51
|
Hallal-Calleros C, Agramonte-Hevia J, Garay-Canales C, Oliver JM, Guerra-Araiza C, Heras D, Camacho-Arroyo I, Soto-Cruz I, Ortega E. Syk and Lyn phosphorylation induced by FcγRI and FγRII crosslinking is determined by the differentiation state of U-937 monocytic cells. Immunol Lett 2005; 99:169-79. [PMID: 16009267 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)-mediated phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes is an essential function in host defense. This process is initiated by crosslinking of membrane FcgammaRs, which induces phosphorylation and activation of Src and Syk tyrosine kinases. Activation of these enzymes is essential for initiating the biochemical cascade that results in the cytoskeletal and membrane changes involved in phagocytosis. Phagocytic capacity and other effector functions of mononuclear phagocytes change during differentiation/maturation of these cells. This is a complex process governed by different soluble and micro-environmental factors, giving rise to populations of cells with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Several agents, including calcitriol, have been shown to induce in vitro differentiation-related phenotypic changes in monocytic cell lines. In this paper, we characterized the changes in the initial biochemical signals associated with the increase in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis induced by calcitriol in monocytic U-937 cells. The 10-fold increase in phagocytic capacity is not accompanied by an increase in FcgammaR expression. However, the phosphorylation levels of Lyn and Syk after FcgammaRI or FcgammaRII crosslinking are increased after calcitriol treatment. Our results suggest that signaling induced by FcgammaR in mononuclear phagocytes is not only dependent on the quantity of FcgammaRs aggregated by a stimulus, but it is highly dependent on the cell's differentiation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hallal-Calleros
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - UNAM, D.F
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pertosa G, Simone S, Soccio M, Marrone D, Gesualdo L, Schena FP, Grandaliano G. Coagulation cascade activation causes CC chemokine receptor-2 gene expression and mononuclear cell activation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2477-86. [PMID: 15976001 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004070621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Priming of the coagulation cascade during hemodialysis (HD) leads to the release of activated factor X (FXa). The binding of FXa to its specific receptors, effector protease receptor-1 (EPR-1) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), may induce the activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and promote a chronic inflammatory state that is responsible for several HD-related morbidities. In the attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the coagulation-associated inflammation in HD, 10 HD patients were randomized to be treated subsequently with a cellulose acetate membrane (CA) and Ethylen-vinyl-alcohol (EVAL), a synthetic membrane that has been shown to reduce FXa generation. At the end of each experimental period, surface FXa and thrombin receptors (EPR-1 and PAR-1, -2, and -4) and CCR2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor) gene expression in isolated PBMC were examined. the ability of dialytic membranes to activate protein-tyrosine kinases and the stress-activated kinase JNK and to modulate the generation of terminal complement complex (TCC) was also investigated. EPR-1 and PAR-2 and -4 mRNA expression, barely detectable in normal PBMC, were significantly upregulated in HD patients, particularly in those who were treated with CA. A striking increase of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and JNK activation was observed at the end of HD only in CA-treated patients. Simultaneously, an increased gene expression for both splicing isoforms of CCR2, A and B, only in PBMC from CA-treated patients was demonstrated. The increased CCR-2 mRNA abundance was followed by a significant increase in its protein synthesis. The high expression of CCR2 was associated with an increased generation of plasma TCC and a significant drop in leukocyte and monocyte count. By contrast, EVAL treatment slightly lowered TCC generation and normalized leukocyte count. In vitro FXa induced CCR2 A and B expression and JNK activation in freshly isolated PBMC. FXa-induced CCR2 mRNA expression was completely abolished by JNK and tyrosine kinase inhibition. In conclusion, these data suggest that subclinical clotting activation may cause an increased CCR2 gene and protein expression on uremic PBMC, contributing to HD-related chronic microinflammation. The use of the less coagulation-activating membrane, EVAL, may reduce PBMC activation through the modulation of the stress-activated kinase JNK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pertosa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Emergency and Transplantation, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Okazawa H, Motegi SI, Ohyama N, Ohnishi H, Tomizawa T, Kaneko Y, Oldenborg PA, Ishikawa O, Matozaki T. Negative regulation of phagocytosis in macrophages by the CD47-SHPS-1 system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2004-11. [PMID: 15699129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) substrate-1 (SHPS-1) is a transmembrane protein that is expressed predominantly in macrophages. Its extracellular region interacts with the transmembrane ligand CD47 expressed on the surface of adjacent cells, and its cytoplasmic region binds the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2. Phagocytosis of IgG- or complement-opsonized RBCs by peritoneal macrophages derived from mice that express a mutant SHPS-1 protein that lacks most of the cytoplasmic region was markedly enhanced compared with that apparent with wild-type macrophages. This effect was not observed either with CD47-deficient RBCs as the phagocytic target or in the presence of blocking Abs to SHPS-1. Depletion of SHPS-1 from wild-type macrophages by RNA interference also promoted FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis of wild-type RBCs. Ligation of SHPS-1 on macrophages by CD47 on RBCs promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and its association with SHP-1, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 was markedly reduced in response to cross-linking of FcgammaRs. Treatment with inhibitors of PI3K or of Syk, but not with those of MEK or Src family kinases, abolished the enhancement of FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis apparent in macrophages from SHPS-1 mutant mice. In contrast, FcgammaR-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, Cbl, or the gamma subunit of FcR was similar in macrophages from wild-type and SHPS-1 mutant mice. These results suggest that ligation of SHPS-1 on macrophages by CD47 promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and thereby prevents the FcgammaR-mediated disruption of the SHPS-1-SHP-1 complex, resulting in inhibition of phagocytosis. The inhibition of phagocytosis by the SHPS-1-SHP-1 complex may be mediated at the level of Syk or PI3K signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD47 Antigen
- Complement C3b/metabolism
- Cross-Linking Reagents/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/genetics
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/immunology
- Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule L1/metabolism
- Opsonin Proteins/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphorylation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Syk Kinase
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Okazawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, and Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Swanson JA, Hoppe AD. The coordination of signaling during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1093-103. [PMID: 15466916 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by macrophages can be initiated by Fcgamma receptors (FcR) in membranes that bind to Fc regions of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Activated FcR transduce signals to cytoplasm, which regulate the internalization of IgG-coated particles into plasma membrane-derived vacuoles, phagosomes. Particles internalized by phagocytosis are much larger than FcR, which prompts questions of if and how the receptors are coordinated with each other. FcR-mediated signal transduction entails recruitment of proteins from cytoplasm to the receptor, largely via protein phosphorylation. These FcR signaling complexes then activate proteins that regulate actin, myosin, membrane fusion, and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Recent fluorescence microscopic studies of phagocytosis in macrophages indicate that signaling by FcR occurs as a sequence of distinct stages, evident in the spatial and temporal patterns of phosphoinositides, protein kinase C, and Rho-family GTPase activation on forming phagosomes. The coordination of these stages may be regulated by lipids or lipid-anchored proteins, which diffuse away from FcR complexes. Lateral diffusion of FcR-derived signals could integrate FcR-dependent responses over large areas of membrane in the forming phagosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Swanson
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1335 Catherine Street, Med Sci II, Rm. 5608, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Peterson KS, Huang JF, Zhu J, D'Agati V, Liu X, Miller N, Erlander MG, Jackson MR, Winchester RJ. Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1722-33. [PMID: 15199407 PMCID: PMC420500 DOI: 10.1172/jci19139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of focal/diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis was studied by cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression in glomeruli from clinical biopsies. Transcriptional phenotyping of glomeruli isolated by laser-capture microscopy revealed considerable kidney-to-kidney heterogeneity in increased transcript expression, resulting in four main gene clusters that identified the presence of B cells, several myelomonocytic lineages, fibroblast and epithelial cell proliferation, matrix alterations, and expression of type I IFN-inducible genes. Glomerulus-to-glomerulus variation within a kidney was less marked. The myeloid lineage transcripts, characteristic of those found in isolated activated macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells, were widely distributed in all biopsy samples. One major subgroup of the samples expressed fibrosis-related genes that correlated with pathological evidence of glomerulosclerosis; however, decreased expression of TGF-beta1 argued against its role in lupus renal fibrosis. Expression of type I IFN-inducible transcripts by a second subset of samples was associated with reduced expression of fibrosis-related genes and milder pathological features. This pattern of gene expression resembled that exhibited by activated NK cells. A large gene cluster with decreased expression found in all samples included ion channels and transcription factors, indicating a loss-of-function response to the glomerular injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sui L, Li N, Liu Q, Zhang W, Wan T, Wang B, Luo K, Sun H, Cao X. IgSF13, a novel human inhibitory receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is preferentially expressed in dendritic cells and monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:920-8. [PMID: 15184070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel inhibitory receptor of immunoglobin superfamily (IgSF), IgSF member 13 (IgSF13), has been identified from human dendritic cells (DC). IgSF13 is a type I transmembrane protein containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a extracellular region with a single Ig V-like domain, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic tail with two classical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), suggesting its inhibitory function. IgSF13 shows significant homology to human CMRF35 and pIgR. IgSF13 gene is mapped to chromosome 17q25.2, very close to that of CMRF35. IgSF13 is preferentially expressed in myelo-monocytic cells, including monocytes, monocyte-derived DC, and monocyte-related cell lines. Upon pervanadate treatment, IgSF13 was hyper-phosphorylated and associated with Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatases SHP-1 and SHIP, but not SHP-2. The identification of IgSF13 as a novel ITIM-bearing receptor selectively expressed by DC and monocytes suggests that it may be potentially involved in the negative regulation of specific leukocyte population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Glycoproteins
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/chemistry
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Multigene Family
- Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-Trisphosphate 5-Phosphatases
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sui
- Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Peterson KS, Huang JF, Zhu J, D’Agati V, Liu X, Miller N, Erlander MG, Jackson MR, Winchester RJ. Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
58
|
Huang ZY, Hunter S, Kim MK, Chien P, Worth RG, Indik ZK, Schreiber AD. The monocyte Fcgamma receptors FcgammaRI/gamma and FcgammaRIIA differ in their interaction with Syk and with Src-related tyrosine kinases. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:491-499. [PMID: 15136586 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are important differences in signaling between the Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG) FcgammaRIIA, which uses the Ig tyrosine-activating motif (ITAM) within its own cytoplasmic domain, and FcgammaRI, which transmits signals by means of an ITAM located within the cytoplasmic domain of its associated gamma-chain. For example, in transfected epithelial cells and COS-1 cells, FcgammaRIIA mediates phagocytosis of IgG-coated red blood cells more efficiently than does FcgammaRI/gamma, and enhancement of phagocytosis by Syk kinase is more pronounced for FcgammaRI/gamma than for FcgammaRIIA. In addition, structure/function studies indicate that the gamma-chain ITAM and the FcgammaRIIA ITAM have different requirements for mediating the phagocytic signal. To study the differences between FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRI/gamma, we examined the interaction of FcgammaRIIA and the FcgammaRI/gamma chimera FcgammaRI-gamma-gamma (extracellular domain-transmembrane domain-cytoplasmic domain) with Syk kinase and with the Src-related tyrosine kinases (SRTKs) Hck and Lyn in transfected COS-1 cells. Our data indicate that FcgammaRIIA interacts more readily with Syk than does FcgammaRI-gamma-gamma and suggest that one consequence may be the greater phagocytic efficiency of FcgammaRIIA compared with FcgammaRI/gamma. Furthermore, individual SRTKs affect the efficiency of phagocytosis differently for FcgammaRI-gamma-gamma and FcgammaRIIA and also influence the ability of these receptors to interact with Syk kinase. Taken together, the data suggest that differences in signaling by FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRI-gamma-gamma are related in part to interaction with Syk and Src kinases and that individual SRTKs play different roles in FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Huang
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Biomedical Research Building II/III, Room 705, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Song X, Tanaka S, Cox D, Lee SC. Fcγ receptor signaling in primary human microglia: differential roles of PI-3K and Ras/ERK MAPK pathways in phagocytosis and chemokine induction. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75:1147-55. [PMID: 14982949 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0403128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibody immune complex (IC) induces beta-chemokines and phagocytosis in primary human microglia via activation of Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcgammaR). In this report, we investigated microglial FcgammaR signal-transduction pathways by using adenoviral-mediated gene transfer and specific inhibitors of cell-signaling pathways. We found that Src inhibitor PP2 and Syk inhibitor piceatannol inhibited phagocytosis, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) release, as well as phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, consistent with Src/Syk involvement early in FcgammaR signaling. Constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) induced MIP-1alpha, and Ras dominant-negative (DN) inhibited IC-induced ERK phosphorylation and MIP-1alpha production. These results suggest that the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway is necessary and sufficient in IC-induced MIP-1alpha expression. Neither Ras DN nor the MEK inhibitor U0126 inhibited phagocytosis. In contrast, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) inhibitors Wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited phagocytosis without affecting ERK phosphorylation or MIP-1alpha production. Conversely, Ras DN or U0126 did not affect Akt phosphorylation. Together, these results demonstrate distinct roles played by the PI-3K and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways in phagocytosis and MIP-1alpha induction, respectively. Our results demonstrating activation of functionally distinct pathways following microglial FcgammaR engagement may have implications for human central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Song
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Khadaroo RG, Kapus A, Powers KA, Cybulsky MI, Marshall JC, Rotstein OD. Oxidative stress reprograms lipopolysaccharide signaling via Src kinase-dependent pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:47834-41. [PMID: 12896983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302660200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress generated during ischemia/reperfusion injury has been shown to augment cellular responsiveness. Whereas oxidants are themselves known to induce several intracellular signaling cascades, their effect on signaling pathways initiated by other inflammatory stimuli remains poorly elucidated. Previous work has suggested that oxidants are able to prime alveolar macrophages for increased NF-kappa B translocation in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because oxidants are known to stimulate the Src family of tyrosine kinases, we hypothesized that the oxidants might contribute to augmented NF-kappa B translocation by LPS via the involvement of Src family kinases. To model macrophage priming in vitro, the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, was first incubated with various oxidants and then exposed to low dose LPS. These studies show that oxidant stress is able to augment macrophage responsiveness to LPS as evidenced by earlier and increased NF-kappa B translocation. Inhibition of the Src family kinases by either pharmacological inhibition using PP2 or through a molecular approach by cell transfection with Csk was found to prevent the augmented LPS-induced NF-kappa B translocation caused by oxidants. Interestingly, while Src kinase inhibition was able to prevent the LPS-induced NF-kappa B translocation in oxidant-treated macrophages, this strategy had no effect on NF-kappa B translocation caused by LPS in the absence of oxidants. These findings suggested that oxidative stress might divert LPS signaling along an alternative signaling pathway. Further studies demonstrated that the Src-dependent pathway induced by oxidant pretreatment involved the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Involvement of this pathway appeared to be independent of traditional LPS signaling. Together, these studies provide a novel potential mechanism whereby oxidants might prime alveolar macrophages for altered responsiveness to subsequent inflammatory stimuli and suggest different cellular targets for immunomodulation following ischemia/reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Khadaroo
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shimizu E, Yasui A, Matsuura K, Hijiya N, Higuchi Y, Yamamoto S. Structure and expression of the murine ADAM 15 gene and its splice variants, and difference of interaction between their cytoplasmic domains and Src family proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:779-85. [PMID: 13679040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The murine cell surface antigen ADAM 15 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in a variety of cells including monocytic and T cell lines and consists of a metalloprotease domain, a disintegrin domain, a cysteine-rich domain, and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain in the extracellular region. The cytoplasmic domain comprises 103 amino acids containing proline-rich endophilin I, Src homology 3 (SH3), and phox homology domain-containing protein (SH3PX1) binding motifs. The ADAM15 gene is composed of 21 exons and 20 introns and spans approximately 10 kb. The transcription initiation site of the ADAM15 gene was defined by an oligonucleotide-capping method. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primers of the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM15 revealed the presence of different ADAM15 species designated ADAM15v1 and ADAM15v2, respectively, that had characteristic SH3-binding class I and/or class II motifs. The ADAM15v1 and ADAM15v2 genes consist of an extra one exon and two exons, respectively, which exist in intron 19 of the ADAM15 gene. The expression of ADAM15v1 and ADAM15v2 mRNA was found in T lymphocyte and monocyte lines. ADAM15v2 protein interacted more strongly with the Src family proteins Lck and Src than ADAM15 protein, when examined by pull-down and immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblot analysis using a T lymphocyte line. Phosphorylation of ADAM15v2 protein markedly enhanced the binding with Lck. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM15v2 strongly interacts with Lck and plays an important role in T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Torres E, Rosen MK. Contingent phosphorylation/dephosphorylation provides a mechanism of molecular memory in WASP. Mol Cell 2003; 11:1215-27. [PMID: 12769846 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells can retain information about previous stimuli to produce distinct future responses. The biochemical mechanisms by which this is achieved are not well understood. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an effector of the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42, whose activation leads to stimulation of the actin nucleating assembly, Arp2/3 complex. We demonstrate that efficient phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of WASP at Y291 are both contingent on binding to activated Cdc42. Y291 phosphorylation increases the basal activity of WASP toward Arp2/3 complex and enables WASP activation by new stimuli, SH2 domains of Src-family kinases. The requirement for contingency in both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation enables long-term storage of information by WASP following decay of GTPase signals. This biochemical circuitry allows WASP to respond to the levels and timing of GTPase and kinase signals. It provides mechanisms to specifically achieve transient or persistent actin remodeling, as well as long-lasting potentiation of actin-based responses to kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kang W, Saito H, Fukatsu K, Hidemura A, Matsuda T. Analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation in resident peritoneal cells during diet restriction by laser scanning cytometry. Shock 2003; 19:238-44. [PMID: 12630523 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200303000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in signal transduction pathways in immune cells. Laser scanning cytometer (LSC), a newly developed microscope-based cytofluorometer, may overcome shortcomings of Western blotting and flow cytometry in the detection of intracellular signaling transduction. The aims of this study were to visualize and quantitate intracellular phosphotyrosine in the peritoneal cells harvested from diet-restricted mice by LSC. In addition, using LSC, we identified the main cell type with activated tyrosine phosphorylation in response to an inflammatory stimulus and we investigated the intracellular distribution of tyrosine phosphorylation within the peritoneal macrophages. Mice were assigned to the ad libitum and diet-restricted, i.e., 75% restricted food intake, groups. After 7 days of pair feeding, the peritoneal cells were harvested. Tyrosine phosphorylation in the harvested cells with either N-formyl-methionyl-leucyle-phenylalanine (fMLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was examined using LSC. Tyrosine phosphorylation of peritoneal cells from the diet-restricted group was significantly higher than that from the ad libitum group, regardless of stimulation. Stimulation of peritoneal cells with either fMLP or LPS significantly increased tyrosine phosphorylation in the ad libitum group, but not in the diet-restricted group. The relocation feature of LSC revealed that the cells with distinct tyrosine phosphorylation were macrophages. Topographic analysis demonstrated that phosphotyrosine was localized mainly in the cytoplasm of these cells. In summary, LSC revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation is mainly in the cytoplasm of the peritoneal macrophages and is deranged by diet restriction. LSC is a powerful tool for the study of intracellular signaling transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woodae Kang
- Surgical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Kwiatkowska K, Sobota A. Lyn and Syk kinases are sequentially engaged in phagocytosis mediated by Fc gamma R. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6787-94. [PMID: 12471110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that phagocytosis mediated by FcgammaRs is controlled by the Src and Syk families of protein tyrosine kinases. In this study, we demonstrate a sequential involvement of Lyn and Syk in the phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles. The particles isolated at the stage of their binding to FcgammaRs (4 degrees C) were accompanied by high amounts of Lyn, in addition to the signaling gamma-chain of FcgammaRs. Simultaneously, the particle binding induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous proteins. During synchronized internalization of the particles induced by shifting the cell to 37 degrees C, Syk kinase and Src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) were associated with the formed phagosomes. At this step, most of the proteins were dephosphorylated, although some underwent further tyrosine phosphorylation. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy studies confirmed that Lyn accumulated under the plasma membrane beneath the bound particles. High amounts of the gamma-chain and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were also observed under the bound particles. When the particles were internalized, the gamma-chain was still detected in the region of the phagosomes, while amounts of Lyn were markedly reduced. In contrast, the vicinity of the phagosomes was heavily decorated with anti-Syk and anti-SHP-1 Abs. The local level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation was reduced. The data indicate that the accumulation of Lyn during the binding of IgG-coated particles to FcgammaRs correlated with strong tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous proteins, suggesting an initiating role for Lyn in protein phosphorylation at the onset of the phagocytosis. Syk kinase and SHP-1 phosphatase are mainly engaged at the stage of particle internalization.
Collapse
|
65
|
Berclaz PY, Shibata Y, Whitsett JA, Trapnell BC. GM-CSF, via PU.1, regulates alveolar macrophage Fcgamma R-mediated phagocytosis and the IL-18/IFN-gamma -mediated molecular connection between innate and adaptive immunity in the lung. Blood 2002; 100:4193-200. [PMID: 12393686 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severely impaired pulmonary microbial clearance was observed in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-deficient mice. To determine mechanisms by which GM-CSF mediates lung host defense, FcgammaR-mediated phagocytosis (opsonophagocytosis) by alveolar macrophages (AMs) was assessed in GM-CSF-sufficient (GM(+/+)) and -deficient (GM(-/-)) mice and in GM(-/-) mice expressing GM-CSF only in the lungs from a surfactant protein C (SPC) promoter (SPC-GM(+/+)/GM(-/-)). Opsonophagocytosis by GM(-/-) AMs was severely impaired and was restored by pulmonary GM-CSF expression in vivo or by PU.1 expression in vitro. Defective opsonophagocytosis by GM(-/-) AMs was associated with decreased FcgammaR expression. Because interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) augments macrophage FcgammaR levels, the role of GM-CSF/PU.1 in the regulation of AM FcgammaR expression by IFN-gamma was assessed during adenoviral lung infection. Adenoviral infection stimulated IFN-gamma production and augmented FcgammaR levels on AMs in GM-CSF-expressing but not GM(-/-) mice. However, IFN-gamma exposure ex vivo stimulated FcgammaR expression on GM(-/-) AMs. Because interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-12 stimulate IFN-gamma production during adenoviral infection, their role in GM-CSF/PU.1 regulation of IFN-gamma-augmented FcgammaR expression on AMs was assessed. Adenoviral infection stimulated IL-18 and IL-12 production in GM-CSF-expressing mice, but both were markedly reduced or absent in GM(-/-) mice. IL-18 expression by GM(-/-) AMs was severely impaired and was restored by pulmonary GM-CSF expression in vivo or by PU.1 expression in vitro. Pulmonary administration of IL-18 in GM(-/-) mice stimulated IFN-gamma production and restored FcgammaR expression on AMs. These results show that GM-CSF, via PU.1, regulates constitutive AM FcgammaR expression and opsonophagocytosis and is required for the IFN-gamma-dependent regulation of AM FcgammaR expression, enabling AMs to release IL-18/IL-12 during lung infection.
Collapse
|
66
|
Cory GOC, Garg R, Cramer R, Ridley AJ. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 291 enhances the ability of WASp to stimulate actin polymerization and filopodium formation. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45115-21. [PMID: 12235133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203346200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) is a key regulator of the Arp2/3 complex and the actin cytoskeleton in hematopoietic cells. WASp is capable of forming an auto-inhibited conformation, which can be disrupted by binding of Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, leading to its activation. Stimulation of the collagen receptor on platelets and crosslinking the B-cell receptor induce tyrosine phosphorylation of WASp. Here we show that the Src family kinase Hck induces phosphorylation of WASp-Tyr(291) independently of Cdc42 and that this causes a shift in the mobility of WASp upon SDS-PAGE. A phospho-mimicking mutant, WASp-Y291E, exhibited an enhanced ability to stimulate actin polymerization in a cell-free system and when microinjected into primary macrophages induced extensive filopodium formation with greater efficiency than wild-type WASp or a Y291F mutant. We propose that phosphorylation of Tyr(291) directly regulates WASp function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giles O C Cory
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College Medical School Branch, Courtauld Building, 91 Riding House Street, London W1W 7BS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Edberg JC, Qin H, Gibson AW, Yee AMF, Redecha PB, Indik ZK, Schreiber AD, Kimberly RP. The CY domain of the Fcgamma RIa alpha-chain (CD64) alters gamma-chain tyrosine-based signaling and phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41287-93. [PMID: 12200451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207835200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cytoplasmic domain of the human FcgammaRIa alpha-chain lacks tyrosine-based phosphorylation motifs, it modulates receptor cycling and receptor-specific cytokine production. The cytoplasmic domain of FcgammaRIa is constitutively phosphorylated, and the inhibition of dephosphorylation with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein serine/threonine phosphatase, inhibits both receptor-induced activation of the early tyrosine phosphorylation cascade and receptor-specific phagocytosis. To explore the basis for these effects of the cytoplasmic domain of FcgammaRIa, we developed a series of human FcgammaRIa molecular variants, expressed in the murine macrophage cell line P388D1, and demonstrate that serine phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domain is an important regulatory mechanism. Truncation of the cytoplasmic domain and mutation of the cytoplasmic domain serine residues to alanine abolish the okadaic acid inhibition of phagocytic function. In contrast, the serine mutants did not recapitulate the selective effects of cytoplasmic domain truncation on cytokine production. These results demonstrate for the first time a direct functional role for serine phosphorylation in the alpha-chain of FcgammaRIa and suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of FcgammaRI regulates the different functional capacities of the FcgammaRIa-receptor complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Edberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue S, THT433A, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Mahalingam S, Lidbury BA. Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced antiviral transcription factor (STAT-1 and NF-kappa B) complexes by antibody-dependent enhancement of macrophage infection by Ross River virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13819-24. [PMID: 12364588 PMCID: PMC129781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202415999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2002] [Accepted: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Subneutralizing concentrations of antibody may enhance virus infection by bringing the virus-antibody complex into contact with the cell surface Fc receptors; this interaction facilitates entry of virus into the cell and is referred to as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. Northern analysis of macrophage RNA demonstrated that ADE infection by the indigenous Australian alphavirus Ross River (RRV-ADE) ablated or diminished message for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric-oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), and IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), as well as for IFN-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and IFN-beta; the transcription of a control gene was unaffected. Additionally, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) studies showed that transcription factor IFN-alpha-activated factor (AAF), IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) complex formation in macrophage nuclear extracts were specifically suppressed post-RRV-ADE infection, emphasizing the capacity for ADE infections to compromise antiviral responses at the transcriptional level. The suppression of antiviral transcription factor complexes was shown to depend on replicating virus and was not simply a result of general antibody-Fc-receptor interaction. Although only a minority of cells ( approximately 15%) were shown to be positive for RRV by immunostaining techniques post ADE, molecular (RT-PCR) analysis showed that unstained cells carried RRV-RNA, indicating a higher level of viral infectivity than previously suspected. Electron microscopy studies confirmed this observation. Furthermore, levels of cellular IL-10 protein were dramatically elevated in RRV-ADE cultures. This evidence demonstrates that RRV can potently disrupt the activation of specific antiviral pathways via ADE infection pathways, and may suggest a significant mechanism in the infection and pathogenesis of other ADE viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendran Mahalingam
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Scott MP, Zappacosta F, Kim EY, Annan RS, Miller WT. Identification of novel SH3 domain ligands for the Src family kinase Hck. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), WASP-interacting protein (WIP), and ELMO1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:28238-46. [PMID: 12029088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202783200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the SH3 domain of Hck in kinase regulation, substrate phosphorylation, and ligand binding has been established. However, few in vivo ligands are known for the SH3 domain of Hck. In this study, we used mass spectrometry to identify approximately 25 potential binding partners for the SH3 domain of Hck from the monocyte cell line U937. Two major interacting proteins were the actin binding proteins Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and WASP-interacting protein (WIP). We also focused on a novel interaction between Hck and ELMO1, an 84-kDa protein that was recently identified as the mammalian ortholog of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene, ced-12. In mammalian cells, ELMO1 interacts with Dock180 as a component of the CrkII/Dock180/Rac pathway responsible for phagocytosis and cell migration. Using purified proteins, we confirmed that WASP-interacting protein and ELMO1 interact directly with the SH3 domain of Hck. We also show that Hck and ELMO1 interact in intact cells and that ELMO1 is heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated in cells that co-express Hck, suggesting that it is a substrate of Hck. The binding of ELMO1 to Hck is specifically dependent on the interaction of a polyproline motif with the SH3 domain of Hck. Our results suggest that these proteins may be novel activators/effectors of Hck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Porter Scott
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8661, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kono H, Suzuki T, Yamamoto K, Okada M, Yamamoto T, Honda ZI. Spatial raft coalescence represents an initial step in Fc gamma R signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:193-203. [PMID: 12077245 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of lipid rafts as separated membrane microdomains consist of heterogeneous proteins suggesting that lateral assembly of rafts after Ag receptor cross-linking represents the earliest signal generating process. In line with the concept, cross-linked Ag receptors have been shown to associate with detergent-insoluble raft fraction without the aid of Src family kinases. However, it has not been established whether spatial raft coalescence could also precede Src family kinase activation. In this study, we showed that spatial raft coalescence after low-affinity FcgammaR cross-linking in RAW264.7 macrophages is independent of Src family kinase activity. The lateral raft assembly was found to be ascribed to the action of ligand-binding subunits, rather than to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing signal subunits, because monomeric murine FcgammaRIIb expressed in rat basophilic leukemia cells successfully induced spatial raft reorganization after cross-linking. We also showed that extracellular and transmembrane region of FcgammaRIIb is sufficient for raft stabilization. Moreover, this receptor fragment triggers rapid calcium mobilization and linker for activation of T cells phosphorylation, in a manner sensitive to Src family kinase inhibition and to cholesterol depletion. Presence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and addition of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif to the receptor fragment abolished and enhanced the responses, respectively, but did not affect raft stabilization. These findings support the concept that ligand-binding subunit is responsible for raft coalescence, and that this event triggers initial biochemical signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kono
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Moon SK, Lee HY, Li JD, Nagura M, Kang SH, Chun YM, Linthicum FH, Ganz T, Andalibi A, Lim DJ. Activation of a Src-dependent Raf-MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathway is required for IL-1alpha-induced upregulation of beta-defensin 2 in human middle ear epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1590:41-51. [PMID: 12063167 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
beta-defensin 2 is produced by a variety of epithelial cell types in the body and exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens, including the bacteria that are most commonly associated with otitis media (OM). The human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) gene is an NF-kappa B regulated gene and a variety of proinflammatory stimuli can induce its expression. Although the presence of molecules of innate immunity such as lysozyme and lactoferrin has been demonstrated in the middle ear, to date there have been no reports on the expression of beta-defensin 2. In the present study, we demonstrate that beta-defensin 2 is expressed in the middle ear mucosa of humans and rats. We also show that it is expressed in a human middle ear epithelial cell line and that its expression is induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, we demonstrate that the transcriptional activation of hBD-2 gene by IL-1 alpha is mediated through an Src-dependent Raf-MEK1/2-ERK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kyun Moon
- Gonda Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, House Ear Institute, 2100 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, CA 90057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Carréno S, Caron E, Cougoule C, Emorine LJ, Maridonneau-Parini I. p59Hck isoform induces F-actin reorganization to form protrusions of the plasma membrane in a Cdc42- and Rac-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21007-16. [PMID: 11904303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hck is a protein kinase of the Src family specifically expressed in phagocytes as two isoforms, p59Hck and p61Hck, localized at the plasma membrane and lysosomes, respectively. Their individual involvement in functions ascribed to Hck, phagocytosis, cell migration, and lysosome mobilization, is still unclarified. To investigate the specific role of p59Hck, a constitutively active variant in fusion with green fluorescent protein (p59Hck(ca)) was expressed in HeLa cells. p59Hck(ca) was found at focal adhesion sites and triggered reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, leading to plasma membrane protrusions where it co-localized with F-actin. Similarly, microinjection of p59Hck(ca) cDNA in J774.A1 macrophages induced membrane protrusions. Whereas kinase activity and membrane association of p59Hck were dispensable for location at focal adhesions, p59Hck-induced membrane protrusions were dependent on kinase activity, plasma membrane association, and Src homology 2 but not Src homology 3 domain and were inhibited by dominant-negative forms of Cdc42 or Rac but not by blocking Rho activity. A dominant negative form of p59Hck inhibited the Cdc42- and Rac-dependent FcgammaRIIa-mediated phagocytosis. Expression of the Cdc42/Rac-interacting domain of p21-activated kinase in macrophages abolished the p59Hck(ca)-induced morphological changes. Therefore, p59Hck-triggered remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton depends upon the activity of Cdc42 and Rac to promote formation of membrane protrusions necessary for phagocytosis and cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Carréno
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089, 205 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 31077, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Immune cells are activated as a result of productive interactions between ligands and various receptors known as immunoreceptors. These receptors function by recruiting cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases, which trigger a unique phosphorylation signal leading to cell activation. In the recent past, there has been increasing interest in elucidating the processes involved in the negative regulation of immunoreceptor-mediated signal transduction. Evidence is accumulating that immunoreceptor signaling is inhibited by complex and highly regulated mechanisms that involve receptors, protein tyrosine kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, lipid phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, and inhibitory adaptor molecules. Genetic evidence indicates that this inhibitory machinery is crucial for normal immune cell homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IRCM, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2W 1R7.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
The phagocytic response of innate immune cells such as macrophages is defined by the activation of complex signaling networks that are stimulated by microbial contact. Many individual proteins have been demonstrated to participate in phagocytosis, and the application of high-throughput tools has indicated that many more remain to be described. In this review, we examine this complexity and describe how during recognition, multiple receptors are simultaneously engaged to mediate internalization, activate microbial killing, and induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Many signaling molecules perform multiple functions during phagocytosis, and these molecules are likely to be key regulators of the process. Indeed, pathogenic microorganisms target many of these molecules in their attempts to evade destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Underhill
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 North 34 Street, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Bisson SA, Ujack EE, Robbins SM. Isolation and characterization of a novel, transforming allele of the c-Cbl proto-oncogene from a murine macrophage cell line. Oncogene 2002; 21:3677-87. [PMID: 12032836 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Revised: 03/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The c-Cbl proto-oncogene acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase via its RING finger domain to negatively regulate activated cellular signal transduction pathways. We have identified an aberrant Cbl-protein of approximately 95 kDa, which we have called p95Cbl, from the murine reticulum sarcoma cell-line, J-774. Cloning of the p95Cbl cDNA revealed that it contains a deletion resulting in the loss of 111 amino acids, eliminating two critical tyrosine residues in the linker region as well as the entire RING finger domain. p95Cbl displays a propensity for its interaction with the Src-family kinase Hck over cellular Cbl expressed in the same cells. Like its wildtype counterpart, p95Cbl is inducibly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to Fcgamma receptor engagement on hematopoietic cells, however this phosphorylation is sustained beyond that of cellular Cbl. NIH3T3 fibroblasts stably expressing p95Cbl acquire the typical refractile morphology associated with cellular transformation and form colonies in a focus-formation assay. The exogenously expressed mutant protein is constitutively phosphorylated in fibroblasts and partitions into the particulate fraction of cells, while cellular Cbl is exclusively cytoplasmic. p95Cbl is a novel, oncogenic mutant of the c-Cbl proto-oncogene, which might act in a dominant negative fashion to prolong normal cellular signaling responses by interfering with the down-regulation of activated signaling complexes through c-Cbl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Bisson
- Department of Oncology, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N-4N1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Liu R, Aupperle K, Terkeltaub R. Src family protein tyrosine kinase signaling mediates monosodium urate crystal‐induced IL‐8 expression by monocytic THP‐1 cells. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.6.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Rheumatology‐Allergy/Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Karl Aupperle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Rheumatology‐Allergy/Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Rheumatology‐Allergy/Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Cox D, Greenberg S. Phagocytic signaling strategies: Fc(gamma)receptor-mediated phagocytosis as a model system. Semin Immunol 2001; 13:339-45. [PMID: 11708889 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2001.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a phylogenetically ancient process by which eukaryotic cells engulf insoluble substances whose size exceeds approximately 0.5 microm. The engulfment process requires the concerted action of several fundamental cellular pathways and is governed by multiple transmembrane signaling events. Here we focus on phagocytosis mediated by a well-studied class of phagocytic receptors that recognize the Fc portion of IgG (Fc(gamma)Rs ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Cox
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Phagocytosis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis occurs through interaction of the bacterial protein invasin with beta1-integrins. Here we report that N-WASP plays a role in internalisation of an invasin-expressing, avirulent strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Ectopic expression of N-WASP mutants, which affect recruitment of the Arp2/3 complex to the phagosome, reduces uptake of Yersinia. In addition, expression of the Cdc42/Rac-binding (CRIB) region of N-WASP has an inhibitory effect on uptake. Using GFP-tagged Rho GTPase mutants, we provide evidence that Rac1, but not Cdc42, is important for internalisation. Furthermore, activated Rac1 rescues Toxin B, CRIB and Src family kinase inhibitor PP2-mediated impairment of uptake. Our observations indicate that invasin-mediated phagocytosis occurs via a Src and WASP family-dependent mechanism(s), involving the Arp2/3 complex and Rac, but does not require Cdc42.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K McGee
- Department of Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Majeed M, Caveggion E, Lowell CA, Berton G. Role of Src kinases and Syk in Fcγ receptor‐mediated phagocytosis and phagosome‐lysosome fusion. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.5.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meytham Majeed
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, and
| | - Elena Caveggion
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, and
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Giorgio Berton
- Department of Pathology, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, and
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Marshall JG, Booth JW, Stambolic V, Mak T, Balla T, Schreiber AD, Meyer T, Grinstein S. Restricted accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase products in a plasmalemmal subdomain during Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:1369-80. [PMID: 11425868 PMCID: PMC2150726 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.7.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2001] [Accepted: 05/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a highly localized and rapid event, requiring the generation of spatially and temporally restricted signals. Because phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an important role in the innate immune response, we studied the generation and distribution of 3' phosphoinositides (3'PIs) in macrophages during the course of phagocytosis. The presence of 3'PI was monitored noninvasively in cells transfected with chimeras of green fluorescent protein and the pleckstrin homology domain of either Akt, Btk, or Gab1. Although virtually undetectable in unstimulated cells, 3'PI rapidly accumulated at sites of phagocytosis. This accumulation was sharply restricted to the phagosomal cup, with little 3'PI detectable in the immediately adjacent areas of the plasmalemma. Measurements of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching were made to estimate the mobility of lipids in the cytosolic monolayer of the phagosomal membrane. Stimulation of phagocytic receptors induced a marked reduction of lipid mobility that likely contributes to the restricted distribution of 3'PI at the cup. 3'PI accumulation during phagocytosis was transient, terminating shortly after sealing of the phagosomal vacuole. Two factors contribute to the rapid disappearance of 3'PI: the dissociation of the type I PI3K from the phagosomal membrane and the persistent accumulation of phosphoinositide phosphatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Marshall
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - James W. Booth
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | | - Tak Mak
- Amgen Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Tamas Balla
- Endocrinology and Reproduction Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alan D. Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|