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Popovic B, Golemac M, Podlech J, Zeleznjak J, Bilic-Zulle L, Lukic ML, Cicin-Sain L, Reddehase MJ, Sparwasser T, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S. IL-33/ST2 pathway drives regulatory T cell dependent suppression of liver damage upon cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006345. [PMID: 28448566 PMCID: PMC5423658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells dampen an exaggerated immune response to viral infections in order to avoid immunopathology. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are herpesviruses usually causing asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent hosts and induce strong cellular immunity which provides protection against CMV disease. It remains unclear how these persistent viruses manage to avoid induction of immunopathology not only during the acute infection but also during life-long persistence and virus reactivation. This may be due to numerous viral immunoevasion strategies used to specifically modulate immune responses but also induction of Treg cells by CMV infection. Here we demonstrate that liver Treg cells are strongly induced in mice infected with murine CMV (MCMV). The depletion of Treg cells results in severe hepatitis and liver damage without alterations in the virus load. Moreover, liver Treg cells show a high expression of ST2, a cellular receptor for tissue alarmin IL-33, which is strongly upregulated in the liver of infected mice. We demonstrated that IL-33 signaling is crucial for Treg cell accumulation after MCMV infection and ST2-deficient mice show a more pronounced liver pathology and higher mortality compared to infected control mice. These results illustrate the importance of IL-33 in the suppressive function of liver Treg cells during CMV infection. Treg cells are crucial for immune homeostasis and for dampening immune response to several diseased conditions, including viral infections. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a herpesvirus with pathogenic potential, so that early immune mechanisms are essential in controlling virus and protecting from virus-induced pathology. Studies on Foxp3+ Treg cells have revealed their inhibitory role on the early T cell response to MCMV infection and have suggested Treg cells as a target of MCMV’s immunoevasion mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the number and activation status of liver Treg cells is strongly induced upon MCMV infection in order to protect the host from severe liver damage. They constitutively express high amounts of IL-33 receptor ST2 and their accumulation depends on IL-33, which is released as a tissue alarmin after the cell damage. For the first time, we show an immunoregulatory role of IL-33-dependent Treg cells in the liver of MCMV infected mice and their suppression of MCMV-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka Popovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bilic-Zulle
- Clinical Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Center, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- * E-mail:
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Griesenauer B, Paczesny S. The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:475. [PMID: 28484466 PMCID: PMC5402045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a decoy receptor, sequesters free IL-33, and does not signal, and a membrane-bound form (ST2), which activates the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance mast cell, Th2, regulatory T cell (Treg), and innate lymphoid cell type 2 functions. sST2 levels are increased in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, acute cardiac and small bowel transplant allograft rejection, colon and gastric cancers, gut mucosal damage during viral infection, pulmonary disease, heart disease, and graft-versus-host disease. Recently, sST2 has been shown to be secreted by intestinal pro-inflammatory T cells during gut inflammation; on the contrary, protective ST2-expressing Tregs are decreased, implicating that ST2/IL-33 signaling may play an important role in intestinal disease. This review will focus on what is known on its signaling during various inflammatory disease states and highlight potential avenues to intervene in ST2/IL-33 signaling as treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Griesenauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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53
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Zeleznjak J, Popovic B, Krmpotic A, Jonjic S, Lisnic VJ. Mouse cytomegalovirus encoded immunoevasins and evolution of Ly49 receptors - Sidekicks or enemies? Immunol Lett 2017; 189:40-47. [PMID: 28414184 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have dedicated a large portion of their genome towards immune evasion targeting many aspects of the host immune system, particularly NK cells. However, the host managed to cope with the infection by developing multiple mechanisms to recognize viral threat and counterattack it, thus illustrating never-ending evolutionary interplay between CMV and its host. In this review, we will focus on several mechanisms of NK cell evasion by mouse CMV (MCMV), the role of host inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors involved in the virus control and acquisition of adaptive features by NK cells as a consequence of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia; Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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54
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Bi J, Cui L, Yu G, Yang X, Chen Y, Wan X. NK Cells Alleviate Lung Inflammation by Negatively Regulating Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3336-3344. [PMID: 28275135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in orchestrating type II immune responses. However, the cellular mechanisms of group 2 innate lymphoid cell regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that activated NK cells inhibited the proliferation of, as well as IL-5 and IL-13 production by, ILC2s in vitro via IFN-γ. In addition, in a murine model of ILC2 expansion in the liver, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, an NK cell-activating agent, inhibited ILC2 proliferation, IL-5 and IL-13 production, and eosinophil recruitment. Such effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were abrogated in NK cell-depleted mice and in IFN-γ-deficient mice. Adoptively transferring wild-type NK cells into NK cell-depleted mice resulted in fewer ILC2s induced by IL-33 compared with the transfer of IFN-γ-deficient NK cells. Importantly, during the early stage of papain- or bleomycin-induced lung inflammation, depletion of NK cells resulted in increased ILC2 numbers and enhanced cytokine production by ILC2s, as well as aggravated eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia. Collectively, these data show that NK cells negatively regulate ILC2s during the early stage of lung inflammation, which represents the novel cellular interaction between two family members of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Cui
- Division of Immunology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Guang Yu
- Division of Immunology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Youhai Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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EBI3 regulates the NK cell response to mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1625-1630. [PMID: 28143936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700231114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key mediators in the control of cytomegalovirus infection. Here, we show that Epstein-Barr virus-induced 3 (EBI3) is expressed by human NK cells after NKG2D or IL-12 plus IL-18 stimulation and by mouse NK cells during mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. The induction of EBI3 protein expression in mouse NK cells is a late activation event. Thus, early activation events of NK cells, such as IFNγ production and CD69 expression, were not affected in EBI3-deficient (Ebi3-/- ) C57BL/6 (B6) mice during MCMV infection. Furthermore, comparable levels of early viral replication in spleen and liver were observed in MCMV-infected Ebi3-/- and wild-type (WT) B6 mice. Interestingly, the viral load in salivary glands and oral lavage was strongly decreased in the MCMV-infected Ebi3-/- B6 mice, suggesting that EBI3 plays a role in the establishment of MCMV latency. We detected a decrease in the sustained IL-10 production by NK cells and lower serum levels of IL-10 in the MCMV-infected Ebi3-/- B6 mice. Furthermore, we observed an increase in dendritic cell maturation markers and an increase in activated CD8+ T cells. Thus, EBI3 dampens the immune response against MCMV infection, resulting in prolonged viral persistence.
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Abstract
Viral infections continuously challenge and shape our immune system. Due to their fine antigen recognition ability, adaptive lymphocytes protect against pathogen reencounter by generating specific immunological memory. Innate cells such as macrophages also adapt to pathogen challenge and mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed trained immunity. As part of the innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells can display rapid effector functions and play a crucial role in the control of viral infections, especially by the β-herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV activates the NK-cell pool by inducing proinflammatory signals, which prime NK cells, paralleling macrophage training. In addition, CMV dramatically shapes the NK-cell repertoire due to its ability to trigger specific NK cell-activating receptors, and enables the expansion and persistence of a specific NK-cell subset displaying adaptive and memory features. In this chapter, we will discuss how different signals during CMV infection contribute to NK-cell training and acquisition of classical memory properties and how these events can impact on reinfection and cross-resistance.
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57
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Nabekura T, Lanier LL. Tracking the fate of antigen-specific versus cytokine-activated natural killer cells after cytomegalovirus infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2745-2758. [PMID: 27810928 PMCID: PMC5110025 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nabekura and Lanier demonstrate that two distinct long-lived NK cell subsets with different functional properties differentiate during mouse model of cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. NK cells expressing the MCMV-specific Ly49H receptor differentiated into memory NK cells and Ly49H− NK cells differentiated into cytokine-activated NK cells. Memory NK cells show enhanced effector function, whereas cytokine-activated NK cells persisted better in an MCMV-free environment. Natural killer (NK) cells provide important host defense and can generate long-lived memory NK cells. Here, by using novel transgenic mice carrying inducible Cre expressed under the control of Ncr1 gene, we demonstrated that two distinct long-lived NK cell subsets differentiate in a mouse model of cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. NK cells expressing the MCMV-specific Ly49H receptor differentiated into memory NK cells by an activating signaling through Ly49H and Ly49H− NK cells differentiated into cytokine-activated NK cells by exposure to inflammatory cytokines during infection. Interleukin-12 is indispensable for optimal generation of both antigen-specific memory NK cells and cytokine-activated NK cells. MCMV-specific memory NK cells show enhanced effector function and augmented antitumor activity in vivo as compared with cytokine-activated NK cells, whereas cytokine-activated NK cells exhibited a more robust response to IL-15 and persisted better in an MCMV-free environment. These findings reveal that NK cells are capable of differentiation into distinct long-lived subsets with different functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143
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58
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Mehraj V, Ponte R, Routy JP. The Dynamic Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Chronic Viral-infections: Alarming and Adjuvanting the Immune Response. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:37-44. [PMID: 27397514 PMCID: PMC4972565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, is constitutively expressed in epithelial and in endothelial cells at barrier sites, acting as a danger signal and adjuvanting the immune response following tissue damage and infection. Originally implicated in allergy, IL-33 is also known to be involved in innate and adaptive immune responses by enhancing natural killer, Th1, and CD4 and CD8 T-cell functions. The nature of the antiviral immune response orchestrated by IL-33 depends on the site of infection, the duration of the disease and the cytokine milieu. In this review, we focus on the distinctive contribution of IL-33 as an anti-infective and proinflammatory cytokine in response to cell death and viral infections. The dynamic role of IL-33 in the acute and chronic phases of infection with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and with CMV is highlighted. This review will also discuss the potential immunotherapeutic and adjuvant roles of IL-33. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria English language, indexed publications in PubMed were searched using combinations of following key words: “interleukin-33”, “IL-33”, “suppression of tumorigenicity 2”, ST2”, “sST2”, “HIV”, “HBV”, “HCV”, “CMV”, “HPV”, “immunotherapy” and “vaccine”. Except for seminal studies, only articles published between 2010 and 2016 were included. IL-33, a guardian of barriers, acts as an alarmin and as an enhancer of immune responses following injury or infection. sST2, the IL-33 decoy receptor, is considered as a biomarker for allergies, cardiac conditions and infections. IL-33 has immunotherapeutic and/or adjuvant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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59
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Goodridge HS, Ahmed SS, Curtis N, Kollmann TR, Levy O, Netea MG, Pollard AJ, van Crevel R, Wilson CB. Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:392-400. [PMID: 27157064 PMCID: PMC4931283 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through protection against non-targeted pathogens in addition to the targeted pathogen. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. We discuss how heterologous lymphocyte activation and innate immune memory could promote protection beyond the intended target pathogen and consider how vaccinologists could leverage heterologous immunity to improve outcomes in vulnerable populations, in particular the very young and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. Goodridge
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | | | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-175, 950 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z4H4, Canada.
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christopher B. Wilson
- Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 500 5 Ave N, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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60
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Epigenetic Regulation of Adaptive NK Cell Diversification. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:451-461. [PMID: 27160662 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were previously considered to represent short-lived, innate lymphocytes. However, mouse models have revealed expansion and persistence of differentiated NK cell subsets in response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, paralleling antigen-specific T cell differentiation. Congruently, analyses of humans have uncovered CMV-associated NK cell subsets characterized by epigenetic diversification processes that lead to altered target cell specificities and functional capacities. Here, focusing on responses to viruses, we review similarities and differences between mouse and human adaptive NK cells, identifying molecular analogies that may be key to transcriptional reprogramming and functional alterations. We discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic diversification and hypothesize that processes driving epigenetic diversification may represent a more widespread mechanism for fine-tuning and optimization of cellular immunity.
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61
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IL-33 in T Cell Differentiation, Function, and Immune Homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:321-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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62
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Latz E, Mills KHG, Natoli G, Stunnenberg HG, O'Neill LAJ, Xavier RJ. Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease. Science 2016; 352:aaf1098. [PMID: 27102489 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1619] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The general view that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has recently been challenged. In organisms lacking adaptive immunity, as well as in mammals, the innate immune system can mount resistance to reinfection, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory." Trained immunity is orchestrated by epigenetic reprogramming, broadly defined as sustained changes in gene expression and cell physiology that do not involve permanent genetic changes such as mutations and recombination, which are essential for adaptive immunity. The discovery of trained immunity may open the door for novel vaccine approaches, new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immune deficiency states, and modulation of exaggerated inflammation in autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany. Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculties of Science and Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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63
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Ullah MA, Hill GR, Tey SK. Functional Reconstitution of Natural Killer Cells in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 27148263 PMCID: PMC4831973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocyte population to reconstitute following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and are important in mediating immunity against both leukemia and pathogens. Although NK cell numbers generally reconstitute within a month, the acquisition of mature NK cell phenotype and full functional competency can take 6 months or more, and is influenced by graft composition, concurrent pharmacologic immunosuppression, graft-versus-host disease, and other clinical factors. In addition, cytomegalovirus infection and reactivation have a dominant effect on NK cell memory imprinting following allogeneic HSCT just as it does in healthy individuals. Our understanding of NK cell education and licensing has evolved in the years since the "missing self" hypothesis for NK-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effect was first put forward. For example, we now know that NK cell "re-education" can occur, and that unlicensed NK cells can be more protective than licensed NK cells in certain settings, thus raising new questions about how best to harness graft-versus-leukemia effect. Here, we review current understanding of the functional reconstitution of NK cells and NK cell education following allogeneic HSCT, highlighting a conceptual framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashik Ullah
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- Bone Marrow Transplant Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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64
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Geiger TL, Sun JC. Development and maturation of natural killer cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:82-9. [PMID: 26845614 PMCID: PMC4801705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are critical for host protection against pathogens and cancer due to their ability to rapidly release inflammatory cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells. In the 40 years since their initial discovery, much has been learned about how this important cellular lineage develops and functions. We now know that NK cells are the founding members of an expanded family of lymphocyte known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Furthermore, we have recently discovered that NK cells can possess features of adaptive immunity such as antigen specificity and long-lived memory responses. Here we will review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving development of NK cells from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) to mature NK cells, and from activated effectors to long-lived memory NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Geiger
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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65
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Aoki R, Kawamura T, Goshima F, Ogawa Y, Nakae S, Moriishi K, Nakao A, Shimada S. The Alarmin IL-33 Derived from HSV-2-Infected Keratinocytes Triggers Mast Cell-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1290-1292. [PMID: 26872602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Gillespie AL, Teoh J, Lee H, Prince J, Stadnisky MD, Anderson M, Nash W, Rival C, Wei H, Gamache A, Farber CR, Tung K, Brown MG. Genomic Modifiers of Natural Killer Cells, Immune Responsiveness and Lymphoid Tissue Remodeling Together Increase Host Resistance to Viral Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005419. [PMID: 26845690 PMCID: PMC4742223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC class I Dk molecule supplies vital host resistance during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Natural killer (NK) cells expressing the Ly49G2 inhibitory receptor, which specifically binds Dk, are required to control viral spread. The extent of Dk-dependent host resistance, however, differs significantly amongst related strains of mice, C57L and MA/My. As a result, we predicted that relatively small-effect modifier genetic loci might together shape immune cell features, NK cell reactivity, and the host immune response to MCMV. A robust Dk-dependent genetic effect, however, has so far hindered attempts to identify additional host resistance factors. Thus, we applied genomic mapping strategies and multicolor flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in naive and virus-infected hosts to identify genetic modifiers of the host immune response to MCMV. We discovered and validated many quantitative trait loci (QTL); these were mapped to at least 19 positions on 16 chromosomes. Intriguingly, one newly discovered non-MHC locus (Cmv5) controlled splenic NK cell accrual, secondary lymphoid organ structure, and lymphoid follicle development during MCMV infection. We infer that Cmv5 aids host resistance to MCMV infection by expanding NK cells needed to preserve and protect essential tissue structural elements, to enhance lymphoid remodeling and to increase viral clearance in spleen. Uncovering the genetic basis of resistance to viral infection and disease is critical to learning about how immune defenses might be adjusted, how to design better vaccines, and how to elicit effectual immune protection in human populations. Prior studies have shown that both MHC and non-MHC genes support host defenses, or endow specialized immune cells with efficient sensing or responsiveness to infection. Many additional resistance genes remain to be identified, including difficult to detect smaller-effect alleles, which might add to or interact with other genetic factors. Our grasp of the complex interaction involving these genetic elements is thus inadequate. We combined genomic and multiparameter phenotypic analyses to map and identify host genes that control immune cells or sensitivity to viral infection. We reasoned that some might also affect viral clearance. Thus we enumerated a range of immune cell traits in mice before and after infection, which permitted genomic analysis of viral immunity, and mapping of genetic modifiers for each trait. Our study demonstrates that distinct loci collectively regulate both NK cells and host resistance, which provides a framework to understand the genetic interactions, and a variety of potential novel targets to adjust NK cell functionality and host resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Lundgren Gillespie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Teoh
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Heather Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Prince
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Stadnisky
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Monique Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William Nash
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Claudia Rival
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hairong Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Farber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Tung
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner and then undergo cell death. Recently, however, NK cells have been shown to possess traits of adaptive immunity and can acquire immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells. In this review, we discuss evidence of NK cell memory and the mechanisms involved in the generation and survival of these innate lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Cerwenka A, Lanier LL. Natural killer cell memory in infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:112-23. [PMID: 26806484 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory can be defined as a quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced immune response upon rechallenge. For natural killer (NK) cells, two main types of memory exist. First, similarly to T cells and B cells, NK cells can exert immunological memory after encounters with stimuli such as haptens or viruses, resulting in the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. Second, NK cells can remember inflammatory cytokine milieus that imprint long-lasting non-antigen-specific NK cell effector function. The basic concepts derived from studying NK cell memory provide new insights about innate immunity and could lead to novel strategies to improve treatments for infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center/D080, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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69
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Molofsky AB, Savage AK, Locksley RM. Interleukin-33 in Tissue Homeostasis, Injury, and Inflammation. Immunity 2015; 42:1005-19. [PMID: 26084021 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a nuclear-associated cytokine of the IL-1 family originally described as a potent inducer of allergic type 2 immunity. IL-33 signals via the receptor ST2, which is highly expressed on group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells, thus underpinning its association with helminth infection and allergic pathology. Recent studies have revealed ST2 expression on subsets of regulatory T cells, and for a role for IL-33 in tissue homeostasis and repair that suggests previously unrecognized interactions within these cellular networks. IL-33 can participate in pathologic fibrotic reactions, or, in the setting of microbial invasion, can cooperate with inflammatory cytokines to promote responses by cytotoxic NK cells, Th1 cells, and CD8(+) T cells. Here, we highlight the regulation and function of IL-33 and ST2 and review their roles in homeostasis, damage, and inflammation, suggesting a conceptual framework for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA
| | - Adam K Savage
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0795, USA.
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70
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Liang Y, Jie Z, Hou L, Yi P, Wang W, Kwota Z, Salvato M, de Waal Malefyt R, Soong L, Sun J. IL-33 promotes innate IFN-γ production and modulates dendritic cell response in LCMV-induced hepatitis in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3052-63. [PMID: 26249267 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed IL-33 as a key factor in promoting antiviral T-cell responses. However, it is less clear as to how IL-33 regulates innate immunity. In this study, we infected wild-type (WT) and IL-33(-/-) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and demonstrated an essential role of infection-induced IL-33 expression for robust innate IFN-γ production in the liver. We first show that IL-33 deficiency resulted in a marked reduction in the number of IFN-γ(+) γδ T and NK cells, but an increase in that of IL-17(+) γδ T cells at 16 h postinfection. Recombinant IL-33 (rIL-33) treatment could reverse such deficiency via increasing IFN-γ-producing γδ T and NK cells, and inhibiting IL-17(+) γδ T cells. We also found that rIL-33-induced type 2 innate lymphoid cells were not involved in T-cell responses and liver injury, since the adoptive transfer of type 2 innate lymphoid cells neither affected the IFN-γ and TNF-α production in T cells, nor liver transferase levels in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected mice. Interestingly, we found that while IL-33 was not required for costimulatory molecule expression, it was critical for DC proliferation and cytokine production. Together, this study highlights an essential role of IL-33 in regulating innate IFN-γ-production and DC function during viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zakari Kwota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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71
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Hendricks DW, Min-Oo G, Lanier LL. Sweet Is the Memory of Past Troubles: NK Cells Remember. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 395:147-71. [PMID: 26099194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in host defense against tumors and microbial pathogens. Recent studies indicate that NK cells share many features with the adaptive immune system, and like B cells and T cells, NK cells can acquire immunological memory. Here, we review evidence for NK cell memory and the molecules involved in the generation and maintenance of these self-renewing NK cells that provide enhanced protection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah W Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Gundula Min-Oo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA.
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