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Steele EJ. Commentary: Past, present, and future of epigenetics applied to livestock breeding - Hard versus Soft Lamarckian Inheritance Mechanisms. Front Genet 2016; 7:29. [PMID: 26941780 PMCID: PMC4763540 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Steele
- CY O'Connor ERADE Village Foundation Piara Waters, WA, Australia
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Abstract
New high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) technologies developed in the past decade have begun to be applied to the study of the complex gene rearrangements that encode human antibodies. This article first reviews the genetic features of Ig loci and the HTS technologies that have been applied to human repertoire studies, then discusses key choices for experimental design and data analysis in these experiments and the insights gained in immunological and infectious disease studies with the use of these approaches.
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Cole C, Volden R, Dharmadhikari S, Scelfo-Dalbey C, Vollmers C. Highly Accurate Sequencing of Full-Length Immune Repertoire Amplicons Using Tn5-Enabled and Molecular Identifier–Guided Amplicon Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2902-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Guo X, Schwartz JC, Murtaugh MP. Genomic variation in the porcine immunoglobulin lambda variable region. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:285-93. [PMID: 26791019 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Production of a vast antibody repertoire is essential for the protection against pathogens. Variable region germline complexity contributes to repertoire diversity and is a standard feature of mammalian immunoglobulin loci, but functional V region genes are limited in swine. For example, the porcine lambda light chain locus is composed of 23 variable (V) genes and 4 joining (J) genes, but only 10 or 11 V and 2 J genes are functional. Allelic variation in V and J may increase overall diversity within a population, yet lead to repertoire holes in individuals lacking key alleles. Previous studies focused on heavy chain genetic variation, thus light chain allelic diversity is not known. We characterized allelic variation of the porcine immunoglobulin lambda variable (IGLV) region genes. All intact IGLV genes in 81 pigs were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed to determine their allelic variation and functionality. We observed mutational variation across the entire length of the IGLV genes, in both framework and complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Three recombination hotspot motifs were also identified suggesting that non-allelic homologous recombination is an evolutionarily alternative mechanism for generating germline antibody diversity. Functional alleles were greatest in the most highly expressed families, IGLV3 and IGLV8. At the population level, allelic variation appears to help maintain the potential for broad antibody repertoire diversity in spite of reduced gene segment choices and limited germline sequence modification. The trade-off may be a reduction in repertoire diversity within individuals that could result in an increased variation in immunity to infectious disease and response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Guo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - John C Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Present address: Livestock Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Kidd MJ, Jackson KJL, Boyd SD, Collins AM. DJ Pairing during VDJ Recombination Shows Positional Biases That Vary among Individuals with Differing IGHD Locus Immunogenotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1158-64. [PMID: 26700767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human IgH diversity is influenced by biases in the pairing of IGHD and IGHJ genes, but these biases have not been described in detail. We used high-throughput sequencing of VDJ rearrangements to explore DJ pairing biases in 29 individuals. It was possible to infer three contrasting IGHD-IGHJ haplotypes in nine of these individuals, and two of these haplotypes include deletion polymorphisms involving multiple contiguous IGHD genes. Therefore, we were able to explore how the underlying genetic makeup of the H chain locus influences the formation of particular DJ pairs. Analysis of nonproductive rearrangements demonstrates that 3' IGHD genes tend to pair preferentially with 5' IGHJ genes, whereas 5' IGHD genes pair preferentially with 3' IGHJ genes; the relationship between IGHD gene pairing frequencies and IGHD gene position is a near linear one for each IGHJ gene. However, striking differences are seen in individuals who carry deletion polymorphisms in the D locus. The absence of different blocks of IGHD genes leads to increases in the utilization frequencies of just a handful of genes, and these genes have no clear positional relationships to the deleted genes. This suggests that pairing frequencies may be influenced by additional complex positional relationships that perhaps arise from chromatin structure. In contrast to IGHD gene usage, IGHJ gene usage is unaffected by the IGHD gene-deletion polymorphisms. Such an outcome would be expected if the recombinase complex associates with an IGHJ gene before associating with an IGHD gene partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Kidd
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Andrew M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; and
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56
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Yaari G, Kleinstein SH. Practical guidelines for B-cell receptor repertoire sequencing analysis. Genome Med 2015; 7:121. [PMID: 26589402 PMCID: PMC4654805 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of B-cell immunoglobulin repertoires is increasingly being applied to gain insights into the adaptive immune response in healthy individuals and in those with a wide range of diseases. Recent applications include the study of autoimmunity, infection, allergy, cancer and aging. As sequencing technologies continue to improve, these repertoire sequencing experiments are producing ever larger datasets, with tens- to hundreds-of-millions of sequences. These data require specialized bioinformatics pipelines to be analyzed effectively. Numerous methods and tools have been developed to handle different steps of the analysis, and integrated software suites have recently been made available. However, the field has yet to converge on a standard pipeline for data processing and analysis. Common file formats for data sharing are also lacking. Here we provide a set of practical guidelines for B-cell receptor repertoire sequencing analysis, starting from raw sequencing reads and proceeding through pre-processing, determination of population structure, and analysis of repertoire properties. These include methods for unique molecular identifiers and sequencing error correction, V(D)J assignment and detection of novel alleles, clonal assignment, lineage tree construction, somatic hypermutation modeling, selection analysis, and analysis of stereotyped or convergent responses. The guidelines presented here highlight the major steps involved in the analysis of B-cell repertoire sequencing data, along with recommendations on how to avoid common pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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57
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Steele EJ, Lloyd SS. Soma-to-germline feedback is implied by the extreme polymorphism at IGHV relative to MHC: The manifest polymorphism of the MHC appears greatly exceeded at Immunoglobulin loci, suggesting antigen-selected somatic V mutants penetrate Weismann's Barrier. Bioessays 2015; 37:557-69. [PMID: 25810320 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soma-to-germline feedback is forbidden under the neo-Darwinian paradigm. Nevertheless, there is a growing realization it occurs frequently in immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) region genes. This is a surprising development. It arises from a most unlikely source in light of the exposure of co-author EJS to the haplotype data of RL Dawkins and others on the polymorphism of the Major Histocompatibility Complex, which is generally assumed to be the most polymorphic region in the genome (spanning ∼4 Mb). The comparison between the magnitude of MHC polymorphism with estimates for the human heavy chain immunoglobulin V locus (spanning ∼1 Mb), suggests IGHV could be many orders of magnitude more polymorphic than the MHC. This conclusion needs airing in the literature as it implies generational churn and soma-to-germline gene feedback. Pedigree-based experimental strategies to resolve the IGHV issue are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Steele
- C.Y. O'Connor ERADE Village Foundation, Piara Waters, WA, Australia
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58
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Montes A, Perez-Pampin E, Navarro-Sarabia F, Moreira V, de la Serna AR, Magallares B, Vasilopoulos Y, Sarafidou T, Fernández-Nebro A, Ordóñez MDC, Narváez J, Cañete JD, Marquez A, Pascual-Salcedo D, Joven B, Carreira P, Moreno-Ramos MJ, Caliz R, Ferrer MA, Garcia-Portales R, Blanco FJ, Magro C, Raya E, Valor L, Alegre-Sancho JJ, Balsa A, Martin J, Plant D, Isaacs J, Morgan AW, Barton A, Wilson AG, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gonzalez A. Rheumatoid arthritis response to treatment across IgG1 allotype - anti-TNF incompatibility: a case-only study. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:63. [PMID: 25885039 PMCID: PMC4411723 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have hypothesized that incompatibility between the G1m genotype of the patient and the G1m1 and G1m17 allotypes carried by infliximab (INX) and adalimumab (ADM) could decrease the efficacy of these anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods The G1m genotypes were analyzed in three collections of patients with RA totaling 1037 subjects. The first, used for discovery, comprised 215 Spanish patients. The second and third were successively used for replication. They included 429 British and Greek patients and 393 Spanish and British patients, respectively. Two outcomes were considered: change in the Disease Activity Score in 28 joint (ΔDAS28) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Results An association between less response to INX and incompatibility of the G1m1,17 allotype was found in the discovery collection at 6 months of treatment (P = 0.03). This association was confirmed in the replications (P = 0.02 and 0.08, respectively) leading to a global association (P = 0.001) that involved a mean difference in ΔDAS28 of 0.4 units between compatible and incompatible patients (2.3 ± 1.5 in compatible patients vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 in incompatible patients) and an increase in responders and decrease in non-responders according to the EULAR criteria (P = 0.03). A similar association was suggested for patients treated with ADM in the discovery collection, but it was not supported by replication. Conclusions Our results suggest that G1m1,17 allotypes are associated with response to INX and could aid improved therapeutic targeting in RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0571-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Eva Perez-Pampin
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Virginia Moreira
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | - Berta Magallares
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Santa Creu e San Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yiannis Vasilopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Theologia Sarafidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Servicio de Reumatología, HRU Carlos Haya, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Ordóñez
- Servicio de Reumatología, HRU Carlos Haya, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Javier Narváez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana Marquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | - Dora Pascual-Salcedo
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Joven
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Rafael Caliz
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Angel Ferrer
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco J Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Cesar Magro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique Raya
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
| | - Lara Valor
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Alejandro Balsa
- Department of Rheumatology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | - Darren Plant
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - John Isaacs
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Ann W Morgan
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - Anne Barton
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. .,Arthritis Research UK-Centre for Genetics and Genomics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion 10 and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria - Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Laboratorio Investigacion 10, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Edificio de consultas, planta -2 Travesia de Choupana, sn, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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59
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Automated analysis of high-throughput B-cell sequencing data reveals a high frequency of novel immunoglobulin V gene segment alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E862-70. [PMID: 25675496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417683112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variation in germline and expressed B-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoires has been associated with aging, disease susceptibility, and differential response to infection and vaccination. Repertoire properties can now be studied at large-scale through next-generation sequencing of rearranged Ig genes. Accurate analysis of these repertoire-sequencing (Rep-Seq) data requires identifying the germline variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments used by each Ig sequence. Current V(D)J assignment methods work by aligning sequences to a database of known germline V(D)J segment alleles. However, existing databases are likely to be incomplete and novel polymorphisms are hard to differentiate from the frequent occurrence of somatic hypermutations in Ig sequences. Here we develop a Tool for Ig Genotype Elucidation via Rep-Seq (TIgGER). TIgGER analyzes mutation patterns in Rep-Seq data to identify novel V segment alleles, and also constructs a personalized germline database containing the specific set of alleles carried by a subject. This information is then used to improve the initial V segment assignments from existing tools, like IMGT/HighV-QUEST. The application of TIgGER to Rep-Seq data from seven subjects identified 11 novel V segment alleles, including at least one in every subject examined. These novel alleles constituted 13% of the total number of unique alleles in these subjects, and impacted 3% of V(D)J segment assignments. These results reinforce the highly polymorphic nature of human Ig V genes, and suggest that many novel alleles remain to be discovered. The integration of TIgGER into Rep-Seq processing pipelines will increase the accuracy of V segment assignments, thus improving B-cell repertoire analyses.
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60
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Watson CT, Steinberg KM, Graves TA, Warren RL, Malig M, Schein J, Wilson RK, Holt RA, Eichler EE, Breden F. Sequencing of the human IG light chain loci from a hydatidiform mole BAC library reveals locus-specific signatures of genetic diversity. Genes Immun 2015; 16:24-34. [PMID: 25338678 PMCID: PMC4304971 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germline variation at immunoglobulin (IG) loci is critical for pathogen-mediated immunity, but establishing complete haplotype sequences in these regions has been problematic because of complex sequence architecture and diploid source DNA. We sequenced BAC clones from the effectively haploid human hydatidiform mole cell line, CHM1htert, across the light chain IG loci, kappa (IGK) and lambda (IGL), creating single haplotype representations of these regions. The IGL haplotype generated here is 1.25 Mb of contiguous sequence, including four novel IGLV alleles, one novel IGLC allele, and an 11.9-kb insertion. The CH17 IGK haplotype consists of two 644 kb proximal and 466 kb distal contigs separated by a large gap of unknown size; these assemblies added 49 kb of unique sequence extending into this gap. Our analysis also resulted in the characterization of seven novel IGKV alleles and a 16.7-kb region exhibiting signatures of interlocus sequence exchange between distal and proximal IGKV gene clusters. Genetic diversity in IGK/IGL was compared with that of the IG heavy chain (IGH) locus within the same haploid genome, revealing threefold (IGK) and sixfold (IGL) higher diversity in the IGH locus, potentially associated with increased levels of segmental duplication and the telomeric location of IGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - K M Steinberg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - T A Graves
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - R L Warren
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - M Malig
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - J Schein
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - R K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - R A Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - E E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA USA
| | - F Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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61
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Vander Heiden JA, Yaari G, Uduman M, Stern JNH, O'Connor KC, Hafler DA, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH. pRESTO: a toolkit for processing high-throughput sequencing raw reads of lymphocyte receptor repertoires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:1930-2. [PMID: 24618469 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Driven by dramatic technological improvements, large-scale characterization of lymphocyte receptor repertoires via high-throughput sequencing is now feasible. Although promising, the high germline and somatic diversity, especially of B-cell immunoglobulin repertoires, presents challenges for analysis requiring the development of specialized computational pipelines. We developed the REpertoire Sequencing TOolkit (pRESTO) for processing reads from high-throughput lymphocyte receptor studies. pRESTO processes raw sequences to produce error-corrected, sorted and annotated sequence sets, along with a wealth of metrics at each step. The toolkit supports multiplexed primer pools, single- or paired-end reads and emerging technologies that use single-molecule identifiers. pRESTO has been tested on data generated from Roche and Illumina platforms. It has a built-in capacity to parallelize the work between available processors and is able to efficiently process millions of sequences generated by typical high-throughput projects. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION pRESTO is freely available for academic use. The software package and detailed tutorials may be downloaded from http://clip.med.yale.edu/presto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Gur Yaari
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Mohamed Uduman
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Joel N H Stern
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Francois Vigneault
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USAInterdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel, Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Department of Science Education, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11530, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 and AbVitro Inc., Boston, MA 02210, USA
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62
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The promise and challenge of high-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:158-68. [PMID: 24441474 PMCID: PMC4113560 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Georgiou and colleagues discuss rapidly evolving methods for high-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire, and how the resulting data may be applied to answer basic and translational research questions. Efforts to determine the antibody repertoire encoded by B cells in the blood or lymphoid organs using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have been advancing at an extremely rapid pace and are transforming our understanding of humoral immune responses. Information gained from high-throughput DNA sequencing of immunoglobulin genes (Ig-seq) can be applied to detect B-cell malignancies with high sensitivity, to discover antibodies specific for antigens of interest, to guide vaccine development and to understand autoimmunity. Rapid progress in the development of experimental protocols and informatics analysis tools is helping to reduce sequencing artifacts, to achieve more precise quantification of clonal diversity and to extract the most pertinent biological information. That said, broader application of Ig-seq, especially in clinical settings, will require the development of a standardized experimental design framework that will enable the sharing and meta-analysis of sequencing data generated by different laboratories.
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63
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Parameswaran P, Liu Y, Roskin KM, Jackson KKL, Dixit VP, Lee JY, Artiles KL, Zompi S, Vargas MJ, Simen BB, Hanczaruk B, McGowan KR, Tariq MA, Pourmand N, Koller D, Balmaseda A, Boyd SD, Harris E, Fire AZ. Convergent antibody signatures in human dengue. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:691-700. [PMID: 23768493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans, and the lack of early prognostics, vaccines, and therapeutics contributes to immense disease burden. To identify patterns that could be used for sequence-based monitoring of the antibody response to dengue, we examined antibody heavy-chain gene rearrangements in longitudinal peripheral blood samples from 60 dengue patients. Comparing signatures between acute dengue, postrecovery, and healthy samples, we found increased expansion of B cell clones in acute dengue patients, with higher overall clonality in secondary infection. Additionally, we observed consistent antibody sequence features in acute dengue in the highly variable major antigen-binding determinant, complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3), with specific CDR3 sequences highly enriched in acute samples compared to postrecovery, healthy, or non-dengue samples. Dengue thus provides a striking example of a human viral infection where convergent immune signatures can be identified in multiple individuals. Such signatures could facilitate surveillance of immunological memory in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Parameswaran
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
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64
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Xiao M, Ponraj P, Chen W, Kessing B, Dimitrov DS. Deep sequencing and Circos analyses of antibody libraries reveal antigen-driven selection of Ig VH genes during HIV-1 infection. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:357-63. [PMID: 24158018 PMCID: PMC3889869 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The vast diversity of antibody repertoires is largely attributed to heavy chain (V(H)) recombination of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments. We used 454 sequencing information of the variable domains of the antibody heavy chain repertoires from neonates, normal adults and an HIV-1-infected individual, to analyze, with Circos software, the VDJ pairing patterns at birth, adulthood and a time-dependent response to HIV-1 infection. Our comparative analyses of the Ig VDJ repertoires from these libraries indicated that, from birth to adulthood, VDJ recombination patterns remain the same with some slight changes, whereas some V(H) families are selected and preferentially expressed after long-term infection with HIV-1. We also demonstrated that the immune system responds to HIV-1 chronic infection by selectively expanding certain HV families in an attempt to combat infection. Our findings may have implications for understanding immune responses in pathology as well as for development of new therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyne Xiao
- Urbana High School, Ijamsville, Maryland 21754, USA
- BSP CCR Genetics Core, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Prabakaran Ponraj
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Cancer and Inflammation Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Cancer and Inflammation Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bailey Kessing
- BSP CCR Genetics Core, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Group, Center for Cancer Research Cancer and Inflammation Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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65
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Gadermaier E, Levin M, Flicker S, Ohlin M. The human IgE repertoire. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:77-91. [PMID: 24296690 DOI: 10.1159/000355947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is a key mediator in allergic diseases. However, in strong contrast to other antibody isotypes, many details of the composition of the human IgE repertoire are poorly defined. The low levels of human IgE in the circulation and the rarity of IgE-producing B cells are important reasons for this lack of knowledge. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on these repertoires both in terms of their complexity and activity, i.e. knowledge which despite the difficulties encountered when studying the molecular details of human IgE has been acquired in recent years. We also take a look at likely future developments, for instance through improvements in sequencing technology and methodology that allow the isolation of additional allergen-specific human antibodies mimicking IgE, as this certainly will support our understanding of human IgE in the context of human disease in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gadermaier
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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66
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Jackson KJL, Kidd MJ, Wang Y, Collins AM. The shape of the lymphocyte receptor repertoire: lessons from the B cell receptor. Front Immunol 2013; 4:263. [PMID: 24032032 PMCID: PMC3759170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the B cell receptor (BCR) and the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires are generated through essentially identical processes of V(D)J recombination, exonuclease trimming of germline genes, and the random addition of non-template encoded nucleotides. The naïve TCR repertoire is constrained by thymic selection, and TCR repertoire studies have therefore focused strongly on the diversity of MHC-binding complementarity determining region (CDR) CDR3. The process of somatic point mutations has given B cell studies a major focus on variable (IGHV, IGLV, and IGKV) genes. This in turn has influenced how both the naïve and memory BCR repertoires have been studied. Diversity (D) genes are also more easily identified in BCR VDJ rearrangements than in TCR VDJ rearrangements, and this has allowed the processes and elements that contribute to the incredible diversity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain CDR3 to be analyzed in detail. This diversity can be contrasted with that of the light chain where a small number of polypeptide sequences dominate the repertoire. Biases in the use of different germline genes, in gene processing, and in the addition of non-template encoded nucleotides appear to be intrinsic to the recombination process, imparting "shape" to the repertoire of rearranged genes as a result of differences spanning many orders of magnitude in the probabilities that different BCRs will be generated. This may function to increase the precursor frequency of naïve B cells with important specificities, and the likely emergence of such B cell lineages upon antigen exposure is discussed with reference to public and private T cell clonotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. L. Jackson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie J. Kidd
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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67
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An automated algorithm for extracting functional immunologic V-genes from genomes in jawed vertebrates. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:691-702. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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68
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Watson C, Steinberg K, Huddleston J, Warren R, Malig M, Schein J, Willsey AJ, Joy J, Scott J, Graves TA, Wilson R, Holt R, Eichler E, Breden F. Complete haplotype sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable, diversity, and joining genes and characterization of allelic and copy-number variation. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:530-46. [PMID: 23541343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus (IGH) encodes variable (IGHV), diversity (IGHD), joining (IGHJ), and constant (IGHC) genes and is responsible for antibody heavy-chain biosynthesis, which is vital to the adaptive immune response. Programmed V-(D)-J somatic rearrangement and the complex duplicated nature of the locus have impeded attempts to reconcile its genomic organization based on traditional B-lymphocyte derived genetic material. As a result, sequence descriptions of germline variation within IGHV are lacking, haplotype inference using traditional linkage disequilibrium methods has been difficult, and the human genome reference assembly is missing several expressed IGHV genes. By using a hydatidiform mole BAC clone resource, we present the most complete haplotype of IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ gene regions derived from a single chromosome, representing an alternate assembly of ∼1 Mbp of high-quality finished sequence. From this we add 101 kbp of previously uncharacterized sequence, including functional IGHV genes, and characterize four large germline copy-number variants (CNVs). In addition to this germline reference, we identify and characterize eight CNV-containing haplotypes from a panel of nine diploid genomes of diverse ethnic origin, discovering previously unmapped IGHV genes and an additional 121 kbp of insertion sequence. We genotype four of these CNVs by using PCR in 425 individuals from nine human populations. We find that all four are highly polymorphic and show considerable evidence of stratification (Fst = 0.3-0.5), with the greatest differences observed between African and Asian populations. These CNVs exhibit weak linkage disequilibrium with SNPs from two commercial arrays in most of the populations tested.
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69
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Lang PO, Govind S, Dramé M, Aspinall R. Comparison of manual and automated DNA purification for measuring TREC in dried blood spot (DBS) samples with qPCR. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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70
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Ndifon W, Gal H, Shifrut E, Aharoni R, Yissachar N, Waysbort N, Reich-Zeliger S, Arnon R, Friedman N. Chromatin conformation governs T-cell receptor Jβ gene segment usage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15865-70. [PMID: 22984176 PMCID: PMC3465372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203916109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play fundamental roles in adaptive immunity, relying on a diverse repertoire of T-cell receptor (TCR) α and β chains. Diversity of the TCR β chain is generated in part by a random yet intrinsically biased combinatorial rearrangement of variable (Vβ), diversity (Dβ), and joining (Jβ) gene segments. The mechanisms that determine biases in gene segment use remain unclear. Here we show, using a high-throughput TCR sequencing approach, that a physical model of chromatin conformation at the DJβ genomic locus explains more than 80% of the biases in Jβ use that we measured in murine T cells. This model also predicts correctly how differences in intersegment genomic distances between humans and mice translate into differences in Jβ bias between TCR repertoires of these two species. As a consequence of these structural and other biases, TCR sequences are produced with different a priori frequencies, thus affecting their probability of becoming public TCRs that are shared among individuals. Surprisingly, we find that many more TCR sequences are shared among all five mice we studied than among only subgroups of three or four mice. We derive a necessary mathematical condition explaining this finding, which indicates that the TCR repertoire contains a core set of receptor sequences that are highly abundant among individuals, if their a priori probability of being produced by the recombination process is higher than a defined threshold. Our results provide evidence for an expanded role of chromatin conformation in VDJ rearrangement, from control of gene accessibility to precise determination of gene segment use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Shifrut
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Rina Aharoni
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Nissan Yissachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Nir Waysbort
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | | | - Ruth Arnon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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71
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Watson CT, Breden F. The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus: genetic variation, missing data, and implications for human disease. Genes Immun 2012; 13:363-73. [PMID: 22551722 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (IG) loci consist of repeated and highly homologous sets of genes of different types, variable (V), diversity (D) and junction (J), that rearrange in developing B cells to produce an individual's highly variable repertoire of expressed antibodies, designed to bind to a vast array of pathogens. This repeated structure makes these loci susceptible to a high frequency of insertion and deletion events through evolutionary time, and also makes them difficult to characterize at the genomic level or assay with high-throughput techniques. Given the central role of antibodies in the adaptive immune system, it is not surprising that early candidate gene approaches showed that germline polymorphisms in these regions correlated with susceptibility to both infectious and autoimmune diseases. However, more recent studies, particularly those using high-throughput genome-wide arrays, have failed to implicate these loci in disease. In this review of the IG heavy chain variable gene cluster (IGHV), we examine how poorly we understand the distribution of haplotype variation in this genomic region, and we argue that this lack of information may mask candidate loci in the IGHV gene cluster as causative factors for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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