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Lambert S, Hambro CA, Johnston A, Stuart PE, Tsoi LC, Nair RP, Elder JT. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Human Th17 Cells: Effect of Psoriasis-Associated TRAF3IP2 Genotype. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1245-1253. [PMID: 30528823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis lesions are rich in IL-17-producing T cells as well as neutrophils, which release webs of DNA-protein complexes known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Because we and others have observed increased NETosis in psoriatic lesions, we hypothesized that NETs contribute to increased T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in psoriasis. After stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD3/CD28 beads for 7 days, we found significantly higher percentages of CD3+CD4+IL-17+ (Th17) cells in the presence versus absence of NETs, as assessed by flow cytometry, IL-17 ELISA, and IL17A/F and RORC mRNAs. Memory, but not naïve, T cells were competent and monocytes were required for CD3/CD28-mediated Th17 induction, with or without NETs. Th17 induction was enhanced by the T allele of rs33980500 (T/C), a psoriasis risk-associated variant in the TRAF3IP2 gene encoding the D10N variant of Act1, a key mediator of IL-17 signal transduction. Global transcriptome analysis of CD3/CD28-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by RNA sequencing confirmed the stimulatory effects of NETs, demonstrated NET-induced enhancement of cytokine gene expression, and verified that the effect of Act1 D10N was greater in the presence of NETs. Collectively, these results implicate NETs and the Act1 D10N variant in human Th17 induction from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with ramifications for immunogenetic studies of psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Caely A Hambro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Yu T, Wan P, Zhu XD, Ren YP, Wang C, Yan RW, Guo Y, Bai AP. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activities ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:126-133. [PMID: 30321511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) act to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibit microbicidal bioactivity, whereas their roles in mediating immune responses of inflammation in intestine remain to be further elucidated. The study was performed to explore the effects of NOX activity on regulation of macrophage functions. Macrophage responses were induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells (in vitro) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in BALB/c mice (in vivo) respectively. LPS induced NOX2 expression and initiated NOX activities in RAW 264.7 cells. Conversely, inhibition of NOX activity by DPI and VAS2870 diminished LPS induced NOX activities and the downstream signaling in RAW 264.7 cells. Murine colitis was characterized by macrophage accumulation and elevation of NOX activities in colon tissues. DPI and VAS2870 administration overrode NOX activities and ROS productions in colon tissues, and ameliorated DSS-induced colitis evidenced with the reduced disease activities and the decreased cytokine levels. Intriguingly, NOX2 expression levels were elevated in colon tissues of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Together, our data show a crucial role of NOX activity in regulation of macrophage functions and responses, and suggest that NOX represents a novel therapeutic approach for the management of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhu
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Yu-Ping Ren
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Run-Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ai-Ping Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-mediated immunomodulation by anti-depressants inhibiting acid sphingomyelinase. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAcid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is the rate-limiting enzyme cleaving sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholin. CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on CD28 signaling for their survival and function, a receptor that activates the ASM. Both, basal and CD28-induced ASM activities are higher in Treg cells than in conventional CD4+T (Tconv) cells. In ASM-deficient (Smpd1−/−) as compared to wt mice, membranes of T cells contain 7–10-fold more sphingomyelin and two- to three-fold more ceramide, and are in a state of higher order than membranes of T cells from wt mice, which may facilitate their activation. Indeed, the frequency of Treg cells among CD4+T cells in ASM-deficient mice and their suppressive activityin vitroare increased. Moreover,in vitrostimulation of ASM-deficient T cells in the presence of TGF-β and IL-2 leads to higher numbers of induced Treg cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the ASM with a clinically used tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline in mice or in tissue culture of murine or human T cells induces higher frequencies of Treg cells among CD4+T cells within a few days. This fast alteration of the balance between T cell populationsin vitrois due to the elevated cell death of Tconv cells and protection of the CD25highTreg cells by IL-2. Together, these findings suggest that ASM-inhibiting antidepressants, including a fraction of the serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are moderately immunosuppressive and should be considered for the therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an important group of pervasive noncoding RNAs (>200nt) proposed to be crucial regulators of numerous physiological and pathological processes. Through interactions with RNA, chromatin, and protein, lncRNAs modulate mRNA stability, chromatin structure, and the function of proteins (including transcription factors). In addition, to their well-known roles in the modulation of cell growth, apoptosis, neurological disease progression and cancer metastasis, these large molecules have also been identified as likely mediators of lipid metabolism. In particular, lncRNAs orchestrate adipogenesis; fatty acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid metabolism and transport; and the formation of high-density and low-density lipoproteins (HDLs and LDLs). LncRNAs also appear to target several transcription factors that play essential roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism, such as liver X receptors (LXRs), sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Better understanding the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and adipogenesis will reveal appropriate strategies to treat these diseases. In this review, we review recent progress in lncRNA-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism, as well as its role in the regulation of adipogenesis.
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Yuan X, Berg N, Lee JW, Le TT, Neudecker V, Jing N, Eltzschig H. MicroRNA miR-223 as regulator of innate immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:515-524. [PMID: 29969525 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0218-079r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs were discovered more than 2 decades ago and have profound impact on diverse biological processes. Specific microRNAs have important roles in modulating the innate immune response and their dysregulation has been demonstrated to contribute to inflammatory diseases. MiR-223 in particular, is very highly expressed and tightly regulated in hematopoietic cells. It functions as key modulator for the differentiation and activation of myeloid cells. The central role of miR-223 in myeloid cells, especially neutrophil and macrophage differentiation and activation has been studied extensively. MiR-223 contributes to myeloid differentiation by enhancing granulopoiesis while inhibiting macrophage differentiation. Uncontrolled myeloid activation has detrimental consequences in inflammatory disease. MiR-223 serves as a negative feedback mechanism controlling excessive innate immune responses in the maintenance of myeloid cell homeostasis. This review summarizes several topics covering the function of miR-223 in myeloid differentiation, neutrophil and macrophage functions, as well as in inflammatory diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, nonmyeloid functions of miR-223 are also discussed in this review. Therapeutic enhancement of miR-223 to dampen inflammatory targets is also highlighted as potential treatment to control excessive innate immune responses during mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nathaniel Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jae Woong Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thanh-Thuy Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Viola Neudecker
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Na Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Holger Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, Weinhage T, Heinz C, Foell D. Increased Circulating Proinflammatory T Lymphocytes in Children with Different Forms of Anterior Uveitis: Results from a Pilot Study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:788-797. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1467464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Walscheid
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lisa Neekamp
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Toni Weinhage
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Heinz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab, St. Franziskus-Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Raczkowski F, Rissiek A, Ricklefs I, Heiss K, Schumacher V, Wundenberg K, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F, Tolosa E, Mittrücker HW. CD39 is upregulated during activation of mouse and human T cells and attenuates the immune response to Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197151. [PMID: 29742141 PMCID: PMC5942830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 degrade extracellular ATP to adenosine. ATP is released by stressed or damaged cells and provides pro-inflammatory signals to immune cells through P2 receptors. Adenosine, on the other hand, suppresses immune cells by stimulating P1 receptors. Thus, CD39 and CD73 can shape the quality of immune responses. Here we demonstrate that upregulation of CD39 is a consistent feature of activated conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Following stimulation in vitro, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from human blood gained surface expression of CD39 but displayed only low levels of CD73. Activated human T cells from inflamed joints largely presented with a CD39+CD73— phenotype. In line, in spleens of mice with acute Listeria monocytogenes, listeria-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells acquired a CD39+CD73— phenotype. To test the function of CD39 in control of bacterial infection, CD39-deficient (CD39-/-) mice were infected with L. monocytogenes. CD39-/- mice showed better initial control of L. monocytogenes, which was associated with enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines. In the late stage of infection, CD39-/- mice accumulated more listeria-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen than wildtype animals suggesting that CD39 attenuates the CD8+ T-cell response to infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CD39 is upregulated on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at sites of acute infection and inflammation, and that CD39 dampens responses to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Raczkowski
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rissiek
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Ricklefs
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valéa Schumacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kira Wundenberg
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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58
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Enhanced release of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes generates a lipidomics signature in CSF of Multiple Sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3071. [PMID: 29449691 PMCID: PMC5814401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MuS) is a complex multifactorial neuropathology, resulting in heterogeneous clinical presentation. A very active MuS research field concerns the discovery of biomarkers helpful to make an early and definite diagnosis. The sphingomyelin pathway has emerged as a molecular mechanism involved in MuS, since high levels of ceramides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were related to axonal damage and neuronal dysfunction. Ceramides are the hydrolysis products of sphingomyelins through a reaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes named sphingomyelinases, which were recently related to myelin repair in MuS. Here, using a lipidomic approach, we observed low levels of several sphingomyelins in CSF of MuS patients compared to other inflammatory and non-inflammatory, central or peripheral neurological diseases. Starting by this result, we investigated the sphingomyelinase activity in CSF, showing a significantly higher enzyme activity in MuS. In support of these results we found high number of total exosomes in CSF of MuS patients and a high number of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes correlated to enzymatic activity and to disease severity. These data are of diagnostic relevance and show, for the first time, high number of acid sphingomyelinase-enriched exosomes in MuS, opening a new window for therapeutic approaches/targets in the treatment of MuS.
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59
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Inhibition of neddylation ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:649-650. [PMID: 29375125 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Feldbrügge L, Moss AC, Yee EU, Csizmadia E, Mitsuhashi S, Longhi MS, Sandhu B, Stephan H, Wu Y, Cheifetz AS, Müller CE, Sévigny J, Robson SC, Jiang ZG. Expression of Ecto-nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolases-2 and -3 in the Enteric Nervous System Affects Inflammation in Experimental Colitis and Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1113-1123. [PMID: 28472257 PMCID: PMC5881706 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have suggested that the enteric nervous system can modulate gut immunity. Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases [E-NTPDases] regulate purinergic signalling by sequential phosphohydrolysis of pro-inflammatory extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate [ATP]. Herein, we test the hypothesis that E-NTPDases modulate gut inflammation via neuro-immune crosstalk. DESIGN We determined expression patterns of NTPDase2 and NTPDase3 in murine and human colon. Experimental colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulphate [DSS] in genetically engineered mice deficient in NTPDase2 or NTPDase3. We compared plasma adenosine diphosphatase [ADPase] activity from Crohn's patients and healthy controls, and linked the enzyme activity to Crohn's disease activity. RESULTS NTPDase2 and -3 were chiefly expressed in cells of the enteric nervous system in both murine and human colon. When compared with wild type, DSS-induced colitis was exacerbated in Entpd2, and to a lesser extent, Entpd3 null mice as measured by disease activity score and histology, and marked anaemia was seen in both. Colonic macrophages isolated from Entpd2 null mice displayed a pro-inflammatory phenotype compared with wild type. In human plasma, Crohn's patients had decreases in ADPase activity when compared with healthy controls. The drop in ADPase activity was likely associated with changes in NTPDase2 and -3, as suggested by inhibitor studies, and were correlated with Crohn's disease activity. CONCLUSIONS NTPDase2 and -3 are ecto-enzymes expressed in the enteric nervous system. Both enzymes confer protection against gut inflammation in experimental colitis and exhibit alterations in Crohn's disease. These observations suggest that purinergic signalling modulated by E-NTPDases governs neuro-immune interactions that are relevant in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Feldbrügge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan C Moss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, OU Medical Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Mitsuhashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bynvant Sandhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Holger Stephan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden–Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Cheifetz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lanis JM, Kao DJ, Alexeev EE, Colgan SP. Tissue metabolism and the inflammatory bowel diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:905-913. [PMID: 28528514 PMCID: PMC5696119 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa provides a selective barrier between the anaerobic lumen and a highly metabolic lamina propria. A number of recent studies indicate that acute inflammation of the mucosa can result in tissue hypoxia and associated shifts in tissue metabolism. The activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) under these conditions has been demonstrated to function as an endogenous molecular cue to promote resolution of inflammation, particularly through the orchestration of barrier repair toward homeostasis. Given the central role of oxygen in tissue metabolism, ongoing studies have defined metabolic endpoints of HIF stabilization as important biomarkers of disease activity. Such findings make HIF and HIF-associated metabolic pathways particularly attractive therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we review the recent literature related to tissue metabolism in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver, RC2 Room 10450, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel J Kao
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver, RC2 Room 10450, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Erica E Alexeev
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver, RC2 Room 10450, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver, RC2 Room 10450, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Acid sphingomyelinase mediates human CD4 + T-cell signaling: potential roles in T-cell responses and diseases. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2963. [PMID: 28749465 PMCID: PMC5550889 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lipid hydrolase. By generating ceramide, ASM had been reported to have an important role in regulating immune cell functions inclusive of macrophages, NK cells, and CD8+ T cells, whereas the role of ASM bioactivity in regulation of human CD4+ T-cell functions remained uncertain. Recent studies have provided novel findings in this field. Upon stimulation of CD3 and/or CD28, ASM-dependent ceramide signaling mediates intracellular downstream signal cascades of CD3 and CD28, and regulates CD4+ T-cell activation and proliferation. Meanwhile, CD39 and CD161 have direct interactions with ASM, which mediates downstream signals inclusive of STAT3 and mTOR and thus defines human Th17 cells. Intriguingly, ASM mediates Th1 responses, but negatively regulates Treg functions. In this review, we summarized the pivotal roles of ASM in regulation of human CD4+ T-cell activation and responses. ASM/sphingolipid signaling may be a novel target for the therapy of human autoimmune diseases.
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Abstract
As the rate-limiting enzyme in ATP/ADP–AMP–adenosine pathway, CD39 would be a novel checkpoint inhibitor target in preventing adenosine-triggered immune-suppressive effect. In addition, CD39hi Tregs, but not CD25hi Tregs, exhibit sustained Foxp3 levels and functional abilities, indicating it could represent a new specific marker of Tregs. Similarly, inhibition of CD39 enzymatic function at the surface of tumor cells alleviates their immunosuppressive activity. Far from conclusive, present research revealed that CD39 also dephosphorylated and thus inactivated self- and pathogen-associated phosphoantigens of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which may be the most promising subpopulation for cellular vaccine. CD39 is also tightly related to Th17 cells and can be regarded as a Th17 cells marker. In this review, we focus on present research of CD39 ectoenzyme and provide insights into its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Bo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatric Diseases, and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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64
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Hypoxia and inflammatory bowel disease. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:210-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Qian X, Hu C, Han S, Lin Z, Xiao W, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Qian L, Jia X, Zhu G, Gong W. NK1.1 - CD4 + NKG2D + T cells suppress DSS-induced colitis in mice through production of TGF-β. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1431-1444. [PMID: 28224733 PMCID: PMC5487917 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+NKG2D+ T cells are associated with tumour, infection and autoimmune diseases. Some CD4+NKG2D+ T cells secrete IFN‐γ and TNF‐α to promote inflammation, but others produce TGF‐β and FasL to facilitate tumour evasion. Here, murine CD4+NKG2D+ T cells were further classified into NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ and NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ subpopulations. The frequency of NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells decreased in inflamed colons, whereas more NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ cells infiltrated into colons of mice with DSS‐induced colitis. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells expressed TGF‐β and FasL without secreting IFN‐γ, IL‐21 and IL‐17 and displayed no cytotoxicity. The adoptive transfer of NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells suppressed DSS‐induced colitis largely dependent on TGF‐β. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells did not expressed Foxp3, CD223 (LAG‐3) and GITR. The subpopulation was distinct from NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ cells in terms of surface markers and RNA transcription. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells also differed from Th2 or Th17 cells because the former did not express GATA‐3 and ROR‐γt. Thus, NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells exhibited immune regulatory functions, and this T cell subset could be developed to suppress inflammation in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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66
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The influence of gut-derived CD39 regulatory T cells in CNS demyelinating disease. Transl Res 2017; 179:126-138. [PMID: 27519147 PMCID: PMC5164971 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in trying to understand the importance of the gut microbiome in human diseases. The association between dysbiosis, an altered microbial composition, as related to human disease is being explored in the context of different autoimmune conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies suggest that MS affects the composition of the gut microbiota by altering the relative abundances of specific bacteria and archaea species. Remarkably, some of the bacterial species shown reduced in the gut of MS patients are known to promote immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). In MS, the function of a phenotype of Tregs that express CD39, an ectoenzyme involved in the catabolism of adenosine triphosphate as immunomodulatory cells, appears to be reduced. In this review, we discuss the involvement of the gut microbiota in the regulation of experimental models of central nervous system inflammatory demyelination and review the evidence that link the gut microbiome with MS. Further, we hypothesize that the gut microbiome is an essential organ for the control of tolerance in MS patients and a potential source for safer novel therapeutics.
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67
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Hollmann C, Werner S, Avota E, Reuter D, Japtok L, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Becker KA, Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase Allows for Selective Targeting of CD4+Conventional versus Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3130-3141. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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68
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Miao R, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhou H, Sun X, Csizmadia E, He L, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Miksad RA, Ghaziani T, Robson SC, Zhao H. Utility of the dual-specificity protein kinase TTK as a therapeutic target for intrahepatic spread of liver cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33121. [PMID: 27618777 PMCID: PMC5020615 DOI: 10.1038/srep33121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies for primary liver cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, remain limited. Following multi-omics analysis (including whole genome and transcriptome sequencing), we were able to identify the dual-specific protein kinase TTK as a putative new prognostic biomarker for liver cancer. Herein, we show that levels of TTK protein are significantly elevated in neoplastic tissues from a cohort of liver cancer patients, when compared with adjacent hepatic tissues. We also tested the utility of TTK targeted inhibition and have demonstrated therapeutic potential in an experimental model of liver cancer in vivo. Following lentiviral shRNA knockdown in several human liver cancer cell lines, we demonstrated that TTK boosts cell growth and promotes cell spreading; as well as protects against senescence and decreases autophagy. In an experimental animal model, we show that in vitro knockdown of TTK effectively blocks intrahepatic growth of human HCC xenografts. Furthermore, we note that, in vivo silencing of TTK, by systemically delivering TTK siRNAs to already tumor-bearing liver, limits intrahepatic spread of liver cancer cells. This intervention is associated with decreased tumor aggressiveness, as well as increased senescence and autophagy. Taken together, our data suggest that targeted TTK inhibition might have clinical utility as an adjunct therapy in management of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Miao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.,Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haohai Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huandi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lian He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computing Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rebecca A Miksad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tahereh Ghaziani
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Liver Center and The Transplant Institute, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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69
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Vaughn BP, Vatanen T, Allegretti JR, Bai A, Xavier RJ, Korzenik J, Gevers D, Ting A, Robson SC, Moss AC. Increased Intestinal Microbial Diversity Following Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Active Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2182-90. [PMID: 27542133 PMCID: PMC4995064 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota in the lumen of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by reduced diversity, particularly Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. It is unknown whether the introduction of the intestinal microbiota from healthy individuals could correct this dysbiosis and reverse mucosal inflammation. We investigated the response to fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from healthy individuals to subjects with active CD. METHODS We performed a prospective open-label study (uncontrolled) of FMT from healthy donors to subjects with active CD. A single FMT was performed by colonoscopy. Recipients' microbial diversity, mucosal T-cell phenotypes, and clinical and inflammatory parameters were measured over 12 weeks, and safety over 26 weeks. RESULTS Nineteen subjects were treated with FMT and completed the study follow-up. Fifty-eight percent (11/19) demonstrated a clinical response (Harvey-Bradshaw Index decrease >3) following FMT. Fifteen subjects had sufficient pre/postfecal samples for analysis. A significant increase in microbial diversity occurred after FMT (P = 0.02). This was greater in clinical responders than nonresponders. Patients who experienced a clinical response demonstrated a significant shift in fecal microbial composition toward their donor's profile as assessed by the Bray-Curtis index at 4 weeks (P = 0.003). An increase in regulatory T cells (CD4CD25CD127lo) was also noted in recipients' lamina propria following FMT. No serious adverse events were noted over the 26-week study period. CONCLUSIONS In this open-label study, FMT led to an expansion in microbial bacterial diversity in patients with active CD. FMT was overall safe, although the clinical response was variable. Determining donor microbial factors that influence clinical response is needed before randomized clinical trials of FMT in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron P Vaughn
- Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tommi Vatanen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jessica R Allegretti
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aiping Bai
- Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua Korzenik
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Crohn’s and Colitis Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dirk Gevers
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Janssen Human Microbiome Institute, Janssen R&D, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amanda Ting
- Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alan C Moss
- Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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70
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Liberal R, Grant CR, Ma Y, Csizmadia E, Jiang ZG, Heneghan MA, Yee EU, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, Robson SC, Longhi MS. CD39 mediated regulation of Th17-cell effector function is impaired in juvenile autoimmune liver disease. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:102-12. [PMID: 27210814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS T-helper-type 17 (Th17) cells are involved in autoimmune tissue damage. CD39 is an ectonucleotidase that catalyzes extracellular ATP/ADP hydrolysis, culminating in the generation of immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional CD39 expression confers immunosuppressive properties upon immune cells. As the proportion of CD39 lymphocytes is decreased in juvenile autoimmune liver disease (AILD), we have explored whether decreased CD39 expression is present on Th17 cells and whether this phenomenon is associated with heightened effector function and inflammation. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with juvenile AILD (22 autoimmune hepatitis and 16 autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis), 8 disease controls (DC) and 16 healthy subjects (HS) were studied. Peripheral blood cell phenotype was determined by flow cytometry; ability to suppress by inhibition of cell proliferation/effector cytokine production; ectoenzymatic activity by thin layer chromatography; expression of adenosine receptor, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and phosphodiesterases (PDE) by quantitative real-time PCR or by Western Blot. RESULTS CD39(+) Th17 (Th17(CD39+)) cells from HS appear activated and contain high frequencies of lymphocytes producing regulatory cytokines. In AILD, however, Th17(CD39+) cells are markedly diminished and fail to generate AMP/adenosine, thereby limiting control of both target cell proliferation and IL-17 production. When compared to HS, Th17 cells from AILD patients also show lower A2A adenosine receptor expression while displaying similar levels of PDE4A, PDE4B and ADA. Only rare Th17(CD39+) cells are observed by liver immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Th17(CD39+) cells in juvenile AILD are both quantitatively decreased and qualitatively deficient. Low levels CD39 and A2A expression may contribute to the perpetuation of Th17 cell effector properties and unfettered inflammation in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Liberal
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Charlotte R Grant
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Zhenghui Gordon Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Paediatric Liver, GI & Nutrition Centre, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Diego Vergani
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
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71
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Timperi E, Pacella I, Schinzari V, Focaccetti C, Sacco L, Farelli F, Caronna R, Del Bene G, Longo F, Ciardi A, Morelli S, Vestri AR, Chirletti P, Barnaba V, Piconese S. Regulatory T cells with multiple suppressive and potentially pro-tumor activities accumulate in human colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1175800. [PMID: 27622025 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1175800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs can contribute to tumor progression by suppressing antitumor immunity. Exceptionally, in human colorectal cancer (CRC), Tregs are thought to exert beneficial roles in controlling pro-tumor chronic inflammation. The goal of our study was to characterize CRC-infiltrating Tregs at multiple levels, by phenotypical, molecular and functional evaluation of Tregs from the tumor site, compared to non-tumoral mucosa and peripheral blood of CRC patients. The frequency of Tregs was higher in mucosa than in blood, and further significantly increased in tumor. Ex vivo, those Tregs suppressed the proliferation of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. A differential compartmentalization was detected between Helios(high) and Helios(low) Treg subsets (thymus-derived versus peripherally induced): while Helios(low) Tregs were enriched in both sites, only Helios(high) Tregs accumulated significantly and specifically in tumors, displayed a highly demethylated TSDR region and contained high proportions of cells expressing CD39 and OX40, markers of activation and suppression. Besides the suppression of T cells, Tregs may contribute to CRC progression also through releasing IL-17, or differentiating into Tfr cells that potentially antagonize a protective Tfh response, events that were both detected in tumor-associated Tregs. Overall, our data indicate that Treg accumulation may contribute through multiple mechanisms to CRC establishment and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Timperi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Schinzari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Sacco
- Sezione di Chirurgia Interdisciplinare "F. Durante", Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Farelli
- Sezione di Chirurgia Interdisciplinare "F. Durante", Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Caronna
- Sezione di Chirurgia Interdisciplinare "F. Durante", Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Del Bene
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Longo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Radiologiche, Oncologiche e Anatomo-Patologiche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Morelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Vestri
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Chirletti
- Sezione di Chirurgia Interdisciplinare "F. Durante", Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy; Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Pandolfi JB, Ferraro AA, Sananez I, Gancedo MC, Baz P, Billordo LA, Fainboim L, Arruvito L. ATP-Induced Inflammation Drives Tissue-Resident Th17 Cells in Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3287-96. [PMID: 26951799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation is conducted by a metabolic pathway, which eventually causes activation of specialized immune cells and leads to an unresolved inflammatory response within the tissue. For this reason, it is critically important to determine how hypertrophic fat tissue alters T cell balance to drive inflammation. In this study, we identify the purinergic signaling as a novel mechanism driving the adaptive Th17 response in human visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of metabolically unhealthy obese patients. We demonstrate that ATP acting via the P2X7 receptor pathway promotes a Th17 polarizing microenvironment with high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 in VAT explants from lean donors. Moreover, in vitro blockade of the P2X7 receptor abrogates the levels of these cytokines. These findings are consistent with a greater frequency of Th17 cells in tissue from metabolically unhealthy obese donors, revealed not only by the presence of a baseline Th17-promoting milieu, but also by the higher expression of steadily recognized Th17 markers, such as RORC, IL-17 cytokine, and IL-23R, in comparison with metabolically healthy obese and lean donors. In addition, we demonstrate that CD39 expression on CD4(+)effector T cells represents a novel Th17 marker in the inflamed VAT, which also confers protection against ATP-induced cell death. The manipulation of the purinergic signaling might represent a new therapeutic target to shift the CD4(+)T cell balance under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta B Pandolfi
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Ariel A Ferraro
- División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Sananez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Maria C Gancedo
- División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Plácida Baz
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Luis A Billordo
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Leonardo Fainboim
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Lourdes Arruvito
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1120AAF Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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Extracellular ATP mediates inflammatory responses in colitis via P2 × 7 receptor signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19108. [PMID: 26739809 PMCID: PMC4703960 DOI: 10.1038/srep19108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular purinergic products, particularly ATP, have recently been implicated to regulate immune cell functions and contribute to aberrant inflammatory responses of immune diseases. However, regulation of immune responses of colitis by extracellular ATP and its main receptor, P2 × 7, remains to be elucidated. In the study, we induced murine colitis by feeding mice with 4% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and noted dramatically heightened extracellular ATP levels in colon tissues during the progression of experimental colitis. Blockade of ATP release by carbenoxolone (CBX) treatment, or promoting ATP degradation by ATP diphosphohydrolase (apyrase), decreased extracellular ATP levels in colon tissues, attenuated DSS-induced colitis, whereas inhibition of extracellular ATP degradation by sodium metatungstate (POM-1) exacerbated tissue damage in the mice with colitis. Moreover, treatment with inhibitor of P2 × 7 receptor, A438079, decreased NFκB activation and active caspase-1 expression in lamina propria immune cells, downregulated proinflammatory cytokine production in colon tissues, and attenuated murine colitis. Collectively, these data suggest extracellular ATP participates in regulation of inflammatory responses of experimental colitis, through P2 × 7 receptor and inflammasome and NFκB signaling, which provides potential alternatives to the current clinical approaches to suppress extracellular ATP-mediated immune responsiveness.
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Increased expression of long noncoding RNAs LOC100652951 and LOC100506036 in T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis facilitates the inflammatory responses. Immunol Res 2015; 64:576-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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75
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NADH oxidase-dependent CD39 expression by CD8(+) T cells modulates interferon gamma responses via generation of adenosine. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8819. [PMID: 26549640 PMCID: PMC4667632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ)-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc1) play important roles in immunological disease. We now report that CD3/CD28-mediated stimulation of CD8+ T cells to generate Tc1 cells, not only increases IFNγ production but also boosts the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and augments expression of CD39. Inhibition of NADPH oxidases or knockdown of gp91phox in CD8+ T cells abrogates ROS generation, which in turn modulates JNK and NFκB signalling with decreases in both IFNγ levels and CD39 expression. CD39+CD8+ T cells substantially inhibit IFNγ production by CD39−CD8+ T cells via the paracrine generation of adenosine, which is operational via adenosine type 2A receptors. Increases in numbers of CD39+CD8+ T cells and associated enhancements in ROS signal transduction are noted in cells from patients with Crohn's disease. Our findings provide insights into Tc1-mediated IFNγ responses and ROS generation and link these pathways to CD39/adenosine-mediated effects in immunological disease. The ectonucleotidase CD39 ultimately generates extracellular adenosine, modulating paracrine purinergic signaling. Here the authors show that IFNγ induction in CD8+ T cells is accompanied by NADH oxidase-dependent CD39 expression, which then inhibits IFNγ production in CD39-CD8+ T cells.
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Telesford KM, Yan W, Ochoa-Reparaz J, Pant A, Kircher C, Christy MA, Begum-Haque S, Kasper DL, Kasper LH. A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and Treg function. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:234-42. [PMID: 26230152 PMCID: PMC4615798 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1056973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA) derived from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis is a symbiosis factor that stimulates immunologic development within mammalian hosts. PSA rebalances skewed systemic T helper responses and promotes T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, PSA-mediated induction of Foxp3 in humans has not been reported. In mice, PSA-generated Foxp3(+) Tregs dampen Th17 activity thereby facilitating bacterial intestinal colonization while the increased presence and function of these regulatory cells may guard against pathological organ-specific inflammation in hosts. We herein demonstrate that PSA induces expression of Foxp3 along with CD39 among naïve CD4 T cells in vitro while promoting IL-10 secretion. PSA-activated dendritic cells are essential for the mediation of this regulatory response. When cultured with isolated Foxp3(+) Tregs, PSA enriched Foxp3 expression, enhanced the frequency of CD39(+)HLA-DR(+) cells, and increased suppressive function as measured by decreased TNFα expression by LPS-stimulated monocytes. Our findings are the first to demonstrate in vitro induction of human CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and enhanced suppressive function of circulating Foxp3(+) Tregs by a human commensal bacterial symbiotic factor. Use of PSA for the treatment of human autoimmune diseases, in particular multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, may represent a new paradigm in the approach to treating autoimmune disease.
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Key Words
- B. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis
- Bacteroides fragilis
- DC, Dendritic cell
- Foxp3
- GF, Germ Free
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- NCD4, Naïve CD4
- PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PSA, Polysaccharide A
- SPF, Specific pathogen free
- Sp1, Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 1
- T regulatory cells
- Treg, T regulatory cell
- ZPS, Zwitterionic polysaccharide.
- autoimmunity
- commensal microbiota
- dendritic cell
- ectonuclease
- multiple sclerosis
- pDC, Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- zwitterionic polysaccharide
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiel M Telesford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA,Correspondence to: Kiel M Telesford;
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Reparaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Anudeep Pant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Christopher Kircher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Marc A Christy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sakhina Begum-Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
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Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a lipid hydrolase enzyme, has the potential to modulate various cellular activation responses via the generation of ceramide and by interaction with cellular receptors. We have hypothesized that ASM modulates CD4+ T-cell receptor activation and impacts immune responses. We first observed interactions of ASM with the intracellular domains of both CD3 and CD28. ASM further mediates T-cell proliferation after anti-CD3/CD28 antibody stimulation and alters CD4+ T-cell activation signals by generating ceramide. We noted that various pharmacological inhibitors of ASM or knockdown of ASM using small hairpin RNA inhibit CD3/CD28-mediated CD4+ T-cell proliferation and activation. Furthermore, such blockade of ASM bioactivity by biochemical inhibitors and/or molecular-targeted knockdown of ASM broadly abrogate T-helper cell responses. In conclusion, we detail immune, pivotal roles of ASM in adaptive immune T-cell responses, and propose that these pathways might provide novel targets for the therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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78
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Bai A, Robson S. Beyond ecto-nucleotidase: CD39 defines human Th17 cells with CD161. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:317-9. [PMID: 26059452 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD39/ENTPD1 is a prototypic member of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPDase) family on cell surface. CD39 has been reported to be a marker of regulatory immune cells and catalyzes extracellular hydrolysis of nucleotides to generate AMP and, in tandem with CD73, adenosine. We have recently found in addition that co-expression of CD39 and CD161 by human CD4(+) T cells may become a biomarker of human Th17 cells. CD39 and CD161 have direct interactions that are further linked with acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Upon activation of CD39 and CD161, the molecular interactions boost ASM bio-activity, which generates cellular ceramide to further mediate downstream signals inclusive of STAT3 and mTOR. We suggest modulation of human Th17 responsiveness by CD39 and CD161 and describe novel molecular mechanisms integrating elements of both extracellular nucleotide and sphingolipid homeostasis that are pivotal in the control of human Th17 cells and which could have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,
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79
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Fergusson JR, Smith KE, Fleming VM, Rajoriya N, Newell EW, Simmons R, Marchi E, Björkander S, Kang YH, Swadling L, Kurioka A, Sahgal N, Lockstone H, Baban D, Freeman GJ, Sverremark-Ekström E, Davis MM, Davenport MP, Venturi V, Ussher JE, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. CD161 defines a transcriptional and functional phenotype across distinct human T cell lineages. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1075-88. [PMID: 25437561 PMCID: PMC4250839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectin CD161 is expressed by a large proportion of human T lymphocytes of all lineages, including a population known as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. To understand whether different T cell subsets expressing CD161 have similar properties, we examined these populations in parallel using mass cytometry and mRNA microarray approaches. The analysis identified a conserved CD161++/MAIT cell transcriptional signature enriched in CD161+CD8+ T cells, which can be extended to CD161+ CD4+ and CD161+TCRγδ+ T cells. Furthermore, this led to the identification of a shared innate-like, TCR-independent response to interleukin (IL)-12 plus IL-18 by different CD161-expressing T cell populations. This response was independent of regulation by CD161, which acted as a costimulatory molecule in the context of T cell receptor stimulation. Expression of CD161 hence identifies a transcriptional and functional phenotype, shared across human T lymphocytes and independent of both T cell receptor (TCR) expression and cell lineage. CD161 expression defines specific T cell subsets, including CD8+, CD4+, and TCRγδ+ CD161-expressing lymphocytes possess a conserved transcriptional signature CD161-expressing lymphocytes display a shared innate response to IL-12+18 CD161 can act as a costimulatory receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannah R Fergusson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Kira E Smith
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Vicki M Fleming
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Neil Rajoriya
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Evan W Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Ruth Simmons
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu-Hoi Kang
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Natasha Sahgal
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dilair Baban
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kensington, NSW NS2 2052, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Kensington, NSW NS2 2052, Australia
| | - James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9TU, UK.
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