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Baschant U, Culemann S, Tuckermann J. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid actions in inflammatory joint diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:108-18. [PMID: 23769823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1948, glucocorticoids have been widely used clinically to treat inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. However, their usefulness, especially in rheumatoid arthritis therapy, is hampered by severe side effects on bone leading to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating the beneficial and adverse effects remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, advanced molecular biological analyses and in vivo approaches using conditional mutant mice have helped to unravel in part the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression and side effects of glucocorticoid therapy in arthritis, thereby contributing to an improved understanding of these therapeutically important hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baschant
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Forschung, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Melnik BC, Plewig G. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:172-7. [PMID: 23489419 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings in familial hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) demonstrated loss-of-function mutations of components of the γ-secretase (GS) complex leading to decreased protease cleaving activity, which may compromise canonical Notch signalling. Appropriate Notch signalling is of pivotal importance for maintaining the inner and outer root sheath of the hair follicle and skin appendages. This viewpoint on the pathogenesis of HS is primarily supported by circumstantial evidence derived from translational biology. Impaired Notch signalling is proposed to be the major pathogenic mechanism of HS. Deficient Notch signalling switches the fate of outer root sheath cells, resulting in conversion of hair follicles to keratin-enriched epidermal cysts. Impaired Notch signalling may compromise apocrine gland homoeostasis as well. Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules released by either ruptured epidermal cysts exposing keratin fibres or altered structural components of less maintained apocrine glands may both stimulate TLR-mediated innate immunity. All aggravating factors of HS, that is, smoking, obesity, skin occlusion, androgens and progesterone, may further promote inflammation by release of proinflammatory cytokines derived from activated monocyte/macrophages. Inappropriate Notch signalling may not only initiate inflammation in HS but may lead to insufficient feedback inhibition of overstimulated innate immunity. Regular Notch signalling via induction of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) terminates TLR-MAPK-signalling in macrophages and IL-23 secreting DCs, the key players for Th17 cell polarization. Thus, impaired Notch signalling links HS to other Th17-driven comorbidities. All major therapeutic interventions in HS appear to attenuate increased MAPK activation of innate immune cells due to impaired Notch-mediated feedback regulation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
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Novel biphasic role of resolvin D1 on expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lung fibroblasts is partly through PI3K/AKT and ERK2 pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:964012. [PMID: 24174713 PMCID: PMC3794569 DOI: 10.1155/2013/964012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, far frombeing merely bystander cells, are known to play a specific role in inflammation resolution after an acute injury. As the endogenous “braking signal,” resolvins possess potent anti-inflammatory and proresolution actions. We demonstrated that the expression of COX-2 protein was significantly peaked initially at 6 hours but then also at 48 hours after LPS stimulation in lung fibroblasts. PGE2 levels also peaked at 6 hours, and PGD2 levels were increased and peaked at 48 hours. However, no significant change in the protein expression of COX-1 was observed after treatment with LPS in lung fibroblasts. Exogenous resolvin D1 inhibited the first peak of COX-2 expression as well as the production of PGE2 induced by LPS. In contrast, exogenous resolvin D1 increased the second peak of COX-2 expression as well as the production of PGD2 induced by LPS. In addition, resolvin D1 inhibited COX-2 expression at 6 hours, which was partly through PI3K/AKT and ERK2 signalling pathways.
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Kohanawa M, Zhao S, Ozaki M, Haga S, Nan G, Kuge Y, Tamaki N. Contribution of toll-like receptor 2 to the innate response against Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74287. [PMID: 24058538 PMCID: PMC3772844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes a wide range of infectious diseases. The function of TLRs, specifically TLR2, during S. aureus infection is still debated. In this study, we investigated the extent to which TLR2 contributes to the host innate response against the bacterial infection using TLR2-deficient mice. Intravenous inoculation with S. aureus resulted in all TLR2-deficient mice dying within 4 d, along with a high bacterial burden in the livers. However, histological examination showed the same degree of macrophage and neutrophil accumulation in the livers of infected TLR2-deficient mice as that in infected wild-type (WT) mice. TLR2-deficient mouse macrophages also showed normal phagocytic activity, although they failed to express CD36 that appeared on the surface of WT mouse cells upon challenge with heat-killed S. aureus. These data indicate that TLR2, as well as CD36, does not directly affect S. aureus clearance and that CD36 expression on macrophages depends on the presence of TLR2. In vivo infection with S. aureus caused significantly elevated production of TNF-α and IL-6 in the livers and blood of TLR2-deficient mice compared with those in WT mice, while the hepatic and serum levels of IL-10 decreased in these mice. In contrast, lower expression of IL-6 and IL-10, but not of TNF-α, at both the gene and protein levels was found in TLR2-deficient mouse macrophages compared to that in WT mouse cells, in response to challenge with heat-killed S. aureus. These findings suggest that the S. aureus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response is not dependent on macrophages and that TLR2 deficiency results in decreased IL-10 release by macrophages, which contributes to dysregulated cytokine balance, impaired bacterial clearance, and mouse death. Therefore, TLR2 possesses a protective function during S. aureus infection by regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses.
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55
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Nagy LH, Grishina I, Macal M, Hirao LA, Hu WK, Sankaran-Walters S, Gaulke CA, Pollard R, Brown J, Suni M, Baumler AJ, Ghanekar S, Marco ML, Dandekar S. Chronic HIV infection enhances the responsiveness of antigen presenting cells to commensal Lactobacillus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72789. [PMID: 24023646 PMCID: PMC3758347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation despite long-term therapy poses an obstacle to immune recovery in HIV infection. The role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in chronic immune activation during HIV infection remains to be fully determined. APCs, the frontline of immune defense against pathogens, are capable of distinguishing between pathogens and non-pathogenic, commensal bacteria. We hypothesized that HIV infection induces dysfunction in APC immune recognition and response to some commensal bacteria and that this may promote chronic immune activation. Therefore we examined APC inflammatory cytokine responses to commensal lactobacilli. We found that APCs from HIV-infected patients produced an enhanced inflammatory response to Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as compared to APCs from healthy, HIV-negative controls. Increased APC expression of TLR2 and CD36, signaling through p38-MAPK, and decreased expression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in HIV infection was associated with this heightened immune response. Our findings suggest that chronic HIV infection enhances the responsiveness of APCs to commensal lactobacilli, a mechanism that may partly contribute to chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren H. Nagy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Irina Grishina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Macal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Hirao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Hu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sumathi Sankaran-Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Gaulke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Pollard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Suni
- Becton Dickinson Biosciences, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Andreas J. Baumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Smita Ghanekar
- Becton Dickinson Biosciences, San Jose, California, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Food Science and Technology University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members of each of the major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subfamilies--the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) subfamilies. In conjunction with the activation of nuclear factor-κB and interferon-regulatory factor transcription factors, MAPK activation induces the expression of multiple genes that together regulate the inflammatory response. In this Review, we discuss our current knowledge about the regulation and the function of MAPKs in innate immunity, as well as the importance of negative feedback loops in limiting MAPK activity to prevent host tissue damage. We also examine how pathogens have evolved complex mechanisms to manipulate MAPK activation to increase their virulence. Finally, we consider the potential of the pharmacological targeting of MAPK pathways to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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57
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Yan J, Ralston MM, Meng X, Bongiovanni KD, Jones AL, Benndorf R, Nelin LD, Joshua Frazier W, Rogers LK, Smith CV, Liu Y. Glutathione reductase is essential for host defense against bacterial infection. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:320-32. [PMID: 23623936 PMCID: PMC3749296 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (Gsr) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant. We have recently shown that Gsr is essential for host defense against the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli in a mouse model of sepsis. Although we have demonstrated that Gsr is required for sustaining the oxidative burst and the development of neutrophil extracellular traps, the role of Gsr in other phagocytic functions remains unclear. It is also unclear whether Gsr-deficient mice exhibit host defense defects against gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we characterized the effects of Gsr deficiency on the innate immune responses to a gram-positive bacterium, group B Streptococcus, and to the gram-negative bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that, like E. coli, group B Streptococcus resulted in a substantially more robust cytokine response and a markedly higher morbidity and mortality in Gsr-deficient mice than in wild-type mice. The increased morbidity and mortality were associated with greater bacterial burden in the Gsr-deficient mice. Interestingly, Gsr-deficient mice did not exhibit a greater sensitivity to LPS than did wild-type mice. Analysis of the neutrophils of Gsr-deficient mice revealed impaired phagocytosis. In response to thioglycollate stimulation, Gsr-deficient mice mobilized far fewer phagocytes, including neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils, into their peritoneal cavities than did wild-type mice. The defective phagocyte mobilization is associated with profound oxidation and aggregation of ascitic proteins, particularly albumin. Our results indicate that the oxidative defense mechanism mediated by Gsr is required for an effective innate immune response against bacteria, probably by preventing phagocyte dysfunction due to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Melissa M Ralston
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Xiaomei Meng
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kathleen D Bongiovanni
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Amanda L Jones
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rainer Benndorf
- Center for Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Leif D Nelin
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - W Joshua Frazier
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Charles V Smith
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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58
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Pinheiro I, Dejager L, Petta I, Vandevyver S, Puimège L, Mahieu T, Ballegeer M, Van Hauwermeiren F, Riccardi C, Vuylsteke M, Libert C. LPS resistance of SPRET/Ei mice is mediated by Gilz, encoded by the Tsc22d3 gene on the X chromosome. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:456-70. [PMID: 23495141 PMCID: PMC3598084 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural variation for LPS-induced lethal inflammation in mice is useful for identifying new genes that regulate sepsis, which could form the basis for novel therapies for systemic inflammation in humans. Here we report that LPS resistance of the inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei, previously reported to depend on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), maps to the distal region of the X-chromosome. The GR-inducible gene Tsc22d3, encoding the protein Gilz and located in the critical region on the X-chromosome, showed a higher expressed SPRET/Ei allele, regulated in cis. Higher Gilz levels were causally related to reduced inflammation, as shown with knockdown and overexpression studies in macrophages. Transient overexpression of Gilz by hydrodynamic plasmid injection confirmed that Gilz protects mice against endotoxemia Our data strongly suggest that Gilz is responsible for the LPS resistance of SPRET/Ei mice and that it could become a treatment option for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Pinheiro
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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59
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Tuckermann J, Libert C. New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:993-1007. [PMID: 23384835 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used for the treatment of numerous (autoimmune) inflammatory diseases. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, the GR translocates to the nucleus, where it acts either as a homodimeric transcription factor that binds glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in promoter regions of glucocorticoid (GC)-inducible genes, or as a monomeric protein that cooperates with other transcription factors to affect transcription. For decades, it has generally been believed that the undesirable side effects of GC therapy are induced by dimer-mediated transactivation, whereas its beneficial anti-inflammatory effects are mainly due to the monomer-mediated transrepressive actions of GR. Therefore, current research is focused on the development of dissociated compounds that exert only the GR monomer-dependent actions. However, many recent reports undermine this dogma by clearly showing that GR dimer-dependent transactivation is essential in the anti-inflammatory activities of GR. Many of these studies used GR(dim/dim) mutant mice, which show reduced GR dimerization and hence cannot control inflammation in several disease models. Here, we review the importance of GR dimers in the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs/GR, and hence we question the central dogma. We summarize the contribution of various GR dimer-inducible anti-inflammatory genes and question the use of selective GR agonists as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- VIB-Department for Molecular Biomedical Research /Ugent, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
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60
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Abstract
At mucosal surfaces, phagocytes such as macrophages coexist with microbial communities; highly controlled regulation of these interactions is essential for immune homeostasis. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical in recognizing and responding to microbial products, and they are subject to negative regulation through various mechanisms, including downregulation of PRR-activating components or induction of inhibitors. Insights into these regulatory mechanisms have been gained through human genetic disease-association studies, in vivo mouse studies utilizing disease models or targeted gene perturbations, and in vitro and ex vivo human cellular studies examining phagocytic cell functions. Although mouse models provide an important approach to study macrophage regulation, human and mouse macrophages exhibit differences, which must be considered when extrapolating mouse findings to human physiology. This review discusses inhibitory regulation of PRR-induced macrophage functions and the consequences of dysregulation of these functions and highlights mechanisms that have a role in intestinal macrophages and in human macrophage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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61
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Buckley CD, Gilroy DW, Serhan CN, Stockinger B, Tak PP. The resolution of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23197111 DOI: 10.1038/nri3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, Nature Reviews Immunology organized a conference that brought together scientists and clinicians from both academia and industry to discuss one of the most pressing questions in medicine--how do we turn off rampant, undesirable inflammation? There is a growing appreciation that, similarly to the initiation of inflammation, the resolution of inflammation is an intricate and active process. Can we therefore harness the mediators involved in resolution responses to treat patients with chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases? Here, we ask five of the speakers from the conference to share their thoughts on this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group at the Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2WD, UK.
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MAPK signaling drives inflammation in LPS-stimulated cardiomyocytes: the route of crosstalk to G-protein-coupled receptors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50071. [PMID: 23226236 PMCID: PMC3511453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Profound cardiovascular dysfunction is an important cause of mortality from septic shock. The molecular underpinnings of cardiac dysfunction during the inflammatory surge of early sepsis are not fully understood. MAPKs are important signal transducers mediating inflammation whereas G-protein signaling pathways modulate the cardiac response to stress. Using H9c2 cardiomyocytes, we investigated the interaction of MAPK and G-protein signaling in a sepsis model to test the hypothesis that the cardiomyocyte inflammatory response is controlled by MAPKs via G-protein-mediated events. We found that LPS stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production was markedly exacerbated by siRNA knockdown of the MAPK negative regulator Mkp-1. Cytokine production was blunted when cells were treated with p38 inhibitor. Two important cellular signaling molecules typically regulated by G-protein-coupled receptors, cAMP and PKC activity, were also stimulated by LPS and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, through a process regulated by Mkp-1 and p38. Interestingly, neutralizing antibodies against Gαs and Gαq blocked the increase in cellular cAMP and PKC activation, respectively, in response to inflammatory stimuli, indicating a critical role of G-protein coupled receptors in this process. LPS stimulation increased COX-2 in H9c2 cells, which also express prostaglandin receptors. Blockade of G-protein-coupled EP4 prostaglandin receptor by AH 23848 prevented LPS-induced cAMP increase. These data implicate MAPKs and G-proteins in the cardiomyocyte inflammatory response to LPS as well as crosstalk via COX-2-generated PGE2. These data add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of septic shock and have the potential to guide the selection of future therapeutics.
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63
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Vattakuzhi Y, Abraham SM, Freidin A, Clark AR, Horwood NJ. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1-null mice exhibit spontaneous osteolytic disease and enhanced inflammatory osteolysis in experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2201-10. [PMID: 22275313 DOI: 10.1002/art.34403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone formation and destruction are usually tightly linked; however, in disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, and osteoporosis, elevated osteoclast activity leads to bone destruction. Osteoclast formation and activation are controlled by many signaling pathways, including p38 MAPK. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP-1) is a factor involved in the negative regulation of p38 MAPK. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Dusp1 deficiency on bone destruction. METHODS Penetrance, onset, and severity of collagen-induced arthritis were recorded in DUSP-1+/+ and DUSP-1-/- mice. Bone destruction was assessed by histologic and micro-computed tomographic examination of the joints. The in vitro formation and activation of osteoclasts from DUSP-1+/+ and DUSP-1-/- precursors were assessed in the absence or presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). RESULTS The formation and activation of osteoclasts in vitro in the presence of TNF were enhanced by Dusp1 gene disruption. DUSP-1-/- mice exhibited higher penetrance, earlier onset, and increased severity of experimental arthritis, accompanied by greater numbers of osteoclasts in inflamed joints and more extensive loss of bone. A DUSP-1-/- mouse colony of mixed genetic background also demonstrated striking spontaneous osteolytic destruction of distal phalanges. CONCLUSION DUSP-1 is a critical regulator of osteoclast activity and limits bone destruction in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. Defects in the expression or activity of DUSP1 in humans may correlate with a propensity to develop osteolytic lesions in arthritis.
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64
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Khan NM, Poduval TB. Bilirubin augments radiation injury and leads to increased infection and mortality in mice: molecular mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1152-69. [PMID: 22819982 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier results demonstrated that clinically relevant concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) possessed immunotoxic effects. Whole-body irradiation (WBI) with 1 to 6 Gy leads to acute radiation syndrome, immunosuppression, and makes the host susceptible to infection. Since hyperbilirubinemia has been shown to be associated with several types of cancer, the present studies were undertaken to evaluate the radiomodifying effects of UCB in radiation-exposed mice having elevated levels of UCB. Pretreatment of splenic lymphocytes with UCB (1-50 μM at UCB/BSA ratio <1) augmented radiation-induced DNA strand breaks, MMP loss, calcium release, and apoptosis. Combination treatment of mice with UCB (50mg/kg bw) followed by WBI (2 Gy) 0.5h later, resulted in significantly increased splenic atrophy, bone marrow aplasia, decreased counts of peritoneal exudate cells, and different splenocyte subsets such as CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, CD19+ B, and CD14+ macrophages as compared to either UCB or WBI treatment. Hematological studies showed that WBI-induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia were further aggravated in the combination treatment group. UCB pretreatment of mice potentiated WBI-induced apoptosis and decreased WBI-induced loss of functional response of various immune cells leading to augmentation of immunosuppression and infection susceptibility caused by WBI. In an acute bacterial peritonitis model, UCB pretreatment of mice significantly increased WBI-induced proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and peritoneal bacterial load resulting in increased infection and death. Studies using the pharmacological inhibitor of p38MAPK demonstrated the involvement of p38MAPK activation in the inflammatory cascade of peritonitis. These findings should prove useful in understanding the potential risk to hyperbilirubinemic patients during radiotherapy and victims of acute radiation exposure in the course of radiation accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir M Khan
- Immunology and Hyperthermia Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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65
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Zong Y, Sun L, Liu B, Deng YS, Zhan D, Chen YL, He Y, Liu J, Zhang ZJ, Sun J, Lu D. Resveratrol inhibits LPS-induced MAPKs activation via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44107. [PMID: 22952890 PMCID: PMC3432093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound that has cardioprotective, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the capacity of resveratrol to protect RAW 264.7 cells from inflammatory insults and explored mechanisms underlying inhibitory effects of resveratrol on RAW 264.7 cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Murine RAW 264.7 cells were treated with resveratrol (1, 5, and 10 µM) and/or LPS (5 µg/ml). Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by Griess reagent and ELISA. The mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines were analysed by ELISA, RT-PCR and double immunofluorescence labeling, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of Akt, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and expression of SIRT1(Silent information regulator T1) were measured by western blot. Wortmannin (1 µM), a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, was used to determine if PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway might be involved in resveratrol’s action on RAW 264.7 cells. Resveratrol significantly attenuated the LPS-induced expression of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in RAW 264.7 cells. Resveratrol increased Akt phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Wortmannin, a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor, blocked the effects of resveratrol on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells activation. In addition, PI3-K inhibition partially abolished the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades. Meanwhile, PI3-K is essential for resveratrol-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK and expression of SIRT1. Conclusion and Implications This investigation demonstrates that PI3-K/Akt activation is an important signaling in resveratrol-mediated activation of AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression, and inhibition of phosphorylation of CREB and MAPKs activation, proinflammatory mediators and cytokines production in response to LPS in RAW 264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zong
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Shu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People’s of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhan
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Li Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zong-Ji Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DL); (JS); (ZJZ)
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DL); (JS); (ZJZ)
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DL); (JS); (ZJZ)
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Vollmer TR, Stockhausen A, Zhang JZ. Anti-inflammatory effects of mapracorat, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, is partially mediated by MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35212-35221. [PMID: 22898817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapracorat is a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA), structurally distinct from corticosteroids. In preclinical studies, mapracorat potently inhibits the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), with limited side effects associated with traditional corticosteroids. The objective of this study was to delineate the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of mapracorat. We found that mapracorat potently inhibited the production of GM-CSF and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages. Mapracorat also substantially attenuated the expression of COX-2 and the production of PGE(2). The inhibition of mapracorat on the inflammatory response was dose-dependent, and substantially inhibitory effects were observed at concentrations in the 10-100 nm range. Examination of the activation kinetics of p38 and its downstream target MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK-2) revealed a shortened activation course after LPS stimulation in cells pretreated with mapracorat. Supporting the notion that mapracorat augments a feedback control mechanism restraining the p38 pathway, we found that mapracorat enhanced the expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a critical negative regulator of MAPKs that drive the production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. While mapracorat alone did not stimulate MKP-1 expression, it markedly enhanced the expression of MKP-1 in cells stimulated by LPS, in a similar manner and potency to the augmenting effect of dexamethasone. Blocking MKP-1 expression by triptolide also abolished the accelerating effects of mapracorat on p38 and MK-2 deactivation, further supporting a role of MKP-1 in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of mapracorat. Taken together, these results indicate that mapracorat exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, at least in part, by augmenting MKP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Vollmer
- Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Bausch + Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York 14609
| | | | - Jin-Zhong Zhang
- Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Bausch + Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York 14609.
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67
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Comalada M, Lloberas J, Celada A. MKP-1: A critical phosphatase in the biology of macrophages controlling the switch between proliferation and activation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1938-48. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Comalada
- Macrophage Biology Group; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona); Barcelona; Spain
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68
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Cornell TT, Fleszar A, McHugh W, Blatt NB, Le Vine AM, Shanley TP. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2, MKP-2, regulates early inflammation in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L251-8. [PMID: 22683570 PMCID: PMC3423860 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00063.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is mediated by an early proinflammatory response resulting from either a direct or indirect insult to the lung mediating neutrophil infiltration and consequent disruption of the alveolar capillary membrane ultimately leading to refractory hypoxemia. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are a key component of the molecular response activated by those insults triggering the proinflammatory response in ALI. The MAPK pathways are counterbalanced by a set of dual-specific phosphatases (DUSP) that deactivate the kinases by removing phosphate groups from tyrosine or threonine residues. We have previously shown that one DUSP, MKP-2, regulates the MAPK pathway in a model of sepsis-induced inflammation; however, the role of MKP-2 in modulating the inflammatory response in ALI has not been previously investigated. We utilized both MKP-2-null (MKP-2(-/-)) mice and MKP-2 knockdown in a murine macrophage cell line to elucidate the role of MKP-2 in regulating inflammation during ALI. Our data demonstrated attenuated proinflammatory cytokine production as well as decreased neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of MKP-2(-/-) mice following direct, intratracheal LPS. Importantly, when challenged with a viable pathogen, this decrease in neutrophil infiltration did not impact the ability of MKP-2(-/-) mice to clear either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, MKP-2 knockdown led to an attenuated proinflammatory response and was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of ERK and induction of a related DUSP, MKP-1. These data suggest that altering MKP-2 activity may have therapeutic potential to reduce lung inflammation in ALI without impacting pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Cornell
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Univ. of Michigan Medical School, C S Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0243, USA.
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69
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Abstract
Phosphatases are important regulators of intracellular signaling events, and their functions have been implicated in many biological processes. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), whose family currently contains 25 members, are phosphatases that can dephosphorylate both tyrosine and serine/threonine residues of their substrates. The archetypical DUSP, DUSP1/MKP1, was initially discovered to regulate the activities of MAP kinases by dephosphorylating the TXY motif in the kinase domain. However, although DUSPs were discovered more than a decade ago, only in the past few years have their various functions begun to be described. DUSPs can be categorized based on the presence or absence of a MAP kinase-interacting domain into typical DUSPs and atypical DUSPs, respectively. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how the activities of typical DUSPs are regulated and how typical DUSPs can regulate the functions of their targets. We also summarize recent findings from several in vivo DUSP-deficient mouse models that studied the involvement of DUSPs during the development and functioning of T cells. Finally, we discuss briefly the potential roles of DUSPs in the regulation of non-MAP kinase targets, as well as in the modulation of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Huang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
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70
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Matta R, Barnard JA, Wancket LM, Yan J, Xue J, Grieves J, Frazier WJ, Nelin L, Cato ACB, Liu Y. Knockout of Mkp-1 exacerbates colitis in Il-10-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1322-35. [PMID: 22461024 PMCID: PMC3378166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Il-10-deficient mice develop colitis associated with exaggerated Th1/Th17 responses and are a valuable model of inflammatory bowel disease. Mkp-1 is a major negative regulator of MAPKs, and its expression is enhanced by IL-10. To understand the role of Mkp-1 in the regulation of intestinal mucosal immune responses, we studied the effect of Mkp-1 deletion on the pathogenesis of colitis in Il-10(-/-) mice. We found that knockout of Mkp-1 on an Il-10(-/-) background accelerated the development of colitis. Compared with Il-10(-/-) mice, colitis not only appeared earlier but also was more severe in Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice. Il-10(-/-) mice exhibited a mild intestinal inflammation in the specific pathogen-free environment, and rectal prolapse rarely appeared before 6 mo of age. In contrast, the majority of Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice developed severe colitis rapidly and presented with rectal prolapse after only 2-3 mo. The colon of Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice showed diffuse transmural chronic inflammation and mucosal hyperplasia, with significantly more proliferating crypt epithelial cells than those of Il-10(-/-) mice. In addition to the severe colitis, Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice also developed conjunctivitis and blepharitis. The colon of Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice contained significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and exhibited greater MAPK activities than did the colon of Il-10(-/-) mice. Splenocytes and lymphocytes from Il-10(-/-)/Mkp-1(-/-) mice produced higher levels of Th1 cytokines ex vivo upon activation than did cells from Il-10(-/-) mice. Our studies support a pivotal role of Mkp-1 as a negative regulator of mucosal immune responses and highlight its protective function against inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranyia Matta
- 1Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
| | - John A. Barnard
- 1Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ,2Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio;
| | - Lyn M. Wancket
- 3The Veterinary Bioscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
| | - Jing Yan
- 4State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; ,5Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Jianjing Xue
- 5Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Jessica Grieves
- 3The Veterinary Bioscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio;
| | - W. Joshua Frazier
- 5Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Leif Nelin
- 1Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ,5Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Andrew C. B. Cato
- 6Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yusen Liu
- 1Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ,3The Veterinary Bioscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; ,5Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; and
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71
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Wancket LM, Meng X, Rogers LK, Liu Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (Mkp)-1 protects mice against acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:1095-105. [PMID: 22623522 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312447551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation promotes hepatocyte death during acetaminophen overdose, a common cause of drug-induced liver failure. While mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase (Mkp)-1 is a critical negative regulator of JNK MAPK, little is known about the role of Mkp-1 during hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the role of Mkp-1 during acute acetaminophen toxicity. Mkp-1⁺/⁺ and Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice were dosed ip with vehicle or acetaminophen at 300 mg/kg (for mechanistic studies) or 400 mg/kg (for survival studies). Tissues were collected 1-6 hr post 300 mg/kg dosing to assess glutathione levels, organ damage, and MAPK activation. Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice exhibited more rapid plasma clearance of acetaminophen than did Mkp-1⁺/⁺ mice, indicated by a quicker decline of plasma acetaminophen level. Moreover, Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice suffered more severe liver injury, indicated by higher plasma alanine transaminase activity and more extensive centrilobular apoptosis and necrosis. Hepatic JNK activity in Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice was higher than in Mkp-1⁺/⁺ mice. Finally, Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice displayed a lower overall survival rate and shorter median survival time after dosing with 400 mg/kg acetaminophen. The more severe phenotype exhibited by Mkp-1⁻/⁻ mice indicates that Mkp-1 plays a protective role during acute acetaminophen overdose, potentially through regulation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M Wancket
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ballou MA. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Inflammation: Role in the etiology and pathophysiology of clinical mastitis in dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1466-78. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Ballou
- Department of Animal Science and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
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73
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Wancket LM, Frazier WJ, Liu Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 in immunology, physiology, and disease. Life Sci 2012; 90:237-48. [PMID: 22197448 PMCID: PMC3465723 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of cellular physiology and immune responses, and abnormalities in MAPKs are implicated in many diseases. MAPKs are activated by MAPK kinases through phosphorylation of the threonine and tyrosine residues in the conserved Thr-Xaa-Tyr domain, where Xaa represents amino acid residues characteristic of distinct MAPK subfamilies. Since MAPKs play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, a delicate regulatory network has evolved to control their activities. Over the past two decades, a group of dual specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) has been identified that deactivates MAPKs. Since MAPKs can enhance MKP activities, MKPs are considered as an important feedback control mechanism that limits the MAPK cascades. This review outlines the role of MKP-1, a prototypical MKP family member, in physiology and disease. We will first discuss the basic biochemistry and regulation of MKP-1. Next, we will present the current consensus on the immunological and physiological functions of MKP-1 in infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, and nervous system diseases as revealed by studies using animal models. We will also discuss the emerging evidence implicating MKP-1 in human disorders. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of the potential for pharmacomodulation of MKP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn M. Wancket
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43221
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - W. Joshua Frazier
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Yusen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43221
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205
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74
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Qian F, Deng J, Gantner BN, Flavell RA, Dong C, Christman JW, Ye RD. Map kinase phosphatase 5 protects against sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L866-74. [PMID: 22307906 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00277.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a critical role in inflammation. Although activation of MAPK in inflammatory cells has been studied extensively, much less is known about the inactivation of these kinases. MAPK phosphatase 5 (MKP5) is a member of the dual-specificity phosphatase family that dephosphorylates activated MAPKs. Here we report that MKP5 protects sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Mice lacking MKP5 displayed severe lung tissue damage following LPS challenge, characterized with increased neutrophil infiltration and edema compared with wild-type (WT) controls. In response to LPS, MKP5-deficient macrophages produced significantly more inflammatory factors including inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and superoxide. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK were enhanced in MKP5-deficient macrophages upon LPS stimulation. Adoptive transfer of MKP5-deficient macrophages led to more severe lung inflammation than transfer of WT macrophages, suggesting that MKP5-deficient macrophages directly contribute to acute lung injury. Taken together, these results suggest that MKP5 is crucial to homeostatic regulation of MAPK activation in inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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75
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Yan J, Meng X, Wancket LM, Lintner K, Nelin LD, Chen B, Francis KP, Smith CV, Rogers LK, Liu Y. Glutathione reductase facilitates host defense by sustaining phagocytic oxidative burst and promoting the development of neutrophil extracellular traps. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2316-27. [PMID: 22279102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (Gsr) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione, which plays an important role in the bactericidal function of phagocytes. Because Gsr has been implicated in the oxidative burst in human neutrophils and is abundantly expressed in the lymphoid system, we hypothesized that Gsr-deficient mice would exhibit marked defects during the immune response against bacterial challenge. We report in this study that Gsr-null mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Escherichia coli challenge, indicated by dramatically increased bacterial burden, cytokine storm, striking histological abnormalities, and substantially elevated mortality. Additionally, Gsr-null mice exhibited elevated sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of the bactericidal functions of the neutrophils from Gsr-deficient mice in vitro revealed impaired phagocytosis and defective bacterial killing activities. Although Gsr catalyzes the regeneration of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant, Gsr-deficient neutrophils paradoxically produced far less reactive oxygen species upon activation both ex vivo and in vivo. Unlike wild-type neutrophils that exhibited a sustained oxidative burst upon stimulation with phorbol ester and fMLP, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a very transient oxidative burst that abruptly ceased shortly after stimulation. Likewise, Gsr-deficient neutrophils also exhibited an attenuated oxidative burst upon encountering E. coli. Biochemical analysis revealed that the hexose monophosphate shunt was compromised in Gsr-deficient neutrophils. Moreover, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a marked impairment in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, a bactericidal mechanism that operates after neutrophil death. Thus, Gsr-mediated redox regulation is crucial for bacterial clearance during host defense against massive bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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76
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Hsu YF, Sheu JR, Lin CH, Chen WC, Hsiao G, Ou G, Chiu PT, Hsu MJ. MAPK phosphatase-1 contributes to trichostatin A inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1160-9. [PMID: 21911040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as a new class of antitumor agents because they were demonstrated to induce cell cycle arrest, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit metastasis. Recently, HDAC inhibitors were also shown to exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory properties. However, the underlying mechanism contributing to the suppression of inflammatory responses by HDAC inhibitors remains to be fully defined. In the present study, we explored the actions of trichostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS HUVECs were exposed to LPS in the absence or presence of TSA. COX-2 expression and signaling molecules (JNK, p38MAPK and c-jun) activated by LPS were assessed. RESULTS The LPS-induced cox-2 messenger RNA and protein were markedly suppressed by TSA. TSA inhibited JNK and p38MAPK phosphorylation in cells exposed to LPS. Treatment of cells with a JNK signaling inhibitor (JNK inhibitor II) or a p38MAPK inhibitor (p38MAPK inhibitor III) markedly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 expression. TSA suppression of JNK and p38MAPK phosphorylation and subsequent COX-2 expression were restored by selective inhibition of MKP-1 using MKP-1 siRNA. In addition, TSA caused an increase in MKP-1 phosphatase activity in HUVECs. In conclusion, TSA may cause MKP-1 activation to dephosphorylate JNK and p38MAPK, leading to the downregulation of COX-2 in HUVECs stimulated by LPS, a proinflammatory stimulus. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MKP-1 contributes to TSA's protective actions in HUVECs exposed to LPS. The present study also supports the therapeutic value of TSA in treating inflammatory vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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77
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Reim D, Rossmann-Bloeck T, Jusek G, Prazeres da Costa O, Holzmann B. Improved host defense against septic peritonitis in mice lacking MyD88 and TRIF is linked to a normal interferon response. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:613-20. [PMID: 21628330 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling adapters MyD88 and TRIF are engaged by TLRs and/or receptors of the IL-1 family and are considered important for innate immune responses that combat bacterial infections. Here, the consequences of a combined MyD88 and TRIF deficiency for the innate immune response against severe septic peritonitis was examined. We demonstrate that Myd88(-/-);Trif(Lps2/Lps2) mice had markedly reduced bacterial numbers in the peritoneal cavity and peripheral blood, indicating that bacterial clearance in this model is improved in the absence of MyD88/TRIF signals. Survival of Myd88(-/-); Trif(Lps2/Lps2) mice was improved significantly. The lack of MyD88/TRIF signaling prevented the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and of IL-10. In contrast, Ifng mRNA was expressed at WT levels, and induction of Ifnb mRNA was reduced only by one-half. Consistent with these findings, numerous IFN-regulated genes, including p47 and p65 GTPases, as well as CXCL10, were expressed in a MyD88/TRIF-independent manner. In support of the in vivo data, Myd88(-/-); Trif(Lps2/Lps2) macrophages stimulated with live intestinal bacteria produced normal amounts of CXCL10. The production of p47 GTPases and CXCL10 in septic peritonitis was found to be dependent on the presence of IFNAR1, but not IFN-γ, indicating a normal induction of the type I IFN response in Myd88(-/-);Trif(Lps2/Lps2) mice, despite attenuated IFN-β production. Together, these results provide evidence that in severe septic peritonitis, the absence of MyD88 and TRIF balances the innate immune response in a favorable manner by attenuating deleterious responses such as excessive cytokine release, while leaving intact protective IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reim
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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78
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Dual specificity phosphatase 1 regulates human inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by p38 MAP kinase. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:127587. [PMID: 21547253 PMCID: PMC3086212 DOI: 10.1155/2011/127587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells, J774 mouse macrophages and primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) was investigated. iNOS expression was induced by a cytokine mixture (TNF, IFNγ and IL-1β) in A549 cells and by LPS in J774 cells, and it was inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitors SB202190 and BIRB 796. Stimulation with cytokine mixture or LPS enhanced also DUSP1 expression. Down-regulation of DUSP1 by siRNA increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and iNOS expression in A549 and J774 cells. In addition, LPS-induced iNOS expression was enhanced in BMMs from DUSP1(−/−) mice as compared to that in BMMs from wild-type mice. The results indicate that DUSP1 suppresses iNOS expression by limiting p38 MAPK activity in human and mouse cells. Compounds that enhance DUSP1 expression or modulate its function may be beneficial in diseases complicated with increased iNOS-mediated NO production.
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79
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Hammer M, Echtenachter B, Weighardt H, Jozefowski K, Rose-John S, Männel DN, Holzmann B, Lang R. Increased inflammation and lethality of Dusp1-/- mice in polymicrobial peritonitis models. Immunology 2011; 131:395-404. [PMID: 20561086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase Dusp1 (also known as MKP-1) is essential for control of the inflammatory response to systemic challenge with the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we have investigated the consequences of Dusp1-deficiency in colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) and caecal ligation and puncture (CLP), two mouse models of septic peritonitis. Following CASP, Dusp1(-/-) mice had increased serum levels of CCL4, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-6, with differences from wild-type mice being dependent on severity of sepsis. These cytokines, along with inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA, were also expressed at higher levels in spleen and liver. Similar over-production of these cytokines was detected in the CLP model, with even larger differences from wild-type mice. Despite the increased inflammatory response, bacterial clearance was impaired in Dusp1(-/-) mice subjected to CASP and CLP. Dusp1(-/-) mice suffered increased lethality in both peritonitis models. Together our data indicate that exaggerated inflammatory responses to gut bacteria introduced into the peritoneum in the absence of Dusp1 do not help to control bacterial replication but are detrimental for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hammer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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80
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Patial S, Saini Y, Parvataneni S, Appledorn DM, Dorn GW, Lapres JJ, Amalfitano A, Senagore P, Parameswaran N. Myeloid-specific GPCR kinase-2 negatively regulates NF-κB1p105-ERK pathway and limits endotoxemic shock in mice. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:627-37. [PMID: 20717897 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a member of a kinase family originally discovered for its role in the phosphorylation and desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors. It is expressed in high levels in myeloid cells and its levels are altered in many inflammatory disorders including sepsis. To address the physiological role of myeloid cell-specific GRK2 in inflammation, we generated mice bearing GRK2 deletion in myeloid cells (GRK2▵mye). GRK2▵mye mice exhibited exaggerated inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, and organ injury in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 ligand) when compared to wild-type littermates (GRK2fl/fl). Consistent with this, peritoneal macrophages from GRK2▵mye mice showed enhanced inflammatory cytokine levels when stimulated with LPS. Our results further identify TLR4-induced NF-κB1p105-ERK pathway to be selectively regulated by GRK2. LPS-induced activation of NF-κB1p105-MEK-ERK pathway is significantly enhanced in the GRK2▵mye macrophages compared to GRK2fl/fl cells and importantly, inhibition of the p105 and ERK pathways in the GRK2▵mye macrophages, limits the enhanced production of LPS-induced cytokines/chemokines. Taken together, our studies reveal previously undescribed negative regulatory role for GRK2 in TLR4-induced p105-ERK pathway as well as in the consequent inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and endotoxemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Patial
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Toll-like receptor signaling pathways--therapeutic opportunities. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:781235. [PMID: 20981241 PMCID: PMC2963142 DOI: 10.1155/2010/781235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins acting mainly as sensors of microbial components. Triggering TLRs results in increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes, which then play a protective role against infection. However, aberrant activation of TLR signaling has a significant impact on the onset of cancer, allergy, sepsis and autoimmunity. Various adaptor proteins, including MyD88, IRAKs, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM, are involved in specific TLR signaling pathways. This article reviews the role of these molecules in TLR signaling, and discusses the impact of this pathway on various disease scenarios. Given their important role in infectious and non-infectious disease settings, TLRs and their signaling pathways emerge as attractive targets for therapeutics.
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82
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Tucsek Z, Radnai B, Racz B, Debreceni B, Priber JK, Dolowschiak T, Palkovics T, Gallyas F, Sumegi B, Veres B. Suppressing LPS-induced early signal transduction in macrophages by a polyphenol degradation product: a critical role of MKP-1. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:105-11. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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83
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Rastogi R, Du W, Ju D, Pirockinaite G, Liu Y, Nunez G, Samavati L. Dysregulation of p38 and MKP-1 in response to NOD1/TLR4 stimulation in sarcoid bronchoalveolar cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:500-10. [PMID: 20851927 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201005-0792oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by distinct up-regulation of Th1 cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-12. The mechanism underlying this up-regulation remains unclear. Recognition of microbial moieties through Toll-like or Nod-like receptors evokes sequential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which plays a role in Th1-immune response. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that dysregulation in MAPK signaling in response to microbial stimulation is important in mediating Th1 response in sarcoidosis. METHODS Ex vivo cultured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells isolated from patients with sarcoidosis and control subjects were stimulated with low-dose Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) ligands as a model of microbial stimulation, and MAPK signaling and inflammatory response were analyzed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS BAL cells from patients with sarcoidosis exhibited higher basal p38 activity, greater p38 phosphorylation, and more robust production of TNF-α and IL-12/IL-23p40 on stimulation with NOD1 and TLR4 agonists than cells isolated from control subjects. In contrast, control BAL cells had greater basal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and NOD1 and TLR4 agonists preferentially activated the ERK pathway. Inhibition of p38, but not ERK, attenuated production of both IL12/IL23p40 and TNF-α. Interestingly, stimulation of cells from patients with sarcoidosis with either NOD1 or TLR4 ligand failed to induce MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of MKP-1 attenuated p38 activation and decreased the production of IL12/IL23p40 and TNF-α in sarcoid BAL cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that enhanced p38 signaling in response to microbial products is caused by abnormal regulation of MKP-1 and contributes to heightened inflammation in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rastogi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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84
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Rodriguez N, Dietrich H, Mossbrugger I, Weintz G, Scheller J, Hammer M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Rose-John S, Miethke T, Lang R. Increased inflammation and impaired resistance to Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in Dusp1(-/-) mice: critical role of IL-6. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:579-87. [PMID: 20483921 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAPK phosphatase DUSP1 is an essential negative regulator of TLR-triggered innate immune activation. Here, we have investigated the impact of DUSP1 on inflammatory and antimicrobial host responses to the intracellular pathogen Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Following nasal infection, DUSP1-deficient mice mounted an enhanced pulmonary cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6) and chemokine response (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2), leading to increased leukocyte infiltration. Of interest, the increased inflammatory response, in the absence of DUSP1, was associated with higher bacterial numbers in the lungs, although the expression of IFN-gamma and critical antichlamydial effector molecules, such as iNOS, was intact. Blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling by injection of a soluble gp130-Fc fusion protein corrected the overshooting chemokine production as well as the increased chlamydial load in Dusp1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, IL-6 enhanced the replication of C. pneumoniae in embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. These data show that DUSP1 is required to achieve a balanced response to chlamydial infection and identify IL-6 as critical for amplifying inflammation and benefiting chlamydial growth through direct effects on infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Rodriguez
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Germany
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Zhao C, Yang J, Wang Y, Liang D, Yang X, Li X, Wu J, Wu X, Yang S, Li X, Liang G. Synthesis of mono-carbonyl analogues of curcumin and their effects on inhibition of cytokine release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2388-93. [PMID: 20338767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has been reported to possess multifunctional bioactivities, especially the ability to inhibit proinflammatory induction. We previously demonstrated that the mono-carbonyl analogues of curcumin possessed improved pharmacokinetic profiles both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we synthesized and examined a series of 5-carbon linker-containing mono-carbonyl analogues of curcumin with potent inhibitory activities against TNF-alpha and IL-6 release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Discussion and conclusions are given regarding structure-activity relationships (SAR). The two most potent analogues among the tested compounds, B75 and C12, exhibited anti-inflammatory abilities in a dose-dependent manner in macrophages. This raises the possibility that mono-carbonyl analogues of curcumin might serve as potential agents for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengguang Zhao
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, 1210 College Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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