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Abstract
Pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), involve proinflammatory changes within the microbiota, chronic immune-mediated inflammatory responses, and epithelial dysfunction. Converging data from genome-wide association studies, mouse models of IBD, and clinical trials indicate that cytokines are key effectors of both normal homeostasis and chronic inflammation in the gut. Yet many questions remain concerning the role of specific cytokines in different IBDs within distinct regions of the gut, and regarding cellular mechanisms of action. In this article, we review current and emerging concepts concerning the role of cytokines in IBD with a focus on immune regulation, T cell subsets, and potential clinical applications.
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Abstract
Pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), involve proinflammatory changes within the microbiota, chronic immune-mediated inflammatory responses, and epithelial dysfunction. Converging data from genome-wide association studies, mouse models of IBD, and clinical trials indicate that cytokines are key effectors of both normal homeostasis and chronic inflammation in the gut. Yet many questions remain concerning the role of specific cytokines in different IBDs within distinct regions of the gut, and regarding cellular mechanisms of action. In this article, we review current and emerging concepts concerning the role of cytokines in IBD with a focus on immune regulation, T cell subsets, and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
| | - Mark S. Sundrud
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
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Li Y, Li D, Li Y, Wu S, Jiang S, Lin T, Xia L, Shen H, Lu J. Interleukin-35 upregulates OPG and inhibits RANKL in mice with collagen-induced arthritis and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1537-1546. [PMID: 26572759 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IL-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine, but the exact role of IL-35 in the progression of RA remains unclear, especially associated with osteoporosis and bone erosion. The present research has not been reported. Our purpose is to study how IL-35 affects RA bone destruction. INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effect of interleukin-35 (IL-35) on OPG and RANKL expression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and in cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS Thirty DBA/1J mice were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 per group): the control group, the CIA group, and the CIA + IL-35 group. Collagen-induced arthritis was induced by immunization with collagen. IL-35 was intraperitoneally injected daily for 10 days, starting from the 24(th) day after immunization. FLS cells were isolated and cultured from CIA. The expression of IL-17, RANKL, and OPG was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Each experiment was repeated three times. RESULTS CIA mice exhibited arthritis symptoms on day 24, followed by a rapid progression of arthritis. The expression of IL-17 and RANKL was increased and the expression of OPG was decreased in CIA mice compared with control mice. IL-35 treatment inhibited the development of arthritis in CIA mice, accompanied by a decrease in the expression of IL-17 and RANKL and an increase in the expression of OPG. Furthermore, IL-35 dose-dependently inhibited the expression of RANKL and increased the expression of OPG in cultured FLS cells. CONCLUSION IL-35 inhibits RANKL expression and increases OPG expression in CIA mice. IL-35 may be used for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - D Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - S Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - S Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - T Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - L Xia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - H Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - J Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Mateen S, Zafar A, Moin S, Khan AQ, Zubair S. Understanding the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:161-71. [PMID: 26883280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. Initial phase of RA involves the activation of both T and B cells. Cytokines have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of RA as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-17 stimulates inflammation and degradation of bone and cartilage. There occurs an imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine activities which leads to multisystem immune complications. There occurs a decline in the number of Treg cells which may also play an important role in pathophysiology of the disease. In RA patients, serum or plasma level of cytokines may indicate the severity of disease. Cytokine gene polymorphism could be used as markers of susceptibility and severity of RA. Anti-cytokine agents seem to emerge as potent drug molecules to treat RA. Many clinical trials are ongoing and several positive results have been obtained. There is a need to develop potential anti-cytokine agents that target numerous pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA. This review article describes the effector functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the role of cytokine gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of RA. Anti-cytokine agents that are currently available and those that are still in clinical trials have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiya Mateen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India.
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women's college, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
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55
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Chen Y, Wang CJ, Lin SH, Zhang M, Li SY, Xu F. Interleukin-35 is upregulated in response to influenza virus infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cytokine 2016; 81:23-7. [PMID: 26844658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia is an important cause of global morbidity and mortality. What causes this increased susceptibility is not well elucidated. IL-35 is a newly described cytokine in infectious tolerance. A murine model was established to study postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia and evaluate the role of IL-35 in host defense against postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia. Pulmonary IL-35 was rapidly up-regulated during murine influenza infection, which was partially mediated by type I IFN-α/β receptor signaling pathway. Secondary pneumococcal infection led to a synergistic IL-35 response in influenza-infected mice. Clinical analysis showed that IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in the patients with influenza infection compared with healthy individuals and influenza infection could induce IL-35 production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data suggest that IL-35 contributes to the increased susceptibility to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia at least in part by inhibiting the early immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Coinfection/complications
- Coinfection/metabolism
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p35/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p35/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/complications
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/complications
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-jiang Wang
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-hui Lin
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng-yuan Li
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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56
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Song M, Ma X. The Immunobiology of Interleukin-35 and Its Regulation and Gene Expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:213-225. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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57
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Zhang XH, Zhou Y, Zhang JM, Zhou SY, Wang M, Feng R, Feng FE, Wang QM, Zhu XL, Zhao XS, Lv M, Kong Y, Chang YJ, Huang XJ. IL-35 inhibits acute graft-versus-host disease in a mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:383-392. [PMID: 26507167 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Our previous study found that the novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 could suppress aGVHD in patients after allo-HSCT. In this study, we used C57BL/6 (B6, H-2b) mice as donors and (B6×DBA/2) F1 (BDF1, H-2b×d) mice as recipients to create a model of aGVHD and explore the relationship between IL-35 and aGVHD. The mice receiving IL-35 survived longer than did the control mice. We observed that treatment with IL-35 and RAPA could reduce the incidence of aGVHD. Additionally, this treatment inhibited intestinal and thymic epithelial cell apoptosis and liver infiltration by the donor T-cells, thereby ameliorating the enteropathy and liver injury caused by aGVHD. We found that IL-35 and RAPA also markedly suppressed TNF-α and IL-17A expression and enhanced IFN-γ expression in the intestine and liver. We measured Tregs in spleen and found that IL-35 and RAPA treatment expanded the number of Tregs in spleen. We found that the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT4 were inhibited in mice with aGVHD. In contrast, STAT1 and STAT4 were phosphorylated when the mice were treated with IL-35. IL-35 may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of aGVHD after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Zhou
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, China
| | - Min Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Feng
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Hospital, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Fer-Er Feng
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Ming Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Zhu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Su Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, China
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58
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Cao J, Xu F, Lin S, Tao X, Xiang Y, Lai X, Zhang L. IL-35 is elevated in clinical and experimental sepsis and mediates inflammation. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:89-95. [PMID: 26342538 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis carries considerable morbidity and mortality. IL-35 is a newly described cytokine, which plays a regulatory role in infection and immunity. In this study, we found that IL-35 concentration in serum samples from adult or child patients with sepsis was significantly higher compared with that from healthy controls. IL-35 gradually increased according to sepsis severity. Increased serum IL-35 was associated with LOD (Logistic Organ Dysfunction) or SAPS II (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) scores, and correlated with markers of inflammation. In murine abdominal sepsis, administration of anti-IL-35 p35 antibodies significantly diminished dissemination of the bacteria in septic animals, which was accompanied by enhanced local neutrophil recruitment and early increased release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, sepsis is associated with enhanced release of IL-35. In abdominal sepsis, IL-35 likely facilitates bacterial dissemination. IL-35 plays a major role in the immunopathogenesis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xintong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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59
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Wang J, Tao Q, Wang H, Wang Z, Wu F, Pan Y, Tao L, Xiong S, Wang Y, Zhai Z. Elevated IL-35 in bone marrow of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:681-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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60
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Li Z, Li D, Tsun A, Li B. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and their functional regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:558-65. [PMID: 25683611 PMCID: PMC4579651 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis of the immune system. The molecular mechanisms underlying the stability, plasticity and functional activity of Treg cells have been much studied in recent years. Here, we summarize these intriguing findings, and provide insight into their potential use or manipulation during Treg cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andy Tsun
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Innovent Biologics Inc., Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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61
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Tao Q, Pan Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Xiong S, Li Q, Wang J, Tao L, Wang Z, Wu F, Zhang R, Zhai Z. Regulatory T cells-derived IL-35 promotes the growth of adult acute myeloid leukemia blasts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2384-93. [PMID: 25866142 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre of Transplantation and Renal Research; Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney University; NSW Australia
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shudao Xiong
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Qing Li
- Central Laboratory; Provincial Hospital affiliated to Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Lili Tao
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology; The Fourth Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology; The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- Hematology Research Center; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
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62
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Increased IL-35 serum levels in systemic sclerosis and association with pulmonary interstitial involvement. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:1621-5. [PMID: 26160266 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess the serum IL-35 level and its association with clinical manifestations in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). IL-35 serum levels were measured by ELISA from 56 patients with SSc and 53 healthy controls. Association of IL-35 serum levels were sought with clinical parameters. Serum IL-35 levels were significantly higher in SSc patients (5.08 ± 0.76 pg/ml) than in healthy individuals (1.89 ± 0.69 pg/ml; p < 0.0001). Patients with lung fibrosis had higher IL-35 levels than those without fibrosis (7.75 ± 1.36 and 3.08 ± 0.70 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.0022). IL-35 is elevated in the serum of patients with SSc and is associated with lung fibrosis. Our findings suggest that this cytokine can have a role in fibrotic diseases, but further studies are needed to address the role of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of SSc.
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63
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Dong X, Yang J. High IL-35 pleural expression in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1261-8. [PMID: 25935866 PMCID: PMC4431365 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine primarily produced by Treg cells, and is involved in inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. However, its roles in tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) remain unknown. We aimed to investigate the potential involvement of IL-35 in TPE. Material/Methods Thirty TPE patients and 20 lung cancer patients with malignant pleural effusion (MPE) were recruited. Samples of pleural effusion (100 mL) were collected after traditional pleurocentesis. Blood was sampled from TPE patients. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Proportions of Th1, Th17, and IL-35-producing cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-35 was assessed by real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence. An ELISPOT assay was used to assess the effect of IL-35 on pleural effusion mononuclear cells (PEMCs). Results Proportions of IL-35-producing cells were higher in TPE compared with MPE (49.4±6.0 vs. 15.8±5.4%, P<0.001) and blood from TPE patients (49.4±6.0% vs. 16.6±3.1, P<0.001). IL-35, IL-17 and IFN-γ were elevated in TPE compared with MPE (all P<0.01). ELISPOT assay showed that IL-35 reduced the proportion of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in TPE. IL-35 mRNA expression was higher in TPE compared with MPE (P<0.001). Immunofluorescence showed that IL-35-positive cells were present in pleural tissues from TPE patients. Conclusions Results suggest that there is an imbalance in IL-35 metabolism in TPE. However, further studies are required to assess the exact relationship with the immune system response to tuberculosis. IL-35 might play a role in TPE and might be targeted as a treatment for TPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University No. 169, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University No. 169, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Sawant DV, Hamilton K, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: Expanding Its Job Profile. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:499-512. [PMID: 25919641 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Counter-regulation afforded by specialized regulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines is critical for balancing immune outcome. The inhibitory potential of the established suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGFβ, has been well elucidated in diverse inflammatory scenarios in conjunction with their key roles in Treg development and function. Despite the early predictions for an immunomodulatory role for the Ebi3/p35 heterodimer in placental trophoblasts, IL-35 biology remained elusive until 2007 when it was established as a Treg-restricted inhibitory cytokine. Since then, Treg-derived IL-35 has been shown to exhibit its suppressive activities in a range of autoimmune diseases and cancer models. Recent studies are beginning to explore other cellular sources of IL-35, such as Bregs and CD8(+) Tregs. Despite these new cellular sources and targets, the mode of IL-35 suppression remains restricted to inhibition of proliferation and induction of an IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cell population referred to as iTr35. In this review, we explore the early beginnings, status quo, and future prospects of IL-35 biology. The unparalleled opportunity of targeting multiple immunosuppressive populations (Tregs, Bregs, CD8(+) Tregs) through IL-35 is highly exciting and offers tremendous promise from a translational standpoint, particularly for cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali V Sawant
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristia Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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65
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Zhou Y, Zhang H, Li Y. IL-35 expression in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients directly correlates with virus load. Cytokine 2015; 73:169-75. [PMID: 25752977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) functions in an anti-inflammatory fashion by inhibiting T-cell proliferation, whereas CD4(+) T cells play an important role in cellular immunity. In a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the viral proteins stimulate the immune system to generate antiviral molecules, which correlate to HBV DNA load. We investigated the impact of HBV DNA load on the expression of IL-35 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells, and the expression of IL-35 cytokine in serum of the patients with chronic HBV infection. Here we report that the frequency of circulating CD4(+) T cells correlates with the HBV DNA load in the serum of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. An increased number of CD4(+) T cells were found in those patients with higher levels of HBV DNA. Regulatory T cells (T regs) also showed this trend, but circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) showed a negative correlation with serum HBV DNA load. In addition, significantly more IL-35 mRNA was found in the CD4(+) T cells of CHB patients, compared to healthy controls. Patients in the high viral load group showed increased levels of IL-35 mRNA, compared with those in the low viral load group. The level of IL-35 cytokine in the serum of CHB patients was significantly higher than in the healthy controls and in those infected with HBV, the patients with a higher viral load had more serum IL-35 cytokines, compared to those with a lower viral load. Our study suggests that increased serum IL-35 could be directly related to increased levels of IL-35 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells and HBV DNA load in CHB patients. The possible role of IL-35 as an immune regulator in chronic HBV infection should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China
| | - Yumin Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China.
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Filková M, Vernerová Z, Hulejová H, Prajzlerová K, Veigl D, Pavelka K, Vencovský J, Šenolt L. Pro-inflammatory effects of interleukin-35 in rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine 2015; 73:36-43. [PMID: 25697137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a heterodimeric member of the IL-12 family consisting of p35/IL-12a and EBI3/IL-27b subunits. Expressed in murine Treg cells, IL-35 controls inflammatory diseases in mouse models. However, human IL-35 is expressed in Teff cells rather than in Treg cells and is shown to be upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Our aim was to examine the involvement of IL-35 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis was used to determine the expression and localization of IL-35 and its subunits (p35/EBI3) and IL-35 receptor (IL12Rβ2/gp130) in RA, osteoarthritis (OA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) synovial tissues. Expression of p35/EBI3 subunits and release of inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with IL-35 were assessed in RA synovial fibroblasts (SFs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Both IL-35 and its subunits were upregulated in RA in comparison with OA or PsA synovium. Using cell-specific markers, p35 and EBI3 were identified in macrophages, dendritic cells, SFs, and T as well as B cells in RA synovium. Both p35 and EBI3 were induced by TNFα in RASFs and PBMCs. IL-35 dose-dependently upregulated release of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 in PBMCs. While gp130 receptor subunit was upregulated in RA synovium and was expressed in RASFs and PBMCs, there was no difference in IL12Rβ2 expression subunit among tissues and its presence in RASFs was lacking. CONCLUSION Upregulation of IL-35 at sites of inflammation in RA and its pro-inflammatory potential suggests that IL-35 might play an important role in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zdenka Vernerová
- Institute of Pathology of the 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - David Veigl
- 1st Orthopedic Clinic, 1st Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital Motol, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pavelka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vencovský
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Šenolt
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35, a recently identified cytokine of the IL-12 family, is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by regulatory T (Treg) cells and the newly reported regulatory B (Breg) cells. IL-35 functions as a crucial immunosuppressive factor in immune-mediated diseases, and the predominant mechanism of suppression is its ability to suppress T cell proliferation and effector functions. The pathogenic processes of the non-cytopathic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-related liver diseases are immune-mediated, including liver damage and viral control. It has been found that IL-35 is detectable in peripheral CD4(+) T cells in chronic HBV-infected patients, whereas it is undetectable in healthy individuals. There is growing evidence that cytokine-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in determining the clinical outcome during HBV infection. It is particularly important to investigate the effects of IL-35 in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. In this study, the recent understanding of this issue is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gang Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Laboratory of Liver Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Decreased interleukin 35 and CD4+EBI3+ T cells in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348:156-61. [PMID: 25054737 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is likely to contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, as the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene protein 3 (EBI3) is the specificity subunit of IL-35. Nevertheless, until recently, no studies have evaluated its role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the serum IL-35 level and the percentage of CD4EBI3 T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE and explore the roles of double-positive T cells and IL-35 in the pathogenesis of SLE and the effects of glucocorticoid on these roles. METHODS Fifty-five hospitalized patients with SLE were recruited, and 20 volunteers were enrolled as healthy controls. Serum IL-35 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the percentage of CD4EBI3 T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The serum IL-35 level and the percentage of CD4EBI3 T cells were significantly decreased in patients with active SLE compared with healthy controls and patients with inactive SLE. The serum IL-35 level and the percentage of CD4EBI3 T cells were negatively correlated with the SLE disease activity index. The percentages of CD4EBI3 T cells and serum IL-35 levels in 10 untreated patients with active SLE were increased at days l, 3, and 7 after the treatment with methylprednisolone (0.8 mg·kg·d) compared with the percentages before the treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that abnormalities in IL-35 and CD4EBI3 T cells may play important roles in the pathogenesis of SLE; the percentage of double-positive T cells and the level of IL-35 are parameters for the evaluation of SLE activity and severity.
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Decreased IL-35 levels in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:909-13. [PMID: 24994465 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-35 is a novel heterodimeric anti-inflammatory cytokine consisting of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and the p35 subunit of IL-12. IL-35 has been shown to possess the potency of inhibiting the CD4+ effector T cells and alleviating autoimmune diseases. In the study we investigated the levels of IL-35 as well as its prospective role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).ELISA was adopted to measure plasma IL-35, TGF-β and IL-10 levels. The mRNA expression levels of P35 and EBI3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were studied based on real-time quantitative PCR. The correlation between plasma cytokine levels and clinical parameters was analyzed. Significantly lower plasma IL-35 levels were found in active ITP patients compared with those in remission (p = 0.017) and the healthy controls (p < 0.001). In active ITP patients, the plasma IL-35 levels displayed a significantly positive correlation with platelet counts (r = 0.5335, p < 0.0008). Further, P35 mRNA expression levels were lower in patients with active ITP than patients in remission (p = 0.033) and normal controls (p = 0.016).Thus, for the first time, this research reported a dramatically decreased IL-35 levels in ITP patients, suggesting that IL-35 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP.
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Ma Y, Liu X, Wei Z, Wang X, Xu D, Dai S, Li Y, Gao M, Ji C, Guo C, Zhang L, Wang X. The expression of a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 and its possible significance in childhood asthma. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:11-7. [PMID: 24970690 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine and has been shown to play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, the effect of IL-35 on human asthma remains unclear. The present study is to investigate the expression and significance of IL-35 in childhood asthma. Forty-one asthmatic children and forty-two healthy controls were recruited in Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University. Serum total immunoglobulin E level was measured by radioimmunosorbent test. Peripheral blood eosinophils were counted using BC-5800 Automatic Blood Cell Analyzer. IL-35 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum IL-35, IL-4 and interferon-γ levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlations among the above indexes were also analyzed using Pearson's method. Our results showed that serum total IgE, eosinophil count and serum IL-4 were significantly increased in asthmatic children compared with control children, and serum IFN-γ level in asthmatic patients was obviously lower than that in healthy controls. We also found that there was an obviously positive correlation between serum IgE and IL-4 levels in asthmatic patients. In addition, significantly negative correlation was found between serum total IgE and IFN-γ levels. More importantly, we found that the expression of IL-35 mRNA and protein was both down-regulated in asthmatic children, and serum IL-35 level was inversely related to serum IL-4 level. Moreover, significantly positive correlation was also found between serum IL-35 and IFN-γ levels. The results suggest that the decreased expression of IL-35 could be involved in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xingli Liu
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Pediatric Medical Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zengtao Wei
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Respiration, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Changqin Ji
- Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Yan S, Ding Y, Tian Y, Lu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Ye Y, Zhou L, Xie H, Chen H, Zheng M, Zheng S. MHC-mismatched mice liver transplantation promotes tumor growth in liver graft. Cancer Lett 2014; 351:162-71. [PMID: 24880081 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is a final therapeutic option for treatment of hepatic malignancies, but local recurrence remains high after surgery. However, the underlying mechanisms of local tumor recurrence are still unknown. We speculated that immunological status of transplanted liver may contribute to the progress of tumor development. CT-26 tumor cells are injected into graft after allogeneic or syngeneic liver transplantation. The growth pattern of tumor and the co-relationship of regulatory T cell and effector T cells in liver graft were observed and investigated at 3d, 6d, 9d and 15d post-transplantation. The Hepatic Replacement Area of tumor in allogeneic grafts was significantly larger than that in syngeneic grafts. The activation of tumor growth in allografts was due to the dysfunction of effector T cells mediated by regulatory T cells in liver graft. Using nude mice model, we further confirmed that regulatory T cells from allograft significantly weaken the function of effector T cells in vivo. Our data has showed that MHC-mismatched mice liver transplantation can promote tumor growth in liver graft. For the first time, we demonstrated that susceptibility to tumor development in liver graft is due to the down-regulation of effector T cells' function mediated by the regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yang Tian
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Qiyi Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yufu Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
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In vivo delivery of interleukin-35 relieves coxsackievirus-B3-induced viral myocarditis by inhibiting Th17 cells. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2411-9. [PMID: 24788848 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a new member of the IL-12 cytokine family. The suppressive role of IL-35 in the immune response to parasitic and bacterial infections and in autoimmunity has been demonstrated in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties. However, the functional role of IL-35 in viral myocarditis has not been investigated. In this study, IL-35 expression was measured in heart tissues with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis. It was significantly reduced in the late stage of viral infection and correlated negatively with disease severity. To examine the therapeutic role of IL-35 in viral myocarditis, an IL-35-expressing plasmid (pIL-35-FC) was packaged with polyethyleneimine and delivered intraperitoneally to BALB/c male mice before and after CVB3 infection. The severity of myocarditis was assessed 7 days after infection. The in vivo delivery of IL-35 significantly ameliorated the severity of viral myocarditis, reflected in an increased survival rate and increased bodyweights, and reduced serum creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB activities, cardiac pathological scores, and viral replication. We also show that the overexpression of IL-35 reduced splenic Th17 cells and Th17-related proinflammatory cytokines in heart tissues. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-35 effectively protects the myocardium from the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced viral myocarditis, which may be attributable to reduced Th17 production. This suggests that supplementation with IL-35 could be a novel therapeutic treatment for viral myocarditis.
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Pan Y, Tao Q, Wang H, Xiong S, Zhang R, Chen T, Tao L, Zhai Z. Dendritic cells decreased the concomitant expanded Tregs and Tregs related IL-35 in cytokine-induced killer cells and increased their cytotoxicity against leukemia cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93591. [PMID: 24705499 PMCID: PMC3976313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immunosuppressive cells and essential for inducing immune tolerance. Recent studies have reported that Tregs and Tregs related cytokines can inhibit the antitumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, but dendritic cells co-cultured CIK (DC-CIK) cells can be used for induction of a specific immune response by blocking of Tregs and TGF-β, IL-10. As a novel identified cytokine, IL-35 is specially produced by Tregs and plays an essential role in immune regulation. However, it remains unknown whether IL-35 roles in tumor immunotherapy mediated by CIK and DC-CIK cells. In this study, we cultured CIK and DC-CIK cells from the same healthy adult samples, and investigated their phenotype, proliferation, cytotoxic activity against leukemia cell lines K562 and NB4 by FCM and CCK-8, measured IL-35, TGF-β and IL-10 protein by ELISA, detected Foxp3, IL-35 and IL-35 receptor mRNA by Real-time PCR, respectively. We found Tregs and IL-35 concomitantly expanded by a time-dependent way during the generation of CIK cells, but DC significantly down-regulated the expression of them and simultaneously up-regulated the proliferation ability as well as cytotoxic activity of CIK cells against leukemia cell lines. Therefore, our data suggested that DC decreased concomitant expanded Tregs and Tregs related IL-35 in CIK cells and might contribute to improve their cytotoxicity against leukemia cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shudao Xiong
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianping Chen
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tao
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Hematology Research Center, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Delgoffe GM, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: A Novel Mediator of Peripheral Tolerance. CYTOKINE FRONTIERS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120654 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54442-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-35 is a potent suppressive cytokine of the IL-12 family. Although other members of the IL-12 family are produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), IL-35 is produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells and suppresses cell proliferation. It has been shown to play an important role in many disease models and has been recently shown to have additional functions aside from inhibition of proliferation, including inducing its own expression in non-Treg cells. In this chapter, we discuss the history and current status of IL-35 biology, as well as suggest where the field might move in the future.
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Shimizu J, Kaneko F, Suzuki N. Skewed Helper T-Cell Responses to IL-12 Family Cytokines Produced by Antigen-Presenting Cells and the Genetic Background in Behcet's Disease. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:363859. [PMID: 24490076 PMCID: PMC3892938 DOI: 10.1155/2013/363859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disease and is characterized by recurrent attacks on eyes, brain, skin, and gut. There is evidence that skewed T-cell responses contributed to its pathophysiology in patients with BD. Recently, we found that Th17 cells, a new helper T (Th) cell subset, were increased in patients with BD, and both Th type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cell differentiation signaling pathways were overactivated. Several researches revealed that genetic polymorphisms in Th1/Th17 cell differentiation signaling pathways were associated with the onset of BD. Here, we summarize current findings on the Th cell subsets, their contribution to the pathogenesis of BD and the genetic backgrounds, especially in view of IL-12 family cytokine production and pattern recognition receptors of macrophages/monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Kaneko
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
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Les dernières interleukines pour de nouvelles fonctions en rhumatologie : de l’IL-34 à l’IL-38 ou « Les interleukines font leurs grands numéros ». ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Expression profile of IL-35 mRNA in gingiva of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients: a semiquantitative RT-PCR study. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:819-23. [PMID: 24376289 PMCID: PMC3860092 DOI: 10.1155/2013/489648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Secretion of bioactive IL-35 has been described by T regulatory cells (Tregs) and is required for their maximal suppressive activity. Tregs are involved in the modulation of local immune response in chronic periodontitis patients. Objective. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the expression of IL-35 mRNA in chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods. The present study was carried out in 60 subjects, which included 20 chronic periodontitis patients, 20 aggressive periodontitis patients, and 20 periodontally healthy controls. IL-35 mRNA expression in gingival tissue samples of all subjects was semiquantitatively analyzed using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Results. The present study demonstrated the expression of IL-35 mRNA in gingival tissues of all the three groups. IL-35 mRNA expression was highest in chronic periodontitis subjects (6.87 ± 2.32) as compared to the aggressive periodontitis group (4.71 ± 1.43) and least seen in healthy patients (3.03 ± 1.91). Conclusion. The increased expression of IL-35 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis suggests its possible role in pathogenesis of periodontitis. Future studies done on large samples with intervention will strengthen our result.
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Geginat J, Paroni M, Facciotti F, Gruarin P, Kastirr I, Caprioli F, Pagani M, Abrignani. S. The CD4-centered universe of human T cell subsets. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:252-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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79
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Olson BM, Sullivan JA, Burlingham WJ. Interleukin 35: a key mediator of suppression and the propagation of infectious tolerance. Front Immunol 2013; 4:315. [PMID: 24151492 PMCID: PMC3798782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in balancing the effector arm of the immune system is well documented, playing a central role in preventing autoimmunity, facilitating graft tolerance following organ transplantation, and having a detrimental impact on the development of anti-tumor immunity. These regulatory responses use a variety of mechanisms to mediate suppression, including soluble factors. While IL-10 and TGF-β are the most commonly studied immunosuppressive cytokines, the recently identified IL-35 has been shown to have potent suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, not only does IL-35 have the ability to directly suppress effector T cell responses, it is also able to expand regulatory responses by propagating infectious tolerance and generating a potent population of IL-35-expressing inducible Tregs. In this review, we summarize research characterizing the structure and function of IL-35, examine its role in disease, and discuss how it can contribute to the induction of a distinct population of inducible Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Olson
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI , USA
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80
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Jin P, Ren H, Sun W, Xin W, Zhang H, Hao J. Circulating IL-35 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:29-33. [PMID: 24121041 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-35 is a novel inhibitory cytokine that is mainly produced by regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and is required for Treg-mediated immunosuppression. However, the plasma levels of IL-35 in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have never been investigated. In this study, we found that plasma IL-35 levels more significantly increased in PDAC patients than in normal controls (134.53 ± 92.45 pg/mL vs. 14.26 ± 6.56 pg/mL). IL-35 mRNA levels were positively correlated with plasma IL-35 levels (EBI3, R = 0.925, p<0.01; p35, R = 0.916, p<0.01). Furthermore, IL-35 expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.001) and late tumor stage (p = 0.002). For the resected patients, high IL-35 expression levels were associated with large tumor size (p<0.01), higher TNM classification T staging (p<0.05), and late tumor stage (p<0.05). In conclusion, circulating IL-35 in PDAC patients significantly increased, suggesting that regulating the expression of IL-35 may provide a new possible target for the treatment of PDAC patients, especially for the resectable ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - He Ren
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wen Xin
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jihui Hao
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Lab of Cancer Treatment and Prevention, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China.
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81
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Clavel G, Thiolat A, Boissier MC. Interleukin newcomers creating new numbers in rheumatology: IL-34 to IL-38. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:449-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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82
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Human regulatory T cells against minor histocompatibility antigens: ex vivo expansion for prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2013; 122:2251-61. [PMID: 23908471 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-492397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloreactive donor T cells against host minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAs) cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings. We sought to identify and expand regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) specific for human mHAs in numbers and potency adequate for clinical testing. Purified Tregs from normal donors were stimulated by dendritic cells (DCs) from their HLA-matched siblings in the presence of interleukin 2, interleukin 15, and rapamycin. Male-specific Treg clones against H-Y antigens DBY, UTY, or DFFRY-2 suppressed conventional CD4 T cell (Tconv) response to the specific antigen. In the blood of 16 donors, we found a 24-fold (range, 8-fold to 39-fold) excess Tconvs over Tregs reactive against sibling mHAs. We expanded mHA-specific Tregs from 4 blood samples and 4 leukaphereses by 155- to 405-fold. Cultured Tregs produced allospecific suppression, maintained demethylation of the Treg-specific Foxp3 gene promoter, Foxp3 expression, and transforming growth factor β production. The rare CD4 T conv and CD8 T cells in the end product were anergic. This is the first report of detection and expansion of potent mHA-specific Tregs from HLA-matched siblings in sufficient numbers for application in human transplant trials.
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83
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Mao H, Gao W, Ma C, Sun J, Liu J, Shao Q, Song B, Qu X. Human placental trophoblasts express the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-35. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:872-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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84
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Guttek K, Reinhold D. Stimulated human peripheral T cells produce high amounts of IL-35 protein in a proliferation-dependent manner. Cytokine 2013; 64:46-50. [PMID: 23714111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The p35 subunit of IL-12 and the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) have been shown to form a heterodimeric cytokine, named interleukin-35 (IL-35). Recently, mRNA expression of both IL-12p35 and EBI3 was clearly shown in stimulated human T effector cells. Here, we investigated the production of IL-35 protein in human anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated pan T cells as well as T cell subpopulations using a specific human IL-35 ELISA system. We measured high concentrations of IL-35 (up to 3 ng/ml) in cell culture supernatants of stimulated pan T cells as well as CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell subpopulations at 72 h after stimulation. Very low amounts of IL-35, in the range of 100pg/ml, were detectable in supernatants of resting T cells. These observations could be confirmed using a dot-blot assay for IL-12p35 and EBI3. High concentrations of IL-35 could be also measured in cell culture supernatants of both, resting and stimulated CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. In order to learn more about the regulation of IL-35 production, we studied the effect of dexamethasone, cyclosporine A and rapamycin on IL-35 production of anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated human pan T cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subpopulations. All three drugs significantly suppressed IL-35 production of these cells in a proliferation-dependent manner. In summary, we could show that stimulated human peripheral blood T cells of healthy donors produce high amounts of IL-35 protein. However, the biological function of this cytokine remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Guttek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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85
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Dobrzanski MJ. Expanding roles for CD4 T cells and their subpopulations in tumor immunity and therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:63. [PMID: 23533029 PMCID: PMC3607796 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD4 T cells in orchestrating the immune system and their role in inducing effective T cell-mediated therapies for the treatment of patients with select established malignancies are undisputable. Through a complex and balanced array of direct and indirect mechanisms of cellular activation and regulation, this functionally diverse family of lymphocytes can potentially promote tumor eradication, long-term tumor immunity, and aid in establishing and/or rebalancing immune cell homeostasis through interaction with other immune cell populations within the highly dynamic tumor environment. However, recent studies have uncovered additional functions and roles for CD4 T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, that can not only influence and contribute to tumor immunity but paradoxically promote tumor growth and progression. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the various CD4 T cell lineages and their signature cytokines in disease progression and/or regression. We discuss their direct and indirect mechanistic interplay among themselves and with other responding cells of the antitumor response, their potential roles and abilities for "plasticity" and memory cell generation within the hostile tumor environment, and their potentials in cancer treatment and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Dobrzanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of MedicineAmarillo, TX, USA
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86
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Forsberg A, Abrahamsson TR, Björkstén B, Jenmalm MC. Pre- and post-natalLactobacillus reuterisupplementation decreases allergen responsiveness in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:434-42. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Forsberg
- Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation; Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Sweden
| | - T. R. Abrahamsson
- Division of Pediatrics; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Sweden
| | | | - M. C. Jenmalm
- Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation; Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Sweden
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87
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Ye S, Wu J, Zhou L, Lv Z, Xie H, Zheng S. Interleukin-35: the future of hyperimmune-related diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:285-91. [PMID: 23472662 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-35) is a newly identified heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. It contains Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 subunit and IL-27 p35 subunit. Although its receptor and signaling pathway are not clear, we presumed that its receptor is composed by two chains that might be similar to those receptors of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. We also believe that the signal transducer activator of transcription family members is involved in its signaling pathway. It was reported that IL-35 could suppress Teff cell proliferation and Th17 development. It was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect against immune diseases. In our perspective, the finding of IL-35 is of great significance, since it can regulate T cells, which is an important therapeutic target of immunological disorders. IL-35 would promote the development of different kinds of vaccines, even vaccine for special cancer, and be promising to cure autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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88
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Wang Z, Liu JQ, Liu Z, Shen R, Zhang G, Xu J, Basu S, Feng Y, Bai XF. Tumor-derived IL-35 promotes tumor growth by enhancing myeloid cell accumulation and angiogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2415-23. [PMID: 23345334 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-35 is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines that is comprised of an IL-12 p35 subunit and an IL-12 p40-related protein subunit, EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3). IL-35 functions through IL-35R and has a potent immune-suppressive activity. Although IL-35 was demonstrated to be produced by regulatory T cells, gene-expression analysis revealed that it is likely to have a wider distribution, including expression in cancer cells. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-35 is produced in human cancer tissues, such as large B cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and melanoma. To determine the roles of tumor-derived IL-35 in tumorigenesis and tumor immunity, we generated IL-35-producing plasmacytoma J558 and B16 melanoma cells and observed that the expression of IL-35 in cancer cells does not affect their growth and survival in vitro, but it stimulates tumorigenesis in both immune-competent and Rag1/2-deficient mice. Tumor-derived IL-35 increases CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cell accumulation in the tumor microenvironment and, thereby, promotes tumor angiogenesis. In immune-competent mice, spontaneous CTL responses to tumors are diminished. IL-35 does not directly inhibit tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions. However, IL-35-treated cancer cells had increased expression of gp130 and reduced sensitivity to CTL destruction. Thus, our study indicates novel functions for IL-35 in promoting tumor growth via the enhancement of myeloid cell accumulation, tumor angiogenesis, and suppression of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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89
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Lin Y, Huang Y, Lu Z, Luo C, shi Y, Zeng Q, Cao Y, Liu L, Wang X, Ji Q. Decreased plasma IL-35 levels are related to the left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52490. [PMID: 23285065 PMCID: PMC3528657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows that the novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 can efficiently suppress effector T cell activity and alter the progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The two subunits of IL-35, EBI3 and p35, are strongly expressed in human advanced plaque, suggesting a potential role of IL-35 in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the plasma levels of IL-35 in patients with CAD have yet to be investigated. Methods Plasma IL-35, IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-12 and IL-27 levels were measured using an ELISA in 43 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, 62 unstable angina pectoris (UAP) patients, 56 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and 47 chest pain syndrome patients as a control group. Results The results showed that plasma IL-35 levels were significantly decreased in the SAP group (90.74±34.22 pg/ml), the UAP group (72.20±26.63 pg/ml), and the AMI group (50.21±24.69 pg/ml) compared with chest pain syndrome group (115.06±32.27 pg/ml). Similar results were also demonstrated with IL-10 and TGF-β1. Plasma IL-12 and IL-27 levels were significantly increased in the UAP group (349.72±85.22 pg/ml, 101.75±51.42 pg/ml, respectively) and the AMI group (318.05±86.82 pg/ml, 148.88±68.45 pg/ml, respectively) compared with chest pain syndrome group (138.68±34.37 pg/ml, 63.60±22.75 pg/ml, respectively) and the SAP group (153.84±53.86 pg/ml, 70.84±38.77 pg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, lower IL-35 levels were moderately positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CAD patients (R = 0.416, P<0.01), whereas higher IL-27 levels were weakly negatively correlated with LVEF in CAD patients(R = −0.205, P<0.01). Conclusions The results of the present study show that circulating IL-35 is a potentially novel biomarker for coronary artery disease. Regulating the expression of IL-35 also provides a new possible target for the treatment of atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengde Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying shi
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- * E-mail:
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90
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The emerging role of Interleukin 27 in inflammatory arthritis and bone destruction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:115-21. [PMID: 23165310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the causes of inflammatory arthritis elude us, aberrant cytokine expression has been linked to joint pathology. Consequently, several approaches in the clinic and/or in clinical trials are targeting cytokines, e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin 23 (IL-23) and Interleukin 17 (IL-17), with the goal of antagonizing their respective biologic activity through therapeutic neutralizing antibodies. Such, cytokine signaling-dependent molecular networks orchestrate synovial inflammation on multiple levels including differentiation of myeloid cells to osteoclasts, the central cellular players in arthritis-associated pathologic bone resorption. Hence, understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms elicited by synovial cytokine networks that dictate recruitment, differentiation and activation of osteoclast precursors and osteoclasts, respectively, is central to shaping novel therapeutic options for inflammatory arthritis patients. In this article we are discussing the complex signaling interactions involved in the regulation of inflammatory arthritis and it's associated bone loss with a focus on Interleukin 27 (IL-27). The present review will discuss the primary bone-degrading cell, the osteoclast, and on how IL-27, directly or indirectly, modulates osteoclast activity in autoimmune-driven inflammatory joint diseases.
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91
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Long J, Zhang X, Wen M, Kong Q, Lv Z, An Y, Wei XQ. IL-35 over-expression increases apoptosis sensitivity and suppresses cell growth in human cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:364-9. [PMID: 23154182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel heterodimeric cytokine in the IL-12 family and is composed of two subunits: Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-12p35. IL-35 is expressed in T regulatory (Treg) cells and contributes to the immune suppression function of these cells. In contrast, we found that both IL-35 subunits were expressed concurrently in most human cancer cell lines compared to normal cell lines. In addition, we found that TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation led to increased IL-35 expression in human cancer cells. Furthermore, over-expression of IL-35 in human cancer cells suppressed cell growth in vitro, induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and mediated robust apoptosis induced by serum starvation, TNF-α, and IFN-γ stimulation through the up-regulation of Fas and concurrent down-regulation of cyclinD1, survivin, and Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel functional role for IL-35 in suppressing cancer activity, inhibiting cancer cell growth, and increasing the apoptosis sensitivity of human cancer cells through the regulation of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, this research provides new insights into IL-35 function and presents a possible target for the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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92
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Käser T, Müllebner A, Hartl RT, Essler SE, Saalmüller A, Catharina Duvigneau J. Porcine T-helper and regulatory T cells exhibit versatile mRNA expression capabilities for cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. Cytokine 2012; 60:400-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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93
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Immunoregulatory function of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in cardiac allograft transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94:226-33. [PMID: 22790384 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825b0c38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the mechanisms of tolerance represents a crucial aim of research in transplantation. We previously identified by DNA chip interleukin (IL)-27 p28 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as overexpressed in a model of rat cardiac allograft tolerance mediated by regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. The role of these two molecules on the control of the inflammatory response remains controversial. However, both are involved in the regulation of the T helper 17/Treg axis, suggesting their involvement in tolerance. METHODS We analyzed regulation of IL-27 and TGF-β1 expression in allograft response and their role in tolerance by using blocking anti-TGF-β antibody and by generating an adeno-associated virus encoding IL-27. RESULTS Here, we confirmed the overexpression of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in tolerated cardiac allografts in two different rodent models. We observed that their expression correlates with inhibition of T helper 17 differentiation and with expansion of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. We showed in a rat model that anti-TGF-β treatment abrogates infectious tolerance mediated by the transfer of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. Moreover, overexpression of IL-27 by adeno-associated virus administration in combination with a short-term immunosuppression allows prolongation of cardiac allograft survival and one tolerant recipient. We found that IL-27 overexpression did not induce Foxp3CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather IL-10-expressing CD4 T cells in the tolerant recipient. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that both TGF-β1 and IL-27 play a role in the mechanisms of tolerance. However, in contrast to TGF-β1, IL-27 seems not to be involved in regulatory CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather in their mode of action.
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94
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Liu X, Xu X, Lin X, Tian Y, Ji B, Xia S, Xu S, Yin Q, Zhang M, Jiao Z, Wang S, Xu H, Shao Q. PTD-hFOXP3 protein acts as an immune regulator to convert human CD4+CD25−T cells to regulatory T-like cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3797-809. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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95
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Luczyński W, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Iłendo E, Bossowski A, Głowińska-Olszewska B, Krętowski A, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Generation of functional T-regulatory cells in children with metabolic syndrome. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:487-95. [PMID: 23052042 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research implies a role of decreased number and/or function of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and atherosclerosis. The enhancement of atheroprotective immunity by the expansion of Tregs could serve as a therapeutic strategy in obesity-related immunological disturbances. The aim of our study was an attempt to generate Treg cells in children with risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and to compare the results to those obtained in healthy subjects. The study group consisted of 30 children with metabolic syndrome (MS) and 30 controls. Conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) cells separated from the peripheral blood were converted into Treg cells with the use of CD3/CD28 antibodies and interleukin (IL)-2/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulation. The expression of critical Treg molecules and cytokines was assessed at mRNA and protein levels. The percentages of Treg cells in the peripheral blood were significantly lower in the children with MS compared to the healthy subjects. After the culture with CD3/CD28 and IL-2/TGF-β we detected a significant increase in the expression of Tregs marker transcription factor FoxP3. The Tregs induced from the children with MS varied from the ones obtained in the controls in the expression of some molecules at mRNA level (e.g. IL-27, LGAL, KLF10 and NRP1) yet not in proliferation studies. For the first time, we have demonstrated the possibility of generating functional Treg cells in children with MS. The results of our study could be used in the design of therapeutic interventions in obesity associated immunologic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Włodzimierz Luczyński
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Białystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Białystok, Poland.
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96
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Zhang Y, Duan S, Wei X, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Zhang L. Association between polymorphisms in FOXP3 and EBI3 genes and the risk for development of allergic rhinitis in Chinese subjects. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:939-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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97
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of tolerance as well as in the control of immune activation, particularly during chronic infections. In the setting of HIV infection, the majority of studies have reported an increase in Treg frequency but a decrease in absolute number in all immune compartments of HIV-infected individuals. Several nonexclusive mechanisms have been postulated to explain this preferential Treg accumulation, including peripheral survival, increased proliferation, increased peripheral conversion, and tissue redistribution. The role played by Tregs during HIV infection is still poorly understood, as two opposing hypotheses have been proposed. A detrimental role of Tregs during HIV infection was suggested based on the evidence that Tregs suppress virus-specific immune responses. Conversely, Tregs could be beneficial by limiting immune activation, thus controlling the availability of HIV targets as well as preventing immune-based pathologies. Despite the technical difficulties, getting a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating Treg dynamics remains important, as it will help determine whether we can successfully manipulate Treg function or number to the advantage of the infected host. The aim of this review is thus to discuss the recent findings on Treg homeostasis and function in the setting of HIV infection.
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98
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Schmidt A, Oberle N, Krammer PH. Molecular mechanisms of treg-mediated T cell suppression. Front Immunol 2012; 3:51. [PMID: 22566933 PMCID: PMC3341960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress other immune cells and, thus, are critical mediators of peripheral self-tolerance. On the one hand, Tregs avert autoimmune disease and allergies. On the other hand, Tregs can prevent immune reactions against tumors and pathogens. Despite the importance of Tregs, the molecular mechanisms of suppression remain incompletely understood and controversial. Proliferation and cytokine production of CD4(+)CD25(-) conventional T cells (Tcons) can be inhibited directly by Tregs. In addition, Tregs can indirectly suppress Tcon activation via inhibition of the stimulatory capacity of antigen presenting cells. Direct suppression of Tcons by Tregs can involve immunosuppressive soluble factors or cell contact. Different mechanisms of suppression have been described, so far with no consensus on one universal mechanism. Controversies might be explained by the fact that different mechanisms may operate depending on the site of the immune reaction, on the type and activation state of the suppressed target cell as well as on the Treg activation status. Further, inhibition of T cell effector function can occur independently of suppression of proliferation. In this review, we summarize the described molecular mechanisms of suppression with a particular focus on suppression of Tcons and rapid suppression of T cell receptor-induced calcium (Ca(2+)), NFAT, and NF-κB signaling in Tcons by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
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99
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Li X, Mai J, Virtue A, Yin Y, Gong R, Sha X, Gutchigian S, Frisch A, Hodge I, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang XF. IL-35 is a novel responsive anti-inflammatory cytokine--a new system of categorizing anti-inflammatory cytokines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33628. [PMID: 22438968 PMCID: PMC3306427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unknown whether newly identified anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) is different from other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in terms of inhibition of inflammation initiation and suppression of full-blown inflammation. Using experimental database mining and statistical analysis methods we developed, we examined the tissue expression profiles and regulatory mechanisms of IL-35 in comparison to other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that in contrast to TGF-β, IL-35 is not constitutively expressed in human tissues but it is inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli. We also provide structural evidence that AU-rich element (ARE) binding proteins and microRNAs target IL-35 subunit transcripts, by which IL-35 may achieve non-constitutive expression status. Furthermore, we propose a new system to categorize anti-inflammatory cytokines into two groups: (1) the house-keeping cytokines, such as TGF-β, inhibit the initiation of inflammation whereas (2) the responsive cytokines including IL-35 suppress inflammation in full-blown stage. Our in-depth analyses of molecular events that regulate the production of IL-35 as well as the new categorization system of anti-inflammatory cytokines are important for the design of new strategies of immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Liu JQ, Liu Z, Zhang X, Shi Y, Talebian F, Carl JW, Yu C, Shi FD, Whitacre CC, Trgovcich J, Bai XF. Increased Th17 and regulatory T cell responses in EBV-induced gene 3-deficient mice lead to marginally enhanced development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3099-106. [PMID: 22387555 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3)-encoded protein can form heterodimers with IL-27P28 and IL-12P35 to form IL-27 and IL-35. IL-27 and IL-35 may influence autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 differentiation and facilitating the inhibitory roles of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, respectively. In this study, we have evaluated the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in EBI3-deficient mice that lack both IL-27 and IL-35. We found that myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide immunization resulted in marginally enhanced EAE development in EBI3-deficient C57BL6 and 2D2 TCR-transgenic mice. EBI3 deficiency resulted in significantly increased Th17 and Th1 responses in the CNS and increased T cell production of IL-2 and IL-17 in the peripheral lymphoid organs. EBI3-deficient and -sufficient 2D2 T cells had equal ability in inducing EAE in Rag1(-/-) mice; however, more severe disease was induced in EBI3(-/-)Rag1(-/-) mice than in Rag1(-/-) mice by 2D2 T cells. EBI3-deficient mice had increased numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid organs. More strikingly, EBI3-deficient Treg cells had more potent suppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our data support an inhibitory role for EBI3 in Th17, Th1, IL-2, and Treg responses. Although these observations are consistent with the known functions of IL-27, the IL-35 contribution to the suppressive functions of Treg cells is not evident in this model. Increased Treg responses in EBI3(-/-) mice may explain why the EAE development is only modestly enhanced compared with wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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