51
|
Son HM, Duc HM, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Application of bacteriophages in simultaneously controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7 and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10259-10271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
52
|
Antimicrobial Resistance in Class 1 Integron-Positive Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle, Pigs, Food and Farm Environment. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6040099. [PMID: 30274159 PMCID: PMC6313391 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of class 1 integrons in a collection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from different origins and to characterize pheno- and genotypically the antimicrobial resistance associated to them. A collection of 649 isolates were screened for the class 1 integrase gene (intI1) by Polymerase chain reaction The variable region of class 1 integrons was amplified and sequenced. Positive strains were evaluated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes with microarray and for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion method. Seven out of 649 STEC strains some to serogroups, O26, O103 and O130 isolated from cattle, chicken burger, farm environment and pigs were identified as positive for intl1. Different arrangements of gene cassettes were detected in the variable region of class 1 integron: dfrA16, aadA23 and dfrA1-aadA1. In almost all strains, phenotypic resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and sulfisoxazole was observed. Microarray analyses showed that most of the isolates carried four or more antimicrobial resistance markers and STEC strains were categorized as Multridrug-resistant. Although antimicrobials are not usually used in the treatment of STEC infections, the presence of Multridrug-resistant in isolates collected from farm and food represents a risk for animal and human health.
Collapse
|
53
|
Intranasal co-administration of recombinant active fragment of Zonula occludens toxin and truncated recombinant EspB triggers potent systemic, mucosal immune responses and reduces span of E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in BALB/c mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:89-100. [PMID: 30209565 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 with its traits such as intestinal colonization and fecal-oral route of transmission demands mucosal vaccine development. E. coli secreted protein B (EspB) is one of the key type III secretory system (TTSS) targets for mucosal candidate vaccine due to its indispensable role in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157:H7. However, mucosally administered recombinant proteins have low immunogenicity which could be overcome by the use of mucosal adjuvants. The quest for safe, potent mucosal adjuvant has recognized ΔG fragment of Zonula occludens toxin of Vibrio cholerae with such properties. ΔG enhances mucosal permeability via the paracellular route by altering epithelial tight junction structure in a reversible, ephemeral and non-toxic manner. Therefore, we tested whether recombinant ΔG intranasally co-administered with truncated EspB (EspB + ΔG) could serve as an effective mucosal adjuvant. Results showed that EspB + ΔG group induced higher systemic IgG and mucosal IgA than EspB alone. Moreover, EspB alone developed Th2 type response with IgG1/IgG2a ratio (1.64) and IL-4, IL-10 cytokines whereas that of EspB + ΔG group generated mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response evident from IgG1/IgG2a ratio (1.17) as well as IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokine levels compared to control. Sera of EspB + ΔG group inhibited TTSS mediated haemolysis of murine RBCs more effectively compared to EspB, control group and sera of both EspB + ΔG, EspB group resulted in similar levels of efficacious reduction in E. coli O157:H7 adherence to Caco-2 cells compared to control. Moreover, vaccination with EspB + ΔG resulted in significant reduction in E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding compared to EspB and control group in experimentally challenged streptomycin-treated mice. These results demonstrate mucosal adjuvanticity of ΔG co-administered with EspB in enhancing overall immunogenicity to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding.
Collapse
|
54
|
Shekar A, Ramlal S, Jeyabalaji JK, Sripathy MH. Intranasal immunization of cocktail/fusion protein containing Tir along with ΔG active fragment of Zot as mucosal adjuvant confers enhanced immunogenicity and reduces E. coli O157:H7 shedding in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:211-219. [PMID: 30103196 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants are the major reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its fecal shedding mainly act as a source of entry of this pathogen into the human food chain. In humans, E. coli O157:H7 infection causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Intimate adherence of E. coli O157:H7 is mediated by Translocated intimin receptor (Tir) to which intimin binds in the host cell. Since E. coli O157:H7 colonizes intestinal epithelium, the mucosal vaccine has a potential to prevent its colonization. Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) of Vibrio cholerae transiently, reversibly alters epithelial tight junction structure to increase mucosal permeability of macromolecules via paracellular route. The C-terminal region of Zot (ΔG) responsible for this function could be used for mucosal antigen delivery. Therefore, we employed individual (Tir), cocktail (ΔG + Tir), fusion protein (ΔG-Tir) and assessed the efficacy of its intranasal immunization on immunogenicity and fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in streptomycin treated mouse model. Compared to control, ΔG + Tir, ΔG-Tir immunized mice elicited significant antigen specific antibody titers in serum (IgG, IgA) and feces (IgA), whereas Tir immunized mice induced only serum IgG titer. Cytokine analysis revealed mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response in case of ΔG + Tir, ΔG-Tir group while that of Tir group was solely Th2 type. Tir, ΔG + Tir and ΔG-Tir immunized mice showed reduction in shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared to control group. However, ΔG-Tir immunized group performed better than ΔG + Tir, Tir group in reducing fecal shedding. Overall, our results demonstrate that intranasal immunization of ΔG-Tir induces effective systemic, mucosal, cellular immune responses and represents a promising mucosal subunit vaccine to prevent E. coli O157:H7 colonization.
Collapse
|
55
|
Salinas Ibáñez ÁG, Lucero Estrada C, Favier GI, Vega AE, Stagnitta PV, Mattar MA, Zolezzi G, Carbonari C, Miliwebsky E, Cortiñas TI, Escudero ME. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producingEscherichia coliisolated from meat products sold in San Luis, Argentina. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Lucero Estrada
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Researches, National Council of Scientific and Technological Researches (IMIBIO-CONICET); San Luis Argentina
| | | | - Alba Edith Vega
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | | | - María Aída Mattar
- Microbiologia Area, National University of San Luis; San Luis Argentina
| | - Gisela Zolezzi
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Carolina Carbonari
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Miliwebsky
- STEC National Reference Laboratory at the ANLIS-INEI “Dr. Carlos G. Malbran” Institute; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Fingermann M, Avila L, De Marco MB, Vázquez L, Di Biase DN, Müller AV, Lescano M, Dokmetjian JC, Fernández Castillo S, Pérez Quiñoy JL. OMV-based vaccine formulations against Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli strains are both protective in mice and immunogenic in calves. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2208-2213. [PMID: 29923791 PMCID: PMC6183318 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1490381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause the severe Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxins are protein toxins that bind and kill microvascular cells, damaging vital organs. No specific therapeutics or vaccines have been licensed for use in humans yet. The most common route of infection is by consumption of dairy or farm products contaminated with STEC. Domestic cattle colonized by STEC strains represent the main reservoir, and thus a source of contamination. Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) obtained after detergent treatment of gram-negative bacteria have been used over the past decades for producing many licensed vaccines. These nanoparticles are not only multi-antigenic in nature but also potent immunopotentiators and immunomodulators. Formulations based on chemical-inactivated OMV (OMVi) obtained from a virulent STEC strain (O157:H7 serotype) were found to protect against pathogenicity in a murine model and to be immunogenic in calves. These initial studies suggest that STEC-derived OMV has a potential for the formulation of both human and veterinary vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Avila
- a INPB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Luciana Vázquez
- b UOCCB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | - Mirta Lescano
- a INPB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
xTAG Luminex multiplex assay for rapid screening of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The O26 verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC)-associated outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cases in Romania during 2016 showed the need to improve the current methodology of non-O157 VTEC detection and surveillance. An in-house assay based on xTAG Luminex technology was optimized to identify seven of the most relevant diarrheagenic E.coli serogroups (O-specific wzx genes), two convenient VTEC virulence markers (eaeA and ehxA genes), and a species-specific control gene (uidA). Twenty-nine strains previously characterized in terms of serogroup and virulence genes were tested with the optimized protocol and the results were as expected. The ratio of sample signal to background varied from 66.7 (ehxA) to 7.6 (uidA) for positive samples, with a cut-off of 3. Sensitivity varied depending on the target to be amplified from approximately 102 genomic copies to approximately 104 genomic copies per reaction, respectively. The current approach seems an affordable alternative to commercially available assays that can be further exploited to improve existing autochthonous strategies to prevent future VTEC outbreaks.
Collapse
|
58
|
Overview of the role of Shiga toxins in porcine edema disease pathogenesis. Toxicon 2018; 148:149-154. [PMID: 29698757 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have been implicated as the cause of enterotoxemias, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and edema disease (ED) of pigs. Stx1 and Stx2 are the most common types found in association with illness, but only Stx2e is associated with disease in the animal host. Porcine edema disease is a serious affection which can lead to dead causing great losses of weaned piglets. Stx2e is the most frequent Stx variant found in porcine feces and is considered the key virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of porcine edema disease. Stx2e binds with higher affinity to Gb4 receptor than to Gb3 which could be due to amino acid changes in B subunit. Moreover, this subtype also binds to Forssman glycosphingolipids conferring upon Stx2e a unique promiscuous recognition feature. Manifestations of edema disease are caused by systemic effects of Stx2e with no significant morphologic changes in enterocytes. Endothelial cell necrosis in the brain is an early event in the pathogenesis of ED caused by Stx2e-producing STEC strains. Further studies are needed to generate techniques and tools which allow to understand the circulation and ecology of STEC strains in pigs even in resistant animals for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
Collapse
|
59
|
Persad AK, LeJeune J. A Review of Current Research and Knowledge Gaps in the Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Trinidad and Tobago. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E42. [PMID: 29673213 PMCID: PMC6024509 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are two of the main causes of foodborne disease globally, and while they have been implicated as possible causes of foodborne disease within the Caribbean region, the actual incidence is unknown. Trinidad and Tobago, one of the larger countries in the Caribbean, has an estimated annual foodborne disease burden of over 100,000 cases and, similar to other countries, the etiology of most of these cases is unknown. Both pathogens can reside as part of the normal gastrointestinal microflora of many wild and domestic animals, with animals acting as reservoirs, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. Carriage in animal species can be asymptomatic or, in the case of Salmonella in particular, there may be clinical manifestation in animals, which resemble the disease seen in humans. In this review, we will focus on the epidemiology of these two foodborne pathogens in Trinidad and Tobago and identify any knowledge gaps in the published literature. The filling of this critical knowledge void is essential for the development and implementation of appropriate mechanisms to reduce the dissemination and transmission of these pathogens, not only in Trinidad and Tobago, but also in the wider Caribbean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Persad
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Jeffrey LeJeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Nayakvadi S, Alemao CA, Kumar HC, Rajkumar R, Rajkumar S, Chakurkar EB, Keelara S. Detection and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting non-O157 Escherichia coli from goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
61
|
Sanso AM, Bustamante AV, Krüger A, Cadona JS, Alfaro R, Cáceres ME, Fernández D, Lucchesi PMA, Padola NL. Molecular epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing O113:H21 isolates from cattle and meat. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:569-577. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Sanso
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - A. V. Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - A. Krüger
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - J. S. Cadona
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - R. Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - M. E. Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - D. Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - P. M. A. Lucchesi
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| | - N. L. Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; CONICET-CIC-UNCPBA; Tandil Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fan R, Bai X, Fu S, Xu Y, Sun H, Wang H, Xiong Y. Tellurite resistance profiles and performance of different chromogenic agars for detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:295-300. [PMID: 29274486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are globally important food-borne pathogens. The isolation of non-O157 STEC is a significant public health challenge due to the dramatic diversity of their phenotypes and genotypes. In the present study, 476 non-O157 STEC strains representing 95 different O-serogroups were used to evaluate tellurite resistance and the performance of 12 different chromogenic agars. Of 476 strains, only 108 (22.7%) strains showed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for potassium tellurite being higher than 4μg/ml, and 96 (20.2%) strains harbored intact ter genes cluster. The presence of ter genes was significantly correlated with tellurite resistance. Six commercial chromogenic agars (TBX, MAC, SMAC, Rainbow® Agar O157, CHROMagar™ ECC, and Fluorocult O157) supported the growth of all strains. However, CT-SMAC, CHROMagar™ O157, and CHROMagar™ STEC agars exhibited 12.2%, 31.1%, and 38.0% of growth inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, 4.6%, 33.2%, and 45.0% of strains were inhibited on RBA-USDA, RBA-NT, and BCM O157 agar media. Variations in tellurite resistance and colony appearance might result in discrepant performance of non-O157 STEC recovery from different chromogenic agars. Using inclusive agars or less selective agar in combination with highly selective agar should be suggested to recover most non-O157 STEC strains, which would increase the probability of recovering STECs from complex background microflora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Zigong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Hamed OM, Sabry MA, Hassanain NA, Hamza E, Hegazi AG, Salman MB. Occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in some food products and human stool in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:1233-1240. [PMID: 29184370 PMCID: PMC5682269 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1233-1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represent a severe public health issue worldwide, causing life-threatening diseases in the human gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of virulent and antibiotic-resistant STEC in retail meat and milk products and human stool samples and to characterize the genes encoding for virulence and antibiotic resistance among the identified STEC isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 260 food samples were randomly collected from retail markets in different localities of El Giza Governorate, Egypt. 50 stool specimens were obtained from children that had diarrhea at Embaba Fever Hospital. All collected samples were initially subjected to bacteriological examination and serotyping, and then subsequently, the isolates were exposed to polymerase chain reaction application and sequencing for the identification of the virulence-related genes. Finally, the virulent STEC isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. RESULTS Serotyping of the 76 biochemically identified isolates showed that 18 were STEC with a predominance of non-O157 (16) while 2 O157:K-serotype was detected only in one food and one human isolate. Molecular identification of the virulence genes illustrated that the minced meat showed the highest prevalence of STEC (8%) as compared to the other food products. In the humans, the O157 was the only serotype that expresses the Shiga toxin-associated gene (eaeA). Antibiotic susceptibility test displayed that 13 of the 17 food and human isolates (76.47%) were resistant to cephalothin (KF30). 9 of the 13 cephalothin-resistant isolates harbor the β lactamase (blaTEM )-resistant gene. All isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and gentamicin. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the stx2-positive minced meat isolate revealed a high genetic relatedness with beef minced meat from the USA and Australia. CONCLUSION This study showed the predominance of non-O157 among the identified isolates. Minced meat showed the highest prevalence of STEC as compared to the other food products, and this work illustrates the necessity to consider the food products as a potential source of the non-O157 STEC serotypes. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed a high genetic relatedness with beef minced meat from the USA and Australia. This highlights the high probability of worldwide spread of such serotypes, signifying the importance of the one world concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Ahmed Sabry
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nawal A. Hassanain
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Hegazi
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Badawy Salman
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Brusa V, Restovich V, Galli L, Teitelbaum D, Signorini M, Brasesco H, Londero A, García D, Padola NL, Superno V, Sanz M, Petroli S, Costa M, Bruzzone M, Sucari A, Ferreghini M, Linares L, Suberbie G, Rodríguez R, Leotta GA. Isolation and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from beef carcasses, cuts and trimmings of abattoirs in Argentina. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183248. [PMID: 28829794 PMCID: PMC5568767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several foods contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with human diseases. Some countries have established microbiological criteria for non-O157 STEC, thus, the absence of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, and O145 in sprouts from the European Union or ground beef and beef trimmings from the United States is mandatory. While in Argentina screening for O26, O103, O111, O145 and O121 in ground beef, ready-to-eat food, sausages and vegetables is mandatory, other countries have zero-tolerance for all STEC in chilled beef. The aim of this study was to provide data on the prevalence of non-O157 STEC isolated from beef processed in eight Argentinean cattle slaughterhouses producing beef for export and local markets, and to know the non-O157 STEC profiles through strain characterization and genotypic analysis. Samples (n = 15,965) from 3,205 beef carcasses, 9,570 cuts and 3,190 trimmings collected between March and September 2014 were processed in pools of five samples each. Pools of samples (n = 3,193) from 641 carcasses, 1,914 cuts and 638 trimming were analyzed for non-O157 STEC isolation according to ISO/CEN 13136:2012. Of these, 37 pools of carcasses (5.8%), 111 pools of cuts (5.8%) and 45 pools of trimmings (7.0%) were positive for non-O157 STEC. STEC strains (n = 200) were isolated from 193 pools of samples. The most prevalent serotypes were O174:H21, O185:H7, O8:H19, O178:H19 and O130:H11, and the most prevalent genotypes were stx2c(vh-b) and stx2a/saa/ehxA. O103:H21 strain was eae-positive and one O178:H19 strain was aggR/aaiC-positive. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC in beef carcasses reported here was low. None of the non-O157 STEC strains isolated corresponded to the non-O157 STEC serotypes and virulence profiles isolated from human cases in Argentina in the same study period. The application of microbiological criteria for each foodstuff should be determined by risk analysis in order to have a stringent monitoring system. Likewise, zero-tolerance intervention measures should be applied in beef, together with GMP and HACCP. Further, collaborative efforts for risk assessment, management and communication are extremely important to improve the safety of foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Viviana Restovich
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - David Teitelbaum
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- CONICET—EEA Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hebe Brasesco
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Londero
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego García
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CONICET, CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Valeria Superno
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- CIVETAN–Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CONICET, CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sandra Petroli
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bruzzone
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Sucari
- Centro Estudios Infectológicos “Dr. Daniel Stamboulian”, División Alimentos, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Ferreghini
- IPCVA–Instituto de Promoción de la Carne Vacuna Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Linares
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán Suberbie
- SENASA–Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez
- Instituto de Economía (CICPES, INTA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Albonico F, Gusmara C, Gugliotta T, Loiacono M, Mortarino M, Zecconi A. A new integrated approach to analyze bulk tank milk and raw milk filters for the presence of the E. coli serogroups frequently associated with VTEC status. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:401-406. [PMID: 28735241 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We optimized a combination of microbiological and molecular methods to quickly identify the presence of the O157 and the six non-O157 serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145) most frequently associated with VTEC status, at herd level. The lower detection limit of this methodology is 101CFU/ml for each of the serogroups tested. We tested 67 bulk tank milk (BTM) and raw milk filters (RMF) derived from dairy herds located in Lombardy and Trentino Alto Adige. We identified 3 positive samples and 20 positive samples out of 67 respectively in the BTM and RMF. Interestingly, several samples showed positivity for more than one serogroups at the same time. We also identified the presence of E. coli O45 and O121 for the first time in raw milk and raw milk filters. Once screened the seven serogroups of interest in our samples, we evaluated the real pathogenicity of our positive, non-O157 samples through two parallel molecular biology methods: virulence gene research by PCR, and HRMA and sequencing. The most frequently isolated serogroups in milk were O157 (2.64%), O103 (2.11%), and O145 (1.06%), while in RMF the frequencies were, respectively 14.92%, 4.48%, and 2.98%. Moreover, this is the first published report in Italy of positive recovery of O45 and O121 serogroups in milk and milk filters. The new diagnostic approach proposed investigate the presence of the O157 and big six non-O157 serogroups at farm level and not to identify VTEC hazard only once the product is processed and/or is ready to be consumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Albonico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Gusmara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Theo Gugliotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Loiacono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mortarino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Brusa V, Costa M, Londero A, Leotta GA, Galli L. Characterization and Molecular Subtyping of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliStrains in Butcher Shops. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:253-259. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Costa
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Londero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A. Leotta
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, IGEVET—Instituto de Genética Veterinaria “Ing. Fernando N. Dulout” (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Ximenes E, Hoagland L, Ku S, Li X, Ladisch M. Human pathogens in plant biofilms: Formation, physiology, and detection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1403-1418. [PMID: 28067424 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Lori Hoagland
- Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Xuan Li
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
| | - Michael Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Kim JC, Chui L, Wang Y, Shen J, Jeon B. Expansion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Use of Bovine Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:802-9. [PMID: 27088186 PMCID: PMC4861518 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These growth promoters facilitate transfer of Shiga toxin–encoding phages in E. coli. Antibiotics are routinely used in food-producing animals to promote growth and prevent infectious diseases. We investigated the effects of bovine antibiotic growth promoters (bAGPs) on the propagation and spread of Shiga toxin (Stx)–encoding phages in Escherichia coli. Co-culture of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli isolated from cattle in the presence of sublethal concentrations of bAGPs significantly increased the emergence of non-O157, Stx-producing E. coli by triggering the SOS response system in E. coli O157:H7. The most substantial mediation of Stx phage transmission was induced by oxytetracyline and chlortetracycline, which are commonly used in agriculture. bAGPs may therefore contribute to the expansion of pathogenic Stx-producing E. coli.
Collapse
|
69
|
Coura FM, de Araújo Diniz S, Mussi JMS, Silva MX, Lage AP, Heinemann MB. Characterization of virulence factors and phylogenetic group determination of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves from Brazil. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 62:139-144. [PMID: 27787756 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect virulence factors, pathovars, and phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli strains obtained from feces of calves with and without diarrhea up to 70 days old and to determine the association between occurrence of diarrhea, phylogenetic groups, and pathovars. Phylo-typing analysis of the 336 E. coli strains isolated from calves with Clermont method showed that 21 (6.25 %) belong to phylogroup A, 228 (67.85 %) to phylogroup B1, 2 (0.6 %) to phylogroup B2, 5 (1.49 %) to phylogroup C, 57 (16.96 %) to phylogroup E, and 3 (0.9 %) to phylogroup F. Phylogroup D was not identified and 20 strains (5.95 %) were assigned as "unknown." The distribution of phylogenetic groups among pathovars showed that NTEC belong to phylogroups B1 (17) and C (4); EPEC to phylogroups B1 (6) and E (8); STEC to phylogroups A (5), B1 (56), B2 (2), C (1), and E (15); EHEC to phylogroups B1 (95) and E (5); and ETEC to phylogroups A (3), B1 (7), and E (10). The EAST-1 strains were phylogroups A (13), B1 (47), E (19), and F (3); E. coli strains of "unknown" phylogroups belonged to pathovars EPEC (1), EHEC (2), STEC (7), and EAST-1 strains (6). ETEC was associated with diarrhea (P = 0.002). Our study did not find association between the phylogenetic background and occurrence of diarrhea (P = 0.164) but did find some relationship in phylogenetic group and pathovar. The study showed that EHEC and STEC are classified as phylogroup B1, EAST-1 phylogroup A, ETEC, and EPEC phylogroup E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Morcatti Coura
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Soraia de Araújo Diniz
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Jamili Maria Suhet Mussi
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Xavier Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hallewell J, Reuter T, Stanford K, Topp E, Alexander TW. Monitoring Seven Potentially Pathogenic Escherichia coli Serogroups in a Closed Herd of Beef Cattle from Weaning to Finishing Phases. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:661-667. [PMID: 27779903 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to monitor Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups and virulence genes in cattle (n = 30) originating from a closed herd. Fecal samples were collected (1) at weaning, (2) upon arrival to a feedlot, (3) after 30 days on feed (DOF), and (4) after 135 DOF. DNA was extracted from feces for detection of virulence and serogroup genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunomagnetic separation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed to collect and subtype STEC isolates. The prevalence of each serogroup measured by PCR from weaning to 135 DOF was 23.3-80.0% for O26, 33.3-46.7% for O45, 70.0-73.3% for O103, 36.7-86.7% for O111, 56.7-6.7% for O121, 26.7-66.7% for O145, and 66.7-90.0% for O157. Total fecal samples positive for virulence genes were 87.5% for ehxA, 85.8% for stx1, 60.0% for stx2, 52.5% for eae, and 44.2% for the autoagglutinating adhesion gene, saa. The prevalence of each serogroup and virulence gene tended to increase by 135 DOF, with the exception of O121, stx2, and saa. The frequency of detection of some virulence genes was largely affected over time, most notably with saa and stx2 decreasing, and eae increasing when cattle were transitioned to concentrate-based diets. PFGE analysis of O157 and O103 fecal isolates revealed dominant pulsotypes, but the presence of identical O103 isolates, which differed in virulence profiles. Overall, this study showed that fecal shedding of E. coli serogroups and virulence-associated genes are highly variable over time as cattle move from ranch to feedlot. To mitigate STEC, it is important to understand the factors affecting both prevalence of individual serogroups and the presence of virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennyka Hallewell
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- 2 Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Agriculture Centre , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- 2 Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Agriculture Centre , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Ed Topp
- 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre , London, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre , Lethbridge, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ranjbar R, Sheikhshahrokh A, Jonaidi Jafari N. Shiga (vero) toxin producingEscherichia coliin various types of food stuffs; virulence factors, O-serogroups and antimicrobial resistance properties. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Gonzalez AGM, Cerqueira AMF, Guth BEC, Coutinho CA, Liberal MHT, Souza RM, Andrade JRC. Serotypes, virulence markers and cell invasion ability of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy dairy cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1130-43. [PMID: 27426967 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM The occurrence of virulence markers, serotypes and invasive ability were investigated in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from faecal samples of healthy dairy cattle at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS From 1562 stx-positive faecal samples, 105 STEC strains were isolated by immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) or plating onto MacConkey agar (MC) followed by colony hybridisation. Fifty (47·6%) strains belonged to nine serotypes (O8:H19, O22:H8, O22:H16, O74:H42, O113:H21, O141:H21, O157:H7, O171:H2 and ONT:H21). The prevalent serotypes were O157:H7 (12·4%), O113:H21 (6·7%) and O8:H19 (5·7%). Virulence genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E-hlyA (77·1%) was the more prevalent virulence marker, followed by espP (64·8%), saa (39%), eae (24·8%) and astA (21·9%). All O157:H7 strains carried the γ (gamma) variant of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes and the stx2c gene, while the stx1/stx2 genotype prevailed among the eae-negative strains. None of the eae-positive STEC produced the localized adherence (LA) phenotype in HEp-2 or Caco-2 cells. However, intimate attachment (judged by the fluorescent actin staining test) was detected in some eae-positive strains, both in HEp-2 (23·1%) and in Caco-2 cells (11·5%). Most strains (87·5%) showed 'peripheral association' (PA) adherence phenotype to undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Twenty-five (92·6%) of 27 strains invaded Caco-2 cells. The highest average value of invasion (9·6%) was observed among the eae-negative bovine strains from serotypes described in human disease. CONCLUSION Healthy dairy cattle is a reservoir of STEC carrying virulence genes and properties associated with human disease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although reports of human disease associated with STEC are scarce in Brazil, the colonization of the animal reservoir by potentially pathogenic strains offers a significant risk to our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G M Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bromatologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil.
| | - A M F Cerqueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil
| | - B E C Guth
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - C A Coutinho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - M H T Liberal
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Pesagro-Rio, Niterói, Brasil
| | - R M Souza
- Centro Estadual de Pesquisa em Sanidade Animal, Pesagro-Rio, Niterói, Brasil
| | - J R C Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Wang J, Stanford K, McAllister TA, Johnson RP, Chen J, Hou H, Zhang G, Niu YD. Biofilm Formation, Virulence Gene Profiles, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Nine Serogroups of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:316-24. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Roger P. Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongman Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Gongliang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan D. Niu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Carter JM, Lin A, Clotilde L, Lesho M. Rapid, Multiplexed Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Isolates Using Suspension Array Technology. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:439. [PMID: 27242670 PMCID: PMC4873620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods have emerged as the most reliable techniques to detect and characterize pathogenic Escherichia coli. These molecular techniques include conventional single analyte and multiplex PCR, PCR followed by microarray detection, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole genome sequencing. The choice of methods used depends upon the specific needs of the particular study. One versatile method involves detecting serogroup-specific markers by hybridization or binding to encoded microbeads in a suspension array. This molecular serotyping method has been developed and adopted for investigating E. coli outbreaks. The major advantages of this technique are the ability to simultaneously serotype E. coli and detect the presence of virulence and pathogenicity markers. Here, we describe the development of a family of multiplex molecular serotyping methods for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, compare their performance to traditional serotyping methods, and discuss the cost-benefit balance of these methods in the context of various food safety objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Carter
- Pacific West Area – Western Regional Research Center – Produce Safety and Microbiology Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CAUSA
| | - Andrew Lin
- ORA/PA-FO/SAN-LB – Office of Global Regulatory Operations and Policy – Oceans, Reefs & Aquariums – Food and Drug Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Alameda, CAUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ahlenstiel-Grunow T, Hachmeister S, Bange FC, Wehling C, Kirschfink M, Bergmann C, Pape L. Systemic complement activation and complement gene analysis in enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coli-associated paediatric haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1114-21. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
76
|
Bernedo-Navarro RA, Yano T. Phage display and Shiga toxin neutralizers. Toxicon 2016; 113:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
77
|
de Moraes MH, Teplitski M. Fast and efficient three-step target-specific curing of a virulence plasmid in Salmonella enterica. AMB Express 2015; 5:139. [PMID: 26272479 PMCID: PMC4536245 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence plasmids borne by serovars of Salmonella enterica carry genes involved in its pathogenicity, as well as other functions. Characterization of phenotypes associated with virulence plasmids requires a system for efficiently curing strains of their virulence plasmids. Here, we developed a 3-step protocol for targeted curing of virulence plasmids. The protocol involves insertion of an I-SecI restriction site linked to an antibiotic resistance gene into the target plasmid using λ-Red mutagenesis, followed by the transformation with a temperature-sensitive auxiliary plasmid which carries I-SecI nuclease expressed from a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Finally, the auxiliary plasmid is removed by incubation at 42 °C and the plasmid-less strains are verified on antibiotic-containing media. This method is fast and very efficient: over 90 % of recovered colonies lacked their virulence plasmid.
Collapse
|
78
|
Design of an internal amplification control for a duplex PCR used in the detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in pediatric feces. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:351-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
79
|
Kamel M, El-Hassan DGA, El-Sayed A. Epidemiological studies on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Egyptian sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1161-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
80
|
Palmer CE, Bratcher CL, Singh M, Wang L. Characterization and survival of environmental Escherichia coli O26 isolates in ground beef and environmental samples. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M782-7. [PMID: 25765176 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to Escherichia coli O157:H7, shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O26 was added to the zero-tolerance adulterant list together with other 5 non-O157 STEC serogroups in 2012. Four farm O26 isolates were used in this study; they were obtained from a on-farm survey study conducted in Alabama. The presence of 3 major pathogenic genes (stx1, stx2, and eaeA) was determined through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two major pathogenic gene profiles were observed: 3 of the farm isolates contain only the eaeA gene whereas 1 farm isolate has both the eaeA and the stx1 genes. No significant difference was seen among the 4 farm isolates in the antibiotic resistance tests. To test their survival in ground beef and environmental samples, 2 inoculums were prepared and inoculated at various concentrations into samples of ground beef, bovine feces, bedding materials, and trough water. One inoculum was made of 3 farm isolates containing only the eaeA gene and another inoculum contained the isolate with both the eaeA and stx1 genes. Inoculated beef samples were stored at 4 °C for 10 d and the inoculated environmental samples were stored at ambient temperature for 30 d. Results showed that virulence gene profiles do not have an impact on O26's ability to survive in ground beef and in environment (P > 0.05). The inoculation levels, sample types as well as the storage times are the major factors that impact O26 survival (P < 0.05).
Collapse
|
81
|
Kolenda R, Burdukiewicz M, Schierack P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of pathogenic Escherichia coli of calves and the role of calves as reservoirs for human pathogenic E. coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:23. [PMID: 25815276 PMCID: PMC4357325 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli bacteria are the most common causes of diarrhea and septicemia in calves. Moreover, calves form a major reservoir for transmission of pathogenic E. coli to humans. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of publications on E. coli as calf pathogens and the role of calves as reservoir have not been done so far. We reviewed studies between 1951 and 2013 reporting the presence of virulence associated factors (VAFs) in calf E. coli and extracted the following information: year(s) and country of sampling, animal number, health status, isolate number, VAF prevalence, serotypes, diagnostic methods, and biological assays. The prevalence of VAFs or E. coli pathotypes was compared between healthy and diarrheic animals and was analyzed for time courses. Together, 106 papers with 25,982 E. coli isolates from 27 countries tested for VAFs were included. F5, F17, and F41 fimbriae and heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) – VAFs of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were significantly associated with calf diarrhea. On the contrary, ETEC VAF F4 fimbriae and heat-labile enterotoxin as well as enteropathogenic (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) were not associated with diarrhea. The prevalence increased overtime for ST-positive isolates, but decreased for F5- and STEC-positive isolates. Our study provides useful information about the history of scientific investigations performed in this domain so far, and helps to define etiological agents of calf disease, and to evaluate calves as reservoir hosts for human pathogenic E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Kolenda
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Michał Burdukiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław Wrocław, Poland
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Senftenberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Colello R, Etcheverría AI, Conza JAD, Gutkind GO, Padola NL. Antibiotic resistance and integrons in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1-5. [PMID: 26221083 PMCID: PMC4512044 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120130698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans (HUS). Cattle are the main reservoir of STEC and transmission to humans occurs through contaminated food and water. Antibiotics are used in pig production systems to combat disease and improve productivity and play a key role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to the bacteria. Integrons have been identified in resistant bacteria allowing for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. STEC strains isolated from humans and animals have developed antibiotic resistance. In our laboratory, 21 non-157 STEC strains isolated from pigs were analyzed to detect class 1 and 2 integrons by PCR. Eight carried integrons, 7 of them harbored intl2. In another study 545 STEC strains were also analyzed for the presence of intl1 and intl2 . Strains carrying intl1 belonged to isolates from environment (n = 1), chicken hamburger (n = 2), dairy calves (n = 4) and pigs (n = 8). Two strains isolated from pigs harbored intl2 and only one intl1 / intl2 , highlighting the presence of intl2 in pigs. The selection for multiresistant strains may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens and facilitate the spreading of the mobile resistance elements to other bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía I. Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose A. Di Conza
- Laboratorio de Resistencia Microbiana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel O. Gutkind
- Laboratorio de Resistencia Microbiana, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L. Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional the Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Bok E, Mazurek J, Stosik M, Wojciech M, Baldy-Chudzik K. Prevalence of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance among commensal Escherichia coli derived from dairy and beef cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:970-85. [PMID: 25607605 PMCID: PMC4306905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cattle is a reservoir of potentially pathogenic E. coli, bacteria that can represent a significant threat to public health, hence it is crucial to monitor the prevalence of the genetic determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance among the E. coli population. The aim of this study was the analysis of the phylogenetic structure, distribution of virulence factors (VFs) and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolated from two groups of healthy cattle: 50 cows housed in the conventional barn (147 isolates) and 42 cows living on the ecological pasture (118 isolates). The phylogenetic analysis, identification of VFs and antimicrobial resistance genes were based on either multiplex or simplex PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of E. coli were examined using the broth microdilution method. Two statistical approaches were used to analyse the results obtained for two groups of cattle. The relations between the dependent (VFs profiles, antibiotics) and the independent variables were described using the two models. The mixed logit model was used to characterise the prevalence of the analysed factors in the sets of isolates. The univariate logistic regression model was used to characterise the prevalence of these factors in particular animals. Given each model, the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval for the population were estimated. The phylogroup B1 was predominant among isolates from beef cattle, while the phylogroups A, B1 and D occurred with equal frequency among isolates from dairy cattle. The frequency of VFs-positive isolates was significantly higher among isolates from beef cattle. E. coli from dairy cattle revealed significantly higher resistance to antibiotics. Some of the tested resistance genes were present among isolates from dairy cattle. Our study showed that the habitat and diet may affect the genetic diversity of commensal E. coli in the cattle. The results suggest that the ecological pasture habitat is related to the increased spreading rate of the VFs, while the barn habitat is characterised by the higher levels of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bok
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino St. 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Justyna Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino St. 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Michał Stosik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino St. 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wojciech
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Econometrics, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana St. 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino St. 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Kolenda R, Burdukiewicz M, Schierack P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of pathogenic Escherichia coli of calves and the role of calves as reservoirs for human pathogenic E. coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 25815276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli bacteria are the most common causes of diarrhea and septicemia in calves. Moreover, calves form a major reservoir for transmission of pathogenic E. coli to humans. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of publications on E. coli as calf pathogens and the role of calves as reservoir have not been done so far. We reviewed studies between 1951 and 2013 reporting the presence of virulence associated factors (VAFs) in calf E. coli and extracted the following information: year(s) and country of sampling, animal number, health status, isolate number, VAF prevalence, serotypes, diagnostic methods, and biological assays. The prevalence of VAFs or E. coli pathotypes was compared between healthy and diarrheic animals and was analyzed for time courses. Together, 106 papers with 25,982 E. coli isolates from 27 countries tested for VAFs were included. F5, F17, and F41 fimbriae and heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) - VAFs of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were significantly associated with calf diarrhea. On the contrary, ETEC VAF F4 fimbriae and heat-labile enterotoxin as well as enteropathogenic (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) were not associated with diarrhea. The prevalence increased overtime for ST-positive isolates, but decreased for F5- and STEC-positive isolates. Our study provides useful information about the history of scientific investigations performed in this domain so far, and helps to define etiological agents of calf disease, and to evaluate calves as reservoir hosts for human pathogenic E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Kolenda
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Michał Burdukiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław Wrocław, Poland
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Senftenberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Gopalakrishnakone P, Balali-Mood M, Llewellyn L, Singh BR. Impacts on Human Health Caused by Zoonoses. BIOLOGICAL TOXINS AND BIOTERRORISM 2015. [PMCID: PMC7124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5869-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zoonosis is an infectious disease and a potential bioterrorism agent. Bioterrorism aimed at a society, government, and/or its citizens is meant to cause destabilization, fear, anxiety, illness, and death in people, animals, or plants using biological agents. A bioterrorism attack is the intentional release of biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, rickettsial or chlamydial organisms, toxins, or other harmful agents. This chapter focuses on the induction, monitoring, and prevention of some zoonotic diseases that have potential as bioterrorism agents. The etiology, clinical manifestations, transmission routes, and treatment of these zoonotic agents are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Faculty of Medicine Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lyndon Llewellyn
- Data and Technology Innovation, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland Australia
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- University of Massachusetts, Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Maine USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Tan X, Xiao H, Han Y, Hong X, Cui Q, Zhou Z. Encoded protein from ycbR gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with adherence to HEp-2 cells. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:855-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
87
|
Landes Highlights. Gut Microbes 2014. [PMCID: PMC3839978 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.26154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
88
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains have been detected in a wide diversity of mammals, birds, fish, and several insects. Carriage by most animals is asymptomatic, thus allowing for dissemination of the bacterium in the environment without detection. Replication of the organism may occur in the gastrointestinal tract of some animals, notably ruminants. Carriage may also be passive or transient, without significant amplification of bacterial numbers while in the animal host. Animals may be classified as reservoir species, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. This classification is based on the animal's ability to (i) transmit STEC to other animal species and (ii) maintain STEC infection in the absence of continuous exposure. Animal reservoirs are able to maintain STEC infections in the absence of continuous STEC exposure and transmit infection to other species. Spillover hosts, although capable of transmitting STEC to other animals, are unable to maintain infection in the absence of repeated exposure. The large diversity of reservoir and spillover host species and the survival of the organism in environmental niches result in complex pathways of transmission that are difficult to interrupt.
Collapse
|
89
|
Mekata H, Iguchi A, Kawano K, Kirino Y, Kobayashi I, Misawa N. Identification of O serotypes, genotypes, and virulotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates, including non-O157 from beef cattle in Japan. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1269-74. [PMID: 25198587 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovines are recognized as an important reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Although STEC strains are significant foodborne pathogens, not all of the STEC held by cattle are pathogenic, and which type of STEC that will become epidemic in humans is unpredictable. Information about the prevalence of serotype and virulence gene distribution in beef cattle is insufficient to develop monitoring and controlling activities for a food safety and security program. Thus, this study investigated the prevalence of O157 and non-O157 STEC in Japanese beef cattle and characterized the isolates by the type of O antigen and several virulence markers to help predict the pathogenicity. In this study, 64.2% (176 of 274) of enrichment cultures of fecal samples collected from an abattoir and farms were stx1 and/or stx2 positive by PCR. STEC strains were isolated from 22.1% (39 of 176) of the positive fecal samples, and these isolates represented 17 types of O antigen (O1, O2 or O50, O5, O8, O55, O84, O91, O109, O113, O136, O150, O156, O157, O163, O168, O174, and O177). Two selective media targeting major STEC groups, cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar and CHROMagar O26/O157, allowed isolation of a variety of STEC strains. The most frequently isolated STEC was O113 (8 of 39), which has previously been reported as a cause of foodborne infections. Although most of the O113 STEC isolated from infected patients possessed the enterohemolysin (hlyA) gene, none of the O113 STEC cattle isolates possessed the hlyA gene. The second most common isolate was O157 (6 of 39), and all these isolates contained common virulence factors, including eae, tir, lpf1, lpf2, and hlyA. This study shows the prevalence of O157 and non-O157 STEC in Japanese beef cattle and the relationship of O antigen and virulotypes of the isolates. This information may improve identification of the source of infection, developing surveillance programs or the current understanding of virulence factors of STEC infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kawano
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 10100-1 Shimanouchi, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in human, cattle, and foods. Strategies for detection and control. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:89. [PMID: 25072032 PMCID: PMC4078642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Padola
- Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Inmunochemistry and Biotechnology, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA-Faculty of Veterinary Sciences- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Animal Health and Preventive Medicine, Inmunochemistry and Biotechnology, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA-Faculty of Veterinary Sciences- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Vogeleer P, Tremblay YDN, Mafu AA, Jacques M, Harel J. Life on the outside: role of biofilms in environmental persistence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:317. [PMID: 25071733 PMCID: PMC4076661 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a heterogeneous species that can be part of the normal flora of humans but also include strains of medical importance. Among pathogenic members, Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are some of the more prominent pathogenic E. coli within the public sphere. STEC disease outbreaks are typically associated with contaminated beef, contaminated drinking water, and contaminated fresh produce. These water- and food-borne pathogens usually colonize cattle asymptomatically; cows will shed STEC in their feces and the subsequent fecal contamination of the environment and processing plants is a major concern for food and public safety. This is especially important because STEC can survive for prolonged periods of time outside its host in environments such as water, produce, and farm soil. Biofilms are hypothesized to be important for survival in the environment especially on produce, in rivers, and in processing plants. Several factors involved in biofilm formation such as curli, cellulose, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, and colanic acid are involved in plant colonization and adherence to different surfaces often found in meat processing plants. In food processing plants, contamination of beef carcasses occurs at different stages of processing and this is often caused by the formation of STEC biofilms on the surface of several pieces of equipment associated with slaughtering and processing. Biofilms protect bacteria against several challenges, including biocides used in industrial processes. STEC biofilms are less sensitive than planktonic cells to several chemical sanitizers such as quaternary ammonium compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and chlorine compounds. Increased resistance to sanitizers by STEC growing in a biofilm is likely to be a source of contamination in the processing plant. This review focuses on the role of biofilm formation by STEC as a means of persistence outside their animal host and factors associated with biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vogeleer
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick D N Tremblay
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Akier A Mafu
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Harel
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Padola NL. Advances in detection methods for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Front Microbiol 2014; 5:277. [PMID: 24926291 PMCID: PMC4046177 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Padola
- Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología-CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC-FCV-Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|