51
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Zhang S, Caldeira-Dantas S, Smith CJ, Snyder CM. Persistent viral replication and the development of T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:457-468. [PMID: 30848361 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been difficult to observe. However, recent work using the mouse model of murine (M)CMV demonstrated that MCMV initially infects the nasal mucosa after transmission from mothers to pups. We found that intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of C57BL/6J mice resulted in reliable recovery of replicating virus from the nasal mucosa as assessed by plaque assay. After i.n. inoculation, CD8+ T-cell priming occurred in the mandibular, deep-cervical, and mediastinal lymph nodes within 3 days of infection. Although i.n. infection induced "memory inflation" of T cells specific for the M38316-323 epitope, there were no detectable CD8+ T-cell responses against the late-appearing IE3416-423 epitope, which contrasts with intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. MCMV-specific T cells migrated into the nasal mucosa where they developed a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype and this could occur independently of local virus infection or antigen. Strikingly however, virus replication was poorly controlled in the nasal mucosa and MCMV was detectable by plaque assay for at least 4 months after primary infection, making the nasal mucosa a second site for MCMV persistence. Unlike in the salivary glands, the persistence of MCMV in the nasal mucosa was not modulated by IL-10. Taken together, our data characterize the development of local and systemic T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV and define the nasal mucosa, a natural site of viral entry, as a novel site of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,PT Government Associate Laboratory, ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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52
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Basinski AJ, Nuismer SL, Remien CH. A little goes a long way: Weak vaccine transmission facilitates oral vaccination campaigns against zoonotic pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007251. [PMID: 30849126 PMCID: PMC6426267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens such as Ebola and rabies pose a major health risk to humans. One proven approach to minimizing the impact of a pathogen relies on reducing its prevalence within animal reservoir populations using mass vaccination. However, two major challenges remain for vaccination programs that target free-ranging animal populations. First, limited or challenging access to wild hosts, and second, expenses associated with purchasing and distributing the vaccine. Together, these challenges constrain a campaign's ability to maintain adequate levels of immunity in the host population for an extended period of time. Transmissible vaccines could lessen these constraints, improving our ability to both establish and maintain herd immunity in free-ranging animal populations. Because the extent to which vaccine transmission could augment current wildlife vaccination campaigns is unknown, we develop and parameterize a mathematical model that describes long-term mass vaccination campaigns in the US that target rabies in wildlife. The model is used to investigate the ability of a weakly transmissible vaccine to (1) increase vaccine coverage in campaigns that fail to immunize at levels required for herd immunity, and (2) decrease the expense of campaigns that achieve herd immunity. When parameterized to efforts that target rabies in raccoons using vaccine baits, our model indicates that, with current vaccination efforts, a vaccine that transmits to even one additional host per vaccinated individual could sufficiently augment US efforts to preempt the spread of the rabies virus. Higher levels of transmission are needed, however, when spatial heterogeneities associated with flight-line vaccination are incorporated into the model. In addition to augmenting deficient campaigns, our results show that weak vaccine transmission can reduce the costs of vaccination campaigns that are successful in attaining herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Basinski
- Department of Mathematics. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Remien
- Department of Mathematics. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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53
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Schober K, Buchholz VR, Busch DH. TCR repertoire evolution during maintenance of CMV-specific T-cell populations. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:113-128. [PMID: 29664573 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During infections and cancer, the composition of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells changes over time. TCR avidity is thought to be a major driver of this process, thereby interacting with several additional regulators of T-cell responses to form a composite immune response architecture. Infections with latent viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), can lead to large T-cell responses characterized by an oligoclonal TCR repertoire. Here, we review the current status of experimental studies and theoretical models of TCR repertoire evolution during CMV infection. We will particularly discuss the degree to which this process may be determined through structural TCR avidity. As engineered TCR-redirected T cells have moved into the spotlight for providing more effective immunotherapies, it is essential to understand how the key features of a given TCR influence T-cell expansion and maintenance in settings of infection or malignancy. Deeper insights into these mechanisms will improve our basic understanding of T-cell immunology and help to identify optimal TCRs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Focus Group 'Clinical Cell Processing and Purification', Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany.,National Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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54
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Welten SPM, Sandu I, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Memory CD8 T cell inflation vs tissue-resident memory T cells: Same patrollers, same controllers? Immunol Rev 2019; 283:161-175. [PMID: 29664565 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The induction of long-lived populations of memory T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of considerable interest for T cell-based vaccines, as they can execute immediate effector functions and thus provide protection in case of pathogen encounter at mucosal and barrier sites. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines support the induction and accumulation of a large population of effector memory CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, in a process called memory inflation. Tissue-resident memory (TRM ) T cells, induced by various infections and vaccination regimens, constitute another subset of memory cells that take long-term residence in peripheral tissues. Both memory T cell subsets have evoked substantial interest in exploitation for vaccine purposes. However, a direct comparison between these two peripheral tissue-localizing memory T cell subsets with respect to their short- and long-term ability to provide protection against heterologous challenge is pending. Here, we discuss communalities and differences between TRM and inflationary CD8 T cells with respect to their development, maintenance, function, and protective capacity. In addition, we discuss differences and similarities between the transcriptional profiles of TRM and inflationary T cells, supporting the notion that they are distinct memory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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55
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Li M, Boddeda S, Chen B, Zeng Q, Schoeb TR, Velazquez VM, Shimamura M. NK cell and Th17 responses are differentially induced in murine cytomegalovirus infected renal allografts and vary according to recipient virus dose and strain. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:2647-2662. [PMID: 29659179 PMCID: PMC6191363 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) donor positive (D+) serostatus with acute rejection is associated with renal allograft loss, but the impact of recipient positive (R+) serostatus is unclear. In an allogeneic renal transplant model, antiviral natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cell memory responses in murine CMV (MCMV) D+/R+ transplants were compared to D-/R- and D+/R- transplants, with recipient infection varied by MCMV dose and strain. D+/R- transplants had high primary antiviral cytolytic (interferon-γ+) and cytotoxic (granzyme B+) NK responses, whereas NK memory responses were lower in D+/R+ recipients receiving a high primary MCMV dose. Despite MCMV immunity, D+/R+ recipients receiving a low MCMV dose showed primary-like high cytolytic and cytotoxic NK responses. D+/R+ transplants infected with different D/R strains had low cytolytic NK responses but high cytotoxic NK responses. NK memory also induced a novel TNF-α+ NK response among high-dose virus recipients. MCMV+ transplants had greater Th17 responses than MCMV-uninfected transplants and Th17 inhibition ameliorated graft injury. All MCMV+ recipients had similar CD8+ T cell responses. In sum, NK and Th17 responses, but not CD8+ T cells, varied according to conditions of primary recipient infection. This variability could contribute to variable graft outcomes in HCMV D+/R+ renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Srinivasa Boddeda
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Trenton R. Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL
| | - Victoria M. Velazquez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH
| | - Masako Shimamura
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH,Corresponding author:
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56
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Pardieck IN, Beyrend G, Redeker A, Arens R. Cytomegalovirus infection and progressive differentiation of effector-memory T cells. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30345004 PMCID: PMC6173108 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15753.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to strong innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus, which prevents serious disease. However, CMV infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality in individuals who are immunocompromised. The adaptive immune response to CMV is characterized by large populations of effector-memory (EM) T cells that are maintained lifelong, a process termed memory inflation. Recent findings indicate that infection with CMV leads to continuous differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like T cells and that high-dose infection accelerates this progression. Whether measures that counteract CMV infection, such as anti-viral drugs, targeting of latently infected cells, adoptive transfer of CMV-specific T cells, and vaccination strategies, are able to impact the progressive differentiation of CMV-specific EM-like cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Beyrend
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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57
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Luo XH, Meng Q, Rao M, Liu Z, Paraschoudi G, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. The impact of inflationary cytomegalovirus-specific memory T cells on anti-tumour immune responses in patients with cancer. Immunology 2018; 155:294-308. [PMID: 30098205 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous, persistent beta herpesvirus. CMV infection contributes to the accumulation of functional antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell pools with an effector-memory phenotype and enrichment of these immune cells in peripheral organs. We review here this 'memory T-cell inflation' phenomenon and associated factors including age and sex. 'Collateral damage' due to CMV-directed immune reactivity may occur in later stages of life - arising from CMV-specific immune responses that were beneficial in earlier life. CMV may be considered an age-dependent immunomodulator and a double-edged sword in editing anti-tumour immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests that CMV is highly prevalent in patients with a variety of cancers, particularly glioblastoma. A better understanding of CMV-associated immune responses and its implications for immune senescence, especially in patients with cancer, may aid in the design of more clinically relevant and tailored, personalized treatment regimens. 'Memory T-cell inflation' could be applied in vaccine development strategies to enrich for immune reactivity where long-term immunological memory is needed, e.g. in long-term immune memory formation directed against transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Luo
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Paraschoudi
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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58
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TJ, Bar-Haim E, Nair D, Moin SM, Redwood AJ, Price DA, Graham BS. Memory Inflation Drives Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cell Maintenance in the Lung After Intranasal Vaccination With Murine Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1861. [PMID: 30154789 PMCID: PMC6102355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide first-line defense against invading pathogens encountered at barrier sites. In the lungs, TRM cells protect against respiratory infections, but wane more quickly than TRM cells in other tissues. This lack of a sustained TRM population in the lung parenchyma explains, at least in part, why infections with some pathogens, such as influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), recur throughout life. Intranasal (IN) vaccination with a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vector expressing the M protein of RSV (MCMV-M) has been shown to elicit robust populations of CD8+ TRM cells that accumulate over time and mediate early viral clearance. To extend this finding, we compared the inflationary CD8+ T cell population elicited by MCMV-M vaccination with a conventional CD8+ T cell population elicited by an MCMV vector expressing the M2 protein of RSV (MCMV-M2). Vaccination with MCMV-M2 induced a population of M2-specific CD8+ TRM cells that waned rapidly, akin to the M2-specific CD8+ TRM cell population elicited by infection with RSV. In contrast to the natural immunodominance profile, however, coadministration of MCMV-M and MCMV-M2 did not suppress the M-specific CD8+ T cell response, suggesting that progressive expansion was driven by continuous antigen presentation, irrespective of the competitive or regulatory effects of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, effective viral clearance mediated by M-specific CD8+ TRM cells was not affected by the coinduction of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. These data show that memory inflation is required for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs after IN vaccination with MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Deepika Nair
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Syed M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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59
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Lifelong CMV infection improves immune defense in old mice by broadening the mobilized TCR repertoire against third-party infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6817-E6825. [PMID: 29967140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719451115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong interactions between host and the ubiquitous and persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) have been proposed to contribute to the age-related decline in immunity. Prior work from us and others found some support for that idea, yet evidence that this led to increased vulnerability to other infections was not obtained. Moreover, evidence has accumulated that CMV infection can be beneficial to immune defense in young/adult mice and humans, dominantly via enhanced innate immunity. Here, we describe an unexpected impact of murine CMV (MCMV) upon the T cell response of old mice to Listeria monocytogenes expressing the model antigen, OVA (Lm-OVA). Single-cell sequencing of the OVA-specific CD8 T cell receptor β (TCRβ) repertoire of old mice demonstrated that old MCMV-infected mice recruited many diverse clonotypes that afforded broad and often more efficient recognition of antigenic peptide variants. This stood in contrast to old control mice, which exhibited strong narrowing and homogenization of the elicited repertoire. High-throughput sequencing of the total naïve CD8 TCRβ repertoire showed that many of these diverse OVA-specific clonotypes were present in the naïve CD8 repertoire of mice in all groups (adult, old control, and old MCMV+) yet were only recruited into the Lm-OVA response in MCMV+ old mice. These results have profound implications for our understanding of T cell immunity over a life span and suggest that our coevolution with CMV may include surprising, potentially positive impacts on adaptive heterologous immunity in late life.
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60
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Osborn JF, Mooster JL, Hobbs SJ, Munks MW, Barry C, Harty JT, Hill AB, Nolz JC. Enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans governs the tissue-trafficking potential of memory CD8 + T cells. Sci Immunol 2018; 2:2/16/eaan6049. [PMID: 29030501 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aan6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trafficking of memory CD8+ T cells out of the circulation is essential to provide protective immunity against intracellular pathogens in nonlymphoid tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the trafficking potential of diverse memory CD8+ T cell populations are not completely defined. We show that after infection or inflammatory challenge, central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cells rapidly traffic into nonlymphoid tissues, whereas most effector memory cells remain in the circulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cellular migration of memory CD8+ T cells into nonlymphoid tissues is driven by interleukin-15 (IL-15)-stimulated enzymatic synthesis of core 2 O-glycans, which generates functional ligands for E- and P-selectins. Given that IL-15-stimulated expression of glycosyltransferase enzymes is largely a feature of TCM CD8+ T cells, this allows TCM to selectively migrate out of the circulation and into nonlymphoid tissues. Collectively, our data indicate that entry of memory CD8+ T cells into inflamed, nonlymphoid tissues is primarily restricted to TCM cells that have the capacity to synthesize core 2 O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossef F Osborn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jana L Mooster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael W Munks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Conrad Barry
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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61
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Abstract
Memory inflation, as a term, has been used for 15 years now to describe the longitudinal development of stable, expanded CD8+ T memory pools with a distinct phenotype and functional profile which emerge in specific infection and vaccine settings. These settings have in common the persistence of antigen, especially cytomegalovirus infection but also more recently adenoviral vector vaccination. However, in contrast to chronic infections which lead to "exhaustion" the repeated antigen encounters experienced by CD8+ T cells lead to development of a robust T-cell population structure which maintains functionality and size. In this review, I will discuss how the ideas around this form of memory have evolved over time and some new models which can help explain how these populations are induced and sustained. These models are relevant to immunity against persistent viruses, to novel vaccine strategies and to concepts about aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology UnitUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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62
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Intrinsic and extrinsic contributors to defective CD8+ T cell responses with aging. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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63
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Baumann NS, Torti N, Welten SPM, Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Pallmer K, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Ikuta K, Ludewig B, Oxenius A. Tissue maintenance of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells by IL-15. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006993. [PMID: 29652930 PMCID: PMC5919076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces an atypical CD8 T cell response, termed inflationary, that is characterised by accumulation and maintenance of high numbers of effector memory like cells in circulation and peripheral tissues—a feature being successfully harnessed for vaccine purposes. Although stability of this population depends on recurrent antigen encounter, the requirements for prolonged survival in peripheral tissues remain unknown. Here, we reveal that murine CMV-specific inflationary CD8 T cells are maintained in an antigen-independent manner and have a half-life of 12 weeks in the lung tissue. This half-life is drastically longer than the one of phenotypically comparable inflationary effector cells. IL-15 alone, and none of other common γ-cytokines, was crucial for survival of inflationary cells in peripheral organs. IL-15, mainly produced by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and being trans-presented, promoted inflationary T cell survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2. These results indicate that inflationary CD8 T cells are not just simply effector-like cells, rather they share properties of both effector and memory CD8 T cells and they appear to be long-lived cells compared to the effector cells from acute virus infections. A majority of the human population is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which results in lifelong persistence due to viral latency. CMV induces remarkably strong and sustained effector memory-like CD8 T cell responses in circulation and peripheral tissues, also referred to as memory CD8 T cell "inflation". In tissues, these effector memory-like cells contribute to immunosurveillance and early control of CMV reactivation events. Due to the high numbers and effector-like functional properties of inflationary CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, CMV-based vectors are gaining substantial interest in the context of T cell based vaccines that protect peripheral tissues against infections or tumors. Here, we investigated how the stable peripheral pool of inflationary CD8 T cells is maintained and show that inflationary CD8 T cells are long-lived T cells and have a markedly prolonged half-life compared to effector CD8 T cells. In peripheral organs such as lung, IL-15 cytokine is pivotal in promoting maintenance of inflationary cells by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. We show that IL-15 is mainly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and that IL-15 is trans-presented to the inflationary CD8 T cells in vivo. Thus, CMV-driven inflationary CD8 T cell responses represent a unique T cell subset in peripheral tissues that is regulated differently compared to TRM CD8 T cells emerging after vaccination or acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P. M. Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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64
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Brizić I, Šušak B, Arapović M, Huszthy PC, Hiršl L, Kveštak D, Juranić Lisnić V, Golemac M, Pernjak Pugel E, Tomac J, Oxenius A, Britt WJ, Arapović J, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Brain-resident memory CD8 + T cells induced by congenital CMV infection prevent brain pathology and virus reactivation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:950-964. [PMID: 29500823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital HCMV infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) intraperitoneally is a well-established model of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection, which best recapitulates the hematogenous route of virus spread to brain and subsequent pathology. Here, we used this model to investigate the role, dynamics, and phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the brain following infection of newborn mice. We show that CD8+ T cells infiltrate the brain and form a pool of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) that persist for lifetime. Adoptively transferred virus-specific CD8+ T cells provide protection against primary MCMV infection in newborn mice, reduce brain pathology, and remain in the brain as TRM cells. Brain CD8+ TRM cells were long-lived, slowly proliferating cells able to respond to local challenge infection. Importantly, brain CD8+ TRM cells controlled latent MCMV and their depletion resulted in virus reactivation and enhanced inflammation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božo Šušak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daria Kveštak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ester Pernjak Pugel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Tomac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jurica Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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65
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Caldeira-Dantas S, Furmanak T, Smith C, Quinn M, Teos LY, Ertel A, Kurup D, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Snyder CM. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Promotes CD8 + T Cell Accumulation in Uninfected Salivary Glands but Is Not Necessary after Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1133-1145. [PMID: 29288198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work indicates that salivary glands are able to constitutively recruit CD8+ T cells and retain them as tissue-resident memory T cells, independently of local infection, inflammation, or Ag. To understand the mechanisms supporting T cell recruitment to the salivary gland, we compared T cell migration to the salivary gland in mice that were infected or not with murine CMV (MCMV), a herpesvirus that infects the salivary gland and promotes the accumulation of salivary gland tissue-resident memory T cells. We found that acute MCMV infection increased rapid T cell recruitment to the salivary gland but that equal numbers of activated CD8+ T cells eventually accumulated in infected and uninfected glands. T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands depended on chemokines and the integrin α4 Several chemokines were expressed in the salivary glands of infected and uninfected mice, and many of these could promote the migration of MCMV-specific T cells in vitro. MCMV infection increased the expression of chemokines that interact with the receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, but neither receptor was needed for T cell recruitment to the salivary gland during MCMV infection. Unexpectedly, however, the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was critical for T cell accumulation in uninfected salivary glands. Together, these data suggest that CXCR3 and the integrin α4 mediate T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands but that redundant mechanisms mediate T cell recruitment after MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Thomas Furmanak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Corinne Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Leyla Y Teos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mayank Tandon
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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66
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Delpoux A, Michelini RH, Verma S, Lai CY, Omilusik KD, Utzschneider DT, Redwood AJ, Goldrath AW, Benedict CA, Hedrick SM. Continuous activity of Foxo1 is required to prevent anergy and maintain the memory state of CD8 + T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 215:575-594. [PMID: 29282254 PMCID: PMC5789410 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Delpoux et al. show, in a model of latent infection, how FOXO1 is required to prevent apoptosis, the acquisition of an anergy phenotype, and to be constantly expressed for maintaining the differentiation state of CD8+ T cells. Upon infection with an intracellular pathogen, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells develop diverse differentiation states characterized by function, localization, longevity, and the capacity for self-renewal. The program of differentiation is determined, in part, by FOXO1, a transcription factor known to integrate extrinsic input in order to specify survival, DNA repair, self-renewal, and proliferation. At issue is whether the state of T cell differentiation is specified by initial conditions of activation or is actively maintained. To study the spectrum of T cell differentiation, we have analyzed an infection with mouse cytomegalovirus, a persistent-latent virus that elicits different cytotoxic T cell responses characterized as acute resolving or inflationary. Our results show that FOXO1 is continuously required for all the phenotypic characteristics of memory-effector T cells such that with acute inactivation of the gene encoding FOXO1, T cells revert to a short-lived effector phenotype, exhibit reduced viability, and manifest characteristics of anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delpoux
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shilpi Verma
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chen-Yen Lai
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA .,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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67
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Cicin-Sain L, Arens R. Exhaustion and Inflation at Antipodes of T Cell Responses to Chronic Virus Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:498-509. [PMID: 29249600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses that have coevolved with their host establish chronic infections that are well tolerated by the host. Other viruses, that are partly adapted to their host, may induce chronic infections where persistent replication and viral antigen expression occur. The former induce highly functional and resilient CD8T cell responses called memory inflation. The latter induce dysfunctional and exhausted responses. The reasons compelling T cell responses towards inflationary or exhausted responses are only partly understood. In this review we compare the two conditions and describe mechanistic similarities and differences. We also provide a list of potential reasons why exhaustion or inflation occur in different virus infections. We propose that T cell-mediated transcriptional repression of viral gene expression provides a critical feature of inflation that allows peaceful virus and host coexistence. The virus is controlled, but its genome is not eradicated. If this mechanism is not available, as in the case of RNA viruses, the virus and the host are compelled to an arms race. If virus proliferation and spread proceed uncontrolled for too long, T cells are forced to strike a balance between viral control and tissue destruction, losing antiviral potency and facilitating virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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68
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Hosie L, Pachnio A, Zuo J, Pearce H, Riddell S, Moss P. Cytomegalovirus-Specific T Cells Restricted by HLA-Cw*0702 Increase Markedly with Age and Dominate the CD8 + T-Cell Repertoire in Older People. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1776. [PMID: 29312307 PMCID: PMC5732243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection elicits a strong T-cell immune response, which increases further during aging in a process termed "memory inflation." CMV downregulates the expression of HLA-A and HLA-B on the surface of infected cells to limit presentation of viral peptides to T-cells although HLA-C is relatively spared as it also engages with inhibitory killer immunoglobulin receptor receptors and therefore reduces lysis by natural killer cells. We investigated the magnitude and functional properties of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells specific for 10 peptides restricted by HLA-C in a cohort of 53 donors between the age of 23 and 91 years. This was achieved via peptide stimulation of PBMCs followed by multicolor flow cytometry. Three peptides, derived from proteins generated in the immediate-early period of viral replication and restricted by HLA-Cw*0702, elicited strong immune responses, which increased substantially with age such that the average aggregate response represented 37% of the CD8+ T-cell pool within donors above 70 years of age. Remarkably, a single response represented 70% of the total CD8+ T-cell pool within a 91-year-old donor. HLA-Cw*0702-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses were immunodominant over HLA-A and HLA-B-restricted CMV-specific responses and did not show features of exhaustion such as PD-1 or CD39 expression. Indeed, such CTL exhibit a polyfunctional cytokine profile with co-expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α and a strong cytotoxic phenotype with intracellular expression of perforin and granzymeB. Functionally, HLA-Cw*0702-restricted CTL show exceptionally high avidity for cognate peptide-HLA and demonstrate very early and efficient recognition of virally infected cells. These observations indicate that CD8+ T-cells restricted by HLA-C play an important role in the control of persistent CMV infection and could represent a novel opportunity for CD8+ T-cell therapy of viral infection within immunosuppressed patients. In addition, the findings provide further evidence for the importance of HLA-C-restricted T-cells in the control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hosie
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Pachnio
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayden Pearce
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul Moss
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Birmingham Health Partners, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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69
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Miah SMS, Jayasuriya CT, Salter AI, Reilly EC, Fugere C, Yang W, Chen Q, Brossay L. Ptpn11 Deletion in CD4 + Cells Does Not Affect T Cell Development and Functions but Causes Cartilage Tumors in a T Cell-Independent Manner. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1326. [PMID: 29085371 PMCID: PMC5650614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2, encoded by Ptpn11) is required for constitutive cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and the regulation of immune responses. During development and maturation, subsets of T cells express a variety of inhibitory receptors known to associate with phosphatases, which in turn, dephosphorylate key players of activating receptor signaling pathways. We hypothesized that SHP-2 deletion would have major effects on T cell development by altering the thresholds for activation, as well as positive and negative selection. Surprisingly, using mice conditionally deficient for SHP-2 in the T cell lineage, we show that the development of these lymphocytes is globally intact. In addition, our data demonstrate that SHP-2 absence does not compromise T cell effector functions, suggesting that SHP-2 is dispensable in these cells. Unexpectedly, in aging mice, Ptpn11 gene deletion driven by CD4 Cre recombinase leads to cartilage tumors in wrist bones in a T cell-independent manner. These tumors resemble miniature cartilaginous growth plates and contain CD4-lineage positive chondrocyte-like cells. Altogether these results indicate that SHP-2 is a cartilage tumor suppressor during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shahjahan Miah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Chathuraka T Jayasuriya
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander I Salter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Emma C Reilly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Céline Fugere
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
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70
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Abana CO, Pilkinton MA, Gaudieri S, Chopra A, McDonnell WJ, Wanjalla C, Barnett L, Gangula R, Hager C, Jung DK, Engelhardt BG, Jagasia MH, Klenerman P, Phillips EJ, Koelle DM, Kalams SA, Mallal SA. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epitope-Specific CD4 + T Cells Are Inflated in HIV + CMV + Subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3187-3201. [PMID: 28972094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Select CMV epitopes drive life-long CD8+ T cell memory inflation, but the extent of CD4 memory inflation is poorly studied. CD4+ T cells specific for human CMV (HCMV) are elevated in HIV+ HCMV+ subjects. To determine whether HCMV epitope-specific CD4+ T cell memory inflation occurs during HIV infection, we used HLA-DR7 (DRB1*07:01) tetramers loaded with the glycoprotein B DYSNTHSTRYV (DYS) epitope to characterize circulating CD4+ T cells in coinfected HLA-DR7+ long-term nonprogressor HIV subjects with undetectable HCMV plasma viremia. DYS-specific CD4+ T cells were inflated among these HIV+ subjects compared with those from an HIV- HCMV+ HLA-DR7+ cohort or with HLA-DR7-restricted CD4+ T cells from the HIV-coinfected cohort that were specific for epitopes of HCMV phosphoprotein-65, tetanus toxoid precursor, EBV nuclear Ag 2, or HIV gag protein. Inflated DYS-specific CD4+ T cells consisted of effector memory or effector memory-RA+ subsets with restricted TCRβ usage and nearly monoclonal CDR3 containing novel conserved amino acids. Expression of this near-monoclonal TCR in a Jurkat cell-transfection system validated fine DYS specificity. Inflated cells were polyfunctional, not senescent, and displayed high ex vivo levels of granzyme B, CX3CR1, CD38, or HLA-DR but less often coexpressed CD38+ and HLA-DR+ The inflation mechanism did not involve apoptosis suppression, increased proliferation, or HIV gag cross-reactivity. Instead, the findings suggest that intermittent or chronic expression of epitopes, such as DYS, drive inflation of activated CD4+ T cells that home to endothelial cells and have the potential to mediate cytotoxicity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike O Abana
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cindy Hager
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dae K Jung
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Brian G Engelhardt
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Madan H Jagasia
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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71
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Borkner L, Sitnik KM, Dekhtiarenko I, Pulm AK, Tao R, Drexler I, Cicin-Sain L. Immune Protection by a Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Vector Expressing a Single Low-Avidity Epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1737-1747. [PMID: 28768725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental CMV-based vaccine vectors expressing a single MHC class I-restricted high-avidity epitope provided strong, T cell-dependent protection against viruses or tumors. In this study we tested the low-avidity epitope KCSRNRQYL, and show that a mouse CMV (MCMV) vector provides complete immune control of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the same epitope if KCSRNRQYL is expressed within the immediate-early MCMV gene ie2 The same epitope expressed within the early M45 gene provided no protection, although MCMV vectors expressing the high-avidity epitope SSIEFARL induced protective immunity irrespective of gene expression context. Immune protection was matched by Ag-induced, long-term expansion of effector memory CD8 T cells, regardless of epitope avidity. We explained this pattern by observing regularities in Ag competition, where responses to high-avidity epitopes outcompeted weaker ones expressed later in the replicative cycle of the virus. Conversely, robust and early expression of a low-avidity epitope compensated its weak intrinsic antigenicity, resulting in strong and sustained immunity and immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Borkner
- Research Group Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Sitnik
- Research Group Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Research Group Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Pulm
- Research Group Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Research Group Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; .,Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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72
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Merani S, Pawelec G, Kuchel GA, McElhaney JE. Impact of Aging and Cytomegalovirus on Immunological Response to Influenza Vaccination and Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:784. [PMID: 28769922 PMCID: PMC5512344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people over the age of 60 is expected to double by 2050 according to the WHO. This emphasizes the need to ensure optimized resilience to health stressors in late life. In older adults, influenza is one of the leading causes of catastrophic disability (defined as the loss of independence in daily living and self-care activities). Influenza vaccination is generally perceived to be less protective in older adults, with some studies suggesting that the humoral immune response to the vaccine is further impaired in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive older people. CMV is a β-herpes virus infection that is generally asymptomatic in healthy individuals. The majority of older adults possess serum antibodies against the virus indicating latent infection. Age-related changes in T-cell-mediated immunity are augmented by CMV infection and may be associated with more serious complications of influenza infection. This review focuses on the impact of aging and CMV on immune cell function, the response to influenza infection and vaccination, and how the current understanding of aging and CMV can be used to design a more effective influenza vaccine for older adults. It is anticipated that efforts in this field will address the public health need for improved protection against influenza in older adults, particularly with regard to the serious complications leading to loss of independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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73
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Tršan T, Vuković K, Filipović P, Brizić AL, Lemmermann NAW, Schober K, Busch DH, Britt WJ, Messerle M, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Cytomegalovirus vector expressing RAE-1γ induces enhanced anti-tumor capacity of murine CD8 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1354-1367. [PMID: 28612942 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Designing CD8+ T-cell vaccines, which would provide protection against tumors is still considered a great challenge in immunotherapy. Here we show the robust potential of cytomegalovirus (CMV) vector expressing the NKG2D ligand RAE-1γ as CD8+ T cell-based vaccine against malignant tumors. Immunization with the CMV vector expressing RAE-1γ, delayed tumor growth or even provided complete protection against tumor challenge in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Moreover, a potent tumor control in mice vaccinated with this vector can be further enhanced by blocking the immune checkpoints TIGIT and PD-1. CMV vector expressing RAE-1γ potentiated expansion of KLRG1+ CD8+ T cells with enhanced effector properties. This vaccination was even more efficient in neonatal mice, resulting in the expansion and long-term maintenance of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells conferring robust resistance against tumor challenge. Our data show that immunomodulation of CD8+ T-cell responses promoted by herpesvirus expressing a ligand for NKG2D receptor can provide a powerful platform for the prevention and treatment of CD8+ T-cell sensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Tršan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Vuković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Filipović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Lesac Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,DZIF-National Centre for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,DZIF-National Centre for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Martin Messerle
- DZIF-National Centre for Infection Research, Munich and Hannover, Germany.,Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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74
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Pangrazzi L, Naismith E, Meryk A, Keller M, Jenewein B, Trieb K, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Increased IL-15 Production and Accumulation of Highly Differentiated CD8 + Effector/Memory T Cells in the Bone Marrow of Persons with Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:715. [PMID: 28674537 PMCID: PMC5474847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been described as a contributor to immunosenescence, thus exacerbating age-related diseases. In persons with latent CMV infection, the CD8+ T cell compartment is irreversibly changed, leading to the accumulation of highly differentiated virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood. The bone marrow (BM) has been shown to play a major role in the long-term survival of antigen-experienced T cells. Effector CD8+ T cells are preferentially maintained by the cytokine IL-15, the expression of which increases in old age. However, the impact of CMV on the phenotype of effector CD8+ T cells and on the production of T cell survival molecules in the BM is not yet known. We now show, using BM samples obtained from persons who underwent hip replacement surgery because of osteoarthrosis, that senescent CD8+ TEMRA cells with a bright expression of CD45RA and a high responsiveness to IL-15 accumulate in the BM of CMV-infected persons. A negative correlation was found between CMV antibody (Ab) titers in the serum and the expression of CD28 and IL-7Rα in CD8+ [Formula: see text] cells. Increased IL-15 mRNA levels were observed in the BM of CMV+ compared to CMV- persons, being particularly high in old seropositive individuals. In summary, our results indicate that a BM environment rich in IL-15 may play an important role in the maintenance of highly differentiated CD8+ T cells generated after CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Keller
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Jenewein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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75
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The domestic cat antibody response to feline herpesvirus-1 increases with age. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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76
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TR, Redwood AJ, Moin SM, Price DA, Graham BS. Intranasal administration of RSV antigen-expressing MCMV elicits robust tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T cells in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:545-554. [PMID: 27220815 PMCID: PMC5123975 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus vectors are promising delivery vehicles for vaccine strategies that aim to elicit effector CD8+ T cells. To determine how the route of immunization affects CD8+ T-cell responses in the lungs of mice vaccinated with a murine cytomegalovirus vector expressing the respiratory syncytial virus matrix (M) protein, we infected CB6F1 mice via the intranasal or intraperitoneal route and evaluated the M-specific CD8+ T-cell response at early and late time points. We found that intranasal vaccination generated robust and durable tissue-resident effector and effector memory CD8+ T-cell populations that were undetectable after intraperitoneal vaccination. The generation of these antigen-experienced cells by intranasal vaccination resulted in earlier T-cell responses, interferon gamma secretion, and viral clearance after respiratory syncytial virus challenge. Collectively, these findings validate a novel approach to vaccination that emphasizes the route of delivery as a key determinant of immune priming at the site of vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - T R Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - A J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - D A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - B S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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77
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Panagioti E, Boon L, Arens R, van der Burg SH. Enforced OX40 Stimulation Empowers Booster Vaccines to Induce Effective CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses against Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:144. [PMID: 28265272 PMCID: PMC5316540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an imperative need for effective preventive vaccines against human cytomegalovirus as it poses a significant threat to the immunologically immature, causing congenital disease, and to the immune compromised including transplant recipients. In this study, we examined the efficacy of synthetic long peptides (SLPs) as a CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-eliciting preventive vaccine approach against mouse CMV (MCMV) infection. In addition, the use of agonistic OX40 antibodies to enhance vaccine efficacy was explored. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated in a prime-boost vaccination regiment with SLPs comprising various MHC class I- and II-restricted peptide epitopes of MCMV-encoded antigens. Enforced OX40 stimulation resulted in superior MCMV-specific CD4+ as CD8+ T cell responses when applied during booster SLP vaccination. Vaccination with a mixture of SLPs containing MHC class II epitopes and OX40 agonistic antibodies resulted in a moderate reduction of the viral titers after challenge with lytic MCMV infection. Markedly, the combination of SLP vaccines containing both MHC class I and II epitopes plus OX40 activation during booster vaccination resulted in polyfunctional (i.e., IFN-γ+, TNF+, IL-2+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that were even higher in magnitude when compared to those induced by the virus, and this resulted in the best containment of virus dissemination. Our results show that the induction of strong T cell responses can be a fundamental component in the design of vaccines against persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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78
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Khairallah C, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. γδ T Cell-Mediated Immunity to Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28232834 PMCID: PMC5298998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes are unconventional immune cells, which have both innate- and adaptive-like features allowing them to respond to a wide spectrum of pathogens. For many years, we and others have reported on the role of these cells in the immune response to human cytomegalovirus in transplant patients, pregnant women, neonates, immunodeficient children, and healthy people. Indeed, and as described for CD8+ T cells, CMV infection leaves a specific imprint on the γδ T cell compartment: (i) driving a long-lasting expansion of oligoclonal γδ T cells in the blood of seropositive individuals, (ii) inducing their differentiation into effector/memory cells expressing a TEMRA phenotype, and (iii) enhancing their antiviral effector functions (i.e., cytotoxicity and IFNγ production). Recently, two studies using murine CMV (MCMV) have corroborated and extended these observations. In particular, they have illustrated the ability of adoptively transferred MCMV-induced γδ T cells to protect immune-deficient mice against virus-induced death. In vivo, expansion of γδ T cells is associated with the clearance of CMV infection as well as with reduced cancer occurrence or leukemia relapse risk in kidney transplant patients and allogeneic stem cell recipients, respectively. Taken together, all these studies show that γδ T cells are important immune effectors against CMV and cancer, which are life-threatening diseases affecting transplant recipients. The ability of CMV-induced γδ T cells to act independently of other immune cells opens the door to the development of novel cellular immunotherapies that could be particularly beneficial for immunocompromised transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Myriam Capone
- Immunoconcept, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
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79
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Heterologous Immunity and Persistent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01386-16. [PMID: 27807227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01386-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One's history of infections can affect the immune response to unrelated pathogens and influence disease outcome through the process of heterologous immunity. This can occur after acute viral infections, such as infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and vaccinia virus, where the pathogens are cleared, but it becomes a more complex issue in the context of persistent infections. In this study, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was used as a persistent infection model to study heterologous immunity with LCMV. If mice were previously immune to LCMV and then infected with MCMV (LCMV+MCMV), they had more severe immunopathology, enhanced viral burden in multiple organs, and suppression of MCMV-specific T cell memory inflation. MCMV infection initially reduced the numbers of LCMV-specific memory T cells, but continued MCMV persistence did not further erode memory T cells specific to LCMV. When MCMV infection was given first (MCMV+LCMV), the magnitude of the acute T cell response to LCMV declined with age though this age-dependent decline was not dependent on MCMV. However, some of these MCMV persistently infected mice with acute LCMV infection (7 of 36) developed a robust immunodominant CD8 T cell response apparently cross-reactive between a newly defined putative MCMV epitope sequence, M57727-734, and the normally subdominant LCMV epitope L2062-2069, indicating a profound private specificity effect in heterologous immunity between these two viruses. These results further illustrate how a history of an acute or a persistent virus infection can substantially influence the immune responses and immune pathology associated with acute or persistent infections with an unrelated virus. IMPORTANCE This study extends our understanding of heterologous immunity in the context of persistent viral infection. The phenomenon has been studied mostly with viruses such as LCMV that are cleared, but the situation can be more complex with a persistent virus such as MCMV. We found that the history of LCMV infection intensifies MCMV immunopathology, enhances MCMV burden in multiple organs, and suppresses MCMV-specific T cell memory inflation. In the reverse infection sequence, we show that some of the long-term MCMV-immune mice mount a robust CD8 T cell cross-reactive response between a newly defined putative MCMV epitope sequence and a normally subdominant LCMV epitope. These results further illustrate how a history of infection can substantially influence the immune responses and immune pathology associated with infections with an unrelated virus.
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80
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Dekhtiarenko I, Ratts RB, Blatnik R, Lee LN, Fischer S, Borkner L, Oduro JD, Marandu TF, Hoppe S, Ruzsics Z, Sonnemann JK, Mansouri M, Meyer C, Lemmermann NAW, Holtappels R, Arens R, Klenerman P, Früh K, Reddehase MJ, Riemer AB, Cicin-Sain L. Peptide Processing Is Critical for T-Cell Memory Inflation and May Be Optimized to Improve Immune Protection by CMV-Based Vaccine Vectors. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006072. [PMID: 27977791 PMCID: PMC5158087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) elicits long-term T-cell immunity of unparalleled strength, which has allowed the development of highly protective CMV-based vaccine vectors. Counterintuitively, experimental vaccines encoding a single MHC-I restricted epitope offered better immune protection than those expressing entire proteins, including the same epitope. To clarify this conundrum, we generated recombinant murine CMVs (MCMVs) encoding well-characterized MHC-I epitopes at different positions within viral genes and observed strong immune responses and protection against viruses and tumor growth when the epitopes were expressed at the protein C-terminus. We used the M45-encoded conventional epitope HGIRNASFI to dissect this phenomenon at the molecular level. A recombinant MCMV expressing HGIRNASFI on the C-terminus of M45, in contrast to wild-type MCMV, enabled peptide processing by the constitutive proteasome, direct antigen presentation, and an inflation of antigen-specific effector memory cells. Consequently, our results indicate that constitutive proteasome processing of antigenic epitopes in latently infected cells is required for robust inflationary responses. This insight allows utilizing the epitope positioning in the design of CMV-based vectors as a novel strategy for enhancing their efficacy. Experimental cytomegalovirus (CMV) based vaccine vectors have provided highly encouraging results as innovative vaccine formulations against deadly virus infections, such as Ebola or AIDS. Nevertheless, it has remained incompletely understood why CMV is so efficient at stimulating T-lymphocytes, the immune cells that recognize pathogens within infected cells. We have generated an array of CMV mutants expressing the same antigen in different genes or in different parts of the same gene. This allowed us to identify that the immediate environment of the antigen, rather than properties of the antigen itself, crucially determine the immune protection conferred by CMV-based vaccines, implying that optimal immunity depends on the ability of host cells to degrade CMV proteins into peptides, short units that are recognized by T-cells. Detailed analysis revealed that strong and sustained T-cell immunity occurs only when their antigenic targets are processed by a primitive cellular machinery that is present in all cells of the body, rather than by its newly-evolved counterpart, which is present only in specialized antigen-presenting cells. Most importantly, our results provide a simple strategy to develop improved CMV vaccines by positioning the antigenic peptides at the right spot in CMV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Renata Blatnik
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lian N. Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Fischer
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Marandu
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephanie Hoppe
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia K. Sonnemann
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Früh
- TomegaVax Inc., Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelika B. Riemer
- Immunotherapy and prevention, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Vaccine Design, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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81
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Loo CP, Snyder CM, Hill AB. Blocking Virus Replication during Acute Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Paradoxically Prolongs Antigen Presentation and Increases the CD8+ T Cell Response by Preventing Type I IFN-Dependent Depletion of Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:383-393. [PMID: 27872208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing amounts of pathogen replication usually lead to a proportionate increase in size and effector differentiation of the CD8+ T cell response, which is attributed to increased Ag and inflammation. Using a murine CMV that is highly sensitive to the antiviral drug famciclovir to modulate virus replication, we found that increased virus replication drove increased effector CD8+ T cell differentiation, as expected. Paradoxically, however, increased virus replication dramatically decreased the size of the CD8+ T cell response to two immunodominant epitopes. The decreased response was due to type I IFN-dependent depletion of conventional dendritic cells and could be reproduced by specific depletion of dendritic cells from day 2 postinfection or by sterile induction of type I IFN. Increased virus replication and type I IFN specifically inhibited the response to two immunodominant epitopes that are known to be dependent on Ag cross-presented by DCs, but they did not inhibit the response to "inflationary" epitopes whose responses can be sustained by infected nonhematopoietic cells. Our results show that type I IFN can suppress CD8+ T cell responses to cross-presented Ag by depleting cross-presenting conventional dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Loo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
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82
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Cytomegalovirus Reinfections Stimulate CD8 T-Memory Inflation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167097. [PMID: 27870919 PMCID: PMC5117776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been shown to induce large populations of CD8 T-effector memory cells that unlike central memory persist in large quantities following infection, a phenomenon commonly termed “memory inflation”. Although murine models to date have shown very large and persistent CMV-specific T-cell expansions following infection, there is considerable variability in CMV-specific T-memory responses in humans. Historically such memory inflation in humans has been assumed a consequence of reactivation events during the life of the host. Because basic information about CMV infection/re-infection and reactivation in immune competent humans is not available, we used a murine model to test how primary infection, reinfection, and reactivation stimuli influence memory inflation. We show that low titer infections induce “partial” memory inflation of both mCMV specific CD8 T-cells and antibody. We show further that reinfection with different strains can boost partial memory inflation. Finally, we show preliminary results suggesting that a single strong reactivation stimulus does not stimulate memory inflation. Altogether, our results suggest that while high titer primary infections can induce memory inflation, reinfections during the life of a host may be more important than previously appreciated.
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83
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Panagioti E, Redeker A, van Duikeren S, Franken KLMC, Drijfhout JW, van der Burg SH, Arens R. The Breadth of Synthetic Long Peptide Vaccine-Induced CD8+ T Cell Responses Determines the Efficacy against Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005895. [PMID: 27637068 PMCID: PMC5026341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ultimate need for efficacious vaccines against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which causes severe morbidity and mortality among neonates and immunocompromised individuals. In this study we explored synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccination as a platform modality to protect against mouse CMV (MCMV) infection in preclinical mouse models. In both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains, prime-booster vaccination with SLPs containing MHC class I restricted epitopes of MCMV resulted in the induction of strong and polyfunctional (i.e., IFN-γ+, TNF+, IL-2+) CD8+ T cell responses, equivalent in magnitude to those induced by the virus itself. SLP vaccination initially led to the formation of effector CD8+ T cells (KLRG1hi, CD44hi, CD127lo, CD62Llo), which eventually converted to a mixed central and effector-memory T cell phenotype. Markedly, the magnitude of the SLP vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell response was unrelated to the T cell functional avidity but correlated to the naive CD8+ T cell precursor frequency of each epitope. Vaccination with single SLPs displayed various levels of long-term protection against acute MCMV infection, but superior protection occurred after vaccination with a combination of SLPs. This finding underlines the importance of the breadth of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell response. Thus, SLP-based vaccines could be a potential strategy to prevent CMV-associated disease. The majority of infections with the betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are clinically unnoticed, but in immunocompromised hosts HCMV infections can be severe and even fatal. Here we investigated in preclinical mouse models the efficacy and mechanisms of synthetic long peptide (SLP)-based vaccines eliciting mouse CMV (MCMV)-specific CD8+ T cells as a platform modality to protect against CMV infection. The percentages of MCMV-specific T cells in the circulation elicited by prime-booster SLP vaccination were equivalent or higher compared to those induced by the virus itself. We further show that the naive T cell precursor frequency rather than the functional avidity of T cells predicts the magnitude of SLP-induced CD8+ T cell responses. Superior protection against MCMV infection depends strongly on the combined use of distinct SLP vaccines leading to broader viral-specific responses. This finding highlights the importance of the breadth of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees LMC Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wouter Drijfhout
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RA)
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84
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Smith CJ, Quinn M, Snyder CM. CMV-Specific CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Localization: Implications for Adoptive Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27695453 PMCID: PMC5023669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes chronic infection and, thus, is one of the most common infectious complications of immune suppression. Adoptive transfer of HCMV-specific T cells has emerged as an effective method to reduce the risk for HCMV infection and/or reactivation by restoring immunity in transplant recipients. However, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response is comprised of a heterogenous mixture of subsets with distinct functions and localization, and it is not clear if current adoptive immunotherapy protocols can reconstitute the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the role of these T cell subsets in CMV immunity and to describe how current adoptive immunotherapy practices might affect their reconstitution in patients. The bulk of the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell population is made up of terminally differentiated effector T cells with immediate effector function and a short life span. Self-renewing memory T cells within the CMV-specific population retain the capacity to expand and differentiate upon challenge and are important for the long-term persistence of the CD8+ T cell response. Finally, mucosal organs, which are frequent sites of CMV reactivation, are primarily inhabited by tissue-resident memory T cells, which do not recirculate. Future work on adoptive transfer strategies may need to focus on striking a balance between the formation of these subsets to ensure the development of long lasting and protective immune responses that can access the organs affected by CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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85
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Holtappels R, Lemmermann NAW, Podlech J, Ebert S, Reddehase MJ. Reconstitution of CD8 T Cells Protective against Cytomegalovirus in a Mouse Model of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Dynamics and Inessentiality of Epitope Immunodominance. Front Immunol 2016; 7:232. [PMID: 27379095 PMCID: PMC4905951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful reconstitution of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T cells by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) gives a favorable prognosis for the control of CMV reactivation and prevention of CMV disease after hematoablative therapy of hematopoietic malignancies. In the transient immunocompromised state after HCT, pre-emptive cytoimmunotherapy with viral epitope-specific effector or memory CD8+ T cells is a promising option to speed up antiviral control. Despite high-coding capacity of CMVs and a broad CD8+ T-cell response on the population level, which reflects polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) glycoproteins, the response in terms of quantity of CD8+ T cells in any individual is directed against a limited set of CMV-encoded epitopes selected for presentation by the private repertoire of MHC-I molecules. Such epitopes are known as “immunodominant” epitopes (IDEs). Besides host immunogenetics, genetic variance in CMV strains harbored as latent viruses by an individual HCT recipient can also determine the set of IDEs, which complicates a “personalized immunotherapy.” It is, therefore, an important question if IDE-specific CD8+ T-cell reconstitution after HCT is critical or dispensable for antiviral control. As viruses with targeted mutations of IDEs cannot be experimentally tested in HCT patients, we employed the well-established mouse model of HCT. Notably, control of murine CMV (mCMV) after HCT was comparably efficient for IDE-deletion mutant mCMV-Δ4IDE and the corresponding IDE-expressing revertant virus mCMV-Δ4IDE-rev. Thus, antigenicity-loss mutations in IDEs do not result in loss-of-function of a polyclonal CD8+ T-cell population. Although IDE deletion was not associated with global changes in the response to non-IDE epitopes, the collective of non-IDE-specific CD8+ T-cells infiltrates infected tissue and confines infection within nodular inflammatory foci. We conclude from the model, and predict also for human CMV, that there is no need to exclusively aim for IDE-specific immunoreconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Stefan Ebert
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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86
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection that generally remains asymptomatic in immune-competent hosts for decades but can cause serious illness in immune-compromised individuals. The long-term control of CMV requires considerable effort from the host immune system and has a lasting impact on the profile of the immune system. One hallmark of CMV infection is the maintenance of large populations of CMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells - a phenomenon termed memory inflation - and emerging data suggest that memory inflation is associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. In this Review, we discuss the molecular triggers that promote memory inflation, the idea that memory inflation could be considered a natural pathway of T cell maturation that could be harnessed in vaccination, and the broader implications of CMV infection and the T cell responses it elicits.
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87
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Sylwester A, Nambiar KZ, Caserta S, Klenerman P, Picker LJ, Kern F. A new perspective of the structural complexity of HCMV-specific T-cell responses. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:14-22. [PMID: 26957355 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In studies exploring the effects of HCMV infection on immune system aging ('immunosenescence'), after organ transplantation or in other settings, HCMV-specific T-cell responses are often assessed with respect to purportedly 'immunodominant' protein subunits. However, the response structure in terms of recognized antigens and response hierarchies (architecture) is not well understood and actual correlates of immune protection are not known. METHODS We explored the distribution of T-cell response sizes and dominance hierarchies as well as response breadth in 33 HCMV responders with respect to >200 HCMV proteins. RESULTS At the individual responder level HCMV-specific T-cell responses were generally arranged in clear dominance hierarchies; interestingly, the number of proteins recognized by an individual correlated closely with the size of their biggest response. Target-specificity varied considerably between donors and across hierarchy levels with the presence, size, and hierarchy position of responses to purportedly 'immunodominant' targets being unpredictable. CONCLUSIONS Predicting protective immunity based on isolated HCMV subunit-specific T-cell responses is questionable in light of the complex architecture of the overall response. Our findings have important implications for T-cell monitoring, intervention strategies, as well as the application of animal models to the understanding of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kate Z Nambiar
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Caserta
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University West Campus, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Florian Kern
- Division of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9PX, United Kingdom.
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88
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Colston JM, Bolinger B, Cottingham MG, Gilbert S, Klenerman P. Modification of Antigen Impacts on Memory Quality after Adenovirus Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3354-63. [PMID: 26944930 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of robust T cell memory is critical for the development of novel vaccines for infections and cancers. Classical memory generated by CD8(+)T cells is characterized by contracted populations homing to lymphoid organs. T cell memory inflation, as seen for example after CMV infection, is the maintenance of expanded, functional, tissue-associated effector memory cell pools. Such memory pools may also be induced after adenovirus vaccination, and we recently defined common transcriptional and phenotypic features of these populations in mice and humans. However, the rules that govern which epitopes drive memory inflation compared with classical memory are not fully defined, and thus it is not currently possible to direct this process. We used our adenoviral model of memory inflation to first investigate the role of the promoter and then the role of the epitope context in determining memory formation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that conventional memory could be converted to inflationary memory by simple presentation of the Ag in the form of minigene vectors. When epitopes from LacZ and murine CMV that normally induce classical memory responses were presented as minigenes, they induced clear memory inflation. These data demonstrate that, regardless of the transgene promoter, the polypeptide context of a CD8(+)T cell epitope may determine whether classical or inflating memory responses are induced. The ability to direct this process by the use of minigenes is relevant to the design of vaccines and understanding of immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Colston
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Beatrice Bolinger
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kindgom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
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89
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Tissue-resident memory T cells in cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:63-69. [PMID: 26855038 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish life-long infection in their hosts and maintain latent reservoirs for sporadic reactivation at peripheral sites, such as skin and mucosae. For herpes simplex virus infection, experimental studies in mice revealed that immediate protection against local reactivation or superinfection events in the skin relies on tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) rather than on their circulating counterparts. Recent evidence extends this notion to cytomegalovirus infection, which potently induces TRM cells in both mice and humans particularly in mucosal tissues that constitute important viral sanctuaries and are relevant entry sites for challenge and superinfections. The discovery unravels promising opportunities to exploit cytomegalovirus based vaccine vectors for the specific induction of tissue resident T cell subsets.
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90
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Mansfield S, Dwivedi V, Byrd S, Trgovcich J, Griessl M, Gutknecht M, Cook CH. Broncholaveolar lavage to detect cytomegalovirus infection, latency, and reactivation in immune competent hosts. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1408-16. [PMID: 26762116 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Roughly 1/3rd of immune competent patients will reactivate latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) during critical illness. There are no standard methods to detect reactivation, and some investigators have postulated that presence of DNA in BAL fluid is indicative of viral replication. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine model that allows inclusion of matched healthy controls which is not possible in human studies. BALB/c mice infected with Smith-murine CMV or PBS (mock) had BAL evaluated 7, 14, or 21 days after acute infections, during latency, or during bacterial sepsis. Plaque assay, PCR, and rtPCR were performed on BALs and concomitantly obtained lung tissue. BAL cellular compositions, including tetramer evaluation of CMV-specific T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. CMV DNA were detected in BAL at all time-points during acute infection, becoming undetectable in all mice during latency, then were detected again during bacterial sepsis, peaking 3 weeks after onset. mCMV specific T-cells were most numerous in BAL after acute viral infections, decreasing to low levels during latency, then fluctuating during bacterial sepsis. Specifically, mCMV-specific T-cells contracted at sepsis onset, expanding 2-4 weeks post-sepsis, presumably in response to increased viral loads at that time point. Altogether, our results support the use of BAL PCR for the diagnosis of CMV replication in immune competent hosts. Additionally, we demonstrate dynamic changes in CMV-specific T cells that occur in BAL during CMV infection and during sepsis induced viral reactivation. J. Med. Virol. 88:1408-1416, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mansfield
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sara Byrd
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joanne Trgovcich
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marion Griessl
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Gutknecht
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles H Cook
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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91
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Venturi V, Nzingha K, Amos TG, Charles WC, Dekhtiarenko I, Cicin-Sain L, Davenport MP, Rudd BD. The Neonatal CD8+ T Cell Repertoire Rapidly Diversifies during Persistent Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1604-16. [PMID: 26764033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CMV is the most common congenital infection in the United States. The major target of congenital CMV is the brain, with clinical manifestations including mental retardation, vision impairment, and sensorineural hearing loss. Previous reports have shown that CD8(+) T cells are required to control viral replication and significant numbers of CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells persist in the brain even after the initial infection has been cleared. However, the dynamics of CD8(+) T cells in the brain during latency remain largely undefined. In this report, we used TCR sequencing to track the development and maintenance of neonatal clonotypes in the brain and spleen of mice during chronic infection. Given the discontinuous nature of tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells, we hypothesized that neonatal TCR clonotypes would be locked in the brain and persist into adulthood. Surprisingly, we found that the Ag-specific T cell repertoire in neonatal-infected mice diversified during persistent infection in both the brain and spleen, while maintaining substantial similarity between the CD8(+) T cell populations in the brain and spleen in both early and late infection. However, despite the diversification of, and potential interchange between, the spleen and brain Ag-specific T cell repertoires, we observed that germline-encoded TCR clonotypes, characteristic of neonatal infection, persisted in the brain, albeit sometimes in low abundance. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of CD8(+) T cell repertoires following neonatal CMV infection and thus have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to control CMV in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Venturi
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Timothy G Amos
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Wisler C Charles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia;
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850;
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92
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Smith CJ, Caldeira-Dantas S, Turula H, Snyder CM. Murine CMV Infection Induces the Continuous Production of Mucosal Resident T Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1137-1148. [PMID: 26526996 PMCID: PMC4648370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that persists for life and maintains extremely large numbers of T cells with select specificities in circulation. However, it is unknown how viral persistence impacts T cell populations in mucosal sites. We found that many murine (M)CMV-specific CD8s in mucosal tissues became resident memory T cells (TRM). These cells adopted an intraepithelial localization in the salivary gland that correlated with, but did not depend on, expression of the integrin CD103. MCMV-specific TRM cells formed early after infection, and spleen-localized cells had reduced capacities to become TRM at late times. Surprisingly, however, small numbers of new TRM cells were formed from the circulating pool throughout infection, favoring populations maintained at high levels in the blood and shifting the immunodominance within the TRM populations over time. These data show that mucosal TRM populations can be dynamically maintained by a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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93
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Oduro JD, Redeker A, Lemmermann NAW, Ebermann L, Marandu TF, Dekhtiarenko I, Holzki JK, Busch DH, Arens R, Čičin-Šain L. Murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection via the intranasal route offers a robust model of immunity upon mucosal CMV infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:185-195. [PMID: 26555192 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous virus, causing the most common congenital infection in humans, yet a vaccine against this virus is not available. Experimental studies of immunity against CMV in animal models of infection, such as the infection of mice with mouse CMV (MCMV), have relied mainly on parenteral infection protocols, although the virus naturally transmits by mucosal routes via body fluids. To characterize the biology of infections by mucosal routes, we compared the kinetics of virus replication, latent viral load and CD8 T-cell responses in lymphoid organs upon experimental intranasal (targeting the respiratory tract) and intragastric (targeting the digestive tract) infection with systemic intraperitoneal infection of two unrelated mouse strains. We observed that intranasal infection induced robust and long-term virus replication in the lungs and salivary glands but limited replication in the spleen. CD8 T-cell responses were somewhat weaker than upon intraperitoneal infection but showed similar kinetic profiles and phenotypes of antigen-specific cells. In contrast, intragastric infection resulted in abortive or poor virus replication in all tested organs and poor T-cell responses to the virus, especially at late times after infection. Consistent with the T-cell kinetics, the MCMV latent load was high in the lungs but low in the spleen of intranasally infected mice and lowest in all tested organs upon intragastric infection. In conclusion, we showed that intranasal but not intragastric infection of mice with MCMV represents a robust model to study the short- and long-term biology of CMV infection by a mucosal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Linda Ebermann
- Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F Marandu
- Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Tanzania
| | - Iryna Dekhtiarenko
- Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia K Holzki
- Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Focus Group 'Clinical Cell Processing and Purification', Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infections, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department for Virology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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94
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The Salivary Gland Acts as a Sink for Tissue-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cells, Facilitating Protection from Local Cytomegalovirus Infection. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1125-1136. [PMID: 26526997 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) reside in barrier tissues and provide local immediate protective immunity. Here, we show that the salivary gland (SG) most-effectively induces CD8(+) and CD4(+) TRM cells against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), which persists in and spreads from this organ. TRM generation depended on local antigen for CD4(+), but not CD8(+), TRM cells, highlighting major differences in T cell subset-specific demands for TRM development. CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells fail to control virus replication upon primary infection in the SG due to CMV-induced MHC I downregulation in glandular epithelial cells. Using intraglandular infection, we challenge this notion and demonstrate that memory CD8(+) T cells confer immediate protection against locally introduced MCMV despite active viral immune evasion, owing to early viral tropism to cells that largely withstand MHC I downregulation. Thus, we unravel a yet-unappreciated role for memory CD8(+) T cells in protecting mucosal tissues against CMV infection.
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95
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Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4 T Cells Are Cytolytic and Mediate Vaccine Protection. J Virol 2015; 90:650-8. [PMID: 26491148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4 T cells provide protection against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other persistent viruses, and the ability to quantify and characterize epitope-specific responses is essential to gain a more precise understanding of their effector roles in this regard. Here, we report the first two I-A(d)-restricted CD4 T cell responses specific for mouse CMV (MCMV) epitopes and use a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) tetramer to characterize their phenotypes and functions. We demonstrate that MCMV-specific CD4 T cells can express high levels of granzyme B and kill target cells in an epitope- and organ-specific manner. In addition, CD4 T cell epitope vaccination of immunocompetent mice reduced MCMV replication in the same organs where CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was observed. Together, our studies show that MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cells have the potential to mediate antiviral defense by multiple effector mechanisms in vivo. IMPORTANCE CD4 T cells mediate immune protection by using their T cell receptors to recognize specific portions of viral proteins, called epitopes, that are presented by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules on the surfaces of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we discovered the first two epitopes derived from mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that are recognized by CD4 T cells in BALB/c mice, a mouse strain commonly used to study the pathogenesis of this virus infection. Here, we report the sequences of these epitopes, characterize the CD4 T cells that recognize them to fight off MCMV infection, and show that we can use the epitopes to vaccinate mice and protect against MCMV.
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Redeker A, Welten SPM, Baert MRM, Vloemans SA, Tiemessen MM, Staal FJT, Arens R. The Quantity of Autocrine IL-2 Governs the Expansion Potential of CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4792-801. [PMID: 26453748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adequate responsiveness of CD8(+) T cell populations is of utmost importance for the efficacy of many vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against intracellular pathogens and cancer. In this study, we show in mouse models that the relative number of IL-2-producing cells within Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell populations predicts the population expansion capacity upon challenge. We further demonstrate that IL-2 producers constitute the best responding subset. Notably, we show that elevated production of IL-2 by CD8(+) T cells results in concomitant improved population expansion capacity and immunity. The amount of IL-2 produced on a per-cell basis essentially connects directly to the superior CD8(+) T cell population expansion. Together, our findings identified that autocrine IL-2 production operates in a dose-dependent fashion to facilitate the expansion potential of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell populations, which may instigate ways to augment therapies depending on fit CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda R M Baert
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra A Vloemans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Machteld M Tiemessen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
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97
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Immune Protection against Virus Challenge in Aging Mice Is Not Affected by Latent Herpesviral Infections. J Virol 2015; 89:11715-7. [PMID: 26339051 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01989-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent herpesvirus infections alter immune homeostasis. To understand if this results in aging-related loss of immune protection against emerging infections, we challenged old mice carrying latent mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and/or murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) with influenza virus, West Nile virus (WNV), or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We observed no increase in mortality or weight loss compared to results seen with herpesvirus-negative counterparts and a relative but not absolute reduction in CD8 responses to acute infections. Therefore, the presence of herpesviruses does not appear to increase susceptibility to emerging infections in aging patients.
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98
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Kim J, Kim AR, Shin EC. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Memory T Cell Inflation. Immune Netw 2015; 15:186-90. [PMID: 26330804 PMCID: PMC4553256 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in healthy individuals is usually asymptomatic and results in latent infection. CMV reactivation occasionally occurs in healthy individuals according to their immune status over time. T cell responses to CMV are restricted to a limited number of immunodominant epitopes, as compared to responses to other chronic or persistent viruses. This response results in progressive, prolonged expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells, termed 'memory inflation'. The expanded CMV-specific CD8+ T cell population is extraordinarily large and is more prominent in the elderly. CMV-specific CD8+ T cells possess rather similar phenotypic and functional features to those of replicative senescent T cells. In this review, we discuss the general features of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells and the factors involved in memory inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - A-Reum Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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99
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Arens R, Remmerswaal EBM, Bosch JA, van Lier RAW. 5(th) International Workshop on CMV and Immunosenescence - A shadow of cytomegalovirus infection on immunological memory. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:954-7. [PMID: 25857239 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201570044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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100
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Tsuda Y, Parkins CJ, Caposio P, Feldmann F, Botto S, Ball S, Messaoudi I, Cicin-Sain L, Feldmann H, Jarvis MA. A cytomegalovirus-based vaccine provides long-lasting protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge after a single dose. Vaccine 2015; 33:2261-2266. [PMID: 25820063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus; EBOV) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease virus that most recently was responsible for two independent 2014 outbreaks in multiple countries in Western Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, respectively. Herein, we show that a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccine provides durable protective immunity from Ebola virus following a single vaccine dose. This study has implications for human vaccination against ebolaviruses, as well as for development of a 'disseminating' vaccine to target these viruses in wild African great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tsuda
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Christopher J Parkins
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan Ball
- Centre for Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomarkers, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK.
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