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Schlitzer A, McGovern N, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells and monocyte-derived cells: Two complementary and integrated functional systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Relay of herpes simplex virus between Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in human skin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004812. [PMID: 25875649 PMCID: PMC4395118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is initiated is not completely defined. HSV initially infects mucosal epidermis prior to entering nerve endings. In mice, epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first dendritic cells (DCs) to encounter HSV, but it is CD103+ dermal DCs that carry viral antigen to lymph nodes for antigen presentation, suggesting DC cross-talk in skin. In this study, we compared topically HSV-1 infected human foreskin explants with biopsies of initial human genital herpes lesions to show LCs are initially infected then emigrate into the dermis. Here, LCs bearing markers of maturation and apoptosis formed large cell clusters with BDCA3+ dermal DCs (thought to be equivalent to murine CD103+ dermal DCs) and DC-SIGN+ DCs/macrophages. HSV-expressing LC fragments were observed inside the dermal DCs/macrophages and the BDCA3+ dermal DCs had up-regulated a damaged cell uptake receptor CLEC9A. No other infected epidermal cells interacted with dermal DCs. Correspondingly, LCs isolated from human skin and infected with HSV-1 in vitro also underwent apoptosis and were taken up by similarly isolated BDCA3+ dermal DCs and DC-SIGN+ cells. Thus, we conclude a viral antigen relay takes place where HSV infected LCs undergo apoptosis and are taken up by dermal DCs for subsequent antigen presentation. This provides a rationale for targeting these cells with mucosal or perhaps intradermal HSV immunization. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes but also increases the chance of contracting HIV by several folds. In fact, most new cases of HIV in Africa occur in people infected with HSV. Thus, a protective HSV vaccine would have a large impact on public health. Currently, the process by which immunity to HSV is generated is incompletely understood. Paradoxically, the first immune cells to become infected, Langerhans cells in the epidermis, are not the cells that initiate the immune response, while the dermal dendritic cells thought to be responsible for initiating the immune response are not likely to be infected. Here, we have shown, in human skin models and genital herpes lesion biopsies, an interaction between these dendritic cells that could relay HSV to the lymph node. HSV is taken up by the epidermal Langerhans cells that then migrate into the dermis, die and are taken up by another subset of dermal dendritic cells—the homologs of those in mice which stimulate HSV-specific T cells in the lymph node. Thus, a mucosal or intradermal vaccine targeting these two dendritic cells may be required.
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HIV Blocks Interferon Induction in Human Dendritic Cells and Macrophages by Dysregulation of TBK1. J Virol 2015; 89:6575-84. [PMID: 25855743 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00889-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are present in the tissues of the anogenital tract, where HIV-1 transmission occurs in almost all cases. These cells are both target cells for HIV-1 and represent the first opportunity for the virus to interfere with innate recognition. Previously we have shown that both cell types fail to produce type I interferons (IFNs) in response to HIV-1 but that, unlike T cells, the virus does not block IFN induction by targeting IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) for cellular degradation. Thus, either HIV-1 inhibits IFN induction by an alternate mechanism or, less likely, these cells fail to sense HIV-1. Here we show that HIV-1 (but not herpes simplex virus 2 [HSV-2] or Sendai virus)-exposed DCs and macrophages fail to induce the expression of all known type I and III IFN genes. These cells do sense the virus, and pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-induced signaling pathways are triggered. The precise stage in the IFN-inducing signaling pathway that HIV-1 targets to block IFN induction was identified; phosphorylation but not K63 polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was completely inhibited. Two HIV-1 accessory proteins, Vpr and Vif, were shown to bind to TBK1, and their individual deletion partly restored IFN-β expression. Thus, the inhibition of TBK1 autophosphorylation by binding of these proteins appears to be the principal mechanism by which HIV-1 blocks type I and III IFN induction in myeloid cells. IMPORTANCE Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are key HIV target cells. Therefore, definition of how HIV impairs innate immune responses to initially establish infection is essential to design preventative interventions, especially by restoring initial interferon production. Here we demonstrate how HIV-1 blocks interferon induction by inhibiting the function of a key kinase in the interferon signaling pathway, TBK1, via two different viral accessory proteins. Other viral proteins have been shown to target the general effects of TBK1, but this precise targeting between ubiquitination and phosphorylation of TBK1 is novel.
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Marsden V, Donaghy H, Bertram KM, Harman AN, Nasr N, Keoshkerian E, Merten S, Lloyd AR, Cunningham AL. Herpes simplex virus type 2-infected dendritic cells produce TNF-α, which enhances CCR5 expression and stimulates HIV production from adjacent infected cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4438-45. [PMID: 25840914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prior HSV-2 infection enhances the acquisition of HIV-1 >3-fold. In genital herpes lesions, the superficial layers of stratified squamous epithelium are disrupted, allowing easier access of HIV-1 to Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis and perhaps even dendritic cells (DCs) in the outer dermis, as well as to lesion infiltrating activated T lymphocytes and macrophages. Therefore, we examined the effects of coinfection with HIV-1 and HSV-2 on monocyte-derived DCs (MDDC). With simultaneous coinfection, HSV-2 significantly stimulated HIV-1 DNA production 5-fold compared with HIV-1 infection alone. Because <1% of cells were dually infected, this was a field effect. Virus-stripped supernatants from HSV-2-infected MDDCs were shown to enhance HIV-1 infection, as measured by HIV-1-DNA and p24 Ag in MDDCs. Furthermore these supernatants markedly stimulated CCR5 expression on both MDDCs and LCs. TNF-α was by far the most prominent cytokine in the supernatant and also within HSV-2-infected MDDCs. HSV-2 infection of isolated immature epidermal LCs, but not keratinocytes, also produced TNF-α (and low levels of IFN-β). Neutralizing Ab to TNF-α and its receptor, TNF-R1, on MDDCs markedly inhibited the CCR5-stimulating effect of the supernatant. Therefore, these results suggest that HSV-2 infection of DCs in the skin during primary or recurrent genital herpes may enhance HIV-1 infection of adjacent DCs, thus contributing to acquisition of HIV-1 through herpetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Marsden
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Heather Donaghy
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145
| | - Kirstie M Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145
| | - Elizabeth Keoshkerian
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia 2052; and
| | - Steven Merten
- Pure Aesthetics Plastic Surgery, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2000
| | - Andrew R Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia 2052; and
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006;
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Durand M, Segura E. The known unknowns of the human dendritic cell network. Front Immunol 2015; 6:129. [PMID: 25852695 PMCID: PMC4369872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and orient immune responses and comprise several subsets that display distinct phenotypes and properties. Most of our knowledge of DC subsets biology is based on mouse studies. In the past few years, the alignment of the human DC network with the mouse DC network has been the focus of much attention. Although comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis have shown a high level of homology between mouse and human DC subsets, significant differences in phenotype and function have also been evidenced. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the human DC network and discuss some remaining gaps and future challenges of the human DC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Durand
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
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56
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Baharom F, Thomas S, Bieder A, Hellmér M, Volz J, Sandgren KJ, McInerney GM, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Mellman I, Smed-Sörensen A. Protection of human myeloid dendritic cell subsets against influenza A virus infection is differentially regulated upon TLR stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4422-30. [PMID: 25801434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory microenvironment in the respiratory airway induces maturation of both resident and infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) upon influenza A virus (IAV) infection. This results in upregulation of antiviral pathways as well as modulation of endocytic processes, which affect the susceptibility of DCs to IAV infection. Therefore, it is highly relevant to understand how IAV interacts with and infects mature DCs. To investigate how different subsets of human myeloid DCs (MDCs) involved in tissue inflammation are affected by inflammatory stimulation during IAV infection, we stimulated primary blood MDCs and inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) with TLR ligands, resulting in maturation. Interestingly, MDDCs but not MDCs were protected against IAV infection after LPS (TLR4) stimulation. In contrast, stimulation with TLR7/8 ligand protected MDCs but not MDDCs from IAV infection. The reduced susceptibility to IAV infection correlated with induction of type I IFNs. We found that differential expression of TLR4, TRIF, and MyD88 in the two MDC subsets regulated the ability of the cells to enter an antiviral state upon maturation. This difference was functionally confirmed using small interfering RNA and inhibitors. Our data show that different human MDC subsets may play distinct roles during IAV infection, as their capacity to induce type I IFNs is dependent on TLR-specific maturation, resulting in differential susceptibility to IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezzah Baharom
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Saskia Thomas
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Maria Hellmér
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Julia Volz
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
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O’Connor KS, George J, Booth D, Ahlenstiel G. Dendritic cells in hepatitis C virus infection: key players in the IFNL3-genotype response. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17830-8. [PMID: 25548481 PMCID: PMC4273133 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms, in the vicinity of the interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) gene have been identified as the strongest predictor of spontaneous and treatment induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Since then, increasing evidence has implicated the innate immune response in mediating the IFNL3 genotype effect. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key to the host immune response in HCV infection and their vital role in the IFNL3 genotype effect is emerging. Reports have identified subclasses of DCs, particularly myeloid DC2s and potentially plasmacytoid DCs as the major producers of IFNL3 in the setting of HCV infection. Given the complexities of dendritic cell biology and the conflicting current available data, this review aims to summarize what is currently known regarding the role of dendritic cells in HCV infection and to place it into context of what is know about lambda interferons and dendritic cells in general.
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58
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Bigley V, McGovern N, Milne P, Dickinson R, Pagan S, Cookson S, Haniffa M, Collin M. Langerin-expressing dendritic cells in human tissues are related to CD1c+ dendritic cells and distinct from Langerhans cells and CD141high XCR1+ dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:627-34. [PMID: 25516751 PMCID: PMC4370053 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0714-351r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerin is not restricted to Langerhans cells, but expressed at low levels by
CD1c+ dendritic cells and is inducible by TGFβ in humans. Langerin is a C-type lectin expressed at high level by LCs of the epidermis. Langerin
is also expressed by CD8+/CD103+ XCR1+
cross-presenting DCs of mice but is not found on the homologous human
CD141high XCR1+ myeloid DC. Here, we show that langerin is
expressed at a low level on DCs isolated from dermis, lung, liver, and lymphoid
tissue and that langerin+ DCs are closely related to CD1c+
myeloid DCs. They are distinguishable from LCs by the level of expression of CD1a,
EpCAM, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, and CD33 and are found in tissues and tissue-draining LNs
devoid of LCs. They are unrelated to CD141high XCR1+ myeloid
DCs, lacking the characteristic expression profile of cross-presenting DCs, conserved
between mammalian species. Stem cell transplantation and DC deficiency models confirm
that dermal langerin+ DCs have an independent homeostasis to LCs. Langerin
is not expressed by freshly isolated CD1c+ blood DCs but is rapidly
induced on CD1c+ DCs by serum or TGF-β via an
ALK-3-dependent pathway. These results show that langerin is expressed outside of the
LC compartment of humans and highlight a species difference: langerin is expressed by
the XCR1+ "DC1" population of mice but is restricted to the
CD1c+ "DC2" population of humans (homologous to
CD11b+ DCs in the mouse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venetia Bigley
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Milne
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Dickinson
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Pagan
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Cookson
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Cerny D, Haniffa M, Shin A, Bigliardi P, Tan BK, Lee B, Poidinger M, Tan EY, Ginhoux F, Fink K. Selective susceptibility of human skin antigen presenting cells to productive dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004548. [PMID: 25474532 PMCID: PMC4256468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a growing global concern with 390 million people infected each year. Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes, thus host cells in the skin are the first point of contact with the virus. Human skin contains several populations of antigen-presenting cells which could drive the immune response to DENV in vivo: epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), three populations of dermal dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. Using samples of normal human skin we detected productive infection of CD14+ and CD1c+ DCs, LCs and dermal macrophages, which was independent of DC-SIGN expression. LCs produced the highest viral titers and were less sensitive to IFN-β. Nanostring gene expression data showed significant up-regulation of IFN-β, STAT-1 and CCL5 upon viral exposure in susceptible DC populations. In mice infected intra-dermally with DENV we detected parallel populations of infected DCs originating from the dermis and migrating to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Therefore dermal DCs may simultaneously facilitate systemic spread of DENV and initiate the adaptive anti-viral immune response. Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes with skin as point of entry for the virus. Here, we investigated DENV infection in primary human skin cells and their initial immune response. Using skin from normal human donors for infection with DENV in vitro we identified antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as main targets of DENV. Further analysis showed that only distinct subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages were infected and efficiently produced viral progeny. Langerhans cells were most susceptible to infection despite lacking DC-SIGN, a previously described DENV receptor. Infection of the other DC subsets and macrophages was also independent of DC-SIGN expression. Genes of the interferon pathway and CCL5, a chemokine attracting immune cells to sites of inflammation, were highly up-regulated in the infected DC subsets. Using a mouse infection model, we showed that murine dermal DCs were also susceptible to DENV and migrated to draining lymph nodes. At the same time infiltrating monocytes differentiated into monocyte-derived cells at the site of infection and became an additional target for DENV in vivo. These data demonstrate that DENV differentially infects and activates primary human skin APCs and that infected cell types individually contribute to inflammation and the adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cerny
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Shin
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Paul Bigliardi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Bien Keem Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ern Yu Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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60
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The role of human dendritic cells in HIV-1 infection. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1225-1233. [PMID: 25407434 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) and their subsets have multifaceted roles in the early stages of HIV-1 transmission and infection. DC studies have led to remarkable discoveries, including identification of restriction factors, cellular structures promoting viral transmission including the infectious synapse or the interplay of the C-type lectins, Langerin on Langerhans cells (LCs), and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin on other DC subsets, limiting or facilitating HIV transmission to CD4(+) T cells, respectively. LCs/DCs are also exposed to encountering HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections (herpes simplex virus-2, bacteria, fungi), which reprogram HIV-1 interaction with these cells. This review will summarize advances in the role of DCs during HIV-1 infection and discuss their potential involvement in the development of preventive strategies against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections.
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61
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McGovern N, Chan JKY, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells in humans--from fetus to adult. Int Immunol 2014; 27:65-72. [PMID: 25323843 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system evolves continuously during development from the embryo into the adult, reflecting the ever-changing environment and demands of our body. This ability of our immune system to sense external cues and adapt as we develop is just as important in the early tolerogenic environment of the fetus, as it is in the constantly pathogen-challenged adult. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen-sensing and antigen-presenting components of the immune system, play a crucial role in this process where they act as sentinels, both initiating and regulating immune responses. Here, we provide an overview of the human immune system in the developing fetus and the adult, with a focus on DC ontogeny and function during these discrete but intimately linked life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi McGovern
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
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62
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Abstract
Immune cell populations in the skin are predominantly comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. A lack of consensus regarding how to define these cell types has hampered research in this area. In this Review, we focus on recent advances that, based on ontogeny and global gene-expression profiles, have succeeded in discriminating DCs from macrophages in the skin. We discuss how these studies have enabled researchers to revisit the origin, diversity and T cell-stimulatory properties of these cells, and have led to unifying principles that extend across tissues and species. By aligning the DC and macrophage subsets that are found in mouse skin with those that are present in human skin, these studies also provide crucial information for developing intradermal vaccines and for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
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63
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Nasr N, Lai J, Botting RA, Mercier SK, Harman AN, Kim M, Turville S, Center RJ, Domagala T, Gorry PR, Olbourne N, Cunningham AL. Inhibition of two temporal phases of HIV-1 transfer from primary Langerhans cells to T cells: the role of langerin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2554-64. [PMID: 25070850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells (eLCs) uniquely express the C-type lectin receptor langerin in addition to the HIV entry receptors CD4 and CCR5. They are among the first target cells to encounter HIV in the anogenital stratified squamous mucosa during sexual transmission. Previous reports on the mechanism of HIV transfer to T cells and the role of langerin have been contradictory. In this study, we examined HIV replication and langerin-mediated viral transfer by authentic immature eLCs and model Mutz-3 LCs. eLCs were productively infected with HIV, whereas Mutz-3 LCs were not susceptible because of a lack of CCR5 expression. Two successive phases of HIV viral transfer to T cells via cave/vesicular trafficking and de novo replication were observed with eLCs as previously described in monocyte-derived or blood dendritic cells, but only first phase transfer was observed with Mutz-3 LCs. Langerin was expressed as trimers after cross-linking on the cell surface of Mutz-3 LCs and in this form preferentially bound HIV envelope protein gp140 and whole HIV particles via the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Both phases of HIV transfer from eLCs to T cells were inhibited when eLCs were pretreated with a mAb to langerin CRD or when HIV was pretreated with a soluble langerin trimeric extracellular domain or by a CRD homolog. However, the langerin homolog did not inhibit direct HIV infection of T cells. These two novel soluble langerin inhibitors could be developed to prevent HIV uptake, infection, and subsequent transfer to T cells during early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Joey Lai
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Sarah K Mercier
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Andrew N Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Min Kim
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Rob J Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Teresa Domagala
- Apollo Life Sciences Pty, Beaconsfield, New South Wales 2015, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and
| | - Norman Olbourne
- Sydney Institute of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chatswood, New South Wales 2067, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia;
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Boltjes A, van Wijk F. Human dendritic cell functional specialization in steady-state and inflammation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:131. [PMID: 24744755 PMCID: PMC3978316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) represent a heterogeneous population of antigen-presenting cells that are crucial in initiating and shaping immune responses. Although all DC are capable of antigen-uptake, processing, and presentation to T cells, DC subtypes differ in their origin, location, migration patterns, and specialized immunological roles. While in recent years, there have been rapid advances in understanding DC subset ontogeny, development, and function in mice, relatively little is known about the heterogeneity and functional specialization of human DC subsets, especially in tissues. In steady-state, DC progenitors deriving from the bone marrow give rise to lymphoid organ-resident DC and to migratory tissue DC that act as tissue sentinels. During inflammation additional DC and monocytes are recruited to the tissues where they are further activated and promote T helper cell subset polarization depending on the environment. In the current review, we will give an overview of the latest developments in human DC research both in steady-state and under inflammatory conditions. In this context, we review recent findings on DC subsets, DC-mediated cross-presentation, monocyte-DC relationships, inflammatory DC development, and DC-instructed T-cell polarization. Finally, we discuss the potential role of human DC in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
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65
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Organization of the mouse and human DC network. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 26:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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66
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Evans VA, Kumar N, Filali A, Procopio FA, Yegorov O, Goulet JP, Saleh S, Haddad EK, da Fonseca Pereira C, Ellenberg PC, Sekaly RP, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Myeloid dendritic cells induce HIV-1 latency in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003799. [PMID: 24339779 PMCID: PMC3855553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Latently infected resting CD4+ T cells are a major barrier to HIV cure. Understanding how latency is established, maintained and reversed is critical to identifying novel strategies to eliminate latently infected cells. We demonstrate here that co-culture of resting CD4+ T cells and syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) can dramatically increase the frequency of HIV DNA integration and latent HIV infection in non-proliferating memory, but not naïve, CD4+ T cells. Latency was eliminated when cell-to-cell contact was prevented in the mDC-T cell co-cultures and reduced when clustering was minimised in the mDC-T cell co-cultures. Supernatants from infected mDC-T cell co-cultures did not facilitate the establishment of latency, consistent with cell-cell contact and not a soluble factor being critical for mediating latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells. Gene expression in non-proliferating CD4+ T cells, enriched for latent infection, showed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in cellular activation and interferon regulated pathways, including the down-regulation of genes controlling both NF-κB and cell cycle. We conclude that mDC play a key role in the establishment of HIV latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells, which is predominantly mediated through signalling during DC-T cell contact. Current antiretroviral drugs significantly prolong life and reduce morbidity but are unable to cure HIV. While on treatment, the virus is able to hide in resting memory T cells in a silent or “latent” form. These latently infected cells are rare and thus are hard to study using blood from HIV-infected individuals on treatment. Therefore, it is very important to have laboratory models that can closely mimic what is going on in the body. We have developed a novel model of HIV latency in the laboratory. Using this model we have shown that the presence of dendritic cells, an important type of immune cell that can regulate T cell activation, at the time of infection allows for the infection of resting T cells and the establishment of latency. We have demonstrated that this is predominantly mediated by direct cell-to-cell interactions. Further exploration of the mechanisms behind HIV latency could lead to new ways to treat and possibly eradicate HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Filali
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Oleg Yegorov
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Saleh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Candida da Fonseca Pereira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula C. Ellenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- VGTI-Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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67
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Collin M, McGovern N, Haniffa M. Human dendritic cell subsets. Immunology 2013; 140:22-30. [PMID: 23621371 PMCID: PMC3809702 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are highly adapted to their role of presenting antigen and directing immune responses. Developmental studies indicate that DCs originate independently from monocytes and tissue macrophages. Emerging evidence also suggests that distinct subsets of DCs have intrinsic differences that lead to functional specialisation in the generation of immunity. Comparative studies are now allowing many of these properties to be more fully understood in the context of human immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Cunningham AL, Harman AN, Harman A, Nasr N. Initial HIV mucosal infection and dendritic cells. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:658-60. [PMID: 23653303 PMCID: PMC3662310 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus research, Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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69
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Distinct molecular signature of human skin Langerhans cells denotes critical differences in cutaneous dendritic cell immune regulation. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:695-703. [PMID: 24005050 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) residing in the epidermis. Despite their high potential to activate T lymphocytes, current understanding of human LC biology is limited. Genome-wide comparison of the transcriptional profiles of human skin migratory CD1a+ LCs and CD11c+ dermal dendritic cells (DDCs) demonstrated significant differences between these "dendritic cell (DC)" types, including preferential expression of 625 genes (P<0.05) in LC and 914 genes (P<0.05) in DDC. Analysis of the temporal regulation of molecular networks activated after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) confirmed the unique molecular signature of LCs. Although LCs conformed to the phenotype of professional APC, inflammatory signaling activated primarily genes associated with cellular metabolism and mitochondrial activation (e.g., CYB561 and MRPS35), cell membrane re-organization, and antigen acquisition and degradation (CAV1 and PSMD14; P<0.05-P<0.0001). Conversely, TNF-α induced classical activation in DDCs with early downregulation of surface receptors (mannose receptor-1 (MRC1) and C-type lectins), and subsequent upregulation of cytokines, chemokines (IL1a, IL1b, and CCL18), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9; P<0.05-P<0.0001). Functional interference of caveolin abrogated LCs superior ability to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T lymphocytes, highlighting the importance of these networks to biological function. Taken together, these observations support the idea of distinct biological roles of cutaneous DC types.
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Harman AN, Kim M, Nasr N, Sandgren KJ, Cameron PU. Tissue dendritic cells as portals for HIV entry. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:319-33. [PMID: 23908074 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are found at the portals of pathogen entry such as the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genital tracts where they represent the first line of contact between the immune system and the foreign invaders. They are found throughout the body in multiple subsets where they express unique combinations of C-type lectin receptors to best aid them in detection of pathogens associated with their anatomical location. DCs are important in the establishment in HIV infection for two reasons. Firstly, they are one of the first cells to encounter the virus, and the specific interaction that occurs between these cells and HIV is critical to HIV establishing a foothold infection. Secondly and most importantly, HIV is able to efficiently transfer the virus to its primary target cell, the CD4(+) T lymphocyte, in which it replicates explosively. Infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes via DCs is far more efficient than direct infection. This review surveys the various DCs subsets found within the human sexual mucosa and their interactions with HIV. Mechanisms of HIV uptake are discussed as well as how the virus then traffics through the DC and is transferred to T cells. Until recently, most research has focussed on vaginal transmission despite the increased transmission rate associated with anal intercourse. Here, we also discuss recent advances in our understanding of HIV transmission in the colon.
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71
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Novel immunomodulators from hard ticks selectively reprogramme human dendritic cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003450. [PMID: 23825947 PMCID: PMC3695081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard ticks subvert the immune responses of their vertebrate hosts in order to feed for much longer periods than other blood-feeding ectoparasites; this may be one reason why they transmit perhaps the greatest diversity of pathogens of any arthropod vector. Tick-induced immunomodulation is mediated by salivary components, some of which neutralise elements of innate immunity or inhibit the development of adaptive immunity. As dendritic cells (DC) trigger and help to regulate adaptive immunity, they are an ideal target for immunomodulation. However, previously described immunoactive components of tick saliva are either highly promiscuous in their cellular and molecular targets or have limited effects on DC. Here we address the question of whether the largest and globally most important group of ticks (the ixodid metastriates) produce salivary molecules that specifically modulate DC activity. We used chromatography to isolate a salivary gland protein (Japanin) from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Japanin was cloned, and recombinant protein was produced in a baculoviral expression system. We found that Japanin specifically reprogrammes DC responses to a wide variety of stimuli in vitro, radically altering their expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory transmembrane molecules (measured by flow cytometry) and their secretion of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and T cell polarising cytokines (assessed by Luminex multiplex assays); it also inhibits the differentiation of DC from monocytes. Sequence alignments and enzymatic deglycosylation revealed Japanin to be a 17.7 kDa, N-glycosylated lipocalin. Using molecular cloning and database searches, we have identified a group of homologous proteins in R. appendiculatus and related species, three of which we have expressed and shown to possess DC-modulatory activity. All data were obtained using DC generated from at least four human blood donors, with rigorous statistical analysis. Our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism for parasite-induced subversion of adaptive immunity, one which may also facilitate pathogen transmission. Dendritic cells (DC) are specialised cells of the vertebrate immune system. DC can sense different types of infectious agents and parasites, and both trigger and help regulate the specific types of immunity needed to eliminate them. We have discovered that the largest and globally most important group of hard ticks produce a unique family of proteins in their saliva that selectively targets DC, radically altering functions that would otherwise induce robust immune responses; these proteins also prevent DC developing from precursor cells. The production of these salivary molecules may help to explain two highly unusual features of these hard ticks compared with other blood-feeding parasites: their ability to feed continuously on their vertebrate hosts for considerable lengths of time (7 days or more) without eliciting potentially damaging immune responses, and their capacity to transmit possibly the greatest variety of pathogens of any type of invertebrate.
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72
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Kerkhoff N, Bontkes HJ, Westers TM, de Gruijl TD, Kordasti S, van de Loosdrecht AA. Dendritic cells in myelodysplastic syndromes: from pathogenesis to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:621-37. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis leading to peripheral cytopenias. Different processes are involved in its pathogenesis, such as (epi)genetic alterations and immunological dysfunctions. The nature of immune dysregulation is markedly different between various MDS risk groups. In low-risk MDS, the immune system is in a proinflammatory state, whereas in high-risk disease, immunosuppressive features facilitate expansion of the dysplastic clone and can eventually lead to disease progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Various cell types contribute to dysregulation of immune responses in MDS. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important regulators of immunity. However, the role of DCs in MDS has yet to be elucidated. It has been suggested that impaired DC function can hamper adequate immune responses. This review focuses on the involvement of DCs in immune dysregulation in low- and high-risk MDS and the implications for DC-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kerkhoff
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Department of Pathology, Unit Medical Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theresia M Westers
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shahram Kordasti
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King’s College Hospital London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sandgren KJ, Smed-Sörensen A, Forsell MN, Soldemo M, Adams WC, Liang F, Perbeck L, Koup RA, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Loré K. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells efficiently capture HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins via CD4 for antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:60-9. [PMID: 23729440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 vaccine clinical trials and preclinical research indicate that the virus envelope glycoproteins (Env) are likely to be an essential component of a prophylactic vaccine. Efficient Ag uptake and presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is important for strong CD4(+) Th cell responses and the development of effective humoral immune responses. In this study, we examined the capacity of distinct primary human DC subsets to internalize and present recombinant Env to CD4(+) T cells. Consistent with their specific receptor expression, skin DCs bound and internalized Env via C-type lectin receptors, whereas blood DC subsets, including CD1c(+) myeloid DCs, CD123(+) plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs), and CD141(+) DCs exhibited a restricted repertoire of C-type lectin receptors and relied on CD4 for uptake of Env. Despite a generally poor capacity for Ag uptake compared with myeloid DCs, the high expression of CD4 on PDCs allowed them to bind and internalize Env very efficiently. CD4-mediated uptake delivered Env to EEA1(+) endosomes that progressed to Lamp1(+) and MHC class II(+) lysosomes where internalized Env was degraded rapidly. Finally, all three blood DC subsets were able to internalize an Env-CMV pp65 fusion protein via CD4 and stimulate pp65-specific CD4(+) T cells. Thus, in the in vitro systems described in this paper, CD4-mediated uptake of Env is a functional pathway leading to Ag presentation, and this may therefore be a mechanism used by blood DCs, including PDCs, for generating immune responses to Env-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie J Sandgren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Rinaldo CR. HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4(+) T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:164203. [PMID: 24278768 PMCID: PMC3820354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4(+) T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Abstract
Histiocytic disorders represent a group of complex pathologies characterized by the accumulation of histiocytes, an old term for tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most frequent of histiocytosis in humans and has been thought to arise from the abnormal accumulation of epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells. In this chapter, we discuss the origin and differentiation of Langerhans cells and dendritic cells and present accumulated evidence that suggests that Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not result from abnormal Langerhans cell homeostasis but rather is a consequence of misguided differentiation programs of myeloid dendritic cell precursors. We propose reclassification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and Erdheim-Chester disease as inflammatory myeloid neoplasias.
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