outcome measures included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and prevalence of overweight/obesity. Sample weights were applied and the number and percentages of adults in whole grain consumption groups were determined. Least-square means and standard errors were calculated for body weight measures. Two regression models were developed and compared. Model 1 covariates included age, gender, ethnicity, and total energy intake; Model 2 was extended to include cereal fiber. Trend analysis was conducted to test for differences between least-square means. Significance was set at P ≤ .05. Adults 19-50 and 51+ y consumed a mean of 0.63 and 0.77 servings of whole grains/day, respectively. A significant trend was observed in both age groups for increased consumption of whole grains with lower BMI, WC, and percentage overweight/obese (Model 1); however, a significant trend was not observed when cereal fiber was added as a covariate (Model 2). Results confirm overall whole grain intake well below recommendations, and adults who consumed the most servings of whole grains had lower body weight measures. Results also suggest that fiber in whole grain foods may mediate associations with weight measures in adults. Intake of whole grain foods should be encouraged by health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E O'Neil
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Bhupathiraju SN, Lichtenstein AH, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL. Adherence index based on the AHA 2006 diet and lifestyle recommendations is associated with select cardiovascular disease risk factors in older Puerto Ricans. J Nutr 2011; 141:460-9. [PMID: 21270369 PMCID: PMC3040903 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2006, the AHA released diet and lifestyle recommendations (AHA-DLR) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction. The effect of adherence to these recommendations on CVD risk is unknown. Our objective was to develop a unique diet and lifestyle score based on the AHA-DLR and to evaluate this score in relation to available CVD risk factors. In a cross-sectional study of Puerto Rican adults aged 45-75 y living in the greater Boston area, information was available for the following variables: diet (semiquantitative FFQ), blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), 10-y risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (Framingham risk score), and fasting plasma lipids, serum glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. We developed a diet and lifestyle score (AHA-DLS) based on the AHA-DLR. The AHA-DLS had both internal consistency and content validity. It was associated with plasma HDL cholesterol (P = 0.001), serum insulin (P = 0.0003), and CRP concentrations (P = 0.02), WC (P < 0.0001), and 10-y risk of CHD score (P = 0.01 in women). The AHA-DLS was inversely associated with serum glucose among those with a BMI < 25 (P = 0.01). Women and men in the highest quartile of the AHA-DLS had lower serum insulin (P-trend = 0.0003) and CRP concentrations (P-trend = 0.002), WC (P-trend = 0.0003), and higher HDL cholesterol (P-trend = 0.008). The AHA-DLS is a useful tool to measure adherence to the AHA-DLR and may be used to examine associations between diet and lifestyle behaviors and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Alice H. Lichtenstein
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Katherine L. Tucker
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111,Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Harris KA, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of whole grains on coronary heart disease risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 12:368-76. [PMID: 20820954 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing which types of carbohydrates, including whole grains, reduce the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) is challenging. Whole grains are characterized as being high in resistant carbohydrates as compared with refined grains, meaning they typically are high in fiber, nutrients, and bound antioxidants. Whole grain intake consistently has been associated with improved cardiovascular disease outcomes, but also with healthy lifestyles, in large observational studies. Intervention studies that assess the effects of whole grains on biomarkers for CHD have mixed results. Due to the varying nutrient compositions of different whole grains, each could potentially affect CHD risk via different mechanisms. Whole grains high in viscous fiber (oats, barley) decrease serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure and improve glucose and insulin responses. Grains high in insoluble fiber (wheat) moderately lower glucose and blood pressure but also have a prebiotic effect. Obesity is inversely related to whole grain intake, but intervention studies with whole grains have not produced weight loss. Visceral fat, however, may be affected favorably. Grain processing improves palatability and can have varying effects on nutrition (e.g., the process of milling and grinding flour increases glucose availability and decreases phytochemical content whereas thermal processing increases available antioxidants). Understanding how individual grains, in both natural and processed states, affect CHD risk can inform nutrition recommendations and policies and ultimately benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Harris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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A whole-grain cereal-rich diet increases plasma betaine, and tends to decrease total and LDL-cholesterol compared with a refined-grain diet in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1492-502. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have repeatedly found that whole-grain (WG) cereal foods reduce the risk of several lifestyle-related diseases, though consistent clinical outcomes and mechanisms are elusive. To compare the effects of a WG-rich diet with a matched refined-grain (RG) diet on plasma biomarkers and bowel health parameters, seventeen healthy subjects (eleven females and six males) completed an exploratory cross-over study with a 2-week intervention diet based on either WG- or RG-based foods, separated by a washout of at least 5 weeks. Both diets were the same except for the use of WG (150 g/d) or RG foods. Subjects undertook a 4 h postprandial challenge on day 8 of each intervention diet. After 2 weeks, the WG diet tended to decrease plasma total and LDL-cholesterol (both P = 0·09), but did not change plasma HDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein or homocysteine compared with the RG diet. Plasma betaine and alkylresorcinol concentrations were elevated after 1 week of the WG diet (P = 0·01 and P < 0·0001, respectively). Clostridium leptum populations in faeces were increased after the WG diet, along with a trend for decreased faecal water pH (P = 0·096) and increased stool frequency (P < 0·0001) compared with the RG diet. A short controlled intervention trial with a variety of commercially available WG-based products tended to improve biomarkers of CVD compared with a RG diet. Changes in faecal microbiota related to increased fibre fermentation and increased plasma betaine concentrations point to both fibre and phytochemical components of WG being important in mediating any potential health effects.
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Tucker AJ, Mackay KA, Robinson LE, Graham TE, Bakovic M, Duncan AM. The effect of whole grain wheat sourdough bread consumption on serum lipids in healthy normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic adults depends on presence of the APOE E3/E3 genotype: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20444273 PMCID: PMC2877680 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies associate consumption of whole grain foods, including breads, with reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, few studies have compared wheat whole grains with wheat refined grains. Methods This study investigated effects of 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread in comparison to white bread on fasting serum lipids in normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic (NGI; n = 14) and hyperglycemic/hyperinsulinemic (HGI; n = 14) adults. The influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 3 within the APOE gene (E2, E3, E4) and 2 within the hepatic lipase gene promoter (LIPC -514C>T, LIPC -250G>A) were considered. Results At baseline, HGI participants had significantly higher body weight, waist circumference, body fat, and fasted glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glucagon, triacylglycerols (TAG) and TAG:HDL-cholesterol, compared to NGI participants; however, none of these in addition to none of the other serum lipids, differed between bread treatments, within either participant group. For participants with the APOE E3/E3 genotype, LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02) increased in the NGI group (n = 7), and TAG (P = 0.03) and TAG:HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) increased in the HGI group (n = 10), following consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough compared to white bread. Conclusions In summary, 6-week consumption of whole grain wheat sourdough bread did not significantly modulate serum lipids in NGI or HGI adults; however, it significantly increased LDL-cholesterol, TAG and TAG:HDL-cholesterol in participants with the APOE E3/E3 genotype. These data add to limited literature comparing wheat whole grains to wheat refined grains on CVD risk and highlight the need to consider genetic variation in relation to lipoprotein lipid content and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Tucker
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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