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Thofte O, Su YC, Brant M, Littorin N, Duell BL, Alvarado V, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K. EF-Tu From Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae Is an Immunogenic Surface-Exposed Protein Targeted by Bactericidal Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2910. [PMID: 30619274 PMCID: PMC6305414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a commensal organism in pre-school children, is an opportunistic pathogen causing respiratory tract infections including acute otitis media. Adults suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are persistently colonized by NTHi. Previous research has suggested that, in some bacterial species, the intracellular elongation factor thermo-unstable (EF-Tu) can moonlight as a surface protein upon host encounter. The aim of this study was to determine whether EF-Tu localizes to the surface of H. influenzae, and if such surface-associated EF-Tu is a target for bactericidal antibodies. Using flow cytometry, transmission immunoelectron microscopy, and epitope mapping, we demonstrated that EF-Tu is exposed at the surface of NTHi, and identified immunodominant epitopes of this protein. Rabbits immunized with whole-cell NTHi produced significantly more immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed against EF-Tu than against the NTHi outer membrane proteins D and F as revealed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Chemical cleavage of NTHi EF-Tu by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) followed by immunoblotting showed that the immunodominant epitopes were located within the central and C-terminal regions of the protein. Peptide epitope mapping by dot blot analysis further revealed four different immunodominant peptide sequences; EF-Tu41−65, EF-Tu161−185, EF-Tu221−245, and EF-Tu281−305. These epitopes were confirmed to be surface-exposed and accessible by peptide-specific antibodies in flow cytometry. We also analyzed whether antibodies raised against NTHi EF-Tu cross-react with other respiratory tract pathogens. Anti-EF-Tu IgG significantly detected EF-Tu on unencapsulated bacteria, including the Gram-negative H. parainfluenzae, H. haemolyticus, Moraxella catarrhalis and various Gram-positive Streptococci of the oral microbiome. In contrast, considerably less EF-Tu was observed at the surface of encapsulated bacteria including H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (e.g., serotype 3 and 4). Removal of the capsule, as exemplified by Hib RM804, resulted in increased EF-Tu surface density. Finally, anti-NTHi EF-Tu IgG promoted complement-dependent bacterial killing of NTHi and other unencapsulated Gram-negative bacteria as well as opsonophagocytosis of Gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that NTHi EF-Tu is surface-exposed and recognized by antibodies mediating host innate immunity against NTHi in addition to other unencapsulated respiratory tract bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Thofte
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marta Brant
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Littorin
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Luke Duell
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vera Alvarado
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Farshid Jalalvand
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Liu D, Yang Z, Chen Y, Zhuang W, Niu H, Wu J, Ying H. Clostridium acetobutylicum grows vegetatively in a biofilm rich in heteropolysaccharides and cytoplasmic proteins. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:315. [PMID: 30479660 PMCID: PMC6245871 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms are cell communities wherein cells are embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The biofilm of Clostridium acetobutylicum confers the cells superior phenotypes and has been extensively exploited to produce a variety of liquid biofuels and bulk chemicals. However, little has been known about the physiology of C. acetobutylicum in biofilm as well as the composition and biosynthesis of the EPS. Thus, this study is focused on revealing the cell physiology and EPS composition of C. acetobutylicum biofilm. RESULTS Here, we revealed a novel lifestyle of C. acetobutylicum in biofilm: elimination of sporulation and vegetative growth. Extracellular polymeric substances and wire-like structures were also observed in the biofilm. Furthermore, for the first time, the biofilm polysaccharides and proteins were isolated and characterized. The biofilm contained three heteropolysaccharides. The major fraction consisted of predominantly glucose, mannose and aminoglucose. Also, a great variety of proteins including many non-classically secreted proteins moonlighting as adhesins were found considerably present in the biofilm, with GroEL, a S-layer protein and rubrerythrin being the most abundant ones. CONCLUSIONS This study evidenced that vegetative C. acetobutylicum cells rather than commonly assumed spore-forming cells were essentially the solvent-forming cells. The abundant non-classically secreted moonlighting proteins might be important for the biofilm formation. This study provides the first physiological and molecular insights into C. acetobutylicum biofilm which should be valuable for understanding and development of the biofilm-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Zhengjiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Huanqing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Jinglan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advance Material (SICAM), No. 30, Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800 China
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53
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Jeffery CJ. Protein moonlighting: what is it, and why is it important? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0523. [PMID: 29203708 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the GroEL/HSP60 protein family have been studied for many years because of their critical roles as ATP-dependent molecular chaperones, so it might come as a surprise that some have important functions in ATP-poor conditions, for example, when secreted outside the cell. At least some members of each of the HSP10, HSP70, HSP90, HSP100 and HSP110 heat shock protein families are also 'moonlighting proteins'. Moonlighting proteins exhibit more than one physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical function within one polypeptide chain. In this class of multifunctional proteins, the multiple functions are not due to gene fusions or multiple proteolytic fragments. Several hundred moonlighting proteins have been identified, and they include a diverse set of proteins with a large variety of functions. Some participate in multiple biochemical processes by using an active site pocket for catalysis and a different part of the protein's surface to interact with other proteins. Moonlighting proteins play a central role in many diseases, and the development of novel treatments would be aided by more information addressing current questions, for example, how some are targeted to multiple cellular locations and how a single function can be targeted by therapeutics without targeting a function not involved in disease.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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54
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Jeffery C. Intracellular proteins moonlighting as bacterial adhesion factors. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:362-376. [PMID: 31294221 PMCID: PMC6604927 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and commensal, or probiotic, bacteria employ adhesins on the cell surface to attach to and interact with the host. Dozens of the adhesins that play key roles in binding to host cells or extracellular matrix were originally identified as intracellular chaperones or enzymes in glycolysis or other central metabolic pathways. Proteins that have two very different functions, often in two different subcellular locations, are referred to as moonlighting proteins. The intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins do not contain signal sequences for secretion or known sequence motifs for binding to the cell surface, so in most cases is not known how these proteins are secreted or how they become attached to the cell surface. A secretion system in which a large portion of the pool of each protein remains inside the cell while some of the pool of the protein is partitioned to the cell surface has not been identified. This may involve a novel version of a known secretion system or it may involve a novel secretion system. Understanding the processes by which intracellular/cell surface moonlighting proteins are targeted to the cell surface could provide novel protein targets for the development of small molecules that block secretion and/or association with the cell surface and could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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55
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Dumpala PR, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Identification of Differentially Regulated Edwardsiella ictaluri Proteins During Catfish Serum Treatment. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:50-56. [PMID: 29595885 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a facultative, intracellular, gram-negative bacterium that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). Edwardsiella ictaluri is known to be resistant to defense mechanisms present in catfish serum, which might aid in its use of a host's bloodstream to become septicemic. However, the precise mechanisms of the survival of E. ictaluri in host serum are not known. Analysis of the response of E. ictaluri to the host serum treatment at a proteomic level might aid in the elucidation of its adaptation mechanisms against defense mechanisms present in catfish serum. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify differentially regulated proteins of E. ictaluri upon exposure to naïve catfish serum. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis were used for identification of differentially expressed E. ictaluri proteins. A total of 19 differentially regulated proteins (7 up- and 12 downregulated) were identified. Among those were four putative immunogenic proteins, two chaperones and eight proteins involved in the translational process, two nucleic acid degradation and integration proteins, two intermediary metabolism proteins, and one iron-ion-binding protein. Further research focusing on the functions of these differentially expressed proteins may reveal their roles in host adaptation by E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Dumpala
- The Rogosin Institute-Xenia Division, 740 Birch Road, Xenia, Ohio, 45385, USA
| | - Mark L Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA
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56
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Pyclik M, Górska S, Brzozowska E, Dobrut A, Ciekot J, Gamian A, Brzychczy-Włoch M. Epitope Mapping of Streptococcus agalactiae Elongation Factor Tu Protein Recognized by Human Sera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:125. [PMID: 29467739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The elongation factor Tu has been identified as one of the most immunoreactive proteins that was recognized by human sera of GBS (group B streptococcus) positive patients. In this paper, we present the polypeptide-specific epitopes of the bacterial protein that are recognized by human antibodies: 28LTAAITTVLARRLP41 (peptide no. 3) and 294GQVLAKPGSINPHTKF309 (peptide no. 21). To determine the shortest amino acid sequence recognized by antibodies, truncation peptide libraries were prepared using the PEPSCAN method. The analysis of immunoreactivity of peptides with sera of GBS positive and negative women revealed that the most immunoreactive sequence was 306HTKF309. Moreover, we observed that this sequence also showed the highest specificity which was based on ratio of reactivity with sera of GBS positive relative to sera of GBS negative patients. Epitope was synthetized on Wang resin with the Fmoc strategy. Our results open the possibility to use 306HTKF309 peptide in diagnostic assays to determine Streptococcus agalactiae infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Pyclik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dobrut
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ciekot
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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57
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Fernández FJ, Gómez S, Vega MC. Pathogens' toolbox to manipulate human complement. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:98-109. [PMID: 29221973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The surveillance and pathogen fighting functions of the complement system have evolved to protect mammals from life-threatening infections. In turn, pathogens have developed complex molecular mechanisms to subvert, divert and evade the effector functions of the complement. The study of complement immunoevasion by pathogens sheds light on their infection drivers, knowledge that is essential to implement therapies. At the same time, complement evasion also acts as a discovery ground that reveals important aspects of how complement works under physiological conditions. In recent years, complex interrelationships between infection insults and the onset of autoimmune and complement dysregulation diseases have led to propose that encounters with pathogens can act as triggering factors for disease. The correct management of these diseases involves the recognition of their triggering factors and the development and administration of complement-associated molecular therapies. Even more recently, unsuspected proteins from pathogens have been shown to possess moonlighting functions as virulence factors, raising the possibility that behind the first line of virulence factors there be many more pathogen proteins playing secondary, helping and supporting roles for the pathogen to successfully establish infections. In an era where antibiotics have a progressively reduced effect on the management and control of infectious diseases worldwide, knowledge on the mechanisms of pathogenic invasion and evasion look more necessary and pressing than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Cristina Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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58
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Munz M, Chen H, Jockel-Schneider Y, Adam K, Hoffman P, Berger K, Kocher T, Meyle J, Eickholz P, Doerfer C, Laudes M, Uitterlinden A, Lieb W, Franke A, Schreiber S, Offenbacher S, Divaris K, Bruckmann C, Loos BG, Jepsen S, Dommisch H, Schäefer AS. A haplotype block downstream of plasminogen is associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:962-970. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Munz
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Dental, Oral and Maxillary Medicine; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics; University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein - Campus Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Dental, Oral and Maxillary Medicine; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Stomatology; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital; Hangzhou China
| | - Yvonne Jockel-Schneider
- Department of Periodontology; Clinic of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology; University Medical Center of the Julius-Maximilians-University; Würzburg Germany
| | - Knut Adam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Per Hoffman
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Human Genomics Research Group; Department of Biomedicine; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Dental School; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Jörg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology; University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg; Gießen Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Department of Periodontology, Centre for Dental, Oral Medicine (Carolinum); Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christof Doerfer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein; Campus Kiel Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I; University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology; Biobank PopGen; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Steven Offenbacher
- Department of Periodontology; UNC School of Dentistry; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; UNC School of Dentistry; Chapel Hill NC USA
- Department of Epidemiology; UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health; Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Corinna Bruckmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology; University Clinic of Dentistry; Vienna Austria
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Søeren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry; Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Dental, Oral and Maxillary Medicine; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Arne S. Schäefer
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Dental, Oral and Maxillary Medicine; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
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59
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Elongation factor Tu is a multifunctional and processed moonlighting protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11227. [PMID: 28894125 PMCID: PMC5593925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial moonlighting proteins were originally described in medically, agriculturally, and commercially important members of the low G + C Firmicutes. We show Elongation factor Tu (Ef-Tu) moonlights on the surface of the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (SaEf-Tu) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MpnEf-Tu), and the porcine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MhpEf-Tu). Ef-Tu is also a target of multiple processing events on the cell surface and these were characterised using an N-terminomics pipeline. Recombinant MpnEf-Tu bound strongly to a diverse range of host molecules, and when bound to plasminogen, was able to convert plasminogen to plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activators. Fragments of Ef-Tu retain binding capabilities to host proteins. Bioinformatics and structural modelling studies indicate that the accumulation of positively charged amino acids in short linear motifs (SLiMs), and protein processing promote multifunctional behaviour. Codon bias engendered by an A + T rich genome may influence how positively-charged residues accumulate in SLiMs.
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60
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Abstract
The role of the complement factor H-related (FHR) proteins in homeostasis, pathogen defense, and autoimmune disease has recently attracted considerable interest. We highlight the exciting research that has contributed to our understanding of the FHR protein family. Unlike factor H, a potent negative regulator of complement C3 activation, the FHR proteins appear to promote C3 activation. These data have important implications for understanding complement-mediated diseases because, depending on the context, the balance between the actions of factor H and the FHR proteins determines the degree of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Imperial College, London, UK
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61
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Hua X, Zhou Z, Yang Q, Shi Q, Xu Q, Wang J, Shi K, Zhao F, Sun L, Ruan Z, Jiang Y, Yu Y. Evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii In Vivo: International Clone II, More Resistance to Ceftazidime, Mutation in ptk. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1256. [PMID: 28740486 PMCID: PMC5502287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen worldwide. A more comprehensive understanding of the within-host genomic evolution of A. baumannii would provide a molecule basis for improving treatment of A. baumannii infection. To understand the evolutionary mechanism facilitating A. baumannii survived in human body, we here reported the genomic analysis of A. baumannii isolated sampled from Chinese patients. We used whole-genome sequence of A. baumannii isolates from the same patient to determine single-nucleotide variants, insertion sequence mapping, and gene change. The MICs for 10 antimicrobial agents were determined. Motility assay and microscopy were performed on the isolated pairs harboring ptk mutations. The gene ptk encoded a putative protein tyrosine kinase involved in the production of capsular polysaccharide. Approximately half (39/86) of the strains isolated from the same patient harbored the same MLST patterns, and during the replacement of international clonal lineage II (ICL-II) and non-ICL-II strains, most of the alteration was that non-ICL-II strain was replaced by ICL-II strain (10/12). A. baumannii was resistant to major antimicrobial agents, whereas the strains were more resistant to ceftazidime, azithromycin, and sulfonamides after within-host evolution. Isolates from the ICL-II lineage displayed greater resistance to antimicrobial agents than non-ICL-II isolates. Isolates from ICL-II harbored more resistance genes and mobile elements than non-ICL-II strains. Several lineages evolved a more mucoid phenotype. Genome sequencing revealed that the phenotype was achieved by genetic changes in the ptk gene. ICL-II (especially ST195 and ST208) was the terminal destination for bacteria after within-host evolution. These results indicate that the molecular basis and the treatment for ICL-II strains needed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qiucheng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Qingye Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Keren Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou General Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial Corps, Chinese People's Armed Police ForcesHangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
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62
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Liu PF, Du Y, Meng L, Li X, Liu Y. Proteomic analysis in kidneys of Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida by iTRAQ. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:140-153. [PMID: 28235584 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a major etiologic agent which induces furunculosis and is globally harmful in salmonid and turbot cultures, especially in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. In order to improve knowledge of its poorly understood pathogenesis, we utilized high-throughput proteomics to display differentially expressed proteins in the kidney of Atlantic salmon challenged with high and low infection dose of A. salmonicida at 7 and 14 days. In quantitative proteomic assays, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) combined with 2D LC-MS/MS is emerging as a powerful methodology in the search for disease-specific targets and biomarkers. In this study, 4009 distinct proteins (unused ≥ 1.3, which is a confidence ≥ 95%) were identified in three two-dimensional LC/MS/MS analyses. Then we chose 140 proteins (fold change ratio ≥ 1.5 and P < 0.01) combined with protein-protein interaction analysis to ultimately obtain 39 proteins in network which could be considered as potential biomarkers for Atlantic salmon immune responses. Nine significant differentially expressed proteins were consistent with those at the proteomic level used to validate genes at the transcriptomic level by qPCR. Collectively, these data was first reported using an iTRAQ approach to provide additional elements for consideration in the pathophysiology of A. salmonicida and pave the way to resolve the influence of this disease in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Yishuai Du
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingjie Meng
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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Józsi M. Factor H Family Proteins in Complement Evasion of Microorganisms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:571. [PMID: 28572805 PMCID: PMC5435753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-pathogenic microbes possess various means to avoid destruction by our immune system. These include interactions with the host complement system that may facilitate pathogen entry into cells and tissues, expression of molecules that defuse the effector complement components and complexes, and acquisition of host complement inhibitors to downregulate complement activity on the surface of the pathogen. A growing number of pathogenic microorganisms have acquired the ability to bind the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) from body fluids and thus hijack its host protecting function. In addition to FH, binding of FH-related (FHR) proteins was also demonstrated for several microbes. Initial studies assumed that these proteins are complement inhibitors similar to FH. However, recent evidence suggests that FHR proteins may rather enhance complement activation both directly and also by competing with the inhibitor FH for binding to certain ligands and surfaces. This mini review focuses on the role of the main alternative pathway regulator FH in host–pathogen interactions, as well as on the emerging role of the FHR proteins as enhancers of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Józsi
- MTA-ELTE "Lendület" Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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64
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Flores-Ramírez G, Danchenko M, Quevedo-Díaz M, Skultety L. Reliable tool for detection of novel Coxiella burnetii antigens, using immobilized human polyclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1047:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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65
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Luu LDW, Octavia S, Zhong L, Raftery M, Sintchenko V, Lan R. Characterisation of the Bordetella pertussis secretome under different media. J Proteomics 2017; 158:43-51. [PMID: 28242451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the Bordetella pertussis secretome remains limited including the role of different growth conditions in the secretome. In this study the secretome of L1423, a clinical isolate from the 2008-2012 Australian epidemic, cultured on Stainer-Scholte (SS) and Thalen-IJssel (THIJS) media for 12h was characterised using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the supernatant, LC-MS/MS identified 260 proteins with 143 bioinformatically predicted to be secreted. Eighty percent of proteins were identified in both media. Proteins secreted were functionally associated with cell surface (41%), pathogenicity (16%) and transport (17%). The most abundant proteins identified were pathogenic proteins including toxins (PtxA and CyaA), adhesins (TcfA) and type III secretion (T3SS) proteins. There were 46 proteins found uniquely in THIJS including 8 virulence associated proteins. These included T3SS proteins, adhesins (FhaL and FhaS) and a putative toxin (BP1251). Nine proteins were found uniquely in SS and these were metabolic and transport-related proteins. None of the unique proteins detected in SS were known to be virulence associated. This study found that THIJS promotes secretion of virulence factors based on the number of unique virulence proteins found and may be a growth media of choice for the study of B. pertussis virulence and vaccine development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Over the past two decades, the number of B. pertussis notifications has risen despite vaccination. There is a greater need to understand the biology behind B. pertussis infections. The secretome of B. pertussis in two different media was characterised using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that THIJS promotes secretion of importance virulence factors which may be important for the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research - Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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A versatile assay to determine bacterial and host factors contributing to opsonophagocytotic killing in hirudin-anticoagulated whole blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42137. [PMID: 28176849 PMCID: PMC5296863 DOI: 10.1038/srep42137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria entering the bloodstream will be eliminated through complement activation on the bacterial surface and opsonophagocytosis. However, when these protective innate immune systems do not work optimally, or when bacteria are equipped with immune evasion mechanisms that prevent killing, this can lead to serious infections such as bacteremia and meningitis, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In order to study the complement evasion mechanisms of bacteria and the capacity of human blood to opsonize and kill bacteria, we developed a versatile whole blood killing assay wherein both phagocyte function and complement activity can easily be monitored and modulated. In this assay we use a selective thrombin inhibitor hirudin to fully preserve complement activity of whole blood. This assay allows controlled analysis of the requirements for active complement by replacing or heat-inactivating plasma, phagocyte function and bacterial immune evasion mechanisms that contribute to survival in human blood.
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Clamens T, Rosay T, Crépin A, Grandjean T, Kentache T, Hardouin J, Bortolotti P, Neidig A, Mooij M, Hillion M, Vieillard J, Cosette P, Overhage J, O’Gara F, Bouffartigues E, Dufour A, Chevalier S, Guery B, Cornelis P, Feuilloley MGJ, Lesouhaitier O. The aliphatic amidase AmiE is involved in regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41178. [PMID: 28117457 PMCID: PMC5259723 DOI: 10.1038/srep41178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the eukaryotic C-type natriuretic peptide hormone (CNP) regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation after binding on the AmiC sensor, triggering the amiE transcription. Herein, the involvement of the aliphatic amidase AmiE in P. aeruginosa virulence regulation has been investigated. The proteome analysis of an AmiE over-producing strain (AmiE+) revealed an expression change for 138 proteins, including some that are involved in motility, synthesis of quorum sensing compounds and virulence regulation. We observed that the AmiE+ strain produced less biofilm compared to the wild type, and over-produced rhamnolipids. In the same line, AmiE is involved in P. aeruginosa motilities (swarming and twitching) and production of the quorum sensing molecules N-acyl homoserine lactones and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS). We observed that AmiE overproduction reduced levels of HCN and pyocyanin causing a decreased virulence in different hosts (i.e. Dictyostelium discoideum and Caenorhabditis elegans). This phenotype was further confirmed in a mouse model of acute lung infection, in which AmiE overproduction resulted in an almost fully virulence decrease. Taken together, our data suggest that, in addition to its role in bacterial secondary metabolism, AmiE is involved in P. aeruginosa virulence regulation by modulating pilus synthesis and cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clamens
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Thibaut Rosay
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | | | - Teddy Grandjean
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7366 - Recherche Translationnelle: relations hôte pathogènes, Lille, France
| | - Takfarinas Kentache
- Laboratory « Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces » (UMR 6270 CNRS), Proteomic Platform PISSARO, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Laboratory « Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces » (UMR 6270 CNRS), Proteomic Platform PISSARO, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Perrine Bortolotti
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7366 - Recherche Translationnelle: relations hôte pathogènes, Lille, France
| | - Anke Neidig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, PO Box 3640, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marlies Mooij
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mélanie Hillion
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Julien Vieillard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), Evreux, France
| | - Pascal Cosette
- Laboratory « Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces » (UMR 6270 CNRS), Proteomic Platform PISSARO, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Joerg Overhage
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, PO Box 3640, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fergal O’Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Emeline Bouffartigues
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Alain Dufour
- Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Benoit Guery
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7366 - Recherche Translationnelle: relations hôte pathogènes, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Cornelis
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Marc G. J. Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Evreux, France
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Chiu KH, Wang LH, Tsai TT, Lei HY, Liao PC. Secretomic Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions Reveals That Elongation Factor-Tu Is a Potential Adherence Factor of Helicobacter pylori during Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:264-273. [PMID: 27764940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The secreted proteins of bacteria are usually accompanied by virulence factors, which can cause inflammation and damage host cells. Identifying the secretomes arising from the interactions of bacteria and host cells could therefore increase understanding of the mechanisms during initial pathogenesis. The present study used a host-pathogen coculture system of Helicobacter pylori and monocytes (THP-1 cells) to investigate the secreted proteins associated with initial H. pylori pathogenesis. The secreted proteins from the conditioned media from H. pylori, THP-1 cells, and the coculture were collected and analyzed using SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. Results indicated the presence of 15 overexpressed bands in the coculture. Thirty-one proteins were identified-11 were derived from THP-1 cells and 20 were derived from H. pylori. A potential adherence factor from H. pylori, elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu), was selected for investigation of its biological function. Results from confocal microscopic and flow cytometric analyses indicated the contribution of EF-Tu to the binding ability of H. pylori in THP-1. The data demonstrated that fluorescence of EF-Tu on THP-1 cells increased after the addition of the H. pylori-conditioned medium. This study reports a novel secretory adherence factor in H. pylori, EF-Tu, and further elucidates mechanisms of H. pylori adaptation for host-pathogen interaction during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University , Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hui Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70428, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yao Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Yamazaki DS, da Silva RAM, Santos CT, Santos-Filho NA, Portuondo DL, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Identification and characterisation of elongation factor Tu, a novel protein involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow079. [PMID: 27634774 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp., which are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi, are responsible for the most prevalent human systemic mycosis in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the involvement of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. Adhesive properties were examined using recombinant PbEF-Tu proteins and the respective polyclonal anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody. Immunogold analysis demonstrated the surface location of EF-Tu in P. brasiliensis. Moreover, PbEF-Tu was found to bind to fibronectin and plasminogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and it was determined that the binding to plasminogen is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. To verify the participation of EF-Tu in the interaction of P. brasiliensis with pneumocytes, we blocked the respective protein with an anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody and evaluated the consequences on the interaction index by flow cytometry. During the interaction, we observed a decrease of 2- and 3-fold at 8 and 24 h, respectively, suggesting the contribution of EF-Tu in fungal adhesion/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniella Sayuri Yamazaki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Unidade de Síntese, Estrutura e Caracterização de Peptídeos e Proteínas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacéuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
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Eddy JL, Schroeder JA, Zimbler DL, Caulfield AJ, Lathem WW. Proteolysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by Yersinia pestis remodulates the host environment to promote virulence. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1833-43. [PMID: 27377187 PMCID: PMC5053288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 on plague and its Y. pestis cleavage is unknown. An intranasal mouse model of infection was used to determine the role of PAI-1 in pneumonic plague. PAI-1 is cleaved and inactivated by the Pla protease of Y. pestis in the lung airspace. PAI-1 impacts both bacterial outgrowth and the immune response to respiratory Y. pestis infection. Click to hear Dr Bock discuss pathogen activators of plasminogen. SUMMARY Background The hemostatic regulator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inactivates endogenous plasminogen activators and aids in the immune response to bacterial infection. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, produces the Pla protease, a virulence factor that is required during plague. However, the specific hemostatic proteins cleaved by Pla in vivo that contribute to pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Objectives To determine whether PAI-1 is cleaved by the Pla protease during pneumonic plague, and to define the impact of PAI-1 on Y. pestis respiratory infection in the presence or absence of Pla. Methods An intranasal mouse model of pneumonic plague was used to assess the levels of total and active PAI-1 in the lung airspace, and the impact of PAI-1 deficiency on bacterial pathogenesis, the host immune response and plasmin generation following infection with wild-type or ∆pla Y. pestis. Results We found that Y. pestis cleaves and inactivates PAI-1 in the lungs in a Pla-dependent manner. The loss of PAI-1 enhances Y. pestis outgrowth in the absence of Pla, and is associated with increased conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Furthermore, we found that PAI-1 regulates immune cell recruitment, cytokine production and tissue permeability during pneumonic plague. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PAI-1 is an in vivo target of the Pla protease in the lungs, and that PAI-1 is a key regulator of the pulmonary innate immune response. We conclude that the inactivation of PAI-1 by Y. pestis alters the host environment to promote virulence during pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Eddy
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J A Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D L Zimbler
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A J Caulfield
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - W W Lathem
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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71
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Jiang F, He J, Navarro-Alvarez N, Xu J, Li X, Li P, Wu W. Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 Are Membrane-Associated Proteins from Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Capable of Inducing Strong Immune Response in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161170. [PMID: 27537186 PMCID: PMC4990256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-progressive pneumonia, a disease that has become a worldwide epidemic has caused considerable loss to sheep industry. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is the causative agent of interstitial pneumonia in sheep, goat and bighorn. We here have identified by immunogold and immunoblotting that elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) are membrane-associated proteins on M. ovipneumonaiea. We have evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo by immunizing BALB/c mice with both purified recombinant proteins rEF-Tu and rHSP70. The sera of both rEF-Tu and rHSP70 treated BALB/c mice demonstrated increased levels of IgG, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12(p70), IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. In addition, ELISPOT assay showed significant increase in IFN-γ+ secreting lymphocytes in the rHSP70 group when compared to other groups. Collectively our study reveals that rHSP70 induces a significantly better cellular immune response in mice, and may act as a Th1 cytokine-like adjuvant in immune response induction. Finally, growth inhibition test (GIT) of M. ovipneumoniae strain Y98 showed that sera from rHSP70 or rEF-Tu-immunized mice inhibited in vitro growth of M. ovipneumoniae. Our data strongly suggest that EF-Tu and HSP70 of M. ovipneumoniae are membrane-associated proteins capable of inducing antibody production, and cytokine secretion. Therefore, these two proteins may be potential candidates for vaccine development against M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinyan He
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center For Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States of America
| | - Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Technology for Animal Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Releases Extracellular Vesicles That Are Associated with RNA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160440. [PMID: 27500956 PMCID: PMC4976981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterium-to-host signalling during infection is a complex process involving proteins, lipids and other diffusible signals that manipulate host cell biology for pathogen survival. Bacteria also release membrane vesicles (MV) that can carry a cargo of effector molecules directly into host cells. Supported by recent publications, we hypothesised that these MVs also associate with RNA, which may be directly involved in the modulation of the host response to infection. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain 536, we have isolated MVs and found they carry a range of RNA species. Density gradient centrifugation further fractionated and characterised the MV preparation and confirmed that the isolated RNA was associated with the highest particle and protein containing fractions. Using a new approach, RNA-sequencing of libraries derived from three different 'size' RNA populations (<50nt, 50-200nt and 200nt+) isolated from MVs has enabled us to now report the first example of a complete bacterial MV-RNA profile. These data show that MVs carry rRNA, tRNAs, other small RNAs as well as full-length protein coding mRNAs. Confocal microscopy visualised the delivery of lipid labelled MVs into cultured bladder epithelial cells and showed their RNA cargo labelled with 5-EU (5-ethynyl uridine), was transported into the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus. MV RNA uptake by the cells was confirmed by droplet digital RT-PCR of csrC. It was estimated that 1% of MV RNA cargo is delivered into cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS These data add to the growing evidence of pathogenic bacterial MV being associated a wide range of RNAs. It further raises the plausibility for MV-RNA-mediated cross-kingdom communication whereby they influence host cell function during the infection process.
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Ram S, Shaughnessy J, DeOliveira RB, Lewis LA, Gulati S, Rice PA. Utilizing complement evasion strategies to design complement-based antibacterial immunotherapeutics: Lessons from the pathogenic Neisseriae. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1110-23. [PMID: 27297292 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies are urgently needed to combat the global threat of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Complement forms an important arm of innate defenses against infections. In physiological conditions, complement activation is tightly controlled by soluble and membrane-associated complement inhibitors, but must be selectively activated on invading pathogens to facilitate microbial clearance. Many pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, express glycans, including N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), that mimic host structures to evade host immunity. Neu5Ac is a negatively charged 9-cabon sugar that inhibits complement, in part by enhancing binding of the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) through C-terminal domains (19 and 20) on FH. Other microbes also bind FH, in most instances through FH domains 6 and 7 or 18-20. Here we describe two strategies to target complement activation on Neisseriae. First, microbial binding domains of FH were fused to IgG Fc to create FH18-20/Fc (binds gonococci) and FH6,7/Fc (binds meningococci). A point mutation in FH domain 19 eliminated hemolysis caused by unmodified FH18-20, but retained binding to gonococci. FH18-20/Fc and FH6,7/Fc mediated complement-dependent killing in vitro and showed efficacy in animal models of gonorrhea and meningococcal bacteremia, respectively. The second strategy utilized CMP-nonulosonate (CMP-NulO) analogs of sialic acid that were incorporated into LOS and prevented complement inhibition by physiologic CMP-Neu5Ac and resulted in attenuated gonococcal infection in mice. While studies to establish the safety of these agents are needed, enhancing complement activation on microbes may represent a promising strategy to treat antimicrobial resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rosane B DeOliveira
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lisa A Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sunita Gulati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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N'Diaye A, Mijouin L, Hillion M, Diaz S, Konto-Ghiorghi Y, Percoco G, Chevalier S, Lefeuvre L, Harmer NJ, Lesouhaitier O, Feuilloley MGJ. Effect of Substance P in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence: Implication for Skin Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:506. [PMID: 27148195 PMCID: PMC4832252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are two major skin associated bacteria, and Substance P (SP) is a major skin neuropeptide. Since bacteria are known to sense and response to many human hormones, we investigated the effects of SP on Staphylococci virulence in reconstructed human epidermis model and HaCaT keratinocytes. We show that SP is stimulating the virulence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis in a reconstructed human epidermis model. qRT-PCR array analysis of 64 genes expressed by keratinocytes in the response to bacterial infection revealed a potential link between the action of SP on Staphylococci and skin physiopathology. qRT-PCR and direct assay of cathelicidin and human β-defensin 2 secretion also provided that demonstration that the action of SP on bacteria is independent of antimicrobial peptide expression by keratinocytes. Considering an effect of SP on S. aureus and S. epidermidis, we observed that SP increases the adhesion potential of both bacteria on keratinocytes. However, SP modulates the virulence of S. aureus and S. epidermidis through different mechanisms. The response of S. aureus is associated with an increase in Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) production and a reduction of exolipase processing whereas in S. epidermidis the effect of SP appears mediated by a rise in biofilm formation activity. The Thermo unstable ribosomal Elongation factor Ef-Tu was identified as the SP-interacting protein in S. aureus and S. epidermidis. SP appears as an inter-kingdom communication factor involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence and essential for skin microflora homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awa N'Diaye
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Lily Mijouin
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Mélanie Hillion
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Suraya Diaz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Giuseppe Percoco
- GlycoMev EA 4358, Normandie Université, Université de RouenMont-Saint-Aignan, France; Bio-EC LaboratoryLongjumeau, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Luc Lefeuvre
- Dermatologic Laboratories Uriage Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironnement LMSM, EA 4312, Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
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Castiblanco-Valencia MM, Fraga TR, Pagotto AH, Serrano SMDT, Abreu PAE, Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Plasmin cleaves fibrinogen and the human complement proteins C3b and C5 in the presence of Leptospira interrogans proteins: A new role of LigA and LigB in invasion and complement immune evasion. Immunobiology 2016; 221:679-89. [PMID: 26822552 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen is a single-chain glycoprotein found in human plasma as the inactive precursor of plasmin. When converted to proteolytically active plasmin, plasmin(ogen) regulates both complement and coagulation cascades, thus representing an important target for pathogenic microorganisms. Leptospira interrogans binds plasminogen, which is converted to active plasmin. Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins are surface exposed molecules that interact with extracellular matrix components and complement regulators, including proteins of the FH family and C4BP. In this work, we demonstrate that these multifunctional molecules also bind plasminogen through both N- and C-terminal domains. These interactions are dependent on lysine residues and are affected by ionic strength. Competition assays suggest that plasminogen does not share binding sites with C4BP or FH on Lig proteins at physiological molar ratios. Plasminogen bound to Lig proteins is converted to proteolytic active plasmin in the presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Lig-bound plasmin is able to cleave the physiological substrates fibrinogen and the complement proteins C3b and C5. Taken together, our data point to a new role of LigA and LigB in leptospiral invasion and complement immune evasion. Plasmin(ogen) acquisition by these versatile proteins may contribute to Leptospira infection, favoring bacterial survival and dissemination inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues Fraga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Pagotto
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lourdes Isaac
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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76
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Wang W, Jeffery CJ. An analysis of surface proteomics results reveals novel candidates for intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins in bacteria. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1420-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dozens of intracellular proteins have a second function on the cell surface, referred to as “intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins”. An analysis of the results of 22 cell surface proteomics studies was performed to address whether the hundreds of intracellular proteins found on the cell surface could be candidates for being additional intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangfei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
- Department of Biological Sciences
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77
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Owings JP, Kuiper EG, Prezioso SM, Meisner J, Varga JJ, Zelinskaya N, Dammer EB, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Albertí S, Conn GL, Goldberg JB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa EftM Is a Thermoregulated Methyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3280-90. [PMID: 26677219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.706853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that trimethylates elongation factor-thermo-unstable (EF-Tu) on lysine 5. Lysine 5 methylation occurs in a temperature-dependent manner and is generally only seen when P. aeruginosa is grown at temperatures close to ambient (25 °C) but not at higher temperatures (37 °C). We have previously identified the gene, eftM (for EF-Tu-modifying enzyme), responsible for this modification and shown its activity to be associated with increased bacterial adhesion to and invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. Bioinformatic analyses predicted EftM to be a Class I S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase. An in vitro methyltransferase assay was employed to show that, in the presence of SAM, EftM directly trimethylates EF-Tu. A natural variant of EftM, with a glycine to arginine substitution at position 50 in the predicted SAM-binding domain, lacks both SAM binding and enzyme activity. Mass spectrometry analysis of the in vitro methyltransferase reaction products revealed that EftM exclusively methylates at lysine 5 of EF-Tu in a distributive manner. Consistent with the in vivo temperature dependence of methylation of EF-Tu, preincubation of EftM at 37 °C abolished methyltransferase activity, whereas this activity was retained when EftM was preincubated at 25 °C. Irreversible protein unfolding at 37 °C was observed, and we propose that this instability is the molecular basis for the temperature dependence of EftM activity. Collectively, our results show that EftM is a thermolabile, SAM-dependent methyltransferase that directly trimethylates lysine 5 of EF-Tu in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Owings
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Emily G Kuiper
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Program and
| | - Samantha M Prezioso
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, and
| | - Jeffrey Meisner
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - John J Varga
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastián Albertí
- the Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, 07122 Spain
| | | | - Joanna B Goldberg
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep and the Emory-Children's Center for Cystic Fibrosis Research, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908,
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78
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Sass LA, Hair PS, Perkins AM, Shah TA, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Complement Effectors of Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Fluid Correlate with Clinical Measures of Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144723. [PMID: 26642048 PMCID: PMC4671727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), lung damage is mediated by a cycle of obstruction, infection, and inflammation. Here we explored complement inflammatory effectors in CF lung fluid. In this study soluble fractions (sols) from sputum samples of 15 CF patients were assayed for complement effectors and analyzed with clinical measurements. The pro-inflammatory peptide C5a was increased 4.8-fold (P = 0.04) in CF sols compared with controls. Incubation of CF sols with P. aeruginosa or S. aureus increased C5a concentration 2.3-fold (P = 0.02). A peptide inhibitor of complement C1 (PIC1) completely blocked the increase in C5a concentration from P. aeruginosa in CF sol in vitro (P = 0.001). C5a concentration in CF sol correlated inversely with body mass index (BMI) percentile in children (r = -0.77, P = 0.04). C3a, which has anti-inflammatory effects, correlated positively with FEV1% predicted (rs = 0.63, P = 0.02). These results suggest that complement effectors may significantly impact inflammation in CF lung fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Sass
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, 811 Redgate Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, 601 Children’s Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Pamela S. Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amy M. Perkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, 601 Children’s Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tushar A. Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, 811 Redgate Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, 601 Children’s Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Neel K. Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, 811 Redgate Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenji M. Cunnion
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children's Specialty Group, 811 Redgate Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, 601 Children’s Lane, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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79
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Berry IJ, Steele JR, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. The application of terminomics for the identification of protein start sites and proteoforms in bacteria. Proteomics 2015; 16:257-72. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain J. Berry
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Joel R. Steele
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
| | - Steven P. Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
- Proteomics Core Facility; University of Technology Sydney; Broadway NSW Australia
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80
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Bajic G, Degn SE, Thiel S, Andersen GR. Complement activation, regulation, and molecular basis for complement-related diseases. EMBO J 2015; 34:2735-57. [PMID: 26489954 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential element of the innate immune response that becomes activated upon recognition of molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, abnormal host cells, and modified molecules in the extracellular environment. The resulting proteolytic cascade tags the complement activator for elimination and elicits a pro-inflammatory response leading to recruitment and activation of immune cells from both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. Through these activities, complement functions in the first line of defense against pathogens but also contributes significantly to the maintenance of homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. Activation of complement and the subsequent biological responses occur primarily in the extracellular environment. However, recent studies have demonstrated autocrine signaling by complement activation in intracellular vesicles, while the presence of a cytoplasmic receptor serves to detect complement-opsonized intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, breakthroughs in both functional and structural studies now make it possible to describe many of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying complement activation and the subsequent downstream events, as well as its cross talk with, for example, signaling pathways, the coagulation system, and adaptive immunity. We present an integrated and updated view of complement based on structural and functional data and describe the new roles attributed to complement. Finally, we discuss how the structural and mechanistic understanding of the complement system rationalizes the genetic defects conferring uncontrolled activation or other undesirable effects of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bajic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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81
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Whitney JC, Quentin D, Sawai S, LeRoux M, Harding BN, Ledvina HE, Tran BQ, Robinson H, Goo YA, Goodlett DR, Raunser S, Mougous JD. An interbacterial NAD(P)(+) glycohydrolase toxin requires elongation factor Tu for delivery to target cells. Cell 2015; 163:607-19. [PMID: 26456113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type VI secretion (T6S) influences the composition of microbial communities by catalyzing the delivery of toxins between adjacent bacterial cells. Here, we demonstrate that a T6S integral membrane toxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Tse6, acts on target cells by degrading the universally essential dinucleotides NAD(+) and NADP(+). Structural analyses of Tse6 show that it resembles mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase proteins, such as diphtheria toxin, with the exception of a unique loop that both excludes proteinaceous ADP-ribose acceptors and contributes to hydrolysis. We find that entry of Tse6 into target cells requires its binding to an essential housekeeping protein, translation elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). These proteins participate in a larger assembly that additionally directs toxin export and provides chaperone activity. Visualization of this complex by electron microscopy defines the architecture of a toxin-loaded T6S apparatus and provides mechanistic insight into intercellular membrane protein delivery between bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Whitney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dennis Quentin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shin Sawai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michele LeRoux
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brittany N Harding
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannah E Ledvina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bao Q Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Howard Robinson
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joseph D Mougous
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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82
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Impact of the Pla protease substrate α2-antiplasmin on the progression of primary pneumonic plague. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4837-47. [PMID: 26438794 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01086-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens usurp the host hemostatic system during infection to promote pathogenesis. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, expresses the plasminogen activator protease Pla, which has been shown in vitro to target and cleave multiple proteins within the fibrinolytic pathway, including the plasmin inhibitor α2-antiplasmin (A2AP). It is not known, however, if Pla inactivates A2AP in vivo; the role of A2AP during respiratory Y. pestis infection is not known either. Here, we show that Y. pestis does not appreciably cleave A2AP in a Pla-dependent manner in the lungs during experimental pneumonic plague. Furthermore, following intranasal infection with Y. pestis, A2AP-deficient mice exhibit no difference in survival time, bacterial burden in the lungs, or dissemination from wild-type mice. Instead, we found that in the absence of Pla, A2AP contributes to the control of the pulmonary inflammatory response during infection by reducing neutrophil recruitment and cytokine production, resulting in altered immunopathology of the lungs compared to A2AP-deficient mice. Thus, our data demonstrate that A2AP is not significantly affected by the Pla protease during pneumonic plague, and although A2AP participates in immune modulation in the lungs, it has limited impact on the course or ultimate outcome of the infection.
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83
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Uses Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (Lpd) to Bind to the Human Terminal Pathway Regulators Vitronectin and Clusterin to Inhibit Terminal Pathway Complement Attack. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137630. [PMID: 26368530 PMCID: PMC4569481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls host innate immune and complement attack. Here we identify Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Lpd), a 57 kDa moonlighting protein, as the first P. aeruginosa protein that binds the two human terminal pathway inhibitors vitronectin and clusterin. Both human regulators when bound to the bacterium inhibited effector function of the terminal complement, blocked C5b-9 deposition and protected the bacterium from complement damage. P. aeruginosa when challenged with complement active human serum depleted from vitronectin was severely damaged and bacterial survival was reduced by over 50%. Similarly, when in human serum clusterin was blocked by a mAb, bacterial survival was reduced by 44%. Thus, demonstrating that Pseudomonas benefits from attachment of each human regulator and controls complement attack. The Lpd binding site in vitronectin was localized to the C-terminal region, i.e. to residues 354-363. Thus, Lpd of P. aeruginosa is a surface exposed moonlighting protein that binds two human terminal pathway inhibitors, vitronectin and clusterin and each human inhibitor when attached protected the bacterial pathogen from the action of the terminal complement pathway. Our results showed insights into the important function of Lpd as a complement regulator binding protein that might play an important role in virulence of P. aeruginosa.
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Borrelia burgdorferi elongation factor EF-Tu is an immunogenic protein during Lyme borreliosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e54. [PMID: 26954993 PMCID: PMC5176084 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, does not produce lipopolysaccharide but expresses a large number of lipoproteins on its cell surface. These outer membrane lipoproteins are highly immunogenic and have been used for serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. Recent studies have shown that highly conserved cytosolic proteins such as enolase and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) unexpectedly localized on the surface of bacteria including B. burgdorferi, and surface-localized enolase has shown to contribute to the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi. In this study, we studied the immunogenicity, surface localization, and function of B. burgdorferi EF-Tu. We found that EF-Tu is highly immunogenic in mice, and EF-Tu antibodies were readily detected in Lyme disease patients. On the other hand, active immunization studies showed that EF-Tu antibodies did not protect mice from infection when challenged with B. burgdorferi via either needle inoculation or tick bites. Borrelial mouse-tick cycle studies showed that EF-Tu antibodies also did not block B. burgdorferi migration and survival in ticks. Consistent with these findings, we found that EF-Tu primarily localizes in the protoplasmic cylinder of spirochetes and is not on the surface of B. burgdorferi. Taken together, our studies suggest that B. burgdorferi EF-Tu is not surfaced exposed, but it is highly immunogenic and is a potential serodiagnostic marker for Lyme borreliosis.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Expresses a Functional Human Natriuretic Peptide Receptor Ortholog: Involvement in Biofilm Formation. mBio 2015; 6:mBio.01033-15. [PMID: 26307165 PMCID: PMC4550695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01033-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists that bacteria detect eukaryotic communication molecules and modify their virulence accordingly. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can detect the human hormones brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) at micromolar concentrations. In response, the bacterium modifies its behavior to adapt to the host physiology, increasing its overall virulence. The possibility of identifying the bacterial sensor for these hormones and interfering with this sensing mechanism offers an exciting opportunity to directly affect the infection process. Here, we show that BNP and CNP strongly decrease P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Isatin, an antagonist of human natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR), prevents this effect. Furthermore, the human NPR-C receptor agonist cANF4-23 mimics the effects of natriuretic peptides on P. aeruginosa, while sANP, the NPR-A receptor agonist, appears to be weakly active. We show in silico that NPR-C, a preferential CNP receptor, and the P. aeruginosa protein AmiC have similar three-dimensional (3D) structures and that both CNP and isatin bind to AmiC. We demonstrate that CNP acts as an AmiC agonist, enhancing the expression of the ami operon in P. aeruginosa. Binding of CNP and NPR-C agonists to AmiC was confirmed by microscale thermophoresis. Finally, using an amiC mutant strain, we demonstrated that AmiC is essential for CNP effects on biofilm formation. In conclusion, the AmiC bacterial sensor possesses structural and pharmacological profiles similar to those of the human NPR-C receptor and appears to be a bacterial receptor for human hormones that enables P. aeruginosa to modulate biofilm expression. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly dangerous opportunist pathogen for immunocompromised hosts, especially cystic fibrosis patients. The sites of P. aeruginosa infection are varied, with predominance in the human lung, in which bacteria are in contact with host molecular messengers such as hormones. The C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a hormone produced by lung cells, has been described as a bacterial virulence enhancer. In this study, we showed that the CNP hormone counteracts P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and we identified the bacterial protein AmiC as the sensor involved in the CNP effects. We showed that AmiC could bind specifically CNP. These results show for the first time that a human hormone could be sensed by bacteria through a specific protein, which is an ortholog of the human receptor NPR-C. The bacterium would be able to modify its lifestyle by favoring virulence factor production while reducing biofilm formation.
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86
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Dwivedi P, Alam SI, Kumar O, Kumar RB. Comparative analysis of extractable proteins from Clostridium perfringens type A and type C strains showing varying degree of virulence. Anaerobe 2015; 35:77-91. [PMID: 26238688 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing scenario of bioterrorism warrants development of medical countermeasures with expanded coverage of select agents. Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of medical, veterinary and military importance, and has been listed as Validated Biological Agent. We employed 2DE-MS approach to identify a total of 134 unique proteins (529 protein spot features) from the extractable proteome of four type A and type C strains. Proteins showing altered expression under host-simulated conditions from virulent type A strain (ATCC13124) were also elucidated. Significant among the differentially expressed proteins were elongation factor, molecular chaperones, ribosomal proteins, carbamoyl phosphate synthase, clpB protein, choloylglycine hydrolase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, and trigger factor. Predictive elucidation, of putative virulence associated proteins and sequence conservation pattern of selected candidates, was carried out using homologous proteins from other bacterial select agents to screen for the commonality of putative antigenic determinants. Pathogens (17 select agents) were observed to form three discrete clusters; composition of I and II being consistent in most of the phylogenetic reconstructions. This work provides a basis for further validation of putative candidate proteins as prophylactic agents and for their ability to provide protection against clusters of pathogenic select bacterial agents; aimed at mitigating the shadows of biothreat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratistha Dwivedi
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Om Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
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Koenigs A, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P. Translation Elongation Factor Tuf of Acinetobacter baumannii Is a Plasminogen-Binding Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134418. [PMID: 26230848 PMCID: PMC4521846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen, causing a variety of opportunistic infections of the skin, soft tissues and wounds, urinary tract infections, secondary meningitis, pneumonia and bacteremia. Over 63% of A. baumannii infections occurring in the United States are caused by multidrug resistant isolates, and pan-resistant isolates have begun to emerge that are resistant to all clinically relevant antibiotics. The complement system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. However, many A. baumannii isolates, especially those causing severe bacteremia are resistant to complement-mediated killing, though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show for the first time that A. baumannii binds host-derived plasminogen and we identify the translation elongation factor Tuf as a moonlighting plasminogen-binding protein that is exposed on the outer surface of A. baumannii. Binding of plasminogen to Tuf is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. Plasminogen, once bound to Tuf can be converted to active plasmin and proteolytically degrade fibrinogen as well as the key complement component C3b. Thus, Tuf acts as a multifunctional protein that may contribute to virulence of A. baumannii by aiding in dissemination and evasion of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Koenigs
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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88
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Dumpala PR, Peterson BC, Lawrence ML, Karsi A. Identification of Differentially Abundant Proteins of Edwardsiella ictaluri during Iron Restriction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132504. [PMID: 26168192 PMCID: PMC4500449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe intracellular bacterium that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish. Iron is an essential inorganic nutrient of bacteria and is crucial for bacterial invasion. Reduced availability of iron by the host may cause significant stress for bacterial pathogens and is considered a signal that leads to significant alteration in virulence gene expression. However, the precise effect of iron-restriction on E. ictaluri protein abundance is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially abundant proteins of E. ictaluri during in vitro iron-restricted conditions. We applied two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) for determining differentially abundant proteins and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS) for protein identification. Gene ontology and pathway-based functional modeling of differentially abundant proteins was also conducted. A total of 50 unique differentially abundant proteins at a minimum of 2-fold (p ≤ 0.05) difference in abundance due to iron-restriction were detected. The numbers of up- and down-regulated proteins were 37 and 13, respectively. We noted several proteins, including EsrB, LamB, MalM, MalE, FdaA, and TonB-dependent heme/hemoglobin receptor family proteins responded to iron restriction in E. ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R. Dumpala
- The Rogosin Institute, Xenia Division, Xenia, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Peterson
- USDA ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Lawrence
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Najafzadeh F, Shapouri R, Rahnema M, Rokhsartalab Azar S, Kianmehr A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 Lipopolysaccharide-Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine: Preparation, Characterization and Immunogenicity. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17712. [PMID: 26301059 PMCID: PMC4541022 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 infections through immunological means has been proved to be efficient and protective. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to produce a conjugate vaccine composed of detoxified lipopolysaccharide (D-LPS) P. aeruginosa and diphtheria toxoid (DT). Materials and Methods: Firstly, LPS was purified and characterized from P. aeruginosa PAO1 and then detoxified. D-LPS was covalently coupled to DT as a carrier protein via amidation method with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as a spacer molecule and 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC) as a linker. The molar ratio of LPS to DT in the prepared conjugate was 3:1. The immunogenicity of D-LPS-DT conjugate vaccine in mice model was evaluated as well. Results: The conjugate was devoid of endotoxin activity and 0.125 U/mL of D-LPS was acceptable for immunization. D-LPS-DT conjugate was nonpyrogenic for rabbits and nontoxic for mice. Mice immunization with D-LPS-DT conjugate vaccine elicited the fourfold higher IgG antibody compared to D-LPS. Anti-LPS IgG antibody was predominantly IgG1 subclass and then IgG3, IgG2a and IgG2b, respectively. Conclusions: Vaccine based on the conjugation of P. aeruginosa PAO-1 LPS with DT increased anti-LPS antibodies and had a significant potential to protect against Pseudomonas infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Najafzadeh
- Young Researchers Club, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, IR Iran
| | - Reza Shapouri
- Department of Microbiology, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahnema
- Biologic Research Center, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, IR Iran
| | | | - Anvarsadat Kianmehr
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Anvarsadat Kianmehr, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2166402770, Fax: +98-2166465132, E-mail:
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90
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Amblee V, Jeffery CJ. Physical Features of Intracellular Proteins that Moonlight on the Cell Surface. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130575. [PMID: 26110848 PMCID: PMC4481411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins comprise a subset of multifunctional proteins that perform two or more biochemical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple splice variants, proteolytic fragments, or promiscuous enzyme activities. The project described herein focuses on a sub-set of moonlighting proteins that have a canonical biochemical function inside the cell and perform a second biochemical function on the cell surface in at least one species. The goal of this project is to consider the biophysical features of these moonlighting proteins to determine whether they have shared characteristics or defining features that might suggest why these particular proteins were adopted for a second function on the cell surface, or if these proteins resemble typical intracellular proteins. The latter might suggest that many other normally intracellular proteins found on the cell surface might also be moonlighting in this fashion. We have identified 30 types of proteins that have different functions inside the cell and on the cell surface. Some of these proteins are found to moonlight on the surface of multiple species, sometimes with different extracellular functions in different species, so there are a total of 98 proteins in the study set. Although a variety of intracellular proteins (enzymes, chaperones, etc.) are observed to be re-used on the cell surface, for the most part, these proteins were found to have physical characteristics typical of intracellular proteins. Many other intracellular proteins have also been found on the surface of bacterial pathogens and other organisms in proteomics experiments. It is quite possible that many of those proteins also have a moonlighting function on the cell surface. The increasing number and variety of known moonlighting proteins suggest that there may be more moonlighting proteins than previously thought, and moonlighting might be a common feature of many more proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishak Amblee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Identification of OprF as a complement component C3 binding acceptor molecule on the surface of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3006-14. [PMID: 25964476 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00081-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile opportunistic pathogen that can cause devastating persistent infections. Complement is a highly conserved pathway of the innate immune system, and its role in the first line of defense against pathogens is widely appreciated. One of the earliest events in the complement cascade is the conversion of C3 to C3a and C3b, the latter typically binds to one or more acceptor molecules on the pathogen surface. We previously demonstrated that complement C3b binding acceptors exist on the P. aeruginosa surface. In the current study, we utilized either C3 polyclonal or C3b monoclonal antibodies in a far-Western technique followed by mass spectroscopy to identify the C3b acceptor molecule(s) on the P. aeruginosa surface. Our data provide evidence that OprF (an outer membrane porin, highly conserved in the Pseudomonadaceae) binds C3b. An oprF-deficient P. aeruginosa strain exhibits reduced C3 deposition compared to the wild type. We observed reduced internalization of oprF-deficient bacteria by neutrophils after opsonization compared with wild-type P. aeruginosa. Heterologous expression of OprF significantly enhanced C3b binding and increased serum-mediated bactericidal effects in complement-susceptible Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the predicted secondary structure of the C-terminal, surface-exposed region of OprF has high structural identity to the OmpA domain of several other Gram-negative bacteria, one of which is known to bind C3b. Therefore, these findings provide new insights into the biology of complement interactions with P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria.
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92
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Fulsundar S, Kulkarni HM, Jagannadham MV, Nair R, Keerthi S, Sant P, Pardesi K, Bellare J, Chopade BA. Molecular characterization of outer membrane vesicles released from Acinetobacter radioresistens and their potential roles in pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2015; 83-84:12-22. [PMID: 25940676 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter radioresistens is an important member of genus Acinetobacter from a clinical point of view. In the present study, we report that a clinical isolate of A. radioresistens releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) under in vitro growth conditions. OMVs were released in distinctive size ranges with diameters from 10 to 150 nm as measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Additionally, proteins associated with or present into OMVs were identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 71 proteins derived from cytosolic, cell membrane, periplasmic space, outer membrane (OM), extracellular and undetermined locations were found in OMVs. The initial characterization of the OMV proteome revealed a correlation of some proteins to biofilm, quorum sensing, oxidative stress tolerance, and cytotoxicity functions. Thus, the OMVs of A. radioresistens are suggested to play a role in biofilm augmentation and virulence possibly by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Fulsundar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | - Rashmi Nair
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sravani Keerthi
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Pooja Sant
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Karishma Pardesi
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Jayesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Balu Ananda Chopade
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431 004, India.
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93
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Vieira ML, Nascimento ALTO. Interaction of spirochetes with the host fibrinolytic system and potential roles in pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:573-87. [PMID: 25914944 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. recurrentis, Treponema denticola and Leptospira spp. are the etiologic agents of Lyme disease, relapsing fever, periodontitis and leptospirosis, respectively. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disorder and the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Tick-borne relapsing fever is persistent in endemic areas worldwide, representing a significant burden in some African regions. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder that often leads to tooth loss, is caused by several potential pathogens found in the oral cavity including T. denticola. Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis, and the predominant human disease in tropical, undeveloped regions. What these diseases have in common is that they are a significant burden to healthcare costs in the absence of prophylactic measures. This review addresses the interaction of these spirochetes with the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen (Plg) binding to the surface of bacteria and the generation of plasmin (Pla) on their surface. The consequences on host-pathogen interactions when the spirochetes are endowed with this proteolytic activity are discussed on the basis of the results reported in the literature. Spirochetes equipped with Pla activity have been shown to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in addition to digesting fibrin, facilitating bacterial invasion and dissemination. Pla generation triggers the induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in a cascade of events that enhances the proteolytic capacity of the spirochetes. These activities in concert with the interference exerted by the Plg/Pla on the complement system - helping the bacteria to evade the immune system - should illuminate our understanding of the mechanisms involved in host infection.
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94
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Lassek C, Burghartz M, Chaves-Moreno D, Otto A, Hentschker C, Fuchs S, Bernhardt J, Jauregui R, Neubauer R, Becher D, Pieper DH, Jahn M, Jahn D, Riedel K. A metaproteomics approach to elucidate host and pathogen protein expression during catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:989-1008. [PMID: 25673765 PMCID: PMC4390275 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term catheterization inevitably leads to a catheter-associated bacteriuria caused by multispecies bacterial biofilms growing on and in the catheters. The overall goal of the presented study was (1) to unravel bacterial community structure and function of such a uropathogenic biofilm and (2) to elucidate the interplay between bacterial virulence and the human immune system within the urine. To this end, a metaproteomics approach combined with in vitro proteomics analyses was employed to investigate both, the pro- and eukaryotic protein inventory. Our proteome analyses demonstrated that the biofilm of the investigated catheter is dominated by three bacterial species, that is, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, and Bacteroides sp., and identified iron limitation as one of the major challenges in the bladder environment. In vitro proteome analysis of P. aeruginosa and M. morganii isolated from the biofilm revealed that these opportunistic pathogens are able to overcome iron restriction via the production of siderophores and high expression of corresponding receptors. Notably, a comparison of in vivo and in vitro protein profiles of P. aeruginosa and M. morganii also indicated that the bacteria employ different strategies to adapt to the urinary tract. Although P. aeruginosa seems to express secreted and surface-exposed proteases to escape the human innate immune system and metabolizes amino acids, M. morganii is able to take up sugars and to degrade urea. Most interestingly, a comparison of urine protein profiles of three long-term catheterized patients and three healthy control persons demonstrated the elevated level of proteins associated with neutrophils, macrophages, and the complement system in the patient's urine, which might point to a specific activation of the innate immune system in response to biofilm-associated urinary tract infections. We thus hypothesize that the often asymptomatic nature of catheter-associated urinary tract infections might be based on a fine-tuned balance between the expression of bacterial virulence factors and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lassek
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany; §Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Melanie Burghartz
- §Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Diego Chaves-Moreno
- ¶Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany
| | - Christian Hentschker
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany
| | - Ruy Jauregui
- ¶Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Germany
| | | | - Dörte Becher
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany
| | - Dietmar H Pieper
- ¶Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Martina Jahn
- §Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- §Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- From the ‡Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 15, Germany; ¶Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Germany;
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Sequence variations and protein expression levels of the two immune evasion proteins Gpm1 and Pra1 influence virulence of clinical Candida albicans isolates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113192. [PMID: 25692293 PMCID: PMC4334649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, the important human fungal pathogen uses multiple evasion strategies to control, modulate and inhibit host complement and innate immune attack. Clinical C. albicans strains vary in pathogenicity and in serum resistance, in this work we analyzed sequence polymorphisms and variations in the expression levels of two central fungal complement evasion proteins, Gpm1 (phosphoglycerate mutase 1) and Pra1 (pH-regulated antigen 1) in thirteen clinical C. albicans isolates. Four nucleotide (nt) exchanges, all representing synonymous exchanges, were identified within the 747-nt long GPM1 gene. For the 900-nt long PRA1 gene, sixteen nucleotide exchanges were identified, which represented synonymous, as well as non-synonymous exchanges. All thirteen clinical isolates had a homozygous exchange (A to G) at position 73 of the PRA1 gene. Surface levels of Gpm1 varied by 8.2, and Pra1 levels by 3.3 fold in thirteen tested isolates and these differences influenced fungal immune fitness. The high Gpm1/Pra1 expressing candida strains bound the three human immune regulators more efficiently, than the low expression strains. The difference was 44% for Factor H binding, 51% for C4BP binding and 23% for plasminogen binding. This higher Gpm1/Pra1 expressing strains result in enhanced survival upon challenge with complement active, Factor H depleted human serum (difference 40%). In addition adhesion to and infection of human endothelial cells was increased (difference 60%), and C3b surface deposition was less effective (difference 27%). Thus, variable expression levels of central immune evasion protein influences immune fitness of the human fungal pathogen C. albicans and thus contribute to fungal virulence.
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96
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Mou KT, Muppirala UK, Severin AJ, Clark TA, Boitano M, Plummer PJ. A comparative analysis of methylome profiles of Campylobacter jejuni sheep abortion isolate and gastroenteric strains using PacBio data. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:782. [PMID: 25642218 PMCID: PMC4294202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of human gastrointestinal disease and small ruminant abortions in the United States. The recent emergence of a highly virulent, tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni subsp. jejuni sheep abortion clone (clone SA) in the United States, and that strain's association with human disease, has resulted in a heightened awareness of the zoonotic potential of this organism. Pacific Biosciences' Single Molecule, Real-Time sequencing technology was used to explore the variation in the genome-wide methylation patterns of the abortifacient clone SA (IA3902) and phenotypically distinct gastrointestinal-specific C. jejuni strains (NCTC 11168 and 81-176). Several notable differences were discovered that distinguished the methylome of IA3902 from that of 11168 and 81-176: identification of motifs novel to IA3902, genome-specific hypo- and hypermethylated regions, strain level variability in genes methylated, and differences in the types of methylation motifs present in each strain. These observations suggest a possible role of methylation in the contrasting disease presentations of these three C. jejuni strains. In addition, the methylation profiles between IA3902 and a luxS mutant were explored to determine if variations in methylation patterns could be identified that might explain the role of LuxS-dependent methyl recycling in IA3902 abortifacient potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T Mou
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - Usha K Muppirala
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andrew J Severin
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA
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97
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Pérez-Cruz C, Delgado L, López-Iglesias C, Mercade E. Outer-inner membrane vesicles naturally secreted by gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116896. [PMID: 25581302 PMCID: PMC4291224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer-inner membrane vesicles (O-IMVs) were recently described as a new type of membrane vesicle secreted by the Antarctic bacterium Shewanella vesiculosa M7T. Their formation is characterized by the protrusion of both outer and plasma membranes, which pulls cytoplasmic components into the vesicles. To demonstrate that this is not a singular phenomenon in a bacterium occurring in an extreme environment, the identification of O-IMVs in pathogenic bacteria was undertaken. With this aim, a structural study by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) was carried out, confirming that O-IMVs are also secreted by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Acinetobacter baumannii AB41, in which they represent between 0.23% and 1.2% of total vesicles produced. DNA and ATP, which are components solely found in the cell cytoplasm, were identified within membrane vesicles of these strains. The presence of DNA inside the O-IMVs produced by N. gonorrhoeae was confirmed by gold DNA immunolabeling with a specific monoclonal IgM against double-stranded DNA. A proteomic analysis of N. gonorrhoeae-derived membrane vesicles identified proteins from the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. This confirmation of O-IMV extends the hitherto uniform definition of membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria and explains the presence of components in membrane vesicles such as DNA, cytoplasmic and inner membrane proteins, as well as ATP, detected for the first time. The production of these O-IMVs by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria opens up new areas of study related to their involvement in lateral gene transfer, the transfer of cytoplasmic proteins, as well as the functionality and role of ATP detected in these new vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pérez-Cruz
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Delgado
- Crio-Microscòpia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Crio-Microscòpia Electrònica, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Mercade
- Laboratori de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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98
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Chandler JC, Sutherland MD, Harton MR, Molins CR, Anderson RV, Heaslip DG, Bosio CM, Belisle JT. Francisella tularensis LVS surface and membrane proteins as targets of effective post-exposure immunization for tularemia. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:664-75. [PMID: 25494920 PMCID: PMC4324441 DOI: 10.1021/pr500628k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Francisella tularensis causes disease (tularemia)
in a large number of mammals, including man. We previously demonstrated
enhanced efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapy for tularemia
by postexposure passive transfer of immune sera developed against
a F. tularensis LVS membrane protein fraction (MPF).
However, the protein composition of this immunogenic fraction was
not defined. Proteomic approaches were applied to define the protein
composition and identify the immunogens of MPF. MPF consisted of at
least 299 proteins and 2-D Western blot analyses using sera from MPF-immunized
and F. tularensis LVS-vaccinated mice coupled to
liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry identified 24
immunoreactive protein spots containing 45 proteins. A reverse vaccinology
approach that applied labeling of F. tularensis LVS
surface proteins and bioinformatics was used to reduce the complexity
of potential target immunogens. Bioinformatics analyses of the immunoreactive
proteins reduced the number of immunogen targets to 32. Direct surface
labeling of F. tularensis LVS resulted in the identification
of 31 surface proteins. However, only 13 of these were reactive with
MPF and/or F. tularensis LVS immune sera. Collectively,
this use of orthogonal proteomic approaches reduced the complexity
of potential immunogens in MPF by 96% and allowed for prioritization
of target immunogens for antibody-based immunotherapies against tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Chandler
- Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University , Campus Delivery 0922, Fort Collins 80523, Colorado, United States
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99
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Mohan S, Hertweck C, Dudda A, Hammerschmidt S, Skerka C, Hallström T, Zipfel PF. Tuf of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a surface displayed human complement regulator binding protein. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:249-64. [PMID: 25046156 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium, causing acute sinusitis, otitis media, and severe diseases such as pneumonia, bacteraemia, meningitis and sepsis. Here we identify elongation factor Tu (Tuf) as a new Factor H binding protein of S. pneumoniae. The surface protein PspC which also binds a series of other human immune inhibitors, was the first identified pneumococcal Factor H binding protein of S. pneumoniae. Pneumococcal Tuf, a 55 kDa pneumococcal moonlighting protein which is displayed on the surface of pneumococci, is also located in the cytoplasm and is detected in the culture supernatant. Tuf binds the human complement inhibitors Factor H, FHL-1, CFHR1 and also the proenzyme plasminogen. Factor H and FHL-1 bound to Tuf, retain their complement regulatory activities. Similarly, plasminogen bound to Tuf was accessible for the activator uPA and activated plasmin cleaved the synthetic chromogenic substrate S-2251 as well as the natural substrates fibrinogen and the complement proteins C3 and C3b. Taken together, Tuf of S. pneumoniae is a new multi-functional bacterial virulence factor that helps the pathogen in complement escape and likely also in ECM degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Mohan
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Dudda
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Teresia Hallström
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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100
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Reguera-Brito M, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Blanco MM, Aguado-Urda M, Gibello A. Post-stained Western blotting, a useful approach in immunoproteomic studies. J Immunol Methods 2014; 415:66-70. [PMID: 25450258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The precise localisation of immunogenic proteins on stained two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) gels is occasionally difficult, contributing to the erroneous identification of unrelated non-immunogenic proteins, which is expensive and time consuming. This inconvenience can be solved by performing immunoblotting using previously stained polyacrylamide gels. This approach was proposed nearly 20 years ago but is now almost forgotten. We have evaluated the suitability of this approach to identify immunogenic proteins from Lactococcus garvieae. Some of the immunogenic proteins identified in L. garvieae, such as Gls24, have been considered important as immunotarget in different bacterial species. Post-staining western blotting facilitated the correct selection of immunogenic proteins of interest in 2D gels before their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Reguera-Brito
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José F Fernández-Garayzábal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Animal Health Surveillance Center (VISAVET), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mar Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Aguado-Urda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gibello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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