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Abstract
The ability to produce monoclonal antibodies with defined and distinct specificities has resulted in a vast spectrum of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies including bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Several types of BsAbs have been produced but the most well-known of these are trispecific antibodies (TrAbs or TrioMabs) and bispecific T cell engager antibodies (BiTE). TrAbs have two variable segments for antigen binding and an Fc component to recruit immune cells. Catumaxomab is a TrAb that has orphan drug status from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for EpCam positive gastric and ovarian tumors and was previously approved by the European Medicinal Agency (EMA) for the same indication. One arm of catumaxomab binds to EpCAM, the other binds to CD3 on T cells and the Fc portion recruits immune cells. Catumaxomab is no longer being produced by the manufacturer due to logistic considerations and hence not available in the European market. Blinatumomab is a BiTE that comprises of two variable segments only with one arm binding to CD19 and the other binding to CD3. Blinatumomab has been approved for relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor ALL in adults and children by the FDA. There are over 50 bispecific antibodies currently on clinical trials for various malignancies and the hope is that in the future many of these, with better understanding of principles and techniques of production, will provide treatment options for many different types of cancer.
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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Xing J, Lin L, Li J, Liu J, Zhou C, Pan H, Shu R, Dong B, Cao D, Li Q, Wang Z. BiHC, a T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Recombinant Antibody, Has Potent Cytotoxic Activity Against Her2 Tumor Cells. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:780-785. [PMID: 28797938 PMCID: PMC5548338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among different cancer immunotherapy approaches, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are of great interest due to their ability to recruit immune cells to kill tumor cells directly. Various BsAbs against Her2 tumor cells have been proposed with potent cytotoxic activities. However, most of these formats require extensive processing to obtain heterodimeric bispecific antibodies. In this study, we describe a bispecific antibody, BiHC (bispecific Her2-CD3 antibody), constructed with a single-domain anti-Her2 and a single-chain Fv (variable fragment) of anti-CD3 in an IgG-like format. In contrast to most IgG-like BsAbs, the two arms in BiHC have different molecular weights, making it easier to separate hetero- or homodimers. BiHC can be expressed in Escherichia coli and purified via Protein A affinity chromatography. The purified BiHC can recruit T cells and induce specific cytotoxicity of Her2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. The BiHC can also efficiently inhibit the tumor growth in vivo. Thus, BiHC is a promising candidate for the treatment of Her2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Limin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Changhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Haitao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Rui Shu
- Ying Rui Inc., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 510009.
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 510009.
| | - Donglin Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China 510317.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006; Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 510006.
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Potent and conditional redirected T cell killing of tumor cells using Half DVD-Ig. Protein Cell 2017; 9:121-129. [PMID: 28585177 PMCID: PMC5777973 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel biologics that redirect cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to kill tumor cells bearing a tumor associated antigen hold great promise in the clinic. However, the ability to safely and potently target CD3 on CTL toward tumor associated antigens (TAA) expressed on tumor cells remains a challenge of both technology and biology. Herein we describe the use of a Half DVD-Ig format that can redirect CTL to kill tumor cells. Notably, Half DVD-Ig molecules that are monovalent for each specificity demonstrated reduced non-specific CTL activation and conditional CTL activation upon binding to TAA compared to intact tetravalent DVD-Ig molecules that are bivalent for each specificity, while maintaining good drug like properties and appropriate PK properties.
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Krah S, Sellmann C, Rhiel L, Schröter C, Dickgiesser S, Beck J, Zielonka S, Toleikis L, Hock B, Kolmar H, Becker S. Engineering bispecific antibodies with defined chain pairing. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:167-173. [PMID: 28137467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific IgG-like antibodies can simultaneously interact with two epitopes on the same or on different antigens. Therefore, these molecules facilitate novel modes of action, which cannot be addressed by conventional monospecific IgGs. However, the generation of such antibodies still appears to be demanding due to their specific architecture comprising four different polypeptide chains that need to assemble correctly. This review focusses on different strategies to circumvent this issue or to enforce a correct chain association with a focus on common-chain bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krah
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Rhiel
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Beck
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Kintzing JR, Filsinger Interrante MV, Cochran JR. Emerging Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Protein Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 27836202 PMCID: PMC6238641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have been revolutionizing the oncology space since they first appeared in the clinic two decades ago. Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue. While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity. In this review we highlight some of these strategies and provide examples of modified and engineered proteins under development as preclinical and clinical-stage drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Filsinger Interrante
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Moreno M, Tabitha T, Nirmal J, Radhakrishnan K, Yee C, Lim S, Venkatraman S, Agrawal R. Study of stability and biophysical characterization of ranibizumab and aflibercept. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 108:156-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Parr MK, Montacir O, Montacir H. Physicochemical characterization of biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:366-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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60
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Godar M, Morello V, Sadi A, Hultberg A, De Jonge N, Basilico C, Hanssens V, Saunders M, Lambrecht BN, El Khattabi M, de Haard H, Michieli P, Blanchetot C. Dual anti-idiotypic purification of a novel, native-format biparatopic anti-MET antibody with improved in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31621. [PMID: 27546726 PMCID: PMC4992859 DOI: 10.1038/srep31621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are of great interest due to their ability to simultaneously bind and engage different antigens or epitopes. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to assemble, produce and/or purify them. Here we present an innovative dual anti-idiotypic purification process, which provides pure bispecific antibodies with native immunoglobulin format. Using this approach, a biparatopic IgG1 antibody targeting two distinct, HGF-competing, non-overlapping epitopes on the extracellular region of the MET receptor, was purified with camelid single-domain antibody fragments that bind specifically to the correct heavy chain/light chain pairings of each arm. The purity and functionality of the anti-MET biparatopic antibody was then confirmed by mass spectrometry and binding experiments, demonstrating its ability to simultaneously target the two epitopes recognized by the parental monoclonal antibodies. The improved MET-inhibitory activity of the biparatopic antibody compared to the parental monoclonal antibodies, was finally corroborated in cell-based assays and more importantly in a tumor xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, this approach is fast and specific, broadly applicable and results in the isolation of a pure, novel and native-format anti-MET biparatopic antibody that shows superior biological activity over the parental monospecific antibodies both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Godar
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,VIB Inflammation Research Center 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginia Morello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Ava Sadi
- QVQ BV, Yalelaan 1 Androclus building, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Hultberg
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Jonge
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Valérie Hanssens
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michael Saunders
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Inflammation Research Center 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans de Haard
- argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, Building C, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Paolo Michieli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Turin, Italy
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Detection of soluble EpCAM (sEpCAM) in malignant ascites predicts poor overall survival in patients treated with catumaxomab. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25017-23. [PMID: 26296970 PMCID: PMC4694811 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
EpCAM is an attractive target for cancer therapy and the EpCAM-specific antibody catumaxomab has been used for intraperitoneal treatment of EpCAM-positive cancer patients with malignant ascites. New prognostic markers are necessary to select patients that mostly benefit from catumaxomab. Recent data showed that soluble EpCAM (sEpCAM) is capable to block the effect of catumaxomab in vitro. This exploratory retrospective analysis was performed on archived ascites samples to evaluate the predictive role of sEpCAM in catumaxomab-treated patients. Sixty-six catumaxomab-treated patients with an available archived ascites sample were included in this study and tested for sEpCAM by sandwich ELISA. All probes were sampled before treatment start and all patients received at least one catumaxomab infusion. Overall survival, puncture-free survival and time to next puncture were compared between sEpCAM-positive and -negative patients. We detected sEpCAM in ascites samples of 9 patients (13.6%). These patients showed a significantly shorter overall survival. The prognostic significance of sEpCAM in ascites was particularly strong in patients with ovarian cancer. Puncture-free survival and time to next puncture were not significantly different between sEpCAM-positive and -negative patients. We propose sEpCAM in malignant ascites as a potential predictive marker in cancer patients treated with catumaxomab. Prospective studies with larger patients samples are urgently needed to confirm these findings and studies testing dose-intensified catumaxomab in patients with sEpCAM-positive ascites should be envisaged.
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Steinhoff RF, Karst DJ, Steinebach F, Kopp MR, Schmidt GW, Stettler A, Krismer J, Soos M, Pabst M, Hierlemann A, Morbidelli M, Zenobi R. Microarray-based MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry enables monitoring of monoclonal antibody production in batch and perfusion cell cultures. Methods 2016; 104:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently generated much excitement after the continuing success of the immunomodulating anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies against various types of cancers. Aside from these immunomodulating antibodies, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and other technologies are being actively studied. Among the various approaches to cancer immunotherapy, 2 bispecific antibodies are currently approved for patient care. Many more bispecific antibodies are now in various phases of clinical development and will become the next generation of antibody-based therapies. Further understanding of immunology and advances in protein engineering will help to generate a greater variety of bispecific antibodies to fight cancer. Here, we focus on bispecific antibodies that recruit immune cells to engage and kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qing Li
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b Center for Cellular & Structural Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Rathore AS, Singh SK. Production of Protein Therapeutics in the Quality by Design (QbD) Paradigm. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2015_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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65
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Spiess C, Zhai Q, Carter PJ. Alternative molecular formats and therapeutic applications for bispecific antibodies. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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66
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Taylor K, Howard CB, Jones ML, Sedliarou I, MacDiarmid J, Brahmbhatt H, Munro TP, Mahler SM. Nanocell targeting using engineered bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2015; 7:53-65. [PMID: 25523746 PMCID: PMC4622061 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many design formats for bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and the best design choice is highly dependent on the final application. Our aim was to engineer BsAbs to target a novel nanocell (EnGeneIC Delivery Vehicle or EDVTMnanocell) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EDVTMnanocells are coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and BsAb designs incorporated single chain Fv (scFv) fragments derived from an anti-LPS antibody (1H10) and an anti-EGFR antibody, ABX-EGF. We engineered various BsAb formats with monovalent or bivalent binding arms and linked scFv fragments via either glycine-serine (G4S) or Fc-linkers. Binding analyses utilizing ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, bio-layer interferometry, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that binding to LPS and to either soluble recombinant EGFR or MDA-MB-468 cells expressing EGFR, was conserved for all construct designs. However, the Fc-linked BsAbs led to nanocell clumping upon binding to EDVTMnanocells. Clumping was eliminated when additional disulfide bonds were incorporated into the scFv components of the BsAbs, but this resulted in lower BsAb expression. The G4S-linked tandem scFv BsAb format was the optimal design with respect to EDV binding and expression yield. Doxorubicin-loaded EDVTMnanocells actively targeted with tandem scFv BsAb in vivo to MDA-MB-468-derived tumors in mouse xenograft models enhanced tumor regression by 40% compared to passively targeted EDVTMnanocells. BsAbs therefore provide a functional means to deliver EDVTMnanocells to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Taylor
- a Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) ; University of Queensland, St Lucia ; Queensland , Australia
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Andrews TE, Wang D, Harki DA. Cell surface markers of cancer stem cells: diagnostic macromolecules and targets for drug delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:121-42. [PMID: 25787981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in patients following chemotherapy can result in disease relapse underscores the necessity to develop therapeutics against those cells. CSCs display a unique repertoire of cell surface macromolecules, which have proven essential for their characterization and isolation. Additionally, CSC-specific cell surface macromolecules or markers provide targets for the development of specific agents to destroy them. In this review, we compiled those cell surface molecules that have been validated as CSC markers for many common blood and solid tumors. We describe the unique chemical and structural features of the most common cell surface markers, as well as recent efforts to deliver chemotherapeutic agents into CSCs by targeting those macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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Geering B, Fussenegger M. Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that display self-renewal and tumor initiation capacity and the ability to give rise to the heterogenous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. CSCs exhibit intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to modern cancer therapeutics, allowing them to survive current cancer therapies and to initiate tumor recurrence and metastasis. Various cell surface and transmembrane proteins expressed by CSCs, including CD44, CD47, CD123, EpCAM (CD326), CD133, IGF receptor I, and proteins of the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways have been identified. Recently, monoclonal antibodies and antibody constructs raised against these CSC proteins have shown efficacy against CSCs in human cancer xenograft mice, and some of them have demonstrated antitumor activity in clinical studies. Since current cancer therapies fail to eliminate CSCs, leading to cancer recurrence and progression, selective targeting of CSCs with monoclonal antibodies and antibody constructs may represent a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Naujokat
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hao M, Song F, Du X, Wang G, Yang Y, Chen K, Yang J. Advances in targeted therapy for unresectable melanoma: new drugs and combinations. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:1-8. [PMID: 25578781 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most deadly cutaneous cancer primarily derived from melanocytes with a poor prognosis in advanced stage. The therapy regimen for early stage melanoma patients is surgical resection with adjuvant IFN-alpha-2b therapy. For metastatic lesions, standard chemotherapy such as dacarbazine (DTIC) has not achieved a satisfying response rate. Therefore, new approaches to manage this deadly disease are highly expected to enhance the cure rate and to extend clinical benefits to patients with unresectable melanoma. Fortunately, the targeted therapeutic drugs and immunotherapy such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, ipilimumab, and trametinib have shown their special advantage in the treatment of advanced melanoma. This article is to overview the advances in targeted therapy for unresectable melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Hao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Fengju Song
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 30060, PR China
| | - Guowen Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China
| | - Kexin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Tianjin 30060, PR China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute &Hospital, Tianjin 300060, PR China.
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71
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Gibson SJ, Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Chase DM. Updates on drug discovery in ovarian cancer. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2014; 1:3. [PMID: 27231556 PMCID: PMC4878024 DOI: 10.1186/2053-6844-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery in the ovarian cancer arena continues to launch important new clinical trials. Many biologic agents are being studied in phase II and phase III clinical trials for recurrent disease. These agents include compounds that disrupt angiogenesis through a variety of mechanisms. Other oncogenic pathways are also specifically targeted such as PARP, MEK, and topoisomerase inhibitors which are currently being studied in phase III trials. Various cytotoxic agents, as well as therapeutic vaccines, are also under investigation, and continue to demonstrate promising new data. The relevant agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer which have demonstrated positive phase II activity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Gibson
- />The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
- />Creighton University School of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, A Dignity Health Member, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Krishnansu S Tewari
- />The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Building 56, Room 275, Orange, CA 92868 USA
| | - Bradley J Monk
- />The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
- />Creighton University School of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, A Dignity Health Member, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Dana M Chase
- />The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
- />Creighton University School of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, A Dignity Health Member, 500 West Thomas Road, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
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72
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Ward K, Amaya C, Verma K, Tran D, Diaz D, Torabi A, Bryan BA. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule is expressed in a subset of sarcomas and correlates to the degree of cytological atypia in leiomyosarcomas. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 3:31-36. [PMID: 25469266 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a protein involved in cell-to-cell attachment and is considered to be strictly expressed in epithelial tissues and epithelial-derived tumors. Furthermore, EpCAM has been shown to be a negative prognostic marker for several carcinomas. In this study, we performed a genomic meta-analysis of gene expression profiles housed in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia to demonstrate that EpCAM mRNA is expressed at low to moderate levels in certain sarcoma cell lines. We utilized immunohistochemical staining to confirm that the EpCAM protein is expressed in a subset of angiosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas and in all the investigated osteosarcomas. Finally, we conducted a statistical analysis of clinical data to demonstrate that EpCAM protein expression is significantly and directly correlated with the degree of cytological atypia in leiomyosarcomas. In conclusion, this data suggests that, contrary to conventional beliefs, EpCAM is expressed in a subset of sarcomas and is a negative prognostic marker for leiomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Ward
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Clarissa Amaya
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Kundan Verma
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Dat Tran
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Alireza Torabi
- Departments of Pathology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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73
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Murray D, Barnidge D. Characterization of immunoglobulin by mass spectrometry with applications for the clinical laboratory. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 50:91-102. [PMID: 24156651 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2013.838206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies monitoring immunoglobulin (Ig) antigen specificity have brought to light key Ig biomarkers for immunity, autoimmunity, cancer detection, and immune system function evaluation. A fundamentally new approach to the detection of Igs based on the primary structure of the Ig is beginning to emerge in the literature. This approach has only become feasible in light of advances in proteomics and rapid improvements in mass spectrometry (MS). Driven primarily by the development of Ig pharmaceuticals, Ig MS-based proteomic methods are revealing structural features which were previously unavailable with other characterization techniques. The task of adapting these techniques to clinical chemistry is in its infancy, but these methods have the potential to dramatically alter testing for Ig biomarkers. The purpose of this article is to review the advances that have been made in proteomic characterization of Igs by MS and the early attempts to apply these methods to clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
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74
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Panjideh H, Müller G, Koch M, Wilde F, Scheu S, Moldenhauer G, Lipp M. Immunotherapy of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma by targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR5 in a preclinical mouse model. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2623-32. [PMID: 24729415 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are promising agents for immunotherapy. Here, we describe a quadroma-based trifunctional bispecific antibody binding the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the T-cell antigen CD3 that efficiently prevents tumor growth in a mouse B-cell lymphoma model. CXCR5 regulates the tissue homeostasis of mature B cells and is highly expressed on B-cell non-Hodgkin and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as on a subset of CD4(+) T cells known as follicular T-helper cells. In vitro, the bispecific CXCR5::CD3 antibody efficiently recruited effector T cells to CXCR5 expressing B cells and induced a co-stimulation-independent activation of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells as demonstrated by the de novo expression of CD25 and CD69, and secretion of the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Notably, at low antibody concentrations, CXCR5::CD3 displayed a significantly higher cytotoxic activity against autologous B cells than its parental antibodies or rituximab. In vivo imaging revealed that CXCR5::CD3 and its parental CXCR5 antibody efficiently prevent tumor growth in a xenograft model of B-cell lymphoma in mice and prolong their survival. Taken together, our results identify CXCR5 as a promising target for antibody-based therapies in the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Panjideh
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Immunogenetics, Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine, MDC, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin, Germany
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75
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Michalk I, Feldmann A, Koristka S, Arndt C, Cartellieri M, Ehninger A, Ehninger G, Bachmann MP. Characterization of a novel single-chain bispecific antibody for retargeting of T cells to tumor cells via the TCR co-receptor CD8. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95517. [PMID: 24751697 PMCID: PMC3994066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently growing interest in retargeting of effector T cells to tumor cells via bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). Usually, bsAbs are directed on the one hand to the CD3 complex of T cells and on the other hand to a molecule expressed on the surface of the target cell. A bsAb-mediated cross-linkage via CD3 leads to an activation of CD8+ T cells and consequently to killing of the target cells. In parallel, CD4+ T cells including TH1, TH2, TH17 cells and even regulatory T cells (Tregs) will be activated as well. Cytokines produced by CD4+ T cells can contribute to severe side effects e. g. life-threatening cytokine storms and, thinking of the immunosupressive function of Tregs, can even be counterproductive. Therefore, we asked whether or not it is feasible to limit retargeting to CD8+ T cells e. g. via targeting of the co-receptor CD8 instead of CD3. In order to test for proof of concept, a novel bsAb with specificity for CD8 and a tumor-associated surface antigen was constructed. Interestingly, we found that pre-activated (but not freshly isolated) CD8+ T cells can be retargeted via CD8-engaging bsAbs leading to an efficient lysis of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Michalk
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radioimmunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Cartellieri
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radioimmunology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Armin Ehninger
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, University Hospital ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ehninger
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, University Hospital ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty ‘Carl Gustav Carus’, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Radioimmunology, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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76
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Rosati S, Yang Y, Barendregt A, Heck AJR. Detailed mass analysis of structural heterogeneity in monoclonal antibodies using native mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:967-76. [PMID: 24675736 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular complexity of biopharmaceuticals puts severe demands on the bioanalytical techniques required for their comprehensive structural characterization. Mass spectrometry (MS) has gained importance in the analysis of biopharmaceuticals, taking different complementary approaches ranging from peptide-based sequencing to direct analysis of intact proteins and protein assemblies. In this protocol, we describe procedures optimized to perform the analysis of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at the intact protein level under pseudo-native conditions, using native MS. Some of the strengths of native MS in the analysis of biopharmaceuticals are its analysis speed, sensitivity and specificity: for most experiments, the whole protocol requires one working day, whereby tens of samples can be analyzed in a multiplexed manner, making it suitable for high-throughput analysis. This method can be used for different applications such as the analysis of mixtures of mAbs, drug-antibody conjugates and the analysis of mAb post-translational modifications, including the qualitative and quantitative analysis of mAb glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [3]
| | - Yang Yang
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [3]
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- 1] Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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77
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Goéré D, Gras-Chaput N, Aupérin A, Flament C, Mariette C, Glehen O, Zitvogel L, Elias D. Treatment of gastric peritoneal carcinomatosis by combining complete surgical resection of lesions and intraperitoneal immunotherapy using catumaxomab. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:148. [PMID: 24589307 PMCID: PMC3973895 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The peritoneum is one of the most frequent sites of recurrent gastric carcinoma after curative treatment, despite the administration of pre- and/or postoperative systemic chemotherapy. Indeed, the prognosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric carcinoma continues to be poor, with a median survival of less than one year with systemic chemotherapy. Whereas the prognosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer has changed with the development of locally administered hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), survival results following carcinomatosis from gastric cancer remain disappointing, yielding a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%. Innovative surgical therapies such as intraperitoneal immunotherapy therefore need to be developed for the immediate postoperative period after complete cytoreductive surgery. In a recent randomised study, a clinical effect was obtained after intraperitoneal infusion of catumaxomab in patients with malignant ascites, notably from gastric carcinoma. Catumaxomab, a nonhumanized chimeric antibody, is characterized by its unique ability to bind to three different types of cells: tumour cells expressing the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), T lymphocytes (CD3) and also accessory cells (Fcγ receptor). Because the peritoneum is an immunocompetent organ and up to 90% of gastric carcinomas express EpCAM, intraperitoneal infusion of catumaxomab after complete resection of all macroscopic disease (as defined in the treatment of carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer) could therefore efficiently treat microscopic residual disease. Methods/design The aim of this randomized phase II study is to assess 2-year overall survival after complete resection of limited carcinomatosis synchronous with gastric carcinoma, followed by an intraperitoneal infusion of catumaxomab with different total doses administered in each of the 2 arms. Close monitoring of peri-opertive mortality, morbidity and early surgical re-intervention will be done with stopping rules. Besides this analysis, translational research will be conducted to determine immunological markers of catumaxomab efficacy and to correlate these markers with clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Goéré
- Department of Surgical Oncology - Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, Cedex 94805, France.
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78
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Eskander RN, Tewari KS. Epithelial cell-adhesion molecule-directed trifunctional antibody immunotherapy for symptom management of advanced ovarian cancer. Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:55-61. [PMID: 24124397 PMCID: PMC3795053 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s45885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical cytoreduction, disease recurrence continues to be a troubling problem in patients with advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Malignant ascites affects approximately 10% of patients with recurrent EOC and is associated with troublesome symptoms, including abdominal pressure, distension, dyspnea, pelvic pain, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. To date, no effective therapy has been identified for the treatment of malignant ascites in patients with recurrent, advanced-stage ovarian cancer. Recently, immune modulation has gained attention as a novel approach to anti-cancer therapy. This review explores the role of epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-directed immunotherapy, with a specific focus on the mechanism of action of the trifunctional antibody catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM × anti-CD3). In addition, clinical trials exploring the use of catumaxomab in the treatment of malignant ascites in patients with ovarian cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez N Eskander
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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79
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Spiess C, Bevers J, Jackman J, Chiang N, Nakamura G, Dillon M, Liu H, Molina P, Elliott JM, Shatz W, Scheer JM, Giese G, Persson J, Zhang Y, Dennis MS, Giulianotti J, Gupta P, Reilly D, Palma E, Wang J, Stefanich E, Scheerens H, Fuh G, Wu LC. Development of a human IgG4 bispecific antibody for dual targeting of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) cytokines. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26583-93. [PMID: 23880771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bispecific antibodies have great potential for the treatment of human diseases. Although human IgG1 bispecific antibodies have been generated, few attempts have been reported in the scientific literature that extend bispecific antibodies to other human antibody isotypes. In this paper, we report our work expanding the knobs-into-holes bispecific antibody technology to the human IgG4 isotype. We apply this approach to generate a bispecific antibody that targets IL-4 and IL-13, two cytokines that play roles in type 2 inflammation. We show that IgG4 bispecific antibodies can be generated in large quantities with equivalent efficiency and quality and have comparable pharmacokinetic properties and lung partitioning, compared with the IgG1 isotype. This work broadens the range of published therapeutic bispecific antibodies with natural surface architecture and provides additional options for the generation of bispecific antibodies with differing effector functions through the use of different antibody isotypes.
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80
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Spiess C, Merchant M, Huang A, Zheng Z, Yang NY, Peng J, Ellerman D, Shatz W, Reilly D, Yansura DG, Scheer JM. Bispecific antibodies with natural architecture produced by co-culture of bacteria expressing two distinct half-antibodies. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:753-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Rosati S, Thompson NJ, Heck AJ, Rosati S, Thompson NJ, Heck AJ. Tackling the increasing complexity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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82
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83
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Woods RJ, Xie MH, Von Kreudenstein TS, Ng GYK, Dixit SB. LC-MS characterization and purity assessment of a prototype bispecific antibody. MAbs 2013; 5:711-22. [PMID: 23884083 PMCID: PMC3851224 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific IgG asymmetric (heterodimeric) antibodies offer enhanced therapeutic efficacy, but present unique challenges for drug development. These challenges are related to the proper assembly of heavy and light chains. Impurities such as symmetric (homodimeric) antibodies can arise with improper assembly. A new method to assess heterodimer purity of such bispecific antibody products is needed because traditional separation-based purity assays are unable to separate or quantify homodimer impurities. This paper presents a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method for evaluating heterodimeric purity of a prototype asymmetric antibody containing two different heavy chains and two identical light chains. The heterodimer and independently expressed homodimeric standards were characterized by two complementary LC-MS techniques: Intact protein mass measurement of deglycosylated antibody and peptide map analyses. Intact protein mass analysis was used to check molecular integrity and composition. LC-MSE peptide mapping of Lys-C digests was used to verify protein sequences and characterize post-translational modifications, including C-terminal truncation species. Guided by the characterization results, a heterodimer purity assay was demonstrated by intact protein mass analysis of pure deglycosylated heterodimer spiked with each deglycosylated homodimeric standard. The assay was capable of detecting low levels (2%) of spiked homodimers in conjunction with co-eluting half antibodies and multiple mass species present in the homodimer standards and providing relative purity differences between samples. Detection of minor homodimer and half-antibody C-terminal truncation species at levels as low as 0.6% demonstrates the sensitivity of the method. This method is suitable for purity assessment of heterodimer samples during process and purification development of bispecific antibodies, e.g., clone selection.
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84
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Elvin JG, Couston RG, van der Walle CF. Therapeutic antibodies: Market considerations, disease targets and bioprocessing. Int J Pharm 2013; 440:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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85
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Abstract
Catumaxomab is a rat/murine hybrid, trifunctional, bispecific (anti-human epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM] × anti-CD3) monoclonal antibody. Compared with paracentesis alone, paracentesis followed by catumaxomab therapy was associated with significant prolongation of paracentesis-free survival and time to repeat paracentesis in a randomized, open-label, multicentre, pivotal phase II/III trial in patients with recurrent symptomatic malignant ascites due to EpCAM-positive tumours who were resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The benefits of catumaxomab were seen across a broad range of epithelial ovarian and nonovarian cancers, and irrespective of whether or not catumaxomab recipients developed human anti-mouse antibodies. Combining catumaxomab with paracentesis also resulted in more pronounced and prolonged reductions in ascites signs and symptoms and a delayed deterioration in health-related quality of life compared with paracentesis alone. Despite the study not being designed or powered to evaluate overall survival, significant differences favouring the addition of catumaxomab to paracentesis were seen in analyses of the safety population and the subpopulation of patients with gastric cancer. Catumaxomab was generally well tolerated in the pivotal phase II/III trial. The most frequent adverse events attributed to catumaxomab treatment included cytokine-release-related symptoms, which were mostly of mild to moderate severity and manageable with standard symptomatic treatment.
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86
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Mo J, Tymiak AA, Chen G. Structural mass spectrometry in biologics discovery: advances and future trends. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Facile method of quantification for oxidized tryptophan degradants of monoclonal antibody by mixed mode ultra performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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88
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McAleese F, Eser M. RECRUIT-TandAbs: harnessing the immune system to kill cancer cells. Future Oncol 2012; 8:687-95. [PMID: 22764766 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandem diabodies (TandAbs) are tetravalent bispecific molecules comprised of antibody variable domains with two binding sites for each antigen. RECRUIT-TandAbs can simultaneously engage an immune system effector cell, such as a natural killer cell or a cytotoxic T cell, and an antigen expressed specifically on a cancer cell, thus leading to killing of the cancer cell. Recruitment of immune effector cells is highly specific and mediated via binding of the TandAb to molecules expressed on the surface of these cells. Furthermore, the absence of an Fc domain allows TandAbs to avoid certain IgG-mediated side effects. With a molecular weight of approximately 110 kDa, TandAbs are far above the first-pass renal clearance limit, offering a pharmacokinetic advantage compared with smaller bispecific antibody formats. This article reviews the RECRUIT-TandAb technology and the therapeutic potential of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala McAleese
- Affimed Therapeutics AG, Technologiepark, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ruf P, Schäfer B, Eissler N, Mocikat R, Hess J, Plöscher M, Wosch S, Suckstorff I, Zehetmeier C, Lindhofer H. Ganglioside GD2-specific trifunctional surrogate antibody Surek demonstrates therapeutic activity in a mouse melanoma model. J Transl Med 2012; 10:219. [PMID: 23134699 PMCID: PMC3543252 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trifunctional bispecific antibodies (trAb) are a special class of bispecific molecules recruiting and activating T cells and accessory immune cells simultaneously at the targeted tumor. The new trAb Ektomab that targets the melanoma-associated ganglioside antigen GD2 and the signaling molecule human CD3 (hCD3) on T cells demonstrated potent T-cell activation and tumor cell destruction in vitro. However, the relatively low affinity for the GD2 antigen raised the question of its therapeutic capability. To further evaluate its efficacy in vivo it was necessary to establish a mouse model. METHODS We generated the surrogate trAb Surek, which possesses the identical anti-GD2 binding arm as Ektomab, but targets mouse CD3 (mCD3) instead of hCD3, and evaluated its chemical and functional quality as a therapeutic antibody homologue. The therapeutic and immunizing potential of Surek was investigated using B78-D14, a B16 melanoma transfected with GD2 and GD3 synthases and showing strong GD2 surface expression. The induction of tumor-associated and autoreactive antibodies was evaluated. RESULTS Despite its low affinity of approximately 10(7) M(-1) for GD2, Surek exerted efficient tumor cell destruction in vitro at an EC(50) of 70 ng/ml [0.47 nM]. Furthermore, Surek showed strong therapeutic efficacy in a dose-dependent manner and is superior to the parental GD2 mono-specific antibody, while the use of a control trAb with irrelevant target specificity had no effect. The therapeutic activity of Surek was strictly dependent on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and cured mice developed a long-term memory response against a second challenge even with GD2-negative B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, tumor protection was associated with humoral immune responses dominated by IgG2a and IgG3 tumor-reactive antibodies indicating a Th1-biased immune response. Autoreactive antibodies against the GD2 target antigen were not induced. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Surek revealed strong tumor elimination and anti-tumor immunization capabilities. The results warrant further clinical development of the human therapeutic equivalent antibody Ektomab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ruf
- TRION Research GmbH, Martinsried, Germany.
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90
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The future of antibodies as cancer drugs. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:954-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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91
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Klein C, Sustmann C, Thomas M, Stubenrauch K, Croasdale R, Schanzer J, Brinkmann U, Kettenberger H, Regula JT, Schaefer W. Progress in overcoming the chain association issue in bispecific heterodimeric IgG antibodies. MAbs 2012; 4:653-63. [PMID: 22925968 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of bispecific antibodies has attracted substantial interest, and many different formats have been described. Those specifically containing an Fc part are mostly tetravalent, such as stabilized IgG-scFv fusions or dual-variable domain (DVD) IgGs. However, although they exhibit IgG-like properties and technical developability, these formats differ in size and geometry from classical IgG antibodies. Thus, considerable efforts focus on bispecific heterodimeric IgG antibodies that more closely mimic natural IgG molecules. The inherent chain association problem encountered when producing bispecific heterodimeric IgG antibodies can be overcome by several methods. While technologies like knobs-into-holes (KiH) combined with a common light chain or the CrossMab technology enforce the correct chain association, other approaches, e.g., the dual-acting Fab (DAF) IgGs, do not rely on a heterodimeric Fc part. This review discusses the state of the art in bispecific heterodimeric IgG antibodies, with an emphasis on recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development pRED, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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Rosati S, Thompson NJ, Barendregt A, Hendriks LJA, Bakker ABH, de Kruif J, Throsby M, van Duijn E, Heck AJR. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Composite Mixtures of Antibodies by Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7227-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for
Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie J. Thompson
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for
Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Barendregt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for
Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J. A. Hendriks
- Merus Biopharmaceuticals, Postvak 133,
Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John de Kruif
- Merus Biopharmaceuticals, Postvak 133,
Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Throsby
- Merus Biopharmaceuticals, Postvak 133,
Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van Duijn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for
Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for
Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH
Utrecht, The Netherlands
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93
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Diermeier-Daucher S, Ortmann O, Buchholz S, Brockhoff G. Trifunctional antibody ertumaxomab: Non-immunological effects on Her2 receptor activity and downstream signaling. MAbs 2012; 4:614-22. [PMID: 22820509 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trifunctional antibody ertumaxomab bivalently targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) on epithelial (tumor) cells and the T cell specific CD3 antigen, and its Fc region is selectively recognized by Fcγ type I/III receptor-positive immune cells. As a trifunctional immunoglobulin, ertumaxomab therefore not only targets Her2 on cancer cells, but also triggers immunological effector mechanisms mediated by T and accessory cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells). Whether molecular effects, however, might contribute to the cellular antitumor efficiency of ertumaxomab are largely unknown. METHODS Potential molecular effects of ertumaxomab on Her2-overexpressing BT474 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells were evaluated. The dissociation constant Kd of ertumaxomab was calculated from titration curves that were recorded by flow cytometry. Treatment-induced changes in Her2 homodimerization were determined by flow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements on a cell-by-cell basis. Potential activation / deactivation of Her2, ERK1/2, AKT and STAT3 were analyzed by western blotting, Immunochemistry and immunofluorescent cell staining. RESULTS The Kd of ertumaxomab for Her2-binding was determined at 265 nM and the ertumaxomab binding epitope was found to not overlap with that of the therapeutic anti-Her2 monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Ertumaxomab caused an increase in Her2 phosphorylation at higher antibody concentrations, but changed neither the rate of Her2-homodimerization /-phosphorylation nor the activation state of key downstream signaling proteins analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The unique mode of action of ertumaxomab, which relies more on activation of immune-mediated mechanisms against tumor cells compared with currently available therapeutic antibodies for breast cancer treatment, suggests that modular or sequential treatment with the trifunctional bivalent antibody might complement the therapeutic activity of other anti-Her2/anti-ErbB receptor reagents.
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94
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Strop P, Ho WH, Boustany LM, Abdiche YN, Lindquist KC, Farias SE, Rickert M, Appah CT, Pascua E, Radcliffe T, Sutton J, Chaparro-Riggers J, Chen W, Casas MG, Chin SM, Wong OK, Liu SH, Vergara G, Shelton D, Rajpal A, Pons J. Generating bispecific human IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies from any antibody pair. J Mol Biol 2012; 420:204-19. [PMID: 22543237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies and antibody fragments are a new class of therapeutics increasingly utilized in the clinic for T cell recruitment (catumaxomab anti-EpCAM/CD3 and blinatumomab anti-CD19/CD3), increase in the selectivity of targeting, or simultaneous modulation of multiple cellular pathways. While the clinical potential for certain bispecific antibody formats is clear, progress has been hindered because they are often difficult to manufacture, may suffer from suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties, and may be limited due to potential immunogenicity issues. Current state-of-the-art human IgG-like bispecific technologies require co-expression of two heavy chains with a single light chain, use crossover domains to segregate light chains, or utilize scFv (single-chain fragment variable)-Fc fusion. We have engineered both human IgG1 and IgG2 subtypes, with minimal point mutations, to form full-length bispecific human antibodies with high efficiency and in high purity. In our system, the two antibodies of interest can be expressed and purified separately, mixed together under appropriate redox conditions, resulting in a formation of a stable bispecific antibody with high yields. With this approach, it is not necessary to generate new antibodies that share a common light chain, therefore allowing the immediate use of an existing antibody regardless of whether it has been generated via standard hybridoma or display methods. We demonstrate the generality of the approach and show that these bispecific antibodies have properties similar to those of wild-type IgGs, and we further demonstrate the utility of the technology with an example of a CD3/CD20 bispecific antibody that effectively depletes B cells in vitro and in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cetuximab
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Point Mutation
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Strop
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Hess J, Ruf P, Lindhofer H. Cancer therapy with trifunctional antibodies: linking innate and adaptive immunity. Future Oncol 2012; 8:73-85. [PMID: 22149036 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifunctional antibodies (trAbs) are promising novel anticancer biologics with a particular mode of action capable of linking innate with adaptive immunity. Based on their unique structure, trifunctional IgG-like heterodimeric antibodies, consisting of nonhuman mouse and rat immunoglobulin halves are able to redirect T lymphocytes, as well as accessory cells, to the tumor site. This recruitment of immune cells is accompanied by cellular activation events elicited by anti-CD3, as well as Fcγ-receptor engagement of trAbs supported by a proinflammatory Th1-biased cytokine milieu. All necessary immunological factors required for long-term vaccination-like effects are stimulated along trAb-mediated therapeutic interventions. Thus, the concerted interplay of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity plus the polyclonal T-cell cytotoxicity and Fcγ-receptor-driven induction of long-lasting immune responses after the initial tumor cell elimination represent the major hallmarks of trAb-mediated treatment of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Hess
- TRION Pharma GmbH, Frankfurter Ring 193a, 80807 Munich, Germany
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96
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Abzalimov RR, Wang G, Baykal B, Wang S. Advances and challenges in analytical characterization of biotechnology products: mass spectrometry-based approaches to study properties and behavior of protein therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:210-22. [PMID: 21619926 PMCID: PMC3176981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are a unique class of medicines due to their extreme structural complexity. The structure of these therapeutic proteins is critically important for their efficacy and safety, and the ability to characterize it at various levels (from sequence to conformation) is critical not only at the quality control stage, but also throughout the discovery and design stages. Biological mass spectrometry (MS) offers a variety of approaches to study structure and behavior of complex protein drugs and has already become a default tool for characterizing the covalent structure of protein therapeutics, including sequence and post-translational modifications. Recently, MS-based methods have also begun enjoying a dramatic growth in popularity as a means to provide information on higher order structure and dynamics of biotechnology products. In particular, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS and charge state distribution analysis of protein ions in electrospray ionization (ESI) MS offer a convenient way to assess the integrity of protein conformation. Native ESI MS also allows the interactions of protein drugs with their therapeutic targets and other physiological partners to be monitored using simple model systems. MS-based methods are also applied to study pharmacokinetics of biopharmaceutical products, where they begin to rival traditional immunoassays. MS already provides valuable support to all stages of development of biopharmaceuticals, from discovery to post-approval monitoring, and its impact on the field of biopharmaceutical analysis will undoubtedly continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Agboola AJ, Paish EC, Rakha EA, Powe DG, Macmillan RD, Ellis IO, Green AR. EpCAM expression is an indicator of recurrence in basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 133:575-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Spizzo G, Fong D, Wurm M, Ensinger C, Obrist P, Hofer C, Mazzoleni G, Gastl G, Went P. EpCAM expression in primary tumour tissues and metastases: an immunohistochemical analysis. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:415-20. [PMID: 21415054 PMCID: PMC3088404 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2011.090274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein with oncogenic features that is expressed on healthy human epithelia and corresponding malignant tumours. EpCAM expression frequently correlates with more aggressive tumour behaviour and new EpCAM-specific therapeutic agents have recently been approved for clinical use in patients with cancer. However, no consensus exists on how and when to evaluate EpCAM expression in patients with cancer. Material and methods EpCAM expression was assessed by a well-established immunohistochemical staining protocol in 2291 primary tumour tissues and in 108 metastases using the EpCAM-specific antibody clone VU1D9. A total immunostaining score was calculated as the product of a proportion score and an intensity score. Four expression subgroups (no, weak, moderate and intense) were defined. As described previously, the term ‘EpCAM overexpression’ was reserved for tissues showing a total immunostaining score >4. Results EpCAM was highly expressed in most tumours of gastrointestinal origin and in some carcinomas of the genitourinary tract. However, hepatocellular carcinomas, clear cell renal cell cancer, urothelial cancer and squamous cell cancers were frequently EpCAM negative. EpCAM expression in breast cancer depended on the histological subtype; lobular histology usually showed no or weak expression. Most metastases were EpCAM positive and they frequently reflected the expression phenotype of the primary tumour. Conclusion EpCAM expression was detected on adenocarcinomas of various primary sites. If EpCAM-specific antibodies are intended to be used in patients with cancer, we recommend prior immunohistochemical evaluation of EpCAM expression, particularly in patients with renal cell cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Spizzo
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Getts DR, Getts MT, McCarthy DP, Chastain EML, Miller SD. Have we overestimated the benefit of human(ized) antibodies? MAbs 2010; 2:682-94. [PMID: 20935511 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.6.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of animal-derived antibodies has been known for some time to trigger the generation of antibodies directed at the foreign protein as well as adverse events including cytokine release syndrome. These immunological phenomena drove the development of humanized and fully human monoclonal antibodies. The ability to generate human(ized) antibodies has been both a blessing and a curse. While incremental gains in the clinical efficacy and safety for some agents have been realized, a positive effect has not been observed for all human(ized) antibodies. Many human(ized) antibodies trigger the development of anti-drug antibody responses and infusion reactions. The current belief that antibodies need to be human(ized) to have enhanced therapeutic utility may slow the development of novel animal-derived monoclonal antibody therapeutics for use in clinical indications. In the case of murine antibodies, greater than 20% induce tolerable/negligible immunogenicity, suggesting that in these cases humanization may not offer significant gains in therapeutic utility. Furthermore, humanization of some murine antibodies may reduce their clinical effectiveness. The available data suggest that the utility of human(ized) antibodies needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking a cost-benefit approach, taking both biochemical characteristics and the targeted therapeutic indication into account.
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