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Ashenafi S, Aderaye G, Bekele A, Zewdie M, Aseffa G, Hoang ATN, Carow B, Habtamu M, Wijkander M, Rottenberg M, Aseffa A, Andersson J, Svensson M, Brighenti S. Progression of clinical tuberculosis is associated with a Th2 immune response signature in combination with elevated levels of SOCS3. Clin Immunol 2014; 151:84-99. [PMID: 24584041 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the local cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with active pulmonary or pleural tuberculosis (TB) using multiplex protein analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid samples. Despite increased pro-inflammation compared to the uninfected controls; there was no up-regulation of IFN-γ or the T cell chemoattractant CCL5 in the lung of patients with pulmonary TB. Instead, elevated levels of IL-4 and CCL4 were associated with high mycobacteria-specific IgG titres as well as SOCS3 (suppressors of cytokine signaling) mRNA and progression of moderate-to-severe disease. Contrary, IL-4, CCL4 and SOCS3 remained low in patients with extrapulmonary pleural TB, while IFN-γ, CCL5 and SOCS1 were up-regulated. Both SOCS molecules were induced in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. The Th2 immune response signature found in patients with progressive pulmonary TB could result from inappropriate cytokine/chemokine responses and excessive SOCS3 expression that may represent potential targets for clinical TB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Ashenafi
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Bekele
- Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aseffa
- Black Lion University Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anh Thu Nguyen Hoang
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Carow
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meseret Habtamu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Wijkander
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rottenberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Andersson
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), F59, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Riley JP, Kulkarni A, Mehrotra P, Koh B, Perumal NB, Kaplan MH, Goenka S. PARP-14 binds specific DNA sequences to promote Th2 cell gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83127. [PMID: 24376650 PMCID: PMC3869773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP-14, a member of the poly ADP-ribose polymerase super family, promotes T helper cell 2 (Th2) differentiation by regulating interleukin-4 (IL-4) and STAT6-dependent transcription. Yet, whether PARP-14 globally impacts gene regulation has not been determined. In this report, using an RNA pol II ChIP-seq approach, we identify genes in Th2 cells that are regulated by PARP-14, and either dependent or independent of ADP-ribosyltransferase catalytic activity. Our data demonstrate that PARP-14 enhances the expression of Th2 genes as it represses the expression of Th1-associated genes. Among the relevant targets are Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription genes required for polarizing Th1 and Th2 cells. To define a mechanism for PARP-14 function, we use an informatics approach to identify putative PARP-14 DNA binding sites. Two putative PARP-14 binding motifs are identified in multiple Th2 cytokine genes, and we demonstrate that PARP-14 interacts with each motif using in vitro binding assays. Taken together our results indicate that PARP-14 is an important factor for T helper cell differentiation and it binds to specific DNA sequences to mediate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aishwarya Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- School of Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Purvi Mehrotra
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Byunghee Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Narayanan B. Perumal
- School of Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shreevrat Goenka
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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TARC/CCL17 gene polymorphisms and expression associated with susceptibility and coronary artery aneurysm formation in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:545-51. [PMID: 23942559 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/chemokine ligand 17 (TARC/CCL17) is one of the Th2 chemokines and has been suggested as a candidate gene for conferring susceptibility to Th2 associated with allergy diseases. This study examined the correlation between gene polymorphisms and plasma levels of TARC/CCL17 in patients with KD and the outcomes of KD. METHODS A total of 381 KD patients and 564 controls were subjected to determination of five tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms of TARC/CCL17. In addition, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Polymorphisms of TARC/CCL17 were significantly different between normal children and patients with KD. A allele of rs4784805 has better intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment response to KD. Furthermore, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels were higher in KD patients than that in controls before IVIG treatment. After IVIG treatment, plasma TARC/CCL17 levels decreased significantly. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence supporting the association between TARC/CCL17 polymorphisms, susceptibility of KD, and IVIG responses in KD patients.
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Yu CR, Kim SH, Mahdi RM, Egwuagu CE. SOCS3 deletion in T lymphocytes suppresses development of chronic ocular inflammation via upregulation of CTLA-4 and expansion of regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5036-43. [PMID: 24101549 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative-feedback regulators of the JAK/STAT pathway, and SOCS3 contributes to host immunity by regulating the intensity and duration of cytokine signals and inflammatory responses. Mice with Socs3 deletion in myeloid cells exhibit enhanced STAT3 signaling, expansion of Th1 and Th17 cells, and develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Interestingly, development of the unique IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing (Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ) subsets that exhibit strong cytotoxic activities and are associated with pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases has recently been shown to depend on epigenetic suppression of SOCS3 expression, further suggesting involvement of SOCS3 in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. In this study, we generated mice with Socs3 deletion in the CD4 T cell compartment (CD4-SOCS3 knockout [KO]) to determine in vivo effects of the loss of Socs3 in the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In contrast to the exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in myeloid-specific SOCS3-deleted mice, CD4-SOCS3KO mice were protected from acute and chronic uveitis. Protection from EAU correlated with enhanced expression of CTLA-4 and expansion of IL-10-producing regulatory T cells with augmented suppressive activities. We further show that SOCS3 interacts with CTLA-4 and negatively regulates CTLA-4 levels in T cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for the expansion of regulatory T cells in CD4-SOCS3 during EAU. Contrary to in vitro epigenetic studies, Th17/IFN-γ and Tc17/IFN-γ populations were markedly reduced in CD4-SOCS3KO, suggesting that SOCS3 promotes expansion of the Th17/IFN-γ subset associated with development of severe uveitis. Thus, SOCS3 is a potential therapeutic target in uveitis and other autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Glycyrrhizin represses total parenteral nutrition-associated acute liver injury in rats by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12563-80. [PMID: 23771023 PMCID: PMC3709800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is an artificial way to support daily nutritional requirements by bypassing the digestive system, but long-term TPN administration may cause severe liver dysfunction. Glycyrrhizin is an active component of licorice root that has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis. The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of glycyrrhizin on TPN-associated acute liver injury in vivo. Liver dysfunction was induced by intravenous infusion of TPN at a flow rate of 20 mL/kg/h for three h in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were pretreated with Glycyrrhizin (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg intravenously). After receiving TPN or saline (control group) for three h, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses and liver tissue was removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. We found that aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TB) and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly increased in the TPN group without glycyrrhizin pretreatment and decreased in the glycyrrhizin-pretreated TPN group in a dose-dependent manner. The stained liver sections showed that glycyrrhizin relieved acute liver injury. The upregulation of serum protein biomarkers of reactive nitrogen species, including nitrotyrosine and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), were attenuated by glycyrrhizin pretreatment. Levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress factors, such as phosphorylation of JNK1/2, p38 MAPK and CHOP, were decreased by glycyrrhizin pretreatment. In summary, our results suggest that glycyrrhizin decreases TPN-associated acute liver injury factors by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive nitrogen stress.
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56
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White CA, Nicola NA. SOCS3: An essential physiological inhibitor of signaling by interleukin-6 and G-CSF family cytokines. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25045. [PMID: 24416642 PMCID: PMC3876435 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOCS3 is an inducible negative feedback inhibitor of cytokine signaling. Conditional deletion of SOCS3 in mice using the Cre-lox system has now been applied to a range of cell types in the steady-state and under inflammatory, pathogenic, or tumorigenic stress, with the resulting phenotypes demonstrating the effects of SOCS3 in physiological and disease contexts. Together with recent structural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of SOCS3 binding to cytokine receptors and associated kinases, we now have a better understanding of the non-redundant roles of SOCS3 in the inhibition of cytokine signaling via the receptors gp130, G-CSFR, leptinR, and IL-12Rβ. This review discusses the known functional activities of SOCS3 in fertility and development, inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and malignancy as determined by genetic studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A White
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville, VIC Australia ; Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville, VIC Australia ; Department of Medical Biology; University of Melbourne; Parkville, VIC Australia
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Escobar T, Yu CR, Muljo SA, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 activates miR-155 in Th17 cells and acts in concert to promote experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4017-25. [PMID: 23674757 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) and STAT3 are implicated in uveitis and pathogenic mechanisms of CNS autoimmune diseases. In our study, we used miR-155(-/-) mice and mice with targeted STAT3 deletion in T cells (CD4-STAT3KO) to investigate roles of miR-155 and STAT3 in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a mouse model of human uveitis. METHODS We induced EAU in WT, miR-155(-/-), or CD4-STAT3KO mice by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein/complete Freund's adjuvant (IRBP/CFA) or adoptive transfer of T cells. EAU was assessed by funduscopy and histology. RNA expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), while cytokine production was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS We used a combination of genomic and genetic tools to provide the first evidence that STAT3 binds directly to the miR-155 locus and that STAT3 is required for miR-155 expression. Furthermore, STAT3-dependent increase in miR-155 expression in vivo correlated temporally with onset of EAU, and miR-155(-/-) or CD4-STAT3KO mice did not suffer EAU. CD4(+) lymph node cells from IRBP-immunized WT mice transferred EAU to naïve wild-type (WT) and miR-155(-/-) mice, while miR-155(-/-) IRBP-specific T cells did not. CONCLUSIONS Although miR-155 and STAT3 have been implicated in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), uveitis, or rheumatoid arthritis, their exact roles in these diseases are unclear. We show here for the first time to our knowledge that STAT3 regulates miR-155 expression in Th17 cells. We show further that STAT3 and miR-155 form an axis that promotes the expansion of pathogenic Th17 cells that mediate uveitis. Thus, STAT3 and miR-155 may be therapeutic targets for treating uveitis and other Th17-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Escobar
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Schmidt A, Wende K, Bekeschus S, Bundscherer L, Barton A, Ottmüller K, Weltmann KD, Masur K. Non-thermal plasma treatment is associated with changes in transcriptome of human epithelial skin cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:577-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.804623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The signaling suppressor CIS controls proallergic T cell development and allergic airway inflammation. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:732-40. [PMID: 23727894 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the STAT family are critical in the cytokine-mediated functional differentiation of CD4(+) helper T cells. Signaling inhibitors of the SOCS family negatively regulate the activation of STAT proteins; however, their roles in the differentiation and function of helper T cells are not well understood. Here we found that the SOCS protein CIS, which was substantially induced by interleukin 4 (IL-4), negatively regulated the activation of STAT3, STAT5 and STAT6 in T cells. CIS-deficient mice spontaneously developed airway inflammation, and CIS deficiency in T cells led to greater susceptibility to experimental allergic asthma. CIS-deficient T cells showed enhanced differentiation into the TH2 and TH9 subsets of helper T cells. STAT5 and STAT6 regulated IL-9 expression by directly binding to the Il9 promoter. Our data thus demonstrate a critical role for CIS in controlling the proallergic generation of helper T cells.
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Induction of antitumor immunity ex vivo using dendritic cells transduced with fowl pox vector expressing MUC1, CEA, and a triad of costimulatory molecules (rF-PANVAC). J Immunother 2013; 35:555-69. [PMID: 22892452 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31826a73de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fowl pox vector expressing the tumor-associated antigens, mucin-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the context of costimulatory molecules (rF-PANVAC) has shown promise as a tumor vaccine. However, vaccine-mediated expansion of suppressor T-cell populations may blunt clinical efficacy. We characterized the cellular immune response induced by ex vivo dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with (rF)-PANVAC. Consistent with the functional characteristics of potent antigen-presenting cells, rF-PANVAC-DCs demonstrated strong expression of mucin-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules, CD80, CD86, and CD83; decreased levels of phosphorylated STAT3, and increased levels of Tyk2, Janus kinase 2, and STAT1. rF-PANVAC-DCs stimulated expansion of tumor antigen-specific T cells with potent cytolytic capacity. However, rF-PANVAC-transduced DCs also induced the concurrent expansion of FOXP3 expressing CD4CD25 regulatory T cells (Tregs) that inhibited T-cell activation. Moreover, Tregs expressed high levels of Th2 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13] together with phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT6. In contrast, the vaccine-expanded Treg population expressed high levels of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and interferon-γ and the proinflammatory receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and IL-17A suggesting that these cells may share effector functions with conventional TH17 T cells. These data suggest that Tregs expanded by rF-PANVAC-DCs, exhibit immunosuppressive properties potentially mediated by Th2 cytokines, but simultaneous expression of Th1 and Th17-associated factors suggests a high degree of plasticity.
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Masood KI, Rottenberg ME, Salahuddin N, Irfan M, Rao N, Carow B, Islam M, Hussain R, Hasan Z. Expression of M. tuberculosis-induced suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, SOCS3, FoxP3 and secretion of IL-6 associates with differing clinical severity of tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23320781 PMCID: PMC3562147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appropriate immune activation of T cells and macrophages is central for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. IFN-γ stimulated responses are lowered in tuberculosis (TB), while expression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) molecules – 1 and 3 and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T regulatory cells is increased. Here we investigated the association of these molecules in regard to clinical severity of TB. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients with pulmonary TB (PTB, n = 33), extra-pulmonary TB (ETB, n = 33) and healthy endemic controls (EC, n = 15). Cases were classified as moderately advanced or far advanced PTB, and less severe or severe disseminated ETB. M. tuberculosis -stimulated IFN-γ, SOCS1, SOCS3 and FoxP3 gene expression and secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon Rank and Kruskal Wallis non-parametric tests. Results In un-stimulated PBMCs, IL-6 (p = 0.018) and IL-10 (p = 0.013) secretion levels were increased in PTB while IL-10 was also increased in ETB (p = 0.003), all in comparison with EC. M. tuberculosis-stimulated IL-6 (p = 0.003) was lowered in ETB as compared with EC. SOCS1 mRNA expression in M. tuberculosis stimulated PBMCs levels in moderately advanced PTB (p = 0.022), far advanced (p = 0.014) PTB, and severe ETB (p = 0.009) were raised as compared with EC. On the other hand, SOCS1 mRNA titers were reduced in less severe ETB, in comparison with severe ETB (p = 0.027) and far advanced PTB (p = 0.016). SOCS3 mRNA accumulation was reduced in far advanced PTB (p = 0.007) and FoxP3 mRNA expression was increased in less severe ETB as compared with EC (p = 0.017). Conclusions The lowered SOCS1 mRNA levels in patients with less severe extra-pulmonary TB as compared to those with more severe ETB and PTB may lead to elevated IFN-γ pathway gene expression in the latter group. As localized ETB has shown to be associated with more effective Th1 immunity and adaptive responses, this suggests a role for SOCS1 in determining disease outcome in extra-pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran I Masood
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, P,O, Box 3500, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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Spence S, Fitzsimons A, Boyd C, Kessler J, Fitzgerald D, Elliott J, Gabhann J, Smith S, Sica A, Hams E, Saunders S, Jefferies C, Fallon P, McAuley D, Kissenpfennig A, Johnston J. RETRACTED: Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 2 and 3 Diametrically Control Macrophage Polarization. Immunity 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Masood KI, Rottenberg ME, Carow B, Rao N, Ashraf M, Hussain R, Hasan Z. SOCS1 gene expression is increased in severe pulmonary tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:398-404. [PMID: 22670716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) molecules inhibit cytokine signalling and may regulate protective immunity in tuberculosis (TB). We investigated the association of SOCS with disease progression in patients with pulmonary TB. For this purpose, we studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cells from patients with pulmonary TB (TB, n=33) and healthy endemic controls (EC, n=15). Cases were stratified into those with moderately advanced (Mod-PTB) or far advanced disease (Adv-PTB). Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), SOCS1 and SOCS3 gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. Levels of IL6 (P=0.018) and IL10 (P=0.013) were found to be elevated in PBMC supernatants from patients with TB as compared with EC. SOCS1 mRNA gene expression in T cells from patients with TB was increased as compared with that of EC (P=0.02). In addition, levels of SOCS1 mRNA transcripts were found to be elevated in PBMCs of Adv-PTB as compared with Mod-PTB (P=0.008) cases. Our data show that raised SOCS1 levels are associated with increased disease severity in TB. As SOCS1 regulates IFN-γ-driven immunity and SOCS1 can be further upregulated by IL6 levels, the increase in SOCS1 in severe disease indicates a mechanism by which mycobacteria impede disease control in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Masood
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
AbstractSOCS3 is a feedback regulator of cytokine signaling that affects T-cell polarization. Human tuberculosis is accompanied by increased SOCS3 expression in T cells, and this may influence susceptibility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Because the role of SOCS3 in human T-cell function is not well defined, we characterized cytokine expression and proliferation of human T cells with differential SOCS3 expression in the present study. We established a flow cytometry–based method for SOCS3 protein quantification and detected higher SOCS3 levels induced by M tuberculosis specific T-cell activation and a transient decrease of SOCS3 expression in the presence of mycobacteria-infected macrophages. Notably increased SOCS3 expression was detected in IL-17–expressing T-cell clones and in CD161+ T helper type 17 cells ex vivo. Ectopic SOCS3 expression in primary CD4+ T cells by lentiviral transduction induced increased IL-17 production but diminished proliferation and viability. Recombinant IL-7 inhibited SOCS3 expression and reduced IL-17–expressing T-cell proportions. We concluded that higher SOCS3 expression in human T cells favors T helper type 17 cells. Therefore, increased SOCS3 expression in human tuberculosis may reflect polarization toward IL-17–expressing T cells as well as T-cell exhaustion marked by reduced proliferation.
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Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Dambuza I, Kim SH, Marrero B, Egwuagu CE. Interleukin 27 induces the expression of complement factor H (CFH) in the retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45801. [PMID: 23029250 PMCID: PMC3447806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is a central regulator of the complement system and has been implicated in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. In view of previous studies showing that reduced expression of CFH in the retina is a risk factor for developing AMD, there is significant interest in understanding how CFH expression is regulated in the retina. In this study, we have shown that the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-27, induced CFH expression in mouse retinal cells and human retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE) through STAT1-mediated up-regulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF-1) and IRF-8. We further show that cells in the ganglion and inner-nuclear layers of the retina constitutively express IRF-1 and IRF-8 and enhanced CFH expression in the retina during ocular inflammation correlated with significant increase in the expression of IRF-1, IRF-8 and IL-27 (IL-27p28 and Ebi3). Our data thus reveal a novel role of IL-27 in regulating complement activation through up-regulation of CFH and suggest that defects in IL-27 signaling or expression may contribute to the reduction of CFH expression in the retina of patients with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahjoku Amadi-Obi
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivy Dambuza
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sung-Hye Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernadette Marrero
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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66
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Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) has been shown to be an important and non-redundant feedback inhibitor of several cytokines including leukemia inhibitory factor, IL-6, IL-11, Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leptin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Loss of SOCS3 in vivo has profound effects on placental development, inflammation, fat-induced weight gain, and insulin sensitivity. SOCS3 expression is induced by Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling and it then binds to specific cytokine receptors (including gp130, G-CSF, and leptin receptors). SOCS3 then inhibits JAK/STAT signaling in two distinct ways. First, SOCS3 is able to directly inhibit the catalytic activity of JAK1, JAK2, or TYK2 while remaining bound to the cytokine receptor. Second, SOCS3 recruits elongins B/C and Cullin5 to generate an E3 ligase that ubiquitinates both JAK and cytokine receptor targeting them for proteasomal degradation. Detailed in vivo studies have revealed that SOCS3 action not only limits the duration of cytokine signaling to prevent overactivity but it is also important in maintaining the specificity of cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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67
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Oh HM, Yu CR, Dambuza I, Marrero B, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 protein interacts with Class O Forkhead transcription factors in the cytoplasm and regulates nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of FoxO1 and FoxO3a proteins in CD4(+) T cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30436-43. [PMID: 22761423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.359661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An important feature of the adaptive immune response is its remarkable capacity to regulate the duration of inflammatory responses, and effector T cells have been shown to limit excessive immune responses by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-27. However, how anti-inflammatory cytokines mediate their suppressive activities is not well understood. In this study, we show that STAT3 contributes to mechanisms that control the duration of T cell proliferation by regulating the subcellular location of FoxO1 and FoxO3a, two Class O Forkhead transcription factors that mediate lymphocyte quiescence and inhibit T cell activation. We show that active FoxO1 and FoxO3a reside exclusively in the nucleus of naïve T cells whereas inactive pFoxO1 and pFoxO3a were most abundant in activated T cells and sequestered in their cytoplasm in association with unphosphorylated STAT3 (U-STAT3) and 14-3-3. We further show that FoxO1/FoxO3a rapidly relocalized into the nucleus in response to pSTAT3 activation by IL-6 or IL-10, and the accumulation of FoxO1/FoxO3a in their nuclei coincided with increased expression of p27(Kip1) and p21(WAF1). STAT3 inhibitors completely abrogated cytokine-induced translocation of FoxO1/FoxO3a into the nucleus. In naïve or resting STAT3-deficient T cells, expression of pFoxO1/pFoxO3a was predominantly in the cytoplasm and correlated with defects in p27(Kip1) and p21(WAF1) expression, suggesting requirement of STAT3 for importation or retention of FoxO in the nucleus and attenuation of lymphocyte proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that U-STAT3 collaborates with 14-3-3 to sequester pFoxO1/pFoxO3a in cytoplasm and thus prolong T cell activation, whereas pSTAT3 activation by anti-inflammatory cytokines would curtail the duration of TCR activation and re-establish lymphocyte quiescence by inducing nuclear localization of FoxO1/FoxO3a and FoxO-mediated expression of growth-inhibitory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Oh
- Molecular Immunology Section, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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68
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Li Y, de Haar C, Peppelenbosch MP, van der Woude CJ. SOCS3 in immune regulation of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease-related cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:127-38. [PMID: 22591635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has unclear pathogenesis and it is related to the increasing risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent studies have uncovered the molecular mechanism of intracellular signaling pathways of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6. The major transcription factors including STAT3 have been shown to play a major role in transmitting inflammatory cytokine signals to the nucleus. The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 protein is the key physiological regulators of cytokine-mediated STAT3 signaling. As such it influences the development of inflammatory and malignant disorders like this associated with IBD. Here we review the complex function of SOCS3 in innate and adaptive immunity, different cell types (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, T cells and intestinal epithelial cells) and the role of SOCS3 on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD-related cancer. Finally, we explore how this knowledge may open novel avenues for the rational treatment of IBD and IBD-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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69
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Knosp CA, Johnston JA. Regulation of CD4+ T-cell polarization by suppressor of cytokine signalling proteins. Immunology 2012; 135:101-11. [PMID: 22044277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are induced in responses to many stimuli and by binding to cytokine receptors and associated janus kinase (JAK) proteins, directly regulate the activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). STAT proteins regulate the expression of many genes required for the differentiation of various CD4(+) T helper cell lineages, and there is now accumulating evidence that SOCS also play essential roles in the regulation and maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell polarization. As it is now clear that CD4(+) T cells are more plastic than initially thought, it is of particular importance to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating CD4(+) T-cell differentiation. Here we review the current understanding of how STATs and SOCS act in concert to influence the polarization of CD4(+) T cells and highlight the relevance of this in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Knosp
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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70
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Yu CR, Lee YS, Mahdi RM, Surendran N, Egwuagu CE. Therapeutic targeting of STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) pathway inhibits experimental autoimmune uveitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29742. [PMID: 22238646 PMCID: PMC3252323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with targeted deletion of STAT3 in CD4+ T-cells do not develop experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in part, because they cannot generate pathogenic Th17 cells. In this study, we have used ORLL-NIH001, a small synthetic compound that inhibits transcriptional activity of STAT3, to ameliorate EAU, an animal model of human posterior uveitis. We show that by attenuating inflammatory properties of uveitogenic lymphocytes, ORLL-NIH001 inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the retina during EAU and prevented the massive destruction of the neuroretina caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the autoreactive lymphocytes. Decrease in disease severity observed in ORLL-NIH001-treated mice, correlated with the down-regulation of α4β1 and α4β7 integrin activation and marked reduction of CCR6 and CXCR3 expression, providing a mechanism by which ORLL-NIH001 mitigated EAU. Furthermore, we show that ORLL-NIH001 inhibited the expansion of human Th17 cells, underscoring its potential as a drug for the treatment of human uveitis. Two synthetic molecules that target the Th17 lineage transcription factors, RORγt and RORα, have recently been suggested as potential drugs for inhibiting Th17 development and treating CNS inflammatory diseases. However, inhibiting STAT3 pathways completely blocks Th17 development, as well as, prevents trafficking of inflammatory cells into CNS tissues, making STAT3 a more attractive therapeutic target. Thus, use of ORLL-NIH001 to target the STAT3 transcription factor, thereby antagonizing Th17 expansion and expression of proteins that mediate T cell chemotaxis, provides an attractive new therapeutic approach for treatment of posterior uveitis and other CNS autoimmune diseases mediated by Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun Sang Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rashid M. Mahdi
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Charles E. Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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71
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Cui W, Liu Y, Weinstein JS, Craft J, Kaech SM. An interleukin-21-interleukin-10-STAT3 pathway is critical for functional maturation of memory CD8+ T cells. Immunity 2011; 35:792-805. [PMID: 22118527 PMCID: PMC3431922 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for long-term immunity, but the genetic pathways governing their formation remain poorly defined. This study shows that the IL-10-IL-21-STAT3 pathway is critical for memory CD8(+) T cell development after acute LCMV infection. In the absence of either interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-21 or STAT3, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells retain terminal effector (TE) differentiation states and fail to mature into protective memory T cells that contain self-renewing central memory T cells. Expression of Eomes, BCL-6, Blimp-1, and SOCS3 was considerably reduced in STAT3-deficient memory CD8(+) T cells, and BCL-6- or SOCS3-deficient CD8(+) T cells also had perturbed memory cell development. Reduced SOCS3 expression rendered STAT3-deficient CD8(+) T cells hyperresponsive to IL-12, suggesting that the STAT3-SOCS3 pathway helps to insulate memory precursor cells from inflammatory cytokines that drive TE differentiation. Thus, memory CD8(+) T cell precursor maturation is an active process dependent on IL-10-IL-21-STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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72
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Whyte CS, Bishop ET, Rückerl D, Gaspar-Pereira S, Barker RN, Allen JE, Rees AJ, Wilson HM. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 is a key determinant of differential macrophage activation and function. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:845-54. [PMID: 21628332 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages become activated by their environment and develop polarized functions: classically activated (M1) macrophages eliminate pathogens but can cause tissue injury, whereas alternatively activated (M2) macrophages promote healing and repair. Mechanisms directing polarized activation, especially in vivo, are not understood completely, and here, we examined the role of SOCS proteins. M2 macrophages activated in vitro or elicited by implanting mice i.p. with the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi display a selective and IL-4-dependent up-regulation of SOCS1 but not SOCS3. Using siRNA-targeted knockdown in BMDM, we reveal that the enhanced SOCS1 is crucial for IL-4-induced M2 characteristics, including a high arginase I:iNOS activity ratio, suppression of T cell proliferation, attenuated responses to IFN-γ/LPS, and curtailed SOCS3 expression. Importantly, SOCS1 was essential in sustaining the enhanced PI3K activity that drives M2 activation, defining a new regulatory mechanism by which SOCS1 controls M2 polarization. By contrast, for M1 macrophages, SOCS1 was not only an important regulator of proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12, MHC class II, NO), but critically, for M1, we show that SOCS1 also restricted IL-10 secretion and arginase I activity, which otherwise would limit the efficiency of M1 macrophage proinflammatory responses. Together, our results uncover SOCS1, not only as a feedback inhibitor of inflammation but also as a critical molecular switch that tunes key signaling pathways to effectively program different sides of the macrophage balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Whyte
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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73
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Yu CR, Mahdi RR, Oh HM, Amadi-Obi A, Levy-Clarke G, Burton J, Eseonu A, Lee Y, Chan CC, Egwuagu CE. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) inhibits lymphocyte recruitment into the retina and protects SOCS1 transgenic rats and mice from ocular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6978-86. [PMID: 21778271 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins regulate the intensity and duration of cytokine signals and defective expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 has been reported in a number of human diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of SOCS1 in intraocular inflammatory diseases (uveitis) and whether SOCS1 expression is defective in patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. METHODS Blood from patients with scleritis or healthy human volunteers was analyzed for SOCS expression by RNase protection assay and RT-PCR. The authors generated SOCS1 transgenic rats and mice (SOCS1-Tg), induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) by active immunization with interphotoreceptor retinal binding protein or adoptive transfer of uveitogenic T cells, and investigated effects of SOCS1 overexpression on EAU. SOCS1-mediated protection of retinal cells from apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining. RESULTS Induction of cytokine-induced SH2 protein was comparable between patients and volunteers, whereas 80% of lymphocytes from patients with scleritis failed to induce SOCS1 in response to IL-2. Compared with wild-type littermates, SOCS1-Tg rats/mice developed less severe EAU. Constitutive overexpression of SOCS1 in retina inhibited expression of chemokines (CCL17, CCL20, CXCL9, CXCL10), reduced Th17/Th1 expansion, and inhibited recruitment of inflammatory cells into the retina. The authors also show that SOCS1 protected retinal cells from staurosporine as well as H₂O₂-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Defective expression of SOCS1 in patients with scleritis, taken together with SOCS1-mediated protection of neuroretinal cells from apoptosis, suggest that SOCS1 has neuroprotective function in the retina, implying that administration of SOCS1 mimetic peptides may be useful in treating uveitis or scleritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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74
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Fujimoto A, Akifusa S, Hirofuji T, Yamashita Y. Involvement of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in globular adiponectin-induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in RAW 264 cell. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2052-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.06.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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75
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Oh HM, Yu CR, Golestaneh N, Amadi-Obi A, Lee YS, Eseonu A, Mahdi RM, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 protein promotes T-cell survival and inhibits interleukin-2 production through up-regulation of Class O Forkhead transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30888-30897. [PMID: 21730069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the role of STAT3 in regulating differentiation of interleukin-17-producing Th17 cells, but its function in other lymphocyte subsets is not well understood. In this report, we reveal wide-ranging functions of STAT3 in T-cells and provide evidence that STAT3 is convergence point for mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte quiescence and those controlling T-cell activation and survival. We show here that STAT3 inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation by up-regulating the expression of Class-O Forkhead transcription factors, which play essential roles in maintaining T-cells in quiescent state. We further show that STAT3 binds directly to FoxO1 or FoxO3a promoter and that STAT3-deficiency resulted in down-regulation of the expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO-target genes (IκB and p27Kip1). Compared with wild-type T-cells, STAT3-deficient T-cells produced more IL-2, due in part, to marked decrease in IκB-mediated sequestration of NF-κB in the cytoplasm and resultant enhancement of NF-κB activation. However, the high level of IL-2 production by STAT3-deficient T-cells was partially restored to normal levels by overexpressing FoxO1. It is notable that their exaggerated increase in IL-2 production rendered STAT3-deficient lymphocytes more susceptible to activation-induced cell death, suggesting that STAT3 might protect T-cells from apoptosis by limiting their production of IL-2 through up-regulation of FoxO1/FoxO3a expression. Moreover, we found that STAT3 enhanced survival of activated T-cells by up-regulating OX-40 and Bcl-2 while down-regulating FasL and Bad expression, suggesting that similar to role of FoxOs in regulating the lifespan of worms, STAT3 and FoxO pathways converge to regulate lifespan of T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Oh
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nady Golestaneh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Ahjoku Amadi-Obi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yun Sang Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Amarachi Eseonu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Rashid M Mahdi
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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76
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Suppressors of cytokine signaling 3 expression in eosinophils: regulation by PGE₂ and Th2 cytokines. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:917015. [PMID: 21765854 PMCID: PMC3135166 DOI: 10.1155/2011/917015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) are respiratory disorders characterized by a predominance of Th2 cells and eosinophilic inflammation. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play an important role in Th2-mediated allergic responses through control of the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells, particularly, SOCS3 and SOCS5. The aim of this study was to analyze SOCS expression in human peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with asthma, NAEB and healthy controls. SOCS expression in eosinophils from subjects was demonstrated by different techniques. Results showed that expression of SOCS3 in eosinophils and CD4 T cells from patients was higher than in healthy subjects. In addition, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Th2 cytokines are able to upregulate SOCS3 production in eosinophils and attenuate its degranulation. In conclusion, eosinophils are able to transcribe and translate SOCS3 protein and can contribute to the regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance through SOCS3 production.
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77
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Oestreich KJ, Huang AC, Weinmann AS. The lineage-defining factors T-bet and Bcl-6 collaborate to regulate Th1 gene expression patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1001-13. [PMID: 21518797 PMCID: PMC3092354 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T-bet acts as a functional repressor in association with Bcl-6 to antagonize SOCS1, SOCS3, TCF-1, and late-stage IFN-γ to regulate Th1 development. The T-box transcription factor T-bet is important for the differentiation of naive CD4+ T helper cells (Th cells) into the Th1 phenotype. Much is known about T-bet’s role as a transcriptional activator, but less is known about the mechanisms by which T-bet functionally represses alternative Th cell genetic programs. In this study, we first identify Socs1, Socs3, and Tcf7 (TCF-1) as gene targets that are negatively regulated by T-bet. Significantly, T-bet’s role in the repression of these genes is through a direct interaction with their promoters. Consistent with this, we identified two T-bet DNA-binding elements in the Socs1 promoter that are functionally used to down-regulate transcription in primary Th1 cells. Importantly, T-bet’s novel role in transcriptional repression is because of its ability to physically associate with, and functionally recruit, the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 to a subset of promoters. Furthermore, T-bet functionally recruits Bcl-6 to the Ifng locus in late stages of Th1 differentiation to repress its activity, possibly to prevent the overproduction of IFN-γ, which could result in autoimmunity. Collectively, these data establish a novel mechanism for T-bet–mediated gene repression in which two lineage-defining transcription factors, one a classical activator and one a repressor, collaborate to promote and properly regulate Th1 development.
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78
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Gambhir V, Kim J, Siddiqui S, Taylor M, Byford V, Petrof EO, Jones G, Basta S. Influence of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on TLR4-induced activation of antigen presenting cells is dependent on the order of receptor engagement. Immunobiology 2011; 216:988-96. [PMID: 21529994 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-(OH)₂D₃, binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR) to exert its regulatory effects at the transcription level. VDR is expressed in professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs), such as macrophages (Mø) and dendritic cells (DCs). We show for the first time that the 24-hydroxylase enzyme is activated in bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC), due to 1,25(OH)₂D₃ stimulation which resulted in the induction of its gene, CYP24A1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the influence of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ on TLR-4-L-induced activation of pAPC is dependent on the order of VDR and TLR-4 engagement. Thus, pre-treatment of pAPC with 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ partially inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. However, these inhibitory effects were not observed when LPS and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ were added simultaneously or when LPS preceded 1,25-(OH)₂D₃. Moreover, we found that 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ pre-treatment of pAPCs did not cause general suppression since it interfered with NO levels but not with the cytokines IL-6 or TNF-α. Consequently, engagement of VDR by 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ can partially interfere with TLR-4-L-induced activation of pAPCs only when it occurs before TLR-4 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gambhir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Gene expression profiling in lungs of chronic asthmatic mice treated with galectin-3: downregulation of inflammatory and regulatory genes. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:823279. [PMID: 21547260 PMCID: PMC3086374 DOI: 10.1155/2011/823279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Asthma is a disorder characterized by a predominance of Th2 cells and eosinophilic inflammation. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins act as negative regulators of cytokine signaling. In particular, SOCS1 and SOCS3 play an important role in immune response by controlling the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells. In a previous study, we demonstrated that treatment of chronic asthmatic mice with gene therapy using plasmid encoding galectin-3 (Gal-3) led to an improvement in Th2 allergic inflammation. Methods. Using a microarray approach, this study endeavored to evaluate the changes produced by therapeutic Gal-3 delivered by gene therapy in a well-characterized mouse model of chronic airway inflammation. Results were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Results. We identify a set of genes involved in different pathways whose expression is coordinately decreased/increased in mice treated with Gal-3 gene therapy. We report a correlation between Gal-3 treatment and inhibition of SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in lungs. Conclusion. These results suggest that negative regulation of SOCS1 and 3 following Gal-3 treatment could be a valuable therapeutic approach in allergic disease.
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80
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Lee YS, Amadi-Obi A, Yu CR, Egwuagu CE. Retinal cells suppress intraocular inflammation (uveitis) through production of interleukin-27 and interleukin-10. Immunology 2011; 132:492-502. [PMID: 21294722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal or photoreceptor deficit observed in uveitis and multiple sclerosis derives in part from inability to control inflammatory responses in neuroretina or brain. Recently, IL-27 was found to play a role in suppressing experimental autoimmune uveitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, two animal models that share essential pathological features of human uveitis and multiple sclerosis, respectively. However, the mechanism by which interleukin-27 (IL-27) inhibits central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is not clear. In this study we have investigated mechanisms that mitigate or curtail intraocular inflammation (uveitis) and examined whether inhibitory effects of IL-27 are mediated locally by neuroretinal cells or by regulatory T cells. We show here that microglia cells in the neuroretina constitutively secrete IL-27 and its expression is up-regulated during uveitis. We further show that photoreceptors constitutively express IL-27 receptor and respond to IL-27 signalling by producing anti-inflammatory molecules, IL-10 and suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) through signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) -dependent mechanisms. Moreover, STAT1-deficient mice produced reduced amounts of IL-27, IL-10 and SOCS1 and developed more severe uveitis. Surprisingly, IL-10-producing regulatory T cells had marginal roles in suppressing uveitis. These results suggest that suppression of intraocular inflammation might be mediated through endogenous production of IL-27 and IL-10 by retinal cells, whereas SOCS proteins induced by IL-27 during uveitis may function to protect the neuroretinal cells from the toxic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Targeted delivery of IL-27 into immune privileged tissues of the CNS may therefore be beneficial in the treatment of CNS inflammatory diseases, such as uveitis and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sang Lee
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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81
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Park HR, Jo SK, Eom HS. Chronic effects of single and fractionated γ-irradiation on an impairment of Th1-related immune response. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:534-43. [PMID: 21219110 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.542540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We already reported that levels of interferon (IFN)-γ have been shown to be markedly reduced in mice seven weeks after irradiation, resulting in a T helper (Th) 1/Th2 imbalance. To investigate whether the single or fractionated γ-irradiation induced an immune imbalance, we analysed the Th1-related immune response profile until six months after the fractionated whole-body irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mice were exposed to γ-rays at a fractionated 5 Gy cumulative dose for five weeks. At two, four and six months later from the first exposure, experiments were performed. Cell populations in the spleen, the production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)- 4 and IL-12p70, natural killer (NK) cell activity and the expression of IL-12 receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4 and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3 were detected. RESULTS The IFN-γ was lower in the mice exposed by all irradiation conditions than in normal control mice, but the IL-4 had increased in all the irradiated mice. To investigate Th1 profile, NK cell activity, IL-12p70 level and its receptor expression was confirmed. In all fractionated irradiation groups, the NK cell activity as well as the absolute numbers of NK cells was much decreased. Also, all the irradiated mice showed a lower IL-12p70 level. However, the expression of IL-12 receptor β2 was lower in the irradiated mice except the 0.2 Gy × 10 mice group. The phosphoylated STAT4 was lower in all the irradiated mice. This suppression was associated with an overexpression of SOCS3. CONCLUSIONS The fractionated whole-body irradiations of a dose of 5 Gy appear to be the down-regulation of the Th1-like immune response. These changes, in turn, maintain an immunological imbalance that persists in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Radiation Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Jeongeup Campus of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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82
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Akifusa S, Kamio N, Shimazaki Y, Yamaguchi N, Nonaka K, Yamashita Y. Involvement of the JAK-STAT pathway and SOCS3 in the regulation of adiponectin-generated reactive oxygen species in murine macrophage RAW 264 cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:597-606. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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83
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Moriwaki A, Inoue H, Nakano T, Matsunaga Y, Matsuno Y, Matsumoto T, Fukuyama S, Kan-O K, Matsumoto K, Tsuda-Eguchi M, Nagakubo D, Yoshie O, Yoshimura A, Kubo M, Nakanishi Y. T cell treatment with small interfering RNA for suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 modulates allergic airway responses in a murine model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:448-55. [PMID: 20508071 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0051oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells, particularly T helper (Th) 2 cells, play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins control the balance of CD4(+) T cell differentiation. Mice that lack SOCS3 in T cells by crossing SOCS3-floxed mice with Lck-Cre-transgenic mice have reduced allergen-induced eosinophilia in the airways. Here, we studied the effects of SOCS3 silencing with small interfering (si) RNA in primary CD4(+) T cells on Th2 cell differentiation and on asthmatic responses in mice. Th2 cells were generated from ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell receptor-transgenic mice in vitro and transferred into recipient mice. Transfection of SOCS3-specific siRNA attenuated Th2 response in vitro. Adoptive transfer of SOCS3-siRNA T cells exhibited markedly suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia after OVA challenge, with a concomitant decrease in OVA-specific CD4(+) T cell accumulation in the airways. To investigate the mechanism of this impaired CD4(+) T cell accumulation, we inactivated SOCS3 of T cells by crossing SOCS3-floxed (SOCS3(flox/flox)) mice with CD4-Cre transgenic mice. CD4-Cre × SOCS3(flox/flox) mice exhibited fewer IL-4-producing cells and more reduced eosinophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids than control mice in a model of OVA-induced asthma. Expression of CCR3 and CCR4 in CD4(+) T cells was decreased in CD4-Cre × SOCS3(flox/flox) mice. CCR4 expression was also decreased in CD4(+) T cells after transfer of SOCS3 siRNA-treated T cells. These findings suggest that the therapeutic modulation of SOCS3 expression in CD4(+) T cells might be effective in preventing the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Moriwaki
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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84
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Finley SD, Gupta D, Cheng N, Klinke DJ. Inferring relevant control mechanisms for interleukin-12 signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:100-10. [PMID: 20479776 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine involved in shaping the cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens. IL-12 initiates a cellular response through the IL-12 signaling pathway, a member of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) family of signaling networks. The JAK/STAT pathway includes several regulatory elements; however, the dynamics of these mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to infer the relative importance of regulatory mechanisms that modulate the activation of STAT4 in naïve CD4(+) T cells. Dynamic changes in protein expression and activity were measured using flow cytometry and these data were used to calibrate a mathematical model of IL-12 signaling. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to infer the relative strengths of the different regulatory mechanisms in the system. The model predicted that IL-12 receptor expression is regulated by a dynamic, autonomous program that was independent of STAT4 activation. In summary, a mathematical model of the canonical IL-12 signaling pathway used in conjunction with a Bayesian framework provided high-confidence predictions of the system-specific control mechanisms from the available experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey D Finley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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85
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Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is the main intracellular regulator of signaling by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, an immune-modulatory cytokine used to mobilize stem cells for transplantation. We have therefore studied the contribution of SOCS3 to the spectrum of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Grafts from SOCS3(-/Deltavav) donor mice in which SOCS3 deficiency is restricted to the hematopoietic compartment had an augmented capacity to induce acute GVHD. With the use of SOCS3(-/DeltaLysM) and SOCS3(-/Deltalck) donors in which SOCS3 deficiency was restricted to the myeloid or T-cell lineage, respectively, we confirmed SOCS3 deficiency promoted acute GVHD mortality and histopathology within the gastrointestinal tract by effects solely within the donor T cell. SOCS3(-/Deltalck) donor T cells underwent enhanced alloantigen-dependent proliferation and generation of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-17, and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) after SCT. The enhanced capacity of the SOCS3(-/Deltalck) donor T cell to induce acute GVHD was dependent on IFNgamma but independent of IL-10 or IL-17. Surprisingly, SOCS3(-/Deltalck) donor T cells also induced severe, transforming growth factor beta- and IFNgamma-dependent, sclerodermatous GVHD. Thus, the delivery of small molecule SOCS3 mimetics may prove to be useful for the inhibition of both acute and chronic GVHD.
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86
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Filén S, Ylikoski E, Tripathi S, West A, Björkman M, Nyström J, Ahlfors H, Coffey E, Rao KVS, Rasool O, Lahesmaa R. Activating transcription factor 3 is a positive regulator of human IFNG gene expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4990-9. [PMID: 20304822 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-18 are essential for Th1 differentiation, whereas the role of IFN-alpha in Th1 development is less understood. In this microarray-based study, we searched for genes that are regulated by IFN-alpha, IL-12, or the combination of IL-12 plus IL-18 during the early differentiation of human umbilical cord blood CD4(+) Th cells. Twenty-six genes were similarly regulated in response to treatment with IL-12, IFN-alpha, or the combination of IL-12 plus IL-18. These genes could therefore play a role in Th1 lineage decision. Transcription factor activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 was upregulated by these cytokines and selected for further study. Ectopic expression of ATF3 in CD4(+) T cells enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, the hallmark cytokine of Th1 cells, whereas small interfering RNA knockdown of ATF3 reduced IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, ATF3 formed an endogenous complex with JUN in CD4(+) T cells induced to Th1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays showed that both ATF3 and JUN are recruited to and transactivate the IFNG promoter during early Th1 differentiation. Collectively, these data indicate that ATF3 promotes human Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Filén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, P.O. Box 123, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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87
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Zhao J, Zhang T, He H, Xie Y. Interleukin-2 inhibits polarization to T helper type 1 cells and prevents mouse acute graft-versus-host disease through up-regulating suppressors of cytokine signalling-3 expression of naive CD4+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:479-88. [PMID: 20132230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 1 (Th1)-type polarization plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The differentiation of T cells into this subtype is dictated by the nature of the donor naive CD4(+) T cell-host antigen presenting cell (APC) interaction. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) are a family of molecules that act as negative regulators for cytokine signalling, which regulate the negative cytokine signalling pathway through inhibiting the cytokine-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Studies have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. These molecules are essential for T cell development and differentiation. SOCS-3 can inhibit polarization to Th1 and contribute to polarization to Th2. In this study, we found that interleukin (IL)-2 pre-incubation of C57BL/6 naive CD4(+) T cells could up-regulate the expression of SOCS-3. Naive CD4(+) T cells constitutively expressed low levels of SOCS-3 mRNA. SOCS-3 mRNA began to rise after 4 h, and reached peak level at 6 h. At 8 h it began to decrease. High expression of SOCS-3 mRNA induced by IL-2 could inhibit the proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells following stimulation with allogeneic antigen. IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells could inhibit polarization to Th1 with stimulation of allogeneic antigens. We have demonstrated that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells could reduce the incidence of aGVHD between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) completely mismatched donor and host when high SOCS3 expression of CD4(+)T cells encounter allogeneic antigen in time. These results show that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression can inhibit aGVHD through inhibiting proliferation and polarization to Th1 with the stimulation of allogeneic antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Department of Haematology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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88
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Xiao ZG, Liu H, Fu JP, Hu W, Wang YP, Guo QL. Cloning of common carp SOCS-3 gene and its expression during embryogenesis, GH-transgene and viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:362-371. [PMID: 20025976 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As a member of a newly discovered protein family, the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) has been shown to regulate the responses of many immune cytokines in a negative auto-regulatory manner. The full-length cDNA of common carp SOCS-3 was 1603 bp and contained a 630 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of 209 amino acids. Carp SOCS-3 molecule was well conserved especially in the SRC homology 2 (SH2) and the SOCS box. The kinase inhibitory region (KIR) and ESS domains, upstream of the SH2 domain, were conserved in carp SOCS-3, except for a specific insertion (PHRYK) in the KIR domain at the N-terminal region. Three conserved cysteine (Cys-102, 124 and 193) residues, and one additional cysteine (Cys-168) residue, were also found in carp SOCS-3. The 2015 bp genomic DNA of carp SOCS-3 contained two exons and one intron. Phylogenetic analysis showed that carp SOCS-3 sequence grouped with other known fish SOCS-3 sequences with zebrafish SOCS-3 as the closest neighbour. RT-PCR analysis showed that carp SOCS-3 was initially expressed at 4 h pf (post-fertilization) and gradually increased up to 4 w pf during embryogenesis. By RT-qPCR analysis, carp SOCS-3 gene was predominantly detected in gill, head kidney, thymus and skin, followed by spleen and peripheral blood, lower expression level was detected in kidney, intestine, liver and muscle; the SOCS-3 transcript was significantly increased in thymus, head kidney, spleen and intestine of GH (growth hormone)-transgenic carp; after SVCV (spring viraemia of carp virus) infection, the carp SOCS-3 transcript was significantly up-regulated in gill, intestine, thymus, spleen, head kidney and kidney tissues in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that teleost SOCS-3 may play an active role in the modulation of viral-induced innate immune response and in preventing the overaction of some cytokines with viral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Gang Xiao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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89
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Dharajiya N, Vaidya S, Sinha M, Luxon B, Boldogh I, Sur S. Allergen challenge induces Ifng dependent GTPases in the lungs as part of a Th1 transcriptome response in a murine model of allergic asthma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8172. [PMID: 20027288 PMCID: PMC2791840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the current paradigm, allergic airway inflammation is mediated by Th2 cytokines and pro-inflammatory chemokines. Since allergic inflammation is self-limited, we hypothesized that allergen challenge simultaneously induces anti-inflammatory genes to counter-balance the effects of Th2 cytokines and chemokines. To identify these putative anti-inflammatory genes, we compared the gene expression profile in the lungs of ragweed-sensitized mice four hours after challenge with either PBS or ragweed extract (RWE) using a micro-array platform. Consistent with our hypothesis, RWE challenge concurrently upregulated Th1-associated early target genes of the Il12/Stat4 pathway, such as p47 and p65 GTPases (Iigp, Tgtp and Gbp1), Socs1, Cxcl9, Cxcl10 and Gadd45g with the Th2 genes Il4, Il5, Ccl2 and Ccl7. These Th1-associated genes remain upregulated longer than the Th2 genes. Augmentation of the local Th1 milieu by administration of Il12 or CpG prior to RWE challenge further upregulated these Th1 genes. Abolition of the Th1 response by disrupting the Ifng gene increased allergic airway inflammation and abrogated RWE challenge-induced upregulation of GTPases, Cxcl9, Cxcl10 and Socs1, but not Gadd45g. Our data demonstrate that allergen challenge induces two sets of Th1-associated genes in the lungs: 1) Ifng-dependent genes such as p47 and p65 GTPases, Socs1, Cxcl9 and Cxcl10 and 2) Ifng-independent Th1-inducing genes like Gadd45g. We propose that allergen-induced airway inflammation is regulated by simultaneous upregulation of Th1 and Th2 genes, and that persistent unopposed upregulation of Th1 genes resolves allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Dharajiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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90
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Palmer DC, Restifo NP. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in T cell differentiation, maturation, and function. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:592-602. [PMID: 19879803 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of T cell biology, but their influence can be attenuated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), a family of proteins consisting of eight members, SOCS1-7 and CIS. SOCS proteins regulate cytokine signals that control the polarization of CD4(+) T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cell lineages, the maturation of CD8(+) T cells from naïve to "stem-cell memory" (Tscm), central memory (Tcm), and effector memory (Tem) states, and the activation of these lymphocytes. Understanding how SOCS family members regulate T cell maturation, differentiation, and function might prove critical in improving adoptive immunotherapy for cancer and therapies aimed at treating autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Palmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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91
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Syn WK, Witek RP, Curbishley SM, Jung Y, Choi SS, Enrich B, Omenetti A, Agboola KM, Fearing CM, Tilg H, Adams DH, Diehl AM. Role for hedgehog pathway in regulating growth and function of invariant NKT cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1879-92. [PMID: 19544307 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte accumulation is characteristic of chronic hepatitis, but the mechanisms regulating lymphocyte numbers and their roles in liver disease progression are poorly understood. The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway regulates thymic development and lymphopoeisis during embryogenesis, and is activated in fibrosing liver disease in adults. Our objective was to determine if Hh ligands regulate the viability and phenotype of NKT cells, which comprise a substantial sub-population of resident lymphocytes in healthy adult livers and often accumulate during liver fibrosis. The results demonstrate that a mouse invariant NKT cell line (DN32 iNKT cells), mouse primary liver iNKT cells, and human peripheral blood iNKT cells are all responsive to sonic hedgehog (Shh). In cultured iNKT cells, Shh enhances proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, induces activation, and stimulates expression of the pro-fibrogenic cytokine, IL-13. Livers of transgenic mice with an overly active Hh pathway harbor increased numbers of iNKT cells. iNKT cells also express Shh. These results demonstrate that iNKT cells produce and respond to Hh ligands, and that Hh pathway activation regulates the size and cytokine production of liver iNKT cell populations. Therefore, Hh pathway activation may contribute to the local expansion of pro-fibrogenic iNKT cell populations during certain types of fibrosing liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kin Syn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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92
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Zhan Y, Davey GM, Graham KL, Kiu H, Dudek NL, Kay TWH, Lew AM. SOCS1 negatively regulates the production of Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells in the thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:473-80. [PMID: 19381159 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SOCS1 profoundly influences the development and peripheral homeostasis of CD8+ T cells but has less impact on CD4+ T cells. Despite the moderate influence of SOCS1 in the development of the total CD4 T-cell lineage, we show here that SOCS1 deficiency resulted in a 10-fold increase in Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells in the thymus. Increased numbers of Foxp3+ thymocytes occurred in mice with T-cell-specific ablation of SOCS1, suggesting that the effect is T-cell intrinsic. This increase in Foxp3+ CD4+cells in SOCS1-deficient mice also occurred in the absence of IFN-gamma or/and IL-7 signaling. Increase in CD25+CD4+ T cells in the absence of SOCS1 could be partly due to enhanced survival by CD25+CD4+cells, to a lesser degree CD25-CD4+ T cells, from SOCS1-deficient mice with or without T-cell growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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93
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Lee C, Kolesnik TB, Caminschi I, Chakravorty A, Carter W, Alexander WS, Jones J, Anderson GP, Nicholson SE. Suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) is a physiological regulator of the asthma response. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:897-907. [PMID: 19309352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular determinants of the severity and persistence of allergic asthma remain poorly understood. Suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) is a negative regulator of IL-4-dependent pathways in vitro and might therefore control T-helper type 2 (Th2) immunity associated traits, such as IgE levels, mucin production, IL-5 and IL-13 induction, and eosinophilic mucosal inflammation, which are implicated in allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of SOCS1 in regulating Th2-associated disease traits in a murine sub-chronic aeroallergen-driven asthma model. METHODS Following sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA), bronchoalveolar lavage and serum were collected from mice lacking the Socs1 gene on an IFN-gamma null background (Socs1(-/-)Ifngamma(-/-)). The composition of infiltrating cells in the lung, serum IgE and IgG1 levels and cytokine levels were analysed. RESULTS Serum IgE levels and infiltrating eosinophils were considerably increased in the lungs of OVA-treated Socs1(-/-)Ifngamma(-/-) mice compared with Ifngamma(-/-) and C57BL/6 controls. Expression of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 was increased in CD4+ cells and lung tissue from OVA-treated Socs1(-/-)Ifngamma(-/-) mice. IgE, IL-5 levels and infiltrating eosinophils were also elevated in saline-treated Socs1(-/-)Ifngamma(-/-) mice, suggesting that in the absence of SOCS1, mice are already biased towards a Th2 response. It is at present unclear whether the elevated cytokine levels are sufficient to result in the exacerbated Th2 response to OVA challenge or whether enhanced intra-cellular signalling also contributes. Surprisingly, of the various IL-4/IL-13 responsive genes tested, only Arginase I appeared to be modestly up-regulated in the lungs of OVA-treated Socs1(-/-)Ifngamma(-/-) mice, suggesting that regulation by SOCS1 occurs primarily in haematopoietic cells and not in the airway epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Together these results indicate that SOCS1 is an important regulator of the Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Vic., Australia
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94
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Zhang Z, Zeng B, Zhang Z, Jiao G, Li H, Jing Z, Ouyang J, Yuan X, Chai L, Che Y, Zhang Y, Yang R. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Promotes Bone Marrow Cells to Differentiate into CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Lung Tissue via Up-Regulating Notch1 Expression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:1578-86. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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95
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Rastmanesh MM, Braam B, Joles JA, Boer P, Bluyssen HA. Increased SOCS expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of end stage renal disease patients is related to inflammation and dialysis modality. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sasaki K, Pardee AD, Okada H, Storkus WJ. IL-4 inhibits VLA-4 expression on Tc1 cells resulting in poor tumor infiltration and reduced therapy benefit. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2865-73. [PMID: 18958887 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated that IL-4-dependent Tc2 are inferior to Tc1-effector CD8+ T cells in regulating tumor progression in vivo. This functional disparity relates, in part, to the comparatively poor ability of Tc2 to migrate into diseased tissues. We now show that IL-4 treatment of committed Tc1 cells promotes the selective loss in the expression of very-late antigen (VLA)-4, without impacting the Tc1 cytokine production profile, cytotoxic activity, or expression of alternate cell surface markers. Down-regulation of VLA-4 expression on Tc1 cells was unique to treatment with IL-4 (i.e. Tc1IL-4) and did not occur in the presence of the Type-2 cytokine IL-13 or the regulatory cytokines IL-10 or TGF-beta. Notably, the inhibitory effects of IL-4 on Tc1 expression of VLA-4 could be blocked by the presence of IL-12, but not IFN-gamma. Predictably, Tc1IL-4 (but not Tc1 control) cells adhere poorly to plate-bound VCAM-1-Fc fusion protein and fail to be co-stimulated by VCAM-1 in vitro. They were also markedly impaired in their ability to traffic into intracranial melanoma lesions after adoptive transfer, yielding inferior therapeutic benefit to tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest a novel suppressive mechanism for IL-4 that limits Tc1 efficacy via preventing their recruitment into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sasaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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97
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Grémy O, Benderitter M, Linard C. Acute and persisting Th2-like immune response after fractionated colorectal γ-irradiation. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:7075-85. [PMID: 19084914 PMCID: PMC2776837 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.7075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate if an immune imbalance may account for the development and progression of chronic radiation enteritis. We analyzed the Th1/Th2 immune response profile early and 6 mo after fractionated colorectal irradiation.
METHODS: A rat model of fractionated colorectal γ-irradiation (4-Gy fractions, 3 fractions per week) was designed to investigate the effects of cumulative dose on inflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines) and immune response (Th1/Th2 profile and immunosuppressive mediator IL-10) during acute (early) response and 6 mo after the end of fractionated irradiation (chronic response). Analyses were performed 1 d after the cumulative doses of 16 Gy and 36 Gy and 1 d, 3 d, and 26 wk after the cumulative dose of 52 Gy.
RESULTS: Without causing histological damage, fractionated radiation induced elevated expression of IL-1β, TNFα, MCP-1, and iNOS in distal colonic mucosa during the early post-irradiation phase. At that time, a Th2 profile was confirmed by expression of both the Th2-specific transcription factor GATA-3 and the chemokine receptor CCR4 and by suppression of the Th1 cytokine IFNγ/IP-10 throughout the irradiation protocol. After 6 mo, despite the 2-fold reduction of iNOS and MCP-1 levels, the Th2 profile persisted, as shown by a 50% reduction in the expression of the Th1 transcription factor T-bet, the chemokine receptor CCXCR3, and the IFNγ/STAT1 pathway. At the same time-point, the immunosuppressive IL-10/STAT3 pathway, known to regulate the Th1/Th2 balance, was expressed, in irradiated rats, at approximately half its level as compared to controls. This suppression was associated with an overexpression of SOCS3, which inhibits the feedback of the Th1 polarization and regulates IL-10 production.
CONCLUSION: Colorectal irradiation induces Th2 polarization, defective IL-10/STAT3 pathway activation and SOCS3 overexpression. These changes, in turn, maintain a immunological imbalance that persists in the long term.
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98
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Veenbergen S, Bennink MB, de Hooge ASK, Arntz OJ, Smeets RL, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Splenic suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 transgene expression affects T cell responses and prevents development of collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3742-52. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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99
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Dong Q, Fan R, Zhao S, Wang Y. Over-expression of SOCS-3 gene promotes IL-10 production by JEG-3 trophoblast cells. Placenta 2008; 30:11-4. [PMID: 19036437 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) plays an important role in negative regulation of inflammatory response. Evidence has shown that SOCS-3 and IL-10 expressions were significantly reduced in placental trophoblasts from preeclampsia. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we sought to determine if enhance SOCS-3 expression could affect IL-10 production in placental trophoblasts. Placental JEG-3 cells were used. Over-expression of SOCS-3 was generated by transfection of JEG-3 cells with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged SOCS-3 gene, SOCS-3/ZsGreen1, by siPORT lipid transfection. Cells transfected with ZsGreen1 vector only was used as control. Our results showed that IL-6 production was reduced in cells over-expressed with SOCS-3. Moreover, SOCS-3 transfected cells produced more IL-10 when stimulated with IL-6. The increased IL-10 production by JEG-3 cells was in a dose-dependent manner, p<0.05. Our data suggested that enhanced SOCS-3 gene expression could promote IL-10 production by placental trophoblast cells, suggesting that SOCS-3 may play an important role in regulation of cytokine induced anti-inflammatory response in placental trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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100
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Feng CG, Zheng L, Jankovic D, Báfica A, Cannons JL, Watford WT, Chaussabel D, Hieny S, Caspar P, Schwartzberg PL, Lenardo MJ, Sher A. The immunity-related GTPase Irgm1 promotes the expansion of activated CD4+ T cell populations by preventing interferon-gamma-induced cell death. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:1279-87. [PMID: 18806793 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible, immunity-related GTPase Irgm1 have defective host resistance to a variety of intracellular pathogens. This greater susceptibility to infection is associated with impaired IFN-gamma-dependent macrophage microbicidal activity in vitro. Here we show that Irgm1 also regulated the survival of mature effector CD4(+) T lymphocytes by protecting them from IFN-gamma-induced autophagic cell death. Mice deficient in both IFN-gamma and Irgm1 were 'rescued' from the lymphocyte depletion and greater mortality that occurs in mice singly deficient in Irgm1 after mycobacterial infection. Our studies identify a feedback mechanism in the T helper type 1 response that limits the detrimental effects of IFN-gamma on effector T lymphocyte survival while promoting the antimicrobial functions of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Feng
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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