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van Oostrom SH, van der A DL, Rietman ML, Picavet HSJ, Lette M, Verschuren WMM, de Bruin SR, Spijkerman AMW. A four-domain approach of frailty explored in the Doetinchem Cohort Study. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:196. [PMID: 28854882 PMCID: PMC5577839 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulation of problems in physical, psychological, cognitive, or social functioning is characteristic for frail individuals. Using a four-domain approach of frailty, this study explored how sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, life events and health are associated with frailty. Methods The study sample included 4019 men and women (aged 40–81 years) examined during the fifth round (2008–2012) of the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Four domains of frailty were considered: physical (≥4 of 8 criteria: unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, strength, perceived health, walking, balance, hearing and vision impairments), psychological (2 criteria: depressive symptoms, mental health), cognitive (<10th percentile on global cognitive functioning), and social frailty (≥2 of 3 criteria: loneliness, social support, social participation). Logistic regression was used to study the cross-sectional association of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, life events and chronic diseases with frailty domains. Results About 17% of the population was frail on one or more domains. Overlap between the frailty domains was limited since 82% of the frail population was frail on one domain only. Low educated respondents were at higher risk of being psychologically and socially frail. Having multiple diseases was associated with a higher risk of being physically and psychologically frail. Being physically active was consistently associated with a lower risk of frailty on each of the four domains. Short or long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of being physically, psychologically, and socially frail. Conclusions Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and multimorbidity contributed differently to the four frailty domains. It is important to consider multiple frailty domains since this helps to identify different groups of frail people, and as such to provide tailored care and support. Lifestyle factors including physical activity, smoking and sleep duration were associated with multiple domains of frailty. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0595-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra H van Oostrom
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands.
| | - Daphne L van der A
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands
| | - M Liset Rietman
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H Susan J Picavet
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Lette
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone R de Bruin
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M W Spijkerman
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720, Bilthoven, BA, The Netherlands
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Lotta LA, Sharp SJ, Burgess S, Perry JRB, Stewart ID, Willems SM, Luan J, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Balkau B, Boeing H, Deloukas P, Forouhi NG, Franks PW, Grioni S, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Navarro C, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Riboli E, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Salamanca EC, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, McCarthy MI, Barroso I, O’Rahilly S, Savage DB, Sattar N, Langenberg C, Scott RA, Wareham NJ. Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Lowering Genetic Variants and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 316:1383-1391. [PMID: 27701660 PMCID: PMC5386134 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1 or HMGCR, encoding the respective molecular targets of ezetimibe and statins, have previously been used as proxies to study the efficacy of these lipid-lowering drugs. Alleles near HMGCR are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, similar to the increased incidence of new-onset diabetes associated with statin treatment in randomized clinical trials. It is unknown whether alleles near NPC1L1 are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Objective To investigate whether LDL-C-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1 and other genes encoding current or prospective molecular targets of lipid-lowering therapy (ie, HMGCR, PCSK9, ABCG5/G8, LDLR) are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants The associations with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease of LDL-C-lowering genetic variants were investigated in meta-analyses of genetic association studies. Meta-analyses included 50 775 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 270 269 controls and 60 801 individuals with coronary artery disease and 123 504 controls. Data collection took place in Europe and the United States between 1991 and 2016. Exposures Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1, HMGCR, PCSK9, ABCG5/G8, and LDLR. Main Outcomes and Measures Odds ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Results Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering genetic variants at NPC1L1 were inversely associated with coronary artery disease (OR for a genetically predicted 1-mmol/L [38.7-mg/dL] reduction in LDL-C of 0.61 [95% CI, 0.42-0.88]; P = .008) and directly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR for a genetically predicted 1-mmol/L reduction in LDL-C of 2.42 [95% CI, 1.70-3.43]; P < .001). For PCSK9 genetic variants, the OR for type 2 diabetes per 1-mmol/L genetically predicted reduction in LDL-C was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.02-1.38; P = .03). For a given reduction in LDL-C, genetic variants were associated with a similar reduction in coronary artery disease risk (I2 = 0% for heterogeneity in genetic associations; P = .93). However, associations with type 2 diabetes were heterogeneous (I2 = 77.2%; P = .002), indicating gene-specific associations with metabolic risk of LDL-C-lowering alleles. Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis, exposure to LDL-C-lowering genetic variants in or near NPC1L1 and other genes was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. These data provide insights into potential adverse effects of LDL-C-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A. Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen. J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel. D Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Navarro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Elena C Salamanca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David. B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert. A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Sharp SJ, Koulman A, Schulze MB, Zheng J, Ye Z, Sluijs I, Guevara M, Huerta JM, Kröger J, Wang LY, Summerhill K, Griffin JL, Feskens EJM, Affret A, Amiano P, Boeing H, Dow C, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gonzalez C, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mortensen LM, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Scalbert A, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Association of Plasma Phospholipid n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002094. [PMID: 27434045 PMCID: PMC4951144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether and how n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is debated. Objectively measured plasma PUFAs can help to clarify these associations. METHODS AND FINDINGS Plasma phospholipid PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography among 12,132 incident T2D cases and 15,919 subcohort participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study across eight European countries. Country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. We also systematically reviewed published prospective studies on circulating PUFAs and T2D risk and pooled the quantitative evidence for comparison with results from EPIC-InterAct. In EPIC-InterAct, among long-chain n-3 PUFAs, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was inversely associated with T2D (HR per standard deviation [SD] 0.93; 95% CI 0.88-0.98), but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not significantly associated. Among n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA) (0.80; 95% CI 0.77-0.83) and eicosadienoic acid (EDA) (0.89; 95% CI 0.85-0.94) were inversely related, and arachidonic acid (AA) was not significantly associated, while significant positive associations were observed with γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA, docosatetraenoic acid (DTA), and docosapentaenoic acid (n6-DPA), with HRs between 1.13 to 1.46 per SD. These findings from EPIC-InterAct were broadly similar to comparative findings from summary estimates from up to nine studies including between 71 to 2,499 T2D cases. Limitations included potential residual confounding and the inability to distinguish between dietary and metabolic influences on plasma phospholipid PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS These large-scale findings suggest an important inverse association of circulating plant-origin n-3 PUFA (ALA) but no convincing association of marine-derived n3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) with T2D. Moreover, they highlight that the most abundant n6-PUFA (LA) is inversely associated with T2D. The detection of associations with previously less well-investigated PUFAs points to the importance of considering individual fatty acids rather than focusing on fatty acid class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Jusheng Zheng
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Ye
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcela Guevara
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Janine Kröger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Aurélie Affret
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Courtney Dow
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lotte Maxild Mortensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Miguel Rodriguez-Barranco
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Maria-Jose Tormo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, Civic and M.P.Arezzo Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Scott RA, Freitag DF, Li L, Chu AY, Surendran P, Young R, Grarup N, Stancáková A, Chen Y, Varga TV, Yaghootkar H, Luan J, Zhao JH, Willems SM, Wessel J, Wang S, Maruthur N, Michailidou K, Pirie A, van der Lee SJ, Gillson C, Al Olama AA, Amouyel P, Arriola L, Arveiler D, Aviles-Olmos I, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Barroso I, Garcia SB, Bis JC, Blankenberg S, Boehnke M, Boeing H, Boerwinkle E, Borecki IB, Bork-Jensen J, Bowden S, Caldas C, Caslake M, Cupples LA, Cruchaga C, Czajkowski J, den Hoed M, Dunn JA, Earl HM, Ehret GB, Ferrannini E, Ferrieres J, Foltynie T, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Gianfagna F, Gonzalez C, Grioni S, Hiller L, Jansson JH, Jørgensen ME, Jukema JW, Kaaks R, Kee F, Kerrison ND, Key TJ, Kontto J, Kote-Jarai Z, Kraja AT, Kuulasmaa K, Kuusisto J, Linneberg A, Liu C, Marenne G, Mohlke KL, Morris AP, Muir K, Müller-Nurasyid M, Munroe PB, Navarro C, Nielsen SF, Nilsson PM, Nordestgaard BG, Packard CJ, Palli D, Panico S, Peloso GM, Perola M, Peters A, Poole CJ, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Salomaa V, Sánchez MJ, Sattar N, Sharp SJ, Sims R, Slimani N, Smith JA, Thompson DJ, Trompet S, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Virtamo J, Walker M, Walter K, Abraham JE, Amundadottir LT, Aponte JL, Butterworth AS, Dupuis J, Easton DF, Eeles RA, Erdmann J, Franks PW, Frayling TM, Hansen T, Howson JMM, Jørgensen T, Kooner J, Laakso M, Langenberg C, McCarthy MI, Pankow JS, Pedersen O, Riboli E, Rotter JI, Saleheen D, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Vollenweider P, O'Rahilly S, Deloukas P, Danesh J, Goodarzi MO, Kathiresan S, Meigs JB, Ehm MG, Wareham NJ, Waterworth DM. A genomic approach to therapeutic target validation identifies a glucose-lowering GLP1R variant protective for coronary heart disease. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:341ra76. [PMID: 27252175 PMCID: PMC5219001 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities have indicated that new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) should not be associated with an unacceptable increase in cardiovascular risk. Human genetics may be able to guide development of antidiabetic therapies by predicting cardiovascular and other health endpoints. We therefore investigated the association of variants in six genes that encode drug targets for obesity or T2D with a range of metabolic traits in up to 11,806 individuals by targeted exome sequencing and follow-up in 39,979 individuals by targeted genotyping, with additional in silico follow-up in consortia. We used these data to first compare associations of variants in genes encoding drug targets with the effects of pharmacological manipulation of those targets in clinical trials. We then tested the association of those variants with disease outcomes, including coronary heart disease, to predict cardiovascular safety of these agents. A low-frequency missense variant (Ala316Thr; rs10305492) in the gene encoding glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R), the target of GLP1R agonists, was associated with lower fasting glucose and T2D risk, consistent with GLP1R agonist therapies. The minor allele was also associated with protection against heart disease, thus providing evidence that GLP1R agonists are not likely to be associated with an unacceptable increase in cardiovascular risk. Our results provide an encouraging signal that these agents may be associated with benefit, a question currently being addressed in randomized controlled trials. Genetic variants associated with metabolic traits and multiple disease outcomes can be used to validate therapeutic targets at an early stage in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Li Li
- Statistical Genetics, Projects, Clinical Platforms, and Sciences (PCPS), GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Praveen Surendran
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robin Young
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sara M Willems
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nisa Maruthur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ailith Pirie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher Gillson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 1167, RID-AGE, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian 20013, Spain. Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian 20014, Spain. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EA3430), University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Iciar Aviles-Olmos
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP), 94807 Villejuif, France. Univeristy of Paris-Sud, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona 31003, Spain
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sara Benlloch Garcia
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77025, USA. Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Bowden
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Framingham, MA 01702-5827, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janet A Dunn
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Helena M Earl
- University of Cambridge and National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Gianfagna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Centre in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy. Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louise Hiller
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jan-Håkan Jansson
- Research Unit, 931 41 Skellefteå, Sweden. Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, DK-1353 Odense, Denmark
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK
| | - Nicola D Kerrison
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Jukka Kontto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Aldi T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Kuopio University Hospital, FL 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region, DK-2600 Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Glostrup, Denmark. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Sciences Branch, NHLBI/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gaëlle Marenne
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Department of Medicine I, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carmen Navarro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia 30008, Spain
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), 50141 Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. Institute of Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J Poole
- University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Department of Medical Oncology, Arden Cancer Centre, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, West Midlands CV2 2DX, UK
| | - J Ramón Quirós
- Public Health Directorate, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy. Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), 10126 Torino, Italy. Human Genetics Foundation, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada 18012, Spain
| | | | - Stephen J Sharp
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, MRC Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic-M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jean E Abraham
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer L Aponte
- Genetics, PCPS, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK. Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham and Sutton, London and Surrey SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 Malmö, Sweden. Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, DK-2600 Capital Region, Denmark. Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark. Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jaspal Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK. Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0381, USA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK. National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany. Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH10-462, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Cardiology Division, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Margaret G Ehm
- Genetics, PCPS, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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5
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Podmore C, Meidtner K, Schulze MB, Scott RA, Ramond A, Butterworth AS, Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Cross AJ, Dahm CC, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Grioni S, Gunter MJ, Gusto G, Jakszyn P, Katzke V, Key TJ, Kühn T, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Olsen A, Overvad K, Palli D, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, Slimani N, Sluijs I, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Feskens EJM, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Riboli E, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Association of Multiple Biomarkers of Iron Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:572-81. [PMID: 26861925 PMCID: PMC5058436 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Observational studies show an association between ferritin and type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting a role of high iron stores in T2D development. However, ferritin is influenced by factors other than iron stores, which is less the case for other biomarkers of iron metabolism. We investigated associations of ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), serum iron, and transferrin with T2D incidence to clarify the role of iron in the pathogenesis of T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-InterAct study includes 12,403 incident T2D cases and a representative subcohort of 16,154 individuals from a European cohort with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up. We studied the prospective association of ferritin, TSAT, serum iron, and transferrin with incident T2D in 11,052 cases and a random subcohort of 15,182 individuals and assessed whether these associations differed by subgroups of the population. RESULTS Higher levels of ferritin and transferrin were associated with a higher risk of T2D (hazard ratio [HR] [95% CI] in men and women, respectively: 1.07 [1.01-1.12] and 1.12 [1.05-1.19] per 100 μg/L higher ferritin level; 1.11 [1.00-1.24] and 1.22 [1.12-1.33] per 0.5 g/L higher transferrin level) after adjustment for age, center, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, hs-CRP, alanine aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase. Elevated TSAT (≥45% vs. <45%) was associated with a lower risk of T2D in women (0.68 [0.54-0.86]) but was not statistically significantly associated in men (0.90 [0.75-1.08]). Serum iron was not associated with T2D. The association of ferritin with T2D was stronger among leaner individuals (Pinteraction < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of association of TSAT and transferrin with T2D suggests that the underlying relationship between iron stores and T2D is more complex than the simple link suggested by the association of ferritin with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Podmore
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Karina Meidtner
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anna Ramond
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Madrid, Spain Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Christina C Dahm
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana Gavrila
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Madrid, Spain Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Grioni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Gaelle Gusto
- INSERM, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Paula Jakszyn
- Nutrition, Environment and Cancer Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - J Ramón Quirós
- Consejería de Sanidad, Public Health Directorate, Oviedo-Asturias, Spain
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Sánchez-Cantalejo
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Madrid, Spain Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group (DEX), Lyon, France
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civile - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, Ragusa, Italy Associazone Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica - Onlus, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Section of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
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6
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Larsen SC, Ängquist L, Østergaard JN, Ahluwalia TS, Vimaleswaran KS, Roswall N, Mortensen LM, Nielsen BM, Tjønneland A, Wareham NJ, Palli D, Masala G, Saris WHM, van der A DL, Boer JMA, Feskens EJM, Boeing H, Jakobsen MU, Loos RJF, Sørensen TIA, Overvad K. Intake of Total and Subgroups of Fat Minimally Affect the Associations between Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the PPARγ Pathway and Changes in Anthropometry among European Adults from Cohorts of the DiOGenes Study. J Nutr 2016; 146:603-11. [PMID: 26865646 PMCID: PMC6217916 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway is central in adipogenesis, it remains unknown whether it influences change in body weight (BW) and whether dietary fat has a modifying effect on the association. OBJECTIVES We examined whether 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 4 genes in the PPARγ pathway are associated with the OR of being a BW gainer or with annual changes in anthropometry and whether intake of total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, or saturated fat has a modifying effect on these associations. METHODS A case-noncase study included 11,048 men and women from cohorts in the European Diet, Obesity and Genes study; 5552 were cases, defined as individuals with the greatest BW gain during follow-up, and 6548 were randomly selected, including 5496 noncases. We selected 4 genes [CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (CEBPB), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, PPARγ gene (PPARG), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1] according to evidence about biologic plausibility for interactions with dietary fat in weight regulation. Diet was assessed at baseline, and anthropometry was followed for 7 y. RESULTS The ORs for being a BW gainer for the 27 genetic variants ranged from 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.03) to 1.12 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.22) per additional minor allele. Uncorrected, CEBPB rs4253449 had a significant interaction with the intake of total fat and subgroups of fat. The OR for being a BW gainer for each additional rs4253449 minor allele per 100 kcal higher total fat intake was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12; P = 0.008), and similar associations were found for subgroups of fat. CONCLUSIONS Among European men and women, the influence of dietary fat on associations between SNPs in the PPARγ pathway and anthropometry is likely to be absent or marginal. The observed interaction between rs4253449 and dietary fat needs confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofus C Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane N Østergaard
- The Department for Health and Care, Aarhus Municipality, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Denmark,Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Karani S Vimaleswaran
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK.,The Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte M Mortensen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark
| | - Birgit M Nielsen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark,COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Ledreborg Allé 34, DK-2820 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Wim HM Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, 6200MD The Netherlands
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda MA Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Edith JM Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Marianne U Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA,The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Thorkild IA Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Alborg, Denmark
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7
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van Nielen M, Feskens EJM, Mensink M, Sluijs I, Molina E, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Balkau B, Beulens JWJ, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Halkjaer J, Huerta JM, Katzke V, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Kühn T, Menéndez VVM, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Rolandsson O, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Würtz AML, Zamora-Ros R, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Erratum. Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in europe: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:1854-1862. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1992. [PMID: 26404931 PMCID: PMC5321243 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-er10b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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8
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Zwakenberg SR, Gundberg CM, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ. Osteocalcin Is Not Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Findings from the EPIC-NL Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138693. [PMID: 26418005 PMCID: PMC4587948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether total osteocalcin (tOC), uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and percentage of uncarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods This nested case control study included 1,635 participants, 833 incident diabetes cases and 802 non-diabetic control participants, aged 21–70 years from the EPIC-NL cohort. Baseline concentrations of tOC, ucOC and %ucOC were assessed. During 10 years of follow-up, diabetes cases were self-reported and verified against information from general practitioners or pharmacists. The association between the different forms of osteocalcin and diabetes risk was assessed with logistic regression adjusted for diabetes risk factors (waist circumference, age, sex, cohort, smoking status, family history of diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake, physical activity and education) and dietary factors (total energy intake and energy adjusted intake of fat, fiber, protein and calcium). Results TOC concentration was not associated with diabetes risk, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.97 (0.91–1.03) for each ng/ml increment after adjustment for diabetes risk factors and dietary factors. No association between ucOC and %ucOC and the risk of diabetes was observed either. In sex stratified analyses (P interaction = 0.07), higher %ucOC tended to be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in a multivariable model in women (OR 1.05 for each increment of 5% ucOC (1.00–1.11), Ptrend = 0.08), but not in men (OR 0.96 for each increment of 5% ucOC (0.88–1.04)). When waist circumference was replaced by body mass index, none of the osteocalcin forms were associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in the final model among both women and men. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that tOC, ucOC and %ucOC are each not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, more large-scale cohort studies are needed to clarify the presence of any association between the different forms of osteocalcin and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine R. Zwakenberg
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Caren M. Gundberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Annemieke M. W. Spijkerman
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W. J. Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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9
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Sluijs I, Holmes MV, van der Schouw YT, Beulens JWJ, Asselbergs FW, Huerta JM, Palmer TM, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Kaaks R, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Molina-Montes E, Mortensen LM, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sala N, Schmidt JA, Scott RA, Sieri S, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Travis RC, Tumino R, van der A DL, Sharp SJ, Forouhi NG, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. A Mendelian Randomization Study of Circulating Uric Acid and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:3028-36. [PMID: 25918230 PMCID: PMC6284788 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the causal effect of circulating uric acid concentrations on type 2 diabetes risk. A Mendelian randomization study was performed using a genetic score with 24 uric acid-associated loci. We used data of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study, comprising 24,265 individuals of European ancestry from eight European countries. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 10 (4) years, 10,576 verified incident case subjects with type 2 diabetes were ascertained. Higher uric acid was associated with a higher diabetes risk after adjustment for confounders, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.20 (95% CI 1.11, 1.30) per 59.48 µmol/L (1 mg/dL) uric acid. The genetic score raised uric acid by 17 µmol/L (95% CI 15, 18) per SD increase and explained 4% of uric acid variation. By using the genetic score to estimate the unconfounded effect, we found that a 59.48 µmol/L higher uric acid concentration did not have a causal effect on diabetes (HR 1.01 [95% CI 0.87, 1.16]). Including data from the Diabetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) consortium, increasing our dataset to 41,508 case subjects with diabetes, the summary odds ratio estimate was 0.99 (95% CI 0.92, 1.06). In conclusion, our study does not support a causal effect of circulating uric acid on diabetes risk. Uric acid-lowering therapies may therefore not be beneficial in reducing diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Division of Transplantation and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Cardiology, Heart Long Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - José María Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Tom M Palmer
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Villejuif, France Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana Gavrila
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | - Lotte Maxild Mortensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, U.K
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Biesbroek S, van der A DL, Brosens MCC, Beulens JWJ, Verschuren WMM, van der Schouw YT, Boer JMA. Identifying cardiovascular risk factor-related dietary patterns with reduced rank regression and random forest in the EPIC-NL cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:146-54. [PMID: 25971717 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.092288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methods are used to determine dietary patterns. Hybrid methods incorporate information on nutrient intake or biological factors to extract patterns relevant to disease etiology. OBJECTIVE We explore differences between patterns derived with 2 hybrid methods with those obtained by a posteriori methods and compare associations of these patterns with coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke risk. DESIGN Food-frequency questionnaires were used to estimate dietary intake in 34,644 participants of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Netherlands at baseline (1993-1997). Follow-up was complete until 31 December 2007. Hybrid methods to determine dietary patterns were reduced rank regression (RRR) and random forest with classification tree analysis (RF-CTA). Included risk factors were body mass index, total:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and systolic blood pressure. Results were compared with those from principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means cluster analysis (KCA), respectively. RESULTS Both RRR and PCA derived a "Western," "prudent," and "traditional pattern." All RRR patterns were significantly associated with CAD risk [highest vs. lowest quartile factor score; HR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.25, 1.69), 0.86 (0.74, 0.99), and 1.25 (1.07, 1.47), respectively]. Only the prudent RRR factor was statistically significant associated with stroke (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.97). From the PCA patterns, only the traditional pattern was associated with CAD (HR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.50). RF-CTA derived 7 dietary patterns that could be categorized as "Western-like," "prudent-like," and "traditional-like." KCA established a prudent and Western cluster. Compared with the RF-CTA "prudent-like 1" pattern, only the "traditional-like 1" pattern was associated with CAD (HR: 1.36; 955 CI: 1.12, 1.65). None of the RF-CTA groups were associated with stroke. Compared with the Western KCA cluster, the prudent cluster was not associated with CAD or stroke. CONCLUSION Including risk factors in RRR and RF-CTA resulted in small differences in food groups, contributing to similar patterns that showed in general stronger associations with CAD than PCA and KCA, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Biesbroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and
| | - Marinka C C Brosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and
| | | | - Jolanda M A Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and
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11
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Swerdlow DI, Preiss D, Kuchenbaecker KB, Holmes MV, Engmann JEL, Shah T, Sofat R, Stender S, Johnson PCD, Scott RA, Leusink M, Verweij N, Sharp SJ, Guo Y, Giambartolomei C, Chung C, Peasey A, Amuzu A, Li K, Palmen J, Howard P, Cooper JA, Drenos F, Li YR, Lowe G, Gallacher J, Stewart MCW, Tzoulaki I, Buxbaum SG, van der A DL, Forouhi NG, Onland-Moret NC, van der Schouw YT, Schnabel RB, Hubacek JA, Kubinova R, Baceviciene M, Tamosiunas A, Pajak A, Topor-Madry R, Stepaniak U, Malyutina S, Baldassarre D, Sennblad B, Tremoli E, de Faire U, Veglia F, Ford I, Jukema JW, Westendorp RGJ, de Borst GJ, de Jong PA, Algra A, Spiering W, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Klungel OH, de Boer A, Doevendans PA, Eaton CB, Robinson JG, Duggan D, Kjekshus J, Downs JR, Gotto AM, Keech AC, Marchioli R, Tognoni G, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Waters DD, Pedersen TR, Amarenco P, Nakamura H, McMurray JJV, Lewsey JD, Chasman DI, Ridker PM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Ray KK, Seshasai SRK, Manson JE, Price JF, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lawlor DA, Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y, Schreiner PJ, Fornage M, Siscovick DS, Cushman M, Kumari M, Wareham NJ, Verschuren WMM, Redline S, Patel SR, Whittaker JC, Hamsten A, Delaney JA, Dale C, Gaunt TR, Wong A, Kuh D, Hardy R, Kathiresan S, Castillo BA, van der Harst P, Brunner EJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Marmot MG, Krauss RM, Tsai M, Coresh J, Hoogeveen RC, Psaty BM, Lange LA, Hakonarson H, Dudbridge F, Humphries SE, Talmud PJ, Kivimäki M, Timpson NJ, Langenberg C, Asselbergs FW, Voevoda M, Bobak M, Pikhart H, Wilson JG, Reiner AP, Keating BJ, Hingorani AD, Sattar N. HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibition, type 2 diabetes, and bodyweight: evidence from genetic analysis and randomised trials. Lancet 2015; 385:351-61. [PMID: 25262344 PMCID: PMC4322187 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins increase the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to assess whether this increase in risk is a consequence of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), the intended drug target. METHODS We used single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene, rs17238484 (for the main analysis) and rs12916 (for a subsidiary analysis) as proxies for HMGCR inhibition by statins. We examined associations of these variants with plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations; bodyweight; waist circumference; and prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes. Study-specific effect estimates per copy of each LDL-lowering allele were pooled by meta-analysis. These findings were compared with a meta-analysis of new-onset type 2 diabetes and bodyweight change data from randomised trials of statin drugs. The effects of statins in each randomised trial were assessed using meta-analysis. FINDINGS Data were available for up to 223 463 individuals from 43 genetic studies. Each additional rs17238484-G allele was associated with a mean 0·06 mmol/L (95% CI 0·05-0·07) lower LDL cholesterol and higher body weight (0·30 kg, 0·18-0·43), waist circumference (0·32 cm, 0·16-0·47), plasma insulin concentration (1·62%, 0·53-2·72), and plasma glucose concentration (0·23%, 0·02-0·44). The rs12916 SNP had similar effects on LDL cholesterol, bodyweight, and waist circumference. The rs17238484-G allele seemed to be associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] per allele 1·02, 95% CI 1·00-1·05); the rs12916-T allele association was consistent (1·06, 1·03-1·09). In 129 170 individuals in randomised trials, statins lowered LDL cholesterol by 0·92 mmol/L (95% CI 0·18-1·67) at 1-year of follow-up, increased bodyweight by 0·24 kg (95% CI 0·10-0·38 in all trials; 0·33 kg, 95% CI 0·24-0·42 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and -0·15 kg, 95% CI -0·39 to 0·08 in intensive-dose vs moderate-dose trials) at a mean of 4·2 years (range 1·9-6·7) of follow-up, and increased the odds of new-onset type 2 diabetes (OR 1·12, 95% CI 1·06-1·18 in all trials; 1·11, 95% CI 1·03-1·20 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and 1·12, 95% CI 1·04-1·22 in intensive-dose vs moderate dose trials). INTERPRETATION The increased risk of type 2 diabetes noted with statins is at least partially explained by HMGCR inhibition. FUNDING The funding sources are cited at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Swerdlow
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - David Preiss
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael V Holmes
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jorgen E L Engmann
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tina Shah
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reecha Sofat
- UCL Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Stender
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maarten Leusink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Christina Chung
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Peasey
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - KaWah Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Howard
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yun R Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gordon Lowe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Gallacher
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marlene C W Stewart
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Renate B Schnabel
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Andrzej Pajak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Stepaniak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sofia Malyutina
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ale Algra
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - John Kjekshus
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John R Downs
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA; VERDICT, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Anthony C Keech
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roberto Marchioli
- Hematology and Oncology Therapeutic Delivery Unit, Quintiles, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Tognoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario NegriSud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Peter S Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Neil R Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David D Waters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Terje R Pedersen
- Centre for Preventative Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James D Lewsey
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Tavazzi
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Cardiac and Cell Sciences Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Richard W Morris
- UCL Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit of the Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph A Delaney
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caroline Dale
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRCUnit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRCUnit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRCUnit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Berta A Castillo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eric J Brunner
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael G Marmot
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA USA
| | | | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald C Hoogeveen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit of the Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mikhail Voevoda
- Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Martin Bobak
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brendan J Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Farr Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Hanssen NMJ, Beulens JWJ, van Dieren S, Scheijen JLJM, van der A DL, Spijkerman AMW, van der Schouw YT, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG. Plasma advanced glycation end products are associated with incident cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a case-cohort study with a median follow-up of 10 years (EPIC-NL). Diabetes 2015; 64:257-65. [PMID: 24848072 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental data suggest a role for advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, epidemiological evidence of an association between high plasma AGEs and increased cardiovascular risk remains inconclusive. Therefore, in a case-cohort study comprising 134 cardiovascular case subjects and a random subcohort of 218 individuals (including 65 cardiovascular case subjects), all with T2DM and nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study, plasma levels of protein-bound Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, and pentosidine were measured with liquid chromatography. AGEs were loge-transformed, combined in a z-score, and the association with incident cardiovascular events was analyzed with Cox proportional hazard regression, adapted for case-cohort design (Prentice method). After multivariable adjustment (sex, age, cohort status, diabetes duration, total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio, smoking, systolic blood pressure, BMI, blood pressure-, cholesterol- and glucose-lowering treatment, prior cardiovascular events, and triglycerides), higher plasma AGE z-scores were associated with higher risk of incident cardiovascular events in individuals without prior cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.31 [95% CI: 1.06-1.61]). A similar trend was observed in individuals with prior cardiovascular events (1.37 [0.63-2.98]). In conclusion, high plasma AGEs were associated with incident cardiovascular events in individuals with T2DM. These results underline the potential importance of AGEs in development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin M J Hanssen
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan van Dieren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean L J M Scheijen
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne L van der A
- The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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13
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Scott RA, Fall T, Pasko D, Barker A, Sharp SJ, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Barroso I, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe FL, Dekker JM, Fagherazzi G, Ferrannini E, Forouhi NG, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Giedraitis V, Grioni S, Groop LC, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Kühn T, Lotta LA, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sala N, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Siddiq A, Slimani N, Sluijs I, Spijkerman AM, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Yaghootkar H, McCarthy MI, Semple RK, Riboli E, Walker M, Ingelsson E, Frayling TM, Savage DB, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Common genetic variants highlight the role of insulin resistance and body fat distribution in type 2 diabetes, independent of obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:4378-4387. [PMID: 24947364 PMCID: PMC4241116 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to validate genetic variants as instruments for insulin resistance and secretion, to characterize their association with intermediate phenotypes, and to investigate their role in type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals. We investigated the association of genetic scores with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp- and oral glucose tolerance test-based measures of insulin resistance and secretion and a range of metabolic measures in up to 18,565 individuals. We also studied their association with T2D risk among normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals in up to 8,124 incident T2D cases. The insulin resistance score was associated with lower insulin sensitivity measured by M/I value (β in SDs per allele [95% CI], -0.03 [-0.04, -0.01]; P = 0.004). This score was associated with lower BMI (-0.01 [-0.01, -0.0]; P = 0.02) and gluteofemoral fat mass (-0.03 [-0.05, -0.02; P = 1.4 × 10(-6)) and with higher alanine transaminase (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]; P = 0.002) and γ-glutamyl transferase (0.02 [0.01, 0.03]; P = 0.001). While the secretion score had a stronger association with T2D in leaner individuals (Pinteraction = 0.001), we saw no difference in the association of the insulin resistance score with T2D among BMI or waist strata (Pinteraction > 0.31). While insulin resistance is often considered secondary to obesity, the association of the insulin resistance score with lower BMI and adiposity and with incident T2D even among individuals of normal weight highlights the role of insulin resistance and ectopic fat distribution in T2D, independently of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam Barker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | | | | | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VrijeUniversiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana Gavrila
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Leif C Groop
- University Hospital Scania, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, and Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada (Spain)
| | | | - Afshan Siddiq
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Nilsson PM, Ardanaz E, Gavrila D, Agudo A, Arriola L, Balkau B, Beulens JW, Boeing H, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Fagherazzi G, Feskens EJM, Franks PW, Grioni S, Huerta JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Redondo ML, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Slimani N, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der Schouw YT, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Smoking and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study in European populations. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:3164-71. [PMID: 25336749 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate the association between smoking and incident type 2 diabetes, accounting for a large number of potential confounding factors, and to explore potential effect modifiers and intermediate factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct is a prospective case-cohort study within eight European countries, including 12,403 cases of incident type 2 diabetes and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals. After exclusion of individuals with missing data, the analyses included 10,327 cases and 13,863 subcohort individuals. Smoking status was used (never, former, current), with never smokers as the reference. Country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS In men, the HRs (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes were 1.40 (1.26, 1.55) for former smokers and 1.43 (1.27, 1.61) for current smokers, independent of age, education, center, physical activity, and alcohol, coffee, and meat consumption. In women, associations were weaker, with HRs (95% CI) of 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) and 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) for former and current smokers, respectively. There was some evidence of effect modification by BMI. The association tended to be slightly stronger in normal weight men compared with those with overall adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Former and current smoking was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes compared with never smoking in men and women, independent of educational level, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet. Smoking may be regarded as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and smoking cessation should be encouraged for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Gavrila
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Larraitz Arriola
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, Donostia, Spain
| | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France UMRS 1018, University Paris Sud 11, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Guy Fagherazzi
- INSERM, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France UMRS 1018, University Paris Sud 11, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - José María Huerta
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Nina Roswall
- Department of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Center for Cancer Prevention, Torino, Italy Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Birgit Teucher
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, ASP 7, Ragusa, Italy AIRE-ONLUS - Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
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15
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Forouhi NG, Koulman A, Sharp SJ, Imamura F, Kröger J, Schulze MB, Crowe FL, Huerta JM, Guevara M, Beulens JWJ, van Woudenbergh GJ, Wang L, Summerhill K, Griffin JL, Feskens EJM, Amiano P, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dartois L, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gonzalez C, Jakobsen MU, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Differences in the prospective association between individual plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:810-8. [PMID: 25107467 PMCID: PMC4196248 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists regarding the association between saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and type 2 diabetes. In this longitudinal case-cohort study, we aimed to investigate the prospective associations between objectively measured individual plasma phospholipid SFAs and incident type 2 diabetes in EPIC-InterAct participants. METHODS The EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study includes 12,403 people with incident type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort of 16,154 individuals who were selected from a cohort of 340.234 European participants with 3·99 million person-years of follow-up (the EPIC study). Incident type 2 diabetes was ascertained until Dec 31, 2007, by a review of several sources of evidence. Gas chromatography was used to measure the distribution of fatty acids in plasma phospholipids (mol%); samples from people with type 2 diabetes and subcohort participants were processed in a random order by centre, and laboratory staff were masked to participant characteristics. We estimated country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for associations per SD of each SFA with incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression, which is weighted for case-cohort sampling, and pooled our findings using random-effects meta-analysis. FINDINGS SFAs accounted for 46% of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids. In adjusted analyses, different individual SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposing directions. Even-chain SFAs that were measured (14:0 [myristic acid], 16:0 [palmitic acid], and 18:0 [stearic acid]) were positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per SD difference: myristic acid 1·15 [95% CI 1·09-1·22], palmitic acid 1·26 [1·15-1·37], and stearic acid 1·06 [1·00-1·13]). By contrast, measured odd-chain SFAs (15:0 [pentadecanoic acid] and 17:0 [heptadecanoic acid]) were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes (HR [95% CI] per 1 SD difference: 0·79 [0·73-0·85] for pentadecanoic acid and 0·67 [0·63-0·71] for heptadecanoic acid), as were measured longer-chain SFAs (20:0 [arachidic acid], 22:0 [behenic acid], 23:0 [tricosanoic acid], and 24:0 [lignoceric acid]), with HRs ranging from 0·72 to 0·81 (95% CIs ranging between 0·61 and 0·92). Our findings were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. INTERPRETATION Different individual plasma phospholipid SFAs were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in opposite directions, which suggests that SFAs are not homogeneous in their effects. Our findings emphasise the importance of the recognition of subtypes of these fatty acids. An improved understanding of differences in sources of individual SFAs from dietary intake versus endogenous metabolism is needed. FUNDING EU FP6 programme, Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, and Cambridge Lipidomics Biomarker Research Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janine Kröger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - José María Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Wang
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain; Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Laureen Dartois
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Institute, F-94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Uhre Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J Key
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Centre for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy; Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Maria-José Tormo
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain; Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Associazione Italiana Registri Tumori, Dipartimento di Prevenzione Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Ragusa, Italy; Aire Onlus, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Roswall N, Ängquist L, Ahluwalia TS, Romaguera D, Larsen SC, Østergaard JN, Halkjaer J, Vimaleswaran KS, Wareham NJ, Bendinelli B, Palli D, Boer JMA, van der A DL, Boeing H, Loos RJF, Sørensen TIA, Tjønneland A. Association between Mediterranean and Nordic diet scores and changes in weight and waist circumference: influence of FTO and TCF7L2 loci. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1188-97. [PMID: 25099543 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.089706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that adherence to the Mediterranean Diet measured by using the Mediterranean diet score (MDS) is associated with lower obesity risk. The newly proposed Nordic Diet could hold similar beneficial effects. Because of the increasing focus on the interaction between diet and genetic predisposition to adiposity, studies should consider both diet and genetics. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether FTO rs9939609 and TCF7L2 rs7903146 modified the association between the MDS and Nordic diet score (NDS) and changes in weight (Δweight), waist circumference (ΔWC), and waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (ΔWCBMI). DESIGN We conducted a case-cohort study with a median follow-up of 6.8 y that included 11,048 participants from 5 European countries; 5552 of these subjects were cases defined as individuals with the greatest degree of unexplained weight gain during follow-up. A randomly selected subcohort included 6548 participants, including 5496 noncases. Cases and noncases were compared in analyses by using logistic regression. Continuous traits (ie, Δweight, ΔWC, and ΔWCBMI) were analyzed by using linear regression models in the random subcohort. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in models. RESULTS A higher MDS was significantly inversely associated with case status (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00), ΔWC (β = -0.010 cm/y; 95% CI: -0.020, -0.001 cm/y), and ΔWCBMI (β = -0.008; 95% CI:-0.015, -0.001) per 1-point increment but not Δweight (P = 0.53). The NDS was not significantly associated with any outcome. There was a borderline significant interaction between the MDS and TCF7L2 rs7903146 on weight gain (P = 0.05), which suggested a beneficial effect of the MDS only in subjects who carried 1 or 2 risk alleles. FTO did not modify observed associations. CONCLUSIONS A high MDS is associated with a lower ΔWC and ΔWCBMI, regardless of FTO and TCF7L2 risk alleles. For Δweight, findings were less clear, but the effect may depend on the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant. The NDS was not associated with anthropometric changes during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Roswall
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Lars Ängquist
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Dora Romaguera
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Sofus C Larsen
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Jane N Østergaard
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Jytte Halkjaer
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Karani S Vimaleswaran
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Nicolas J Wareham
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Benedetta Bendinelli
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Domenico Palli
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Daphne L van der A
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Heiner Boeing
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- From the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (NR, JH, and AT); the Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals-The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark (LÄ, SCL, and TIAS); the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (TSA and TIAS); the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark (TSA); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (DR); the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica en Red Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Mallorca, Spain (DR); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (KSV, NJW, and RJFL); the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (KSV); the Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (JNØ); the Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy (BB and DP); the Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands (JMAB and DLvdA); the Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany (HB); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, New York, NY (RJFL)
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17
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van Nielen M, Feskens EJM, Mensink M, Sluijs I, Molina E, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Balkau B, Beulens JWJ, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Halkjaer J, Huerta JM, Katzke V, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Krogh V, Kühn T, Menéndez VVM, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Rolandsson O, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Würtz AML, Zamora-Ros R, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Dietary protein intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Europe: the EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1854-62. [PMID: 24722499 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The long-term association between dietary protein and type 2 diabetes incidence is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from eight European countries, with an average follow-up time of 12.0 years. Pooled country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI of prentice-weighted Cox regression analyses were used to estimate type 2 diabetes incidence according to protein intake. RESULTS After adjustment for important diabetes risk factors and dietary factors, the incidence of type 2 diabetes was higher in those with high intake of total protein (per 10 g: HR 1.06 [95% CI 1.02-1.09], P(trend) < 0.001) and animal protein (per 10 g: 1.05 [1.02-1.08], P(trend) = 0.001). Effect modification by sex (P < 0.001) and BMI among women (P < 0.001) was observed. Compared with the overall analyses, associations were stronger in women, more specifically obese women with a BMI >30 kg/m(2) (per 10 g animal protein: 1.19 [1.09-1.32]), and nonsignificant in men. Plant protein intake was not associated with type 2 diabetes (per 10 g: 1.04 [0.93-1.16], P(trend) = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS High total and animal protein intake was associated with a modest elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in a large cohort of European adults. In view of the rapidly increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, limiting iso-energetic diets high in dietary proteins, particularly from animal sources, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Nielen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edith J M Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Amiano
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, SpainCIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, SpainNavarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beverly Balkau
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-Sud, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, FranceUniversité Paris-Sud, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jytte Halkjaer
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José Maria Huerta
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, SpainDepartment of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Nilsson
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kim Overvad
- School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, federico ii University, Naples, Italy
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, AO Citta' della Salute e della Scienza-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention, Turin, ItalyHuman Genetics Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, SpainCIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, SpainBellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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18
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Hendriksen MAH, van Raaij JMA, Geleijnse JM, den Hooven CWV, Ocké MC, van der A DL. Monitoring salt and iodine intakes in Dutch adults between 2006 and 2010 using 24 h urinary sodium and iodine excretions. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:1431-8. [PMID: 23739290 PMCID: PMC10282408 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the effectiveness of salt-reduction initiatives in processed foods and changes in Dutch iodine policy on Na and iodine intakes in Dutch adults between 2006 and 2010. DESIGN Two cross-sectional studies among adults, conducted in 2006 and 2010, using identical protocols. Participants collected single 24 h urine samples and completed two short questionnaires on food consumption and urine collection procedures. Daily intakes of salt, iodine, K and Na:K were estimated, based on the analysis of Na, K and iodine excreted in urine. SETTING Doetinchem, the Netherlands. SUBJECTS Men and women aged 19 to 70 years were recruited through random sampling of the Doetinchem population and among participants of the Doetinchem Cohort Study (2006: n 317, mean age 48·9 years, 43 % men; 2010: n 342, mean age 46·2 years, 45 % men). RESULTS While median iodine intake was lower in 2010 (179 μg/d) compared with 2006 (257 μg/d; P < 0·0001), no difference in median salt intake was observed (8·7 g/d in 2006 v. 8·5 g/d in 2010, P = 0·70). In 2006, median K intake was 2·6 g/d v. 2·8 g/d in 2010 (P < 0·01). In this 4-year period, median Na:K improved from 2·4 in 2006 to 2·2 in 2010 (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS Despite initiatives to lower salt in processed foods, dietary salt intake in this population remains well above the recommended intake of 6 g/d. Iodine intake is still adequate, although a decline was observed between 2006 and 2010. This reduction is probably due to changes in iodine policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke AH Hendriksen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joop MA van Raaij
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marga C Ocké
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, Scott RA, Deloukas P, Forouhi NG, Froguel P, Groop LC, Hansen T, Palla L, Pedersen O, Schulze MB, Tormo MJ, Wheeler E, Agnoli C, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Clarke GM, Clavel-Chapelon F, Duell EJ, Fagherazzi G, Kaaks R, Kerrison ND, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kröger J, Lajous M, Morris AP, Navarro C, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Barroso I, McCarthy MI, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Gene-lifestyle interaction and type 2 diabetes: the EPIC interact case-cohort study. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001647. [PMID: 24845081 PMCID: PMC4028183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has progressed rapidly, but the interactions between common genetic variants and lifestyle risk factors have not been systematically investigated in studies with adequate statistical power. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the combined effects of genetic and lifestyle factors on risk of T2D in order to inform strategies for prevention. METHODS AND FINDINGS The InterAct study includes 12,403 incident T2D cases and a representative sub-cohort of 16,154 individuals from a cohort of 340,234 European participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up. We studied the combined effects of an additive genetic T2D risk score and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors using Prentice-weighted Cox regression and random effects meta-analysis methods. The effect of the genetic score was significantly greater in younger individuals (p for interaction = 1.20×10-4). Relative genetic risk (per standard deviation [4.4 risk alleles]) was also larger in participants who were leaner, both in terms of body mass index (p for interaction = 1.50×10-3) and waist circumference (p for interaction = 7.49×10-9). Examination of absolute risks by strata showed the importance of obesity for T2D risk. The 10-y cumulative incidence of T2D rose from 0.25% to 0.89% across extreme quartiles of the genetic score in normal weight individuals, compared to 4.22% to 7.99% in obese individuals. We detected no significant interactions between the genetic score and sex, diabetes family history, physical activity, or dietary habits assessed by a Mediterranean diet score. CONCLUSIONS The relative effect of a T2D genetic risk score is greater in younger and leaner participants. However, this sub-group is at low absolute risk and would not be a logical target for preventive interventions. The high absolute risk associated with obesity at any level of genetic risk highlights the importance of universal rather than targeted approaches to lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Scott
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Deloukas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leif C. Groop
- University Hospital Scania, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luigi Palla
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maria-Jose Tormo
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Spain
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Larraitz Arriola
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BioDonostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Geraldine M. Clarke
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric J. Duell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP U1018, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola D. Kerrison
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kröger
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Martin Lajous
- Inserm, CESP U1018, Villejuif, France
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Piedmont Reference Center for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - María-José Sánchez
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
- Aire Onlus, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Zamora-Ros R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, González CA, Buijsse B, Guevara M, van der Schouw YT, Amiano P, Boeing H, Bredsdorff L, Fagherazzi G, Feskens EJ, Franks PW, Grioni S, Katzke V, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Masala G, Mattiello A, Molina-Montes E, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Perquier F, Redondo ML, Ricceri F, Rolandsson O, Romieu I, Roswall N, Scalbert A, Schulze M, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Touillaud M, Tumino R, van der A DL, van Woudenbergh GJ, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Dietary intakes of individual flavanols and flavonols are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in European populations. J Nutr 2014; 144:335-43. [PMID: 24368432 PMCID: PMC3927546 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.184945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavanols and flavonols, flavonoid subclasses, have been recently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europe. Even within the same subclass, flavonoids may differ considerably in bioavailability and bioactivity. We aimed to examine the association between individual flavanol and flavonol intakes and risk of developing T2D across European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 8 European countries across 26 study centers with 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, among whom 12,403 incident T2D cases were ascertained and a center-stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals was defined. We estimated flavonoid intake at baseline from validated dietary questionnaires using a database developed from Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases. We used country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis methods to estimate HRs. Among the flavanol subclass, we observed significant inverse trends between intakes of all individual flavan-3-ol monomers and risk of T2D in multivariable models (all P-trend < 0.05). We also observed significant trends for the intakes of proanthocyanidin dimers (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.92; P-trend = 0.003) and trimers (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.04; P-trend = 0.07) but not for proanthocyanidins with a greater polymerization degree. Among the flavonol subclass, myricetin (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93; P-trend = 0.001) was associated with a lower incidence of T2D. This large and heterogeneous European study showed inverse associations between all individual flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins with a low polymerization degree, and the flavonol myricetin and incident T2D. These results suggest that individual flavonoids have different roles in the etiology of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zamora-Ros
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos A. González
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian Buijsse
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam–Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Marcela Guevara
- Public Health Institute of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Health Department of the Basque Region, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam–Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lea Bredsdorff
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Moerkhoej, Denmark
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Edith J. Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition–Section of Nutrition and Epidemiology, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Foundation National Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Verena Katzke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy J. Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute–ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Florence Perquier
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nina Roswall
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam–Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Nadia Slimani
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne Tjonneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Jose Tormo
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology Department, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Touillaud
- INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, “Civile M.P. Arezzo” Hospital, Ragusa, Italy; and
| | - Daphne L. van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geertruida J. van Woudenbergh
- Division of Human Nutrition–Section of Nutrition and Epidemiology, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Meidtner K, Fisher E, Angquist L, Holst C, Vimaleswaran KS, Boer JMA, Halkjær J, Masala G, Ostergaard JN, Mortensen LM, van der A DL, Tjønneland A, Palli D, Overvad K, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Sørensen TIA, Boeing H. Variation in genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism and changes in waist circumference and body weight. Genes Nutr 2014; 9:385. [PMID: 24496996 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We analysed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the genetic variability of six candidate genes (ATF6, FABP1, LPIN2, LPIN3, MLXIPL and MTTP) involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, an important regulatory site of energy balance for associations with body mass index (BMI) and changes in weight and waist circumference. We also investigated effect modification by sex and dietary intake. Data of 6,287 individuals participating in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition were included in the analyses. Data on weight and waist circumference were followed up for 6.9 ± 2.5 years. Association of 69 tagSNPs with baseline BMI and annual changes in weight as well as waist circumference were investigated using linear regression analysis. Interactions with sex, GI and intake of carbohydrates, fat as well as saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were examined by including multiplicative SNP-covariate terms into the regression model. Neither baseline BMI nor annual weight or waist circumference changes were significantly associated with variation in the selected genes in the entire study population after correction for multiple testing. One SNP (rs1164) in LPIN2 appeared to be significantly interacting with sex (p = 0.0003) and was associated with greater annual weight gain in men (56.8 ± 23.7 g/year per allele, p = 0.02) than in women (-25.5 ± 19.8 g/year per allele, p = 0.2). With respect to gene-nutrient interaction, we could not detect any significant interactions when accounting for multiple testing. Therefore, out of our six candidate genes, LPIN2 may be considered as a candidate for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Meidtner
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany,
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22
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Abbas S, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Beulens JWJ, Buijsse B, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Balkau B, Boeing H, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Grioni S, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Masters TK, Mattiello A, Molina-Montes E, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Saieva C, Slimani N, Sluijs I, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Zamora-Ros R, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Dietary vitamin D intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: the EPIC-InterAct study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:196-202. [PMID: 24253760 PMCID: PMC4234029 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Prospective cohort studies have indicated that serum vitamin D levels are inversely related to risk of type 2 diabetes. However, such studies cannot determine the source of vitamin D. Therefore, we examined the association of dietary vitamin D intake with incident type 2 diabetes within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study in a heterogeneous European population including eight countries with large geographical variation. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using a case-cohort design, 11,245 incident cases of type 2 diabetes and a representative subcohort (N=15,798) were included in the analyses. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using a Prentice-weighted Cox regression adjusted for potential confounders. Twenty-four-hour diet-recall data from a subsample (N=2347) were used to calibrate habitual intake data derived from dietary questionnaires. RESULTS Median follow-up time was 10.8 years. Dietary vitamin D intake was not significantly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. HR and 95% CIs for the highest compared to the lowest quintile of uncalibrated vitamin D intake was 1.09 (0.97-1.22) (Ptrend=0.17). No associations were observed in a sex-specific analysis. The overall pooled effect (HR (95% CI)) using the continuous calibrated variable was 1.00 (0.97-1.03) per increase of 1 μg/day dietary vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS This observational study does not support an association between higher dietary vitamin D intake and type 2 diabetes incidence. This result has to be interpreted in light of the limited contribution of dietary vitamin D on the overall vitamin D status of a person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Abbas
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Rohrmann
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian Buijsse
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | | | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, CESP, U1018, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana Gavrila
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Calogero Saieva
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raul Zamora-Ros
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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23
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van der A DL, Nooyens ACJ, van Duijnhoven FJB, Verschuren MMW, Boer JMA. All-cause mortality risk of metabolically healthy abdominal obese individuals: the EPIC-MORGEN study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:557-64. [PMID: 23595997 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It appears that a certain proportion of obese individuals have a normal metabolic profile despite having excess weight. Whether these so-called "metabolically healthy" obese express lower disease and mortality risks than "metabolically unhealthy" obese is still unclear. The mortality risk of "metabolically healthy" abdominal obese (MHAO) individuals was investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective cohort study (EPIC-MORGEN) among 22,654 individuals aged 20-59 years followed for an average of 13.4 years (SD 2.3). MHAO was assessed at baseline (1993-1997) and defined as abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥102 cm/≥88 cm (men/women)) with normal glucose, blood pressure, and plasma lipids. All-cause mortality risks adjusted for age and sex were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Individuals who were "metabolically healthy" nonabdominal obese (MHNAO) comprised the reference group. As compared to MHNAO, mortality risk for MHAO was around 40% higher (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.04) and of the same magnitude as that for "metabolically unhealthy" nonabdominal obese (MUNAO) (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.08-1.59). The HR for MUAO was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.62-2.43). CONCLUSIONS Mortality risk of MHAO individuals was significantly higher than that of MHNAO individuals and lower than, but not statistically significantly different from, that of MUAO individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne L van der A
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Sluik D, Boeing H, Li K, Kaaks R, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Masala G, Grioni S, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Mattiello A, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Sluijs I, Franks PW, Nilsson PM, Orho-Melander M, Fhärm E, Rolandsson O, Riboli E, Romaguera D, Weiderpass E, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, Nöthlings U. Lifestyle factors and mortality risk in individuals with diabetes mellitus: are the associations different from those in individuals without diabetes? Diabetologia 2014; 57:63-72. [PMID: 24132780 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Thus far, it is unclear whether lifestyle recommendations for people with diabetes should be different from those for the general public. We investigated whether the associations between lifestyle factors and mortality risk differ between individuals with and without diabetes. METHODS Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort was formed of 6,384 persons with diabetes and 258,911 EPIC participants without known diabetes. Joint Cox proportional hazard regression models of people with and without diabetes were built for the following lifestyle factors in relation to overall mortality risk: BMI, waist/height ratio, 26 food groups, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, smoking. Likelihood ratio tests for heterogeneity assessed statistical differences in regression coefficients. RESULTS Multivariable adjusted mortality risk among individuals with diabetes compared with those without was increased, with an HR of 1.62 (95% CI 1.51, 1.75). Intake of fruit, legumes, nuts, seeds, pasta, poultry and vegetable oil was related to a lower mortality risk, and intake of butter and margarine was related to an increased mortality risk. These associations were significantly different in magnitude from those in diabetes-free individuals, but directions were similar. No differences between people with and without diabetes were detected for the other lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Diabetes status did not substantially influence the associations between lifestyle and mortality risk. People with diabetes may benefit more from a healthy diet, but the directions of association were similar. Thus, our study suggests that lifestyle advice with respect to mortality for patients with diabetes should not differ from recommendations for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diewertje Sluik
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany,
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25
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Kengne AP, Beulens JWJ, Peelen LM, Moons KGM, van der Schouw YT, Schulze MB, Spijkerman AMW, Griffin SJ, Grobbee DE, Palla L, Tormo MJ, Arriola L, Barengo NC, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bonet C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dartois L, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Huerta JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Li K, Mühlenbruch K, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Overvad TF, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Tagliabue G, Tjønneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Non-invasive risk scores for prediction of type 2 diabetes (EPIC-InterAct): a validation of existing models. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:19-29. [PMID: 24622666 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comparative performance of existing models for prediction of type 2 diabetes across populations has not been investigated. We validated existing non-laboratory-based models and assessed variability in predictive performance in European populations. METHODS We selected non-invasive prediction models for incident diabetes developed in populations of European ancestry and validated them using data from the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort sample (27,779 individuals from eight European countries, of whom 12,403 had incident diabetes). We assessed model discrimination and calibration for the first 10 years of follow-up. The models were first adjusted to the country-specific diabetes incidence. We did the main analyses for each country and for subgroups defined by sex, age (<60 years vs ≥60 years), BMI (<25 kg/m(2)vs ≥25 kg/m(2)), and waist circumference (men <102 cm vs ≥102 cm; women <88 cm vs ≥88 cm). FINDINGS We validated 12 prediction models. Discrimination was acceptable to good: C statistics ranged from 0·76 (95% CI 0·72-0·80) to 0·81 (0·77-0·84) overall, from 0·73 (0·70-0·76) to 0·79 (0·74-0·83) in men, and from 0·78 (0·74-0·82) to 0·81 (0·80-0·82) in women. We noted significant heterogeneity in discrimination (pheterogeneity<0·0001) in all but one model. Calibration was good for most models, and consistent across countries (pheterogeneity>0·05) except for three models. However, two models overestimated risk, DPoRT by 34% (95% CI 29-39%) and Cambridge by 40% (28-52%). Discrimination was always better in individuals younger than 60 years or with a low waist circumference than in those aged at least 60 years or with a large waist circumference. Patterns were inconsistent for BMI. All models overestimated risks for individuals with a BMI of <25 kg/m(2). Calibration patterns were inconsistent for age and waist-circumference subgroups. INTERPRETATION Existing diabetes prediction models can be used to identify individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population. However, the performance of each model varies with country, age, sex, and adiposity. FUNDING The European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Pascal Kengne
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; University of Cape Town and South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Palla
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Noël C Barengo
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | | | | | - Laureen Dartois
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kuanrong Li
- German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nina Roswall
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale 7, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
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Zamora-Ros R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, González CA, Buijsse B, Guevara M, van der Schouw YT, Amiano P, Boeing H, Bredsdorff L, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Feskens EJ, Franks PW, Grioni S, Katzke V, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Masala G, Mattiello A, Molina-Montes E, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Perquier F, Quirós JR, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Scalbert A, Schulze M, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. The association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3961-70. [PMID: 24130345 PMCID: PMC3836159 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes, and the risk of development of type 2 diabetes among European populations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-InterAct case-cohort study included 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 participants from among 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up in eight European countries. At baseline, country-specific validated dietary questionnaires were used. A flavonoid and lignan food composition database was developed from the Phenol-Explorer, the U.K. Food Standards Agency, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) from country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS In multivariable models, a trend for an inverse association between total flavonoid intake and type 2 diabetes was observed (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile, 0.90 [95% CI 0.77-1.04]; P value trend = 0.040), but not with lignans (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.72-1.07]; P value trend = 0.119). Among flavonoid subclasses, flavonols (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.69-0.95]; P value trend = 0.020) and flavanols (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68-0.99]; P value trend = 0.012), including flavan-3-ol monomers (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.57-0.93]; P value trend = 0.029), were associated with a significantly reduced hazard of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Prospective findings in this large European cohort demonstrate inverse associations between flavonoids, particularly flavanols and flavonols, and incident type 2 diabetes. This suggests a potential protective role of eating a diet rich in flavonoids, a dietary pattern based on plant-based foods, in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Elks CE, Ong KK, Scott RA, van der Schouw YT, Brand JS, Wark PA, Amiano P, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Fonseca-Nunes A, Franks PW, Grioni S, Halkjaer J, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Quirós JR, Rinaldi S, Rolandsson O, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Age at menarche and type 2 diabetes risk: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3526-34. [PMID: 24159179 PMCID: PMC3816901 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Younger age at menarche, a marker of pubertal timing in girls, is associated with higher risk of later type 2 diabetes. We aimed to confirm this association and to examine whether it is explained by adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from 26 research centers across eight European countries. We tested the association between age at menarche and incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression in 15,168 women (n = 5,995 cases). Models were adjusted in a sequential manner for potential confounding and mediating factors, including adult BMI. RESULTS Mean menarcheal age ranged from 12.6 to 13.6 years across InterAct countries. Each year later menarche was associated with 0.32 kg/m2 lower adult BMI. Women in the earliest menarche quintile (8-11 years, n = 2,418) had 70% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the middle quintile (13 years, n = 3,634), adjusting for age at recruitment, research center, and a range of lifestyle and reproductive factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.49-1.94; P < 0.001). Adjustment for BMI partially attenuated this association (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.71; P < 0.001). Later menarche beyond the median age was not protective against type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Women with history of early menarche have higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Less than half of this association appears to be mediated by higher adult BMI, suggesting that early pubertal development also may directly increase type 2 diabetes risk.
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Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Moons KG, Boshuizen HC, van der A DL, Groenwold RH. Estimating the mediating effect of different biomarkers on the relation of alcohol consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Ann Epidemiol 2013; 23:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brand JS, van der Schouw YT, Onland-Moret NC, Sharp SJ, Ong KK, Khaw KT, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Boeing H, Chirlaque MD, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Duell EJ, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Grioni S, Groop LC, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, Feskens EJM, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:1012-9. [PMID: 23230098 PMCID: PMC3609516 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age at menopause is an important determinant of future health outcomes, but little is known about its relationship with type 2 diabetes. We examined the associations of menopausal age and reproductive life span (menopausal age minus menarcheal age) with diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were obtained from the InterAct study, a prospective case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. A total of 3,691 postmenopausal type 2 diabetic case subjects and 4,408 subcohort members were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up of 11 years. Prentice weighted Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, known risk factors for diabetes, and reproductive factors, and effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, and smoking was studied. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of the subcohort was 59.2 (5.8) years. After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios (HRs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.32 (95% CI 1.04-1.69), 1.09 (0.90-1.31), 0.97 (0.86-1.10), and 0.85 (0.70-1.03) for women with menopause at ages <40, 40-44, 45-49, and ≥55 years, respectively, relative to those with menopause at age 50-54 years. The HR per SD younger age at menopause was 1.08 (1.02-1.14). Similarly, a shorter reproductive life span was associated with a higher diabetes risk (HR per SD lower reproductive life span 1.06 [1.01-1.12]). No effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, or smoking was observed (P interaction all > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Early menopause is associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Brand
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dekker LH, Nicolaou M, van der A DL, Busschers WB, Brewster LM, Snijder MB, Stronks K, van Valkengoed IGM. Sex differences in the association between serum ferritin and fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes among South Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, and ethnic Dutch: the population-based SUNSET study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:965-71. [PMID: 23172974 PMCID: PMC3609507 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moderately elevated iron stores below the levels commonly associated with hemochromatosis have been implicated in the etiology of diabetes. Studies suggest that iron status (measured by serum ferritin) differs significantly according to sex, but inconsistent findings have been reported. Our aim is to test the association between serum ferritin and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and fasting glucose concentrations in a population-based, multiethnic, cross-sectional study including men and women of African Surinamese, South Asian Surinamese, and ethnic Dutch origin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data on 508 ethnic Dutch, 597 African Surinamese, and 339 South Asian Surinamese aged 35-60 years. Type 2 diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L or a self-reported diagnosis. RESULTS Serum ferritin was positively associated with type 2 diabetes and fasting glucose, but differences in the associations according to sex were observed. Serum ferritin concentration was positively associated with type 2 diabetes among women in all ethnic groups (odds ratio [OR] ethnic Dutch: 1.07 [95% CI 1.01-1.13]; OR South Asian Surinamese: 1.05 [1.00-1.10]; OR African Surinamese: 1.05 [1.01-1.10]), but not among men. Serum ferritin was also more strongly associated with fasting glucose in women than in men. Moreover, the magnitude of sex differences in the association between serum ferritin and fasting glucose, but not type 2 diabetes, was more pronounced in the African Surinamese group than in the other ethnic groups (P for interaction ≤0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association between serum ferritin and type 2 diabetes and fasting glucose in our multiethnic population, which appeared stronger among women than men. Further evaluation of the variation in sex differences between ethnic groups is warranted, particularly among the African Surinamese, to understand the mechanisms behind these sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H Dekker
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wennberg P, Rolandsson O, van der A DL, Spijkerman AMW, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Feller S, Bergmann MM, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Forouhi N, Riboli E, Wareham N. Self-rated health and type 2 diabetes risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-InterAct study: a case-cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002436. [PMID: 23471609 PMCID: PMC3612773 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between self-rated health and risk of type 2 diabetes and whether the strength of this association is consistent across five European centres. DESIGN Population-based prospective case-cohort study. SETTING Enrolment took place between 1992 and 2000 in five European centres (Bilthoven, Cambridge, Heidelberg, Potsdam and Umeå). PARTICIPANTS Self-rated health was assessed by a baseline questionnaire in 3399 incident type 2 diabetic case participants and a centre-stratified subcohort of 4619 individuals from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study which was drawn from a total cohort of 340 234 participants in the EPIC. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Prentice-weighted Cox regression was used to estimate centre-specific HRs and 95% CIs for incident type 2 diabetes controlling for age, sex, centre, education, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, energy intake, physical activity and hypertension. The centre-specific HRs were pooled across centres by random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Low self-rated health was associated with a higher hazard of type 2 diabetes after adjusting for age and sex (pooled HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.88). After additional adjustment for health-related variables including BMI, the association was attenuated but remained statistically significant (pooled HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.53). I(2) index for heterogeneity across centres was 13.3% (p=0.33). CONCLUSIONS Low self-rated health was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The association could be only partly explained by other health-related variables, of which obesity was the strongest. We found no indication of heterogeneity in the association between self-rated health and type 2 diabetes mellitus across the European centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daphne L van der A
- Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M W Spijkerman
- Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Silke Feller
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nita Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Beulens JWJ, Abbasi A, Peelen LM, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Corpeleijn E, Bakker SJL, van der Schouw YT. [Validity of risk scores to predict type 2 diabetes in the Dutch population]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2013; 157:A6502. [PMID: 24004929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate risk scores to predict occurrence of type 2 diabetes in the Dutch population. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Twelve basic risk scores and 13 extensive risk scores with biomarkers were used to predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes during 7.5 years in a prospective cohort of 38,379 Dutch men and women. Occurrence of diabetes was documented through repeated questionnaires and validated against medical records. The capacity of the risk scores to correctly identify those at high risk of developing diabetes was determined using the C-statistic. The capacity of the risk scores to correctly quantify the absolute risk of diabetes was determined by testing the difference between the predicted and observed risk in the population. RESULTS The capacity of basic risk scores to identify those at high risk of diabetes was good, with C-statistics ranging from 0.74 (95%-CI: 0.73-0.75) to 0.84 (0.82-0.85). The extended risk scores were very capable of identifying those at high risk of diabetes, with C-statistics ranging from 0.81 (0.80-0.83) to 0.93 (0.92-0.94). Most risk scores, however, were unable to correctly quantify the absolute risk of diabetes; the risk was usually overestimated. Only the basic KORA model correctly quantified the risk in this Dutch population. CONCLUSION In the Dutch population, risk scores to predict the occurrence of type 2 diabetes are very capable of identifying those at high risk. Extension with biomarkers improves this capacity. Quantification of the absolute risk of diabetes was insufficient in most risk scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline W J Beulens
- *Dit onderzoek werd eerder gepubliceerd in British Medical Journal (epub 18 september 2012)met als titel 'Prediction models for risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic literature search and independent external validation study'. Afgedrukt met toestemming
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Sluijs I, Beulens JWJ, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, Buckland G, Kuijsten A, Schulze MB, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Balkau B, Boeing H, Gavrila D, Grote VA, Key TJ, Li K, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Sieri S, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjønneland A, Tumino R, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Feskens EJM, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries. J Nutr 2013; 143:93-9. [PMID: 23190759 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.165605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We investigated associations of dietary GI, GL, and digestible carbohydrate with incident type 2 diabetes. We performed a case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, including a random subcohort (n = 16,835) and incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 12,403). The median follow-up time was 12 y. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed using country-specific dietary questionnaires. Country-specific HR were calculated and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Dietary GI, GL, and digestible carbohydrate in the subcohort were (mean ± SD) 56 ± 4, 127 ± 23, and 226 ± 36 g/d, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, GI and GL were not associated with incident diabetes [HR highest vs. lowest quartile (HR(Q4)) for GI: 1.05 (95% CI = 0.96, 1.16); HR(Q4) for GL: 1.07 (95% CI = 0.95, 1.20)]. Digestible carbohydrate intake was not associated with incident diabetes [HR(Q4): 0.98 (95% CI = 0.86, 1.10)]. In additional analyses, we found that discrepancies in the GI value assignment to foods possibly explain differences in GI associations with diabetes within the same study population. In conclusion, an expansion of the GI tables and systematic GI value assignment to foods may be needed to improve the validity of GI values derived in such studies, after which GI associations may need reevaluation. Our study shows that digestible carbohydrate intake is not associated with diabetes risk and suggests that diabetes risk with high-GI and -GL diets may be more modest than initial studies suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Sluijs
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sluijs I, Beulens JWJ, van der A DL, Spijkerman AMW, Schulze MB, van der Schouw YT. Plasma uric acid is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes independent of diet and metabolic risk factors. J Nutr 2013; 143:80-5. [PMID: 23173177 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.167221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests a direct association of uric acid with diabetes risk, but it is still unclear whether this is independent of risk factors such as obesity and diet. We aimed to investigate whether plasma uric acid concentrations are independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes and to investigate the role of a uric acid-related dietary pattern in this association. We used a case-cohort nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands study. The study included 2318 subcohort members and 845 incident diabetes cases, with a mean follow-up of 10 y. At baseline, blood samples were taken and diet was assessed using a validated FFQ. A uric acid-related dietary pattern was derived with reduced rank regression. Diabetes was mainly self-reported and verified against general practitioner records. Plasma uric acid was (mean ± SD) 231 ± 54.6 μmol/L in the subcohort. After adjustment for established diabetes risk factors such as age, the HR (highest vs. lowest quartile of uric acid) for diabetes was 4.36 (95% CI: 3.22, 5.90). Further adjustment for adiposity attenuated the HR to 1.86 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.62). Additional adjustment for hypertension and biochemical markers, such as TG, slightly attenuated the association [HR = 1.43 (95% CI: 0.97, 2.10)]. A uric acid-related dietary pattern did not confound the association. In conclusion, this study supports that high uric acid concentrations are associated with increased diabetes risk, although a large part of the association can be explained by the degree of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abbasi A, Bakker SJL, Corpeleijn E, van der A DL, Gansevoort RT, Gans ROB, Peelen LM, van der Schouw YT, Stolk RP, Navis G, Spijkerman AMW, Beulens JWJ. Liver function tests and risk prediction of incident type 2 diabetes: evaluation in two independent cohorts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51496. [PMID: 23284703 PMCID: PMC3524238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver function tests might predict the risk of type 2 diabetes. An independent study evaluating utility of these markers compared with an existing prediction model is yet lacking. Methods and Findings We performed a case-cohort study, including random subcohort (6.5%) from 38,379 participants with 924 incident diabetes cases (the Dutch contribution to the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition, EPIC-NL, the Netherlands), and another population-based cohort study including 7,952 participants with 503 incident cases (the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease, PREVEND, Groningen, the Netherlands). We examined predictive value of combination of the Liver function tests (gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and albumin) above validated models for 7.5-year risk of diabetes (the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, the KORA study). Basic model includes age, sex, BMI, smoking, hypertension and parental diabetes. Clinical models additionally include glucose and uric acid (model1) and HbA1c (model2). In both studies, addition of Liver function tests to the basic model improved the prediction (C-statistic by∼0.020; NRI by∼9.0%; P<0.001). In the EPIC-NL case-cohort study, addition to clinical model1 resulted in statistically significant improvement in the overall population (C-statistic = +0.009; P<0.001; NRI = 8.8%; P<0.001), while addition to clinical model 2 yielded marginal improvement limited to men (C-statistic = +0.007; P = 0.06; NRI = 3.3%; P = 0.04). In the PREVEND cohort study, addition to clinical model 1 resulted in significant improvement in the overall population (C-statistic change = 0.008; P = 0.003; NRI = 3.6%; P = 0.03), with largest improvement in men (C-statistic change = 0.013; P = 0.01; NRI = 5.4%; P = 0.04). In PREVEND, improvement compared to clinical model 2 could not be tested because of lack of HbA1c data. Conclusions Liver function tests modestly improve prediction for medium-term risk of incident diabetes above basic and extended clinical prediction models, only if no HbA1c is incorporated. If data on HbA1c are available, Liver function tests have little incremental predictive value, although a small benefit may be present in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abbasi A, Peelen LM, Corpeleijn E, van der Schouw YT, Stolk RP, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Moons KGM, Navis G, Bakker SJL, Beulens JWJ. Prediction models for risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic literature search and independent external validation study. BMJ 2012; 345:e5900. [PMID: 22990994 PMCID: PMC3445426 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify existing prediction models for the risk of development of type 2 diabetes and to externally validate them in a large independent cohort. DATA SOURCES Systematic search of English, German, and Dutch literature in PubMed until February 2011 to identify prediction models for diabetes. DESIGN Performance of the models was assessed in terms of discrimination (C statistic) and calibration (calibration plots and Hosmer-Lemeshow test).The validation study was a prospective cohort study, with a case cohort study in a random subcohort. SETTING Models were applied to the Dutch cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort study (EPIC-NL). PARTICIPANTS 38,379 people aged 20-70 with no diabetes at baseline, 2506 of whom made up the random subcohort. OUTCOME MEASURE Incident type 2 diabetes. RESULTS The review identified 16 studies containing 25 prediction models. We considered 12 models as basic because they were based on variables that can be assessed non-invasively and 13 models as extended because they additionally included conventional biomarkers such as glucose concentration. During a median follow-up of 10.2 years there were 924 cases in the full EPIC-NL cohort and 79 in the random subcohort. The C statistic for the basic models ranged from 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.75) to 0.84 (0.82 to 0.85) for risk at 7.5 years. For prediction models including biomarkers the C statistic ranged from 0.81 (0.80 to 0.83) to 0.93 (0.92 to 0.94). Most prediction models overestimated the observed risk of diabetes, particularly at higher observed risks. After adjustment for differences in incidence of diabetes, calibration improved considerably. CONCLUSIONS Most basic prediction models can identify people at high risk of developing diabetes in a time frame of five to 10 years. Models including biomarkers classified cases slightly better than basic ones. Most models overestimated the actual risk of diabetes. Existing prediction models therefore perform well to identify those at high risk, but cannot sufficiently quantify actual risk of future diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Abbasi A, Corpeleijn E, van der Schouw YT, Stolk RP, Spijkerman A, van der A DL, Navis G, Bakker SJL, Beulens JWJ. Parental history of type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic biomarkers in offspring. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:974-82. [PMID: 22568410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to investigate the associations of parental history of T2D with cardiometabolic biomarkers and to subsequently investigate to what extent these putative associations were explained by modifiable factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectionally, we analysed a random sample of 2001 participants without T2D (20-70 years) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL). Plasma levels of 12 biomarkers - total, HDL and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, uric acid, creatinine and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) - were assessed according to categories of parental history of T2D. RESULTS In age and sex-adjusted analyses, offspring with parental history of T2D had significantly higher ALT [β = 0·074; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 0·023-0·126] and AST levels (β = 0·033; 95%CI, 0·001 to 0·066) and a trend towards higher HbA1c (β = 0·011; 95%CI, -0·001 to 0·024) and GGT (β = 0·049; 95%CI, -0·015 to 0·112) levels. Adjustment for diet, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and educational level modestly attenuated the magnitude of these associations, but they remained significant for ALT and borderline significant for AST. After further adjustment for adiposity, additional attenuation was observed, but the association remained significant for ALT. Only maternal history of T2D was associated with higher ALT levels. T2D in both parents was associated with increased levels of all liver enzymes, but the association remained significant for GGT after adjustment for adiposity. Overall, the modifiable factors explained 21·2-45·4% of these associations. The contribution of adiposity was 18·2-38·9%. CONCLUSION We conclude that parental history of T2D was associated with higher non-fasting levels of liver enzymes in a general population without T2D. Adiposity substantially contributed to these associations. The contribution of diet and lifestyle factors was modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sluijs I, Forouhi NG, Beulens JWJ, van der Schouw YT, Agnoli C, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Clavel-Chapelon F, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Drogan D, Franks PW, Gavrila D, Gonzalez C, Halkjaer J, Kaaks R, Moskal A, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Ricceri F, Rinaldi S, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Feskens EJM, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. The amount and type of dairy product intake and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:382-90. [PMID: 22760573 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.021907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy product intake may be inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes, but the evidence is inconclusive for total dairy products and sparse for types of dairy products. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the prospective association of total dairy products and different dairy subtypes with incidence of diabetes in populations with marked variation of intake of these food groups. DESIGN A nested case-cohort within 8 European countries of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (n = 340,234; 3.99 million person-years of follow-up) included a random subcohort (n = 16,835) and incident diabetes cases (n = 12,403). Baseline dairy product intake was assessed by using dietary questionnaires. Country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression HRs were calculated and pooled by using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Intake of total dairy products was not associated with diabetes (HR for the comparison of the highest with the lowest quintile of total dairy products: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.34; P-trend = 0.92) in an analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI, diabetes risk factors, education, and dietary factors. Of the dairy subtypes, cheese intake tended to have an inverse association with diabetes (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.76, 1.02; P-trend = 0.01), and a higher combined intake of fermented dairy products (cheese, yogurt, and thick fermented milk) was inversely associated with diabetes (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99; P-trend = 0.02) in adjusted analyses that compared extreme quintiles. CONCLUSIONS This large prospective study found no association between total dairy product intake and diabetes risk. An inverse association of cheese intake and combined fermented dairy product intake with diabetes is suggested, which merits further study.
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Vimaleswaran KS, Ängquist L, Hansen RD, van der A DL, Bouatia-Naji N, Holst C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Meidtner K, Palli D, Masala G, Saris WHM, Feskens EJM, Wareham NJ, Sørensen TIA, Loos RJF. Association between FTO variant and change in body weight and its interaction with dietary factors: the DiOGenes study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1669-74. [PMID: 22421893 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although FTO is an established obesity-susceptibility locus, it remains unknown whether it influences weight change in adult life and whether diet attenuates this association. Therefore, we investigated the association of FTO-rs9939609 with changes in weight and waist circumference (WC) during 6.8 years follow-up in a large-scale prospective study and examined whether these associations were modified by dietary energy percentage from fat, protein, carbohydrate, or glycemic index (GI). This study comprised data from five countries of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and was designed as a case-cohort study for weight gain. Analyses included 11,091 individuals, of whom 5,584 were cases (age (SD), 47.6 (7.5) years), defined as those with the greatest unexplained annual weight gain during follow-up and 5,507 were noncases (48.0 (7.3) years), who were compared in our case-noncase (CNC) analyses. Furthermore, 6,566 individuals (47.9 (7.3) years) selected from the total sample (all noncases and 1,059 cases) formed the random subcohort (RSC), used for continuous trait analyses. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in the models. In the RSC-analyses, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with BMI (β (SE), 0.17 (0.08) kg·m(-2)/allele; P = 0.034) and WC (0.47 (0.21) cm/allele; P = 0.026) at baseline, but not with weight change (5.55 (12.5) g·year(-1)/allele; P = 0.66) during follow up. In the CNC-analysis, FTO-rs9939609 was associated with increased risk of being a weight-gainer (OR: 1.1; P = 0.045). We observed no interaction between FTO-rs9939609 and dietary fat, protein and carbohydrate, and GI on BMI and WC at baseline or on change in weight and WC. FTO-rs9939609 is associated with BMI and WC at baseline, but association with weight gain is weak and only observed for extreme gain. Dietary factors did not influence the associations.
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Hooton H, Angquist L, Holst C, Hager J, Rousseau F, Hansen RD, Tjønneland A, Roswall N, van der A DL, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Meidtner K, Palli D, Masala G, Bouatia-Naji N, Saris WHM, Feskens EJM, Wareham NJ, Vimaleswaran KS, Langin D, Loos RJF, Sørensen TIA, Clément K. Dietary factors impact on the association between CTSS variants and obesity related traits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40394. [PMID: 22844403 PMCID: PMC3402491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Cathepsin S, a protein coded by the CTSS gene, is implicated in adipose tissue biology–this protein enhances adipose tissue development. Our hypothesis is that common variants in CTSS play a role in body weight regulation and in the development of obesity and that these effects are influenced by dietary factors–increased by high protein, glycemic index and energy diets. Methods Four tag SNPs (rs7511673, rs11576175, rs10888390 and rs1136774) were selected to capture all common variation in the CTSS region. Association between these four SNPs and several adiposity measurements (BMI, waist circumference, waist for given BMI and being a weight gainer–experiencing the greatest degree of unexplained annual weight gain during follow-up or not) given, where applicable, both as baseline values and gain during the study period (6–8 years) were tested in 11,091 European individuals (linear or logistic regression models). We also examined the interaction between the CTSS variants and dietary factors–energy density, protein content (in grams or in % of total energy intake) and glycemic index–on these four adiposity phenotypes. Results We found several associations between CTSS polymorphisms and anthropometric traits including baseline BMI (rs11576175 (SNP N°2), p = 0.02, β = −0.2446), and waist change over time (rs7511673 (SNP N°1), p = 0.01, β = −0.0433 and rs10888390 (SNP N°3), p = 0.04, β = −0.0342). In interaction with the percentage of proteins contained in the diet, rs11576175 (SNP N°2) was also associated with the risk of being a weight gainer (pinteraction = 0.01, OR = 1.0526)–the risk of being a weight gainer increased with the percentage of proteins contained in the diet. Conclusion CTSS variants seem to be nominally associated to obesity related traits and this association may be modified by dietary protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hooton
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (INSERM), U872, Nutriomique, Paris, France.
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Sluik D, Boeing H, Montonen J, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Sandbaek A, Overvad K, Arriola L, Ardanaz E, Saieva C, Grioni S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Beulens JWJ, van Dieren S, Nilsson PM, Groop LC, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Nöthlings U. HbA1c measured in stored erythrocytes is positively linearly associated with mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38877. [PMID: 22719972 PMCID: PMC3374773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Observational studies have shown that glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is related to mortality, but the shape of the association is less clear. Furthermore, disease duration and medication may modify this association. This observational study explored the association between HbA1c measured in stored erythrocytes and mortality. Secondly, it was assessed whether disease duration and medication use influenced the estimates or were independently associated with mortality. Methods Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition a cohort was analysed of 4,345 individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes at enrolment. HbA1c was measured in blood samples stored up to 19 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models for all-cause mortality investigated HbA1c in quartiles as well as per 1% increment, diabetes medication in seven categories of insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents, and disease duration in quartiles. Results After a median follow-up of 9.3 years, 460 participants died. Higher HbA1c was associated with higher mortality: Hazard Ratio for 1%-increase was 1.11 (95% CI 1.06, 1.17). This association was linear (P-nonlinearity =0.15) and persistent across categories of medication use, disease duration, and co-morbidities. Compared with metformin, other medication types were not associated with mortality. Longer disease duration was associated with mortality, but not after adjustment for HbA1c and medication. Conclusion This prospective study showed that persons with lower HbA1c had better survival than those with higher HbA1c. The association was linear and independent of disease duration, type of medication use, and presence of co-morbidities. Any improvement of HbA1c appears to be associated with reduced mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diewertje Sluik
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Fisher E, Meidtner K, Angquist L, Holst C, Hansen RD, Halkjær J, Masala G, Ostergaard JN, Overvad K, Palli D, Vimaleswaran KS, Tjønneland A, van der A DL, Wareham NJ, Sørensen TI, Loos RJ, Boeing H. Influence of dietary protein intake and glycemic index on the association between TCF7L2 HapA and weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:1468-76. [PMID: 22552033 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.014670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) have been associated with type 2 diabetes and BMI. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether TCF7L2 HapA is associated with weight development and whether such an association is modulated by protein intake or by the glycemic index (GI). DESIGN The investigation was based on prospective data from 5 cohort studies nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Weight change was followed up for a mean (±SD) of 6.8 ± 2.5 y. TCF7L2 rs7903146 and rs10885406 were successfully genotyped in 11,069 individuals and used to derive HapA. Multiple logistic and linear regression analysis was applied to test for the main effect of HapA and its interaction with dietary protein or GI. Analyses from the cohorts were combined by random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS HapA was associated neither with baseline BMI (0.03 ± 0.07 BMI units per allele; P = 0.6) nor with annual weight change (8.8 ± 11.7 g/y per allele; P = 0.5). However, a previously shown positive association between intake of protein, particularly of animal origin, and subsequent weight change in this population proved to be attenuated by TCF7L2 HapA (P-interaction = 0.01). We showed that weight gain becomes independent of protein intake with an increasing number of HapA alleles. Substitution of protein with either fat or carbohydrates showed the same effects. No interaction with GI was observed. CONCLUSION TCF7L2 HapA attenuates the positive association between animal protein intake and long-term body weight change in middle-aged Europeans but does not interact with the GI of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fisher
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Patel PS, Forouhi NG, Kuijsten A, Schulze MB, van Woudenbergh GJ, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Arriola L, Balkau B, Barricarte A, Beulens JWJ, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Crowe FL, de Lauzon-Guillan B, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Gonzalez C, Grioni S, Halkjaer J, Huerta JM, Key TJ, Kühn T, Masala G, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Schmidt EB, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Feskens EJM, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. The prospective association between total and type of fish intake and type 2 diabetes in 8 European countries: EPIC-InterAct Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:1445-53. [PMID: 22572642 PMCID: PMC3623039 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.029314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence of an association between fish intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent and unresolved. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the association between total and type of fish intake and T2D in 8 European countries. DESIGN This was a case-cohort study, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, 12,403 incident diabetes cases, and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals from 8 European countries. Habitual fish intake (lean fish, fatty fish, total fish, shellfish, and combined fish and shellfish) was assessed by country-specific dietary questionnaires. HRs were estimated in each country by using Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and pooled by using a random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS No overall association was found between combined fish and shellfish intake and incident T2D per quartile (adjusted HR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.06; P-trend = 0.99). Total fish, lean fish, and shellfish intakes separately were also not associated with T2D, but fatty fish intake was weakly inversely associated with T2D: adjusted HR per quartile 0.97 (0.94, 1.00), with an HR of 0.84 (0.70, 1.01), 0.85 (0.76, 0.95), and 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) for a comparison of the second, third, and fourth quartiles with the lowest quartile of intake, respectively (P-trend = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that lean fish, total fish, and shellfish intakes are not associated with incident diabetes but that fatty fish intake may be weakly inversely associated. Replication of these findings in other populations and investigation of the mechanisms underlying these associations are warranted. Meanwhile, current public health recommendations on fish intake should remain unchanged.
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van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, van Haeften TW, Landman GWD, Reiling E, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJG, Klungel OH, de Boer A, van Diemen CC, Wijmenga C, Boezen HM, Dekker JM, van 't Riet E, Nijpels G, Welschen LMC, Zavrelova H, Bruin EJ, Elbers CC, Bauer F, Onland-Moret NC, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Simonis-Bik AM, Eekhoff EMW, Diamant M, Kramer MHH, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJ, Willemsen G, Slagboom PE, Hofker MH, 't Hart LM. Common variants in the type 2 diabetes KCNQ1 gene are associated with impairments in insulin secretion during hyperglycaemic glucose clamp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32148. [PMID: 22403629 PMCID: PMC3293880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies in Japanese populations recently identified common variants in the KCNQ1 gene to be associated with type 2 diabetes. We examined the association of these variants within KCNQ1 with type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population, investigated their effects on insulin secretion and metabolic traits and on the risk of developing complications in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODOLOGY The KCNQ1 variants rs151290, rs2237892, and rs2237895 were genotyped in a total of 4620 type 2 diabetes patients and 5285 healthy controls from the Netherlands. Data on macrovascular complications, nephropathy and retinopathy were available in a subset of diabetic patients. Association between genotype and insulin secretion/action was assessed in the additional sample of 335 individuals who underwent a hyperglycaemic clamp. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that all the genotyped KCNQ1 variants were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in our Dutch population, and the association of rs151290 was the strongest (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35, p = 0.002). The risk C-allele of rs151290 was nominally associated with reduced first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, while the non-risk T-allele of rs2237892 was significantly correlated with increased second-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (p = 0.025 and 0.0016, respectively). In addition, the risk C-allele of rs2237892 was associated with higher LDL and total cholesterol levels (p = 0.015 and 0.003, respectively). We found no evidence for an association of KCNQ1 with diabetic complications. CONCLUSIONS Common variants in the KCNQ1 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population, which can be explained at least in part by an effect on insulin secretion. Furthermore, our data suggest that KCNQ1 is also associated with lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Sluik D, Beulens JWJ, Weikert C, van Dieren S, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Fritsche A, Joost HG, Boeing H, Nöthlings U. Gamma-glutamyltransferase, cardiovascular disease and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:284-8. [PMID: 22144398 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased plasma activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality in the general population. We investigated the association between GGT, CVD and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. METHODS Data used were from 1280 participants, aged 35-70 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in Potsdam (Germany), Bilthoven and Utrecht (the Netherlands). Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CVD (non-fatal and fatal events) and overall mortality were estimated using sex-specific quartiles of GGT. RESULTS After 8.2 years follow-up, 108 incident CVD cases and 84 deaths were observed. Participants with high GGT activity had an increased mortality risk: HR in the highest quartile was 3.96 (95% CI 1.74, 9.00). This association was in particular present in former and current smokers, younger persons and those with a higher waist-height ratio and alcohol consumption. No associations were observed for non-fatal CVD and non-fatal and fatal CVD events combined. CONCLUSIONS Higher GGT plasma activity is associated with increased all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diewertje Sluik
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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von Ruesten A, Steffen A, Floegel A, van der A DL, Masala G, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Palli D, Wareham NJ, Loos RJF, Sørensen TIA, Boeing H. Trend in obesity prevalence in European adult cohort populations during follow-up since 1996 and their predictions to 2015. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27455. [PMID: 22102897 PMCID: PMC3213129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate trends in obesity prevalence in recent years and to predict the obesity prevalence in 2015 in European populations. Methods Data of 97 942 participants from seven cohorts involved in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study participating in the Diogenes project (named as “Diogenes cohort” in the following) with weight measurements at baseline and follow-up were used to predict future obesity prevalence with logistic linear and non-linear (leveling off) regression models. In addition, linear and leveling off models were fitted to the EPIC-Potsdam dataset with five weight measures during the observation period to find out which of these two models might provide the more realistic prediction. Results During a mean follow-up period of 6 years, the obesity prevalence in the Diogenes cohort increased from 13% to 17%. The linear prediction model predicted an overall obesity prevalence of about 30% in 2015, whereas the leveling off model predicted a prevalence of about 20%. In the EPIC-Potsdam cohort, the shape of obesity trend favors a leveling off model among men (R2 = 0.98), and a linear model among women (R2 = 0.99). Conclusion Our data show an increase in obesity prevalence since the 1990ies, and predictions by 2015 suggests a sizeable further increase in European populations. However, the estimates from the leveling off model were considerably lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne von Ruesten
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam- Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Burger KNJ, Beulens JWJ, Boer JMA, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL. Dietary glycemic load and glycemic index and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in Dutch men and women: the EPIC-MORGEN study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25955. [PMID: 21998729 PMCID: PMC3187822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations of glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are not well-established, particularly in men, and may be modified by gender. OBJECTIVE To assess whether high dietary GL and GI increase the risk of CVD in men and women. METHODS A large prospective cohort study (EPIC-MORGEN) was conducted within the general Dutch population among 8,855 men and 10,753 women, aged 21-64 years at baseline (1993-1997) and free of diabetes and CVD. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire and GI and GL were calculated using Foster-Powell's international table of GI. Information on morbidity and mortality was obtained through linkage with national registries. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, while adjusting for age, CVD risk factors, and dietary factors. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 11.9 years, 581 CHD cases and 120 stroke cases occurred among men, and 300 CHD cases and 109 stroke cases occurred among women. In men, GL was associated with an increased CHD risk (adjusted HR per SD increase, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.02-1.35]), while no significant association was found in women (1.09 [0.89-1.33]). GI was not associated with CHD risk in both genders, while it was associated with increased stroke risk in men (1.27 [1.02-1.58]) but not in women (0.96 [0.75-1.22]). Similarly, total carbohydrate intake and starch intake were associated with a higher CHD risk in men (1.23 [1.04-1.46]; and 1.24 [1.07-1.45]), but not in women. CONCLUSION Among men, high GL and GI, and high carbohydrate and starch intake, were associated with increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koert N. J. Burger
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W. J. Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. A. Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne L. van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Romaguera D, Ängquist L, Du H, Jakobsen MU, Forouhi NG, Halkjær J, Feskens EJM, van der A DL, Masala G, Steffen A, Palli D, Wareham NJ, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boeing H, Riboli E, Sørensen TI. Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23384. [PMID: 21858094 PMCID: PMC3157378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary factors such as low energy density and low glycemic index were associated with a lower gain in abdominal adiposity. A better understanding of which food groups/items contribute to these associations is necessary. Objective To ascertain the association of food groups/items consumption on prospective annual changes in “waist circumference for a given BMI” (WCBMI), a proxy for abdominal adiposity. Design We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years. WCBMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on BMI, and annual change in WCBMI (ΔWCBMI, cm/y) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline, divided by follow-up time. The association between food groups/items and ΔWCBMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression, and random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates. Results Higher fruit and dairy products consumption was associated with a lower gain in WCBMI whereas the consumption of white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks was positively associated with ΔWCBMI. When these six food groups/items were analyzed in combination using a summary score, those in the highest quartile of the score – indicating a more favourable dietary pattern –showed a ΔWCBMI of −0.11 (95% CI −0.09 to −0.14) cm/y compared to those in the lowest quartile. Conclusion A dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Romaguera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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Hendriksen MAH, Boer JMA, Du H, Feskens EJM, van der A DL. No consistent association between consumption of energy-dense snack foods and annual weight and waist circumference changes in Dutch adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:19-25. [PMID: 21613561 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.014795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding an association between the consumption of energy-dense snack (EDS) foods and the development of overweight. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we examined whether there was an association between the intake of EDS foods and annual weight and waist circumference changes in normal-weight and overweight Dutch adults. DESIGN The study population included 9383 men and women from the MORGEN-EPIC (Monitoring Project on Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases in the Netherlands-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study, which is a population-based cohort study in 3 towns in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Maastricht, and Doetinchem), who had a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) <30 and who were not dieting. Participants were enrolled between 1993 and 1997 and followed for an average of 8.1 y (Amsterdam and Maastricht: 9.9 y; Doetinchem: 4.9 y). Intake of EDS foods (sweets, cakes and pastries, and savory snacks) was assessed at baseline by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear and multinomial logistic regression models were applied and stratified by center to examine the association between energy from EDS foods (kcal) and annual weight and waist circumference changes. RESULTS The mean (±SD) daily energy intake from EDS foods was 294 ± 192 kcal. In Amsterdam and Maastricht, the annual weight change was 168 ± 572 g/y, whereas in Doetinchem, the annual weight change was 444 ± 816 g/y. In the multivariate regression analysis adjusted for follow-up duration and anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors, there was some, but inconsistent, evidence of an association of EDS-food consumption with annual weight change. CONCLUSION Our study provides some, but inconsistent, evidence that consumption of EDS foods is positively associated with an increase in annual weight in normal- to overweight Dutch adults.
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Sluik D, Boeing H, Montonen J, Pischon T, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Berentzen TL, Overvad K, Arriola L, Ardanaz E, Bendinelli B, Grioni S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Spijkerman AMW, van der A DL, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Nilsson PM, Hedblad B, Rolandsson O, Franks PW, Nöthlings U. Associations between general and abdominal adiposity and mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:22-34. [PMID: 21616928 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with diabetes mellitus are advised to achieve a healthy weight to prevent complications. However, fat mass distribution has hardly been investigated as a risk factor for diabetes complications. The authors studied associations between body mass index, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, and waist/height ratio and mortality among individuals with diabetes mellitus. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, a subcohort was defined as 5,435 individuals with a confirmed self-report of diabetes mellitus at baseline in 1992-2000. Participants were aged 57.3 (standard deviation, 6.3) years, 54% were men, the median diabetes duration was 4.6 (interquartile range, 2.0-9.8) years, and 22% of the participants used insulin. Body mass index, as indicator of general obesity, was not associated with higher mortality, whereas all measurements of abdominal obesity showed a positive association. Associations generally were slightly weaker in women. The strongest association was observed for waist/height ratio: In the fifth quintile, the hazard rate ratio was 1.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.33, 2.65) for men and 2.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.46, 4.14) for women. Measurements of abdominal, but not general, adiposity were associated with higher mortality in diabetic individuals. The waist/height ratio showed the strongest association. Respective indicators might be investigated in risk prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diewertje Sluik
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrucke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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