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Shipp GM, Dickson JS. The establishment of Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella London in a new dairy farm environment. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:411-20. [PMID: 21117985 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. A longitudinal study was conducted at the Iowa State University's campus (at the Dairy/Animal Science Education and Discovery Facility) to observe change in Enterobacteriaceae (specifically Salmonella) before and after the placement of dairy livestock. To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated environmental changes of Gram-negative organisms in a new dairy farm environment. Environmental samples were taken using drag swabs and immediately processed in the laboratory using phenotypic methods (replica plating, the BBL Crystal Identification System for enteric/nonfermenter organisms™, and plating on specialized media/broths). Genotypic methods were also used (BAX PCR™ and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis). Organisms identified as Salmonella were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Ames, IA) for confirmatory serotyping. Resistance to antibiotics (ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline) was determined by replica plating of Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella isolates using the guidelines of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The microflora of Enterobacteriaceae changed as cattle were introduced and as time progressed. Additionally, multidrug-resistant isolates began to appear immediately after cattle were introduced (multidrug-resistant isolates were rare prior to introduction of livestock). Variables such as temperature and humidity did not affect the proliferation of bacterial organisms. Seventeen Salmonella isolates were identified as Salmonella London and three isolates as Salmonella Montevideo. Based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-generated dendrograms, it is likely that 17 Salmonella London isolates and 3 Salmonella Montevideo isolates are clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger M Shipp
- Department of Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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52
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Elton M, Gröhn YT, McDonough PL, Siler JD. The effect of clinical outbreaks of salmonellosis on the prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding among dairy cattle in New York. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:815-23. [PMID: 20353290 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if the within-herd prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding is higher in dairy herds with clinical outbreaks of disease, as compared to herds with subclinical infections only. Data were collected prospectively from dairy herds throughout New York that had at least 150 lactating cows and that received clinical service from participating veterinarians. After enrollment, Salmonella surveillance consisted of both environmental screening and disease monitoring within the herd. Herds positive by either environmental or fecal culture were sampled during three visits to estimate the within-herd prevalence of Salmonella. We characterized isolates by serovar and antimicrobial resistance pattern. Among 57 enrolled herds, 44 (77%) yielded Salmonella-positive samples during the study period; 27 (61%) of the positive herds had Salmonella isolated from environmental samples only, and 17 (39%) had one or more laboratory-confirmed clinical cases. The within-herd prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding ranged from 0 to 53%. Salmonella Cerro was the predominant serovar, accounting for 56% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance ranged from zero to nine drugs, and 14 (32%) of the positive farms generated multidrug-resistant isolates. Herds with laboratory-confirmed clinical cases had a higher prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding than herds that only generated positive environmental samples, as estimated by a Poisson regression model (prevalence ratio, 2.7; p = 0.01). An association between dairy herd outbreaks of salmonellosis and a higher prevalence of asymptomatic shedding should help guide strategies for reducing the public health threat of Salmonella, as the ability to recognize high-risk herds by clinical laboratory submissions presents an obvious opportunity to maximize food safety at the preharvest level. This is in contrast with other foodborne zoonotic pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli O157:H7, which occur widely in adult cattle without accompanying clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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53
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Hurd HS, Vaughn MB, Holtkamp D, Dickson J, Warnick L. Quantitative Risk from Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter Due to Treatment of Dairy Heifers with Enrofloxacin for Bovine Respiratory Disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1305-22. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Scott Hurd
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Derald Holtkamp
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Lorin Warnick
- Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Cummings KJ, Divers TJ, McDonough PL, Switt AM, Wiedmann M, Warnick LD. Temporal clusters of bovine Salmonella cases at a veterinary medical teaching hospital, 1996-2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:471-9. [PMID: 19877812 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize temporal clusters of bovine Salmonella cases at a veterinary medical teaching hospital and to determine which clusters were likely to have involved nosocomial transmission. Data on fecal Salmonella shedding status, serotype, and antimicrobial resistance were collected retrospectively for all cattle admitted to the Cornell University Equine and Farm Animal Hospital between January 1, 1996, and June 1, 2007. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on all available isolates. Cluster analysis was used to identify temporal clusters of cases. A total of 5398 cattle were admitted during the study period; the prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding among clinical suspects was 6.5%, whereas that among nonsuspects tested through routine surveillance was 2.5%. Eight temporal clusters (including 57 cattle) were investigated as possible outbreaks involving nosocomial transmission, ranging in size from 4 to 10 cases. All but one cluster were centered over the month of August or September. A total of 15 Salmonella serotypes were represented, with the most common being Typhimurium (33%), Newport (23%), and Agona (12%). Among the isolates available for PFGE analysis, there were 19 PFGE types represented. The majority of temporal clusters during the study period were not nosocomial in origin. However, two of the clusters were outbreaks directly resulting from nosocomial Salmonella transmission, based on case histories, serotype data, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and PFGE analysis. The clear seasonal pattern exhibited by these clusters underscores the need for heightened Salmonella vigilance during the late summer and early fall. The combination of statistical methods, routine bacteriologic data, and PFGE analysis is an effective means of conducting surveillance and outbreak investigations in a hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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55
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Soller JA, Schoen ME, Bartrand T, Ravenscroft JE, Ashbolt NJ. Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:4674-91. [PMID: 20656314 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This work was conducted to determine whether estimated risks following exposure to recreational waters impacted by gull, chicken, pig, or cattle faecal contamination are substantially different than those associated with waters impacted by human sources such as treated wastewater. Previously published Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) methods were employed and extended to meet these objectives. Health outcomes used in the analyses were infection from reference waterborne pathogens via ingestion during recreation and subsequent gastrointestinal (GI) illness. Illness risks from these pathogens were calculated for exposure to faecally contaminated recreational water at the U.S. regulatory limits of 35 cfu 100 mL(-1) enterococci and 126 cfu 100 mL(-1)Escherichia coli. The probabilities of GI illness were calculated using pathogen dose-response relationships from the literature and Monte Carlo simulations. Three scenarios were simulated, representing a range of feasible interpretations of the available data. The primary findings are that: 1) GI illness risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh cattle faeces may not be substantially different from waters impacted by human sources; and 2) the risks associated with exposure to recreational waters impacted by fresh gull, chicken, or pig faeces appear substantially lower than waters impacted by human sources. These results suggest that careful consideration may be needed in the future for the management of recreational waters not impacted by human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Soller
- Soller Environmental, LLC, 3022 King St, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
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56
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Elton M, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Siler JD, Wright EM, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro among dairy cattle in New York: an emerging pathogen? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:659-65. [PMID: 20187753 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study was Salmonella enterica serotype Cerro, a potentially emerging pathogen of cattle. Our objectives were to document the within-herd prevalence of Salmonella Cerro among a sample of New York dairy herds, to describe the antimicrobial resistance patterns and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types of the isolates, and to elucidate the status of this serotype as a bovine pathogen. Data were collected prospectively from dairy herds throughout New York that had at least 150 lactating cows and that received clinical service from participating veterinarians. Following enrollment, Salmonella surveillance consisted of both environmental screening and disease monitoring within the herd. Herds positive by either environmental or fecal culture were sampled during three visits to estimate the within-herd prevalence of Salmonella. Among 57 enrolled herds, 44 (77%) yielded Salmonella-positive samples during the study period. Of these, 20 herds (46%) were positive for Salmonella Cerro. Upon follow-up sampling for estimation of prevalence, Cerro was identified in 10 of the 20 herds; the median within-herd Cerro prevalence was 17%, with a maximum of 53%. Antimicrobial resistance ranged from zero to nine drugs, and eight (40%) of the Cerro-positive farms generated drug-resistant isolates. Eight XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types were represented among 116 isolates tested, although 89% of these isolates shared the predominant type. Among herds with clinical cases, cattle that had signs consistent with salmonellosis were more likely to test positive for Cerro than apparently healthy cattle, as estimated by a logistic regression model that controlled for herd as a random effect (odds ratio: 3.9). There is little in the literature concerning Salmonella Cerro, and published reports suggest an absence of disease association in cattle. However, in our region there has been an apparent increase in the prevalence of this serotype among cattle with salmonellosis. Other Salmonella serotypes important to bovine health have emerged to become leading causes of human foodborne disease, and close monitoring of Cerro is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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57
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Prevalence of ColE1-like plasmids and kanamycin resistance genes in Salmonella enterica serovars. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6707-14. [PMID: 20693446 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00692-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica strains frequently carry resistance genes on plasmids. Recent studies focus heavily on large conjugative plasmids, and the role that small plasmids play in resistance gene transfer is largely unknown. To expand our previous studies in assessing the prevalence of the isolates harboring ColE1-like plasmids carrying the aph gene responsible for kanamycin resistance (Kan(r)) phenotypes, 102 Kan(r) Salmonella isolates collected through the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in 2005 were screened by PCR using ColE1 primer sets. Thirty isolates were found to be positive for ColE1-like replicon. Plasmids from 23 isolates were able to propagate in Escherichia coli and were subjected to further characterization. Restriction mapping revealed three major plasmid groups found in three or more isolates, with each group consisting of two to three subtypes. The aph genes from the Kan(r) Salmonella isolates were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and showed four different aph(3')-I genes. The distribution of the ColE1 plasmid groups in association with the aph gene, Salmonella serovar, and isolate source demonstrated a strong linkage of the plasmid with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. Due to their high copy number and mobility, the ColE1-like plasmids may play a critical role in transmission of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric pathogens, and these findings warrant a close monitoring of this plasmid incompatibility group.
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58
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Green AL, Dargatz DA, Wagner BA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, Kopral CA. Analysis of Risk Factors Associated withSalmonellaspp. Isolated from U.S. Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:825-33. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Green
- Tennessee Department of Health, Communicable and Environmental Disease Services, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A. Dargatz
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bruce A. Wagner
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scott R. Ladely
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chris A. Kopral
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
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59
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Kousta M, Mataragas M, Skandamis P, Drosinos EH. Prevalence and sources of cheese contamination with pathogens at farm and processing levels. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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60
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Ruzante JM, Lombard JE, Wagner B, Fossler CP, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Gardner IA. Factors Associated with Salmonella Presence in Environmental Samples and Bulk Tank Milk from US Dairies. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:e217-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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61
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander KA, Cripps CJ, Gröhn YT, McDonough PL, Nydam DV, Reed KE. The incidence of salmonellosis among dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3766-74. [PMID: 19620658 PMCID: PMC7094388 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence of salmonellosis among a large sample of dairy herds in the northeastern United States (both at the animal level and the herd level), to describe the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the positive samples, and to determine whether various herd-level factors were important predictors of incidence. Participating veterinarians enrolled 831 dairy herds and submitted fecal samples from 2,565 female dairy cattle for Salmonella culture because of suspicion of clinical disease. Estimates of animal-level incidence rates were calculated for each age group as the number of cases per animal time at risk, and an estimate of herd-level incidence rate was calculated as the number of positive herds per herd time at risk. Descriptive analysis of serotype data and level of antimicrobial resistance was performed, and Poisson regression analysis was used to study associations between the within-herd incidence of salmonellosis and certain predictor variables (herd size, housing type, vaccination status, and prior history of Salmonella infection). Salmonella was isolated from 576 (22.5%) samples representing 93 herds. The animal-level incidence rates for preweaned female calves, heifers, and adult cows were 8.1, 0.04, and 1.8 cases per 1,000 animal-years, respectively. The herd-level incidence rate was 8.6 positive herds per 100 herd-years. Salmonella Newport was the predominant serotype, accounting for 41% of the cases, followed by Salmonella Typhimurium. Over 68% of all isolates were resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial agents. Herd size was the only significant predictor of the incidence of salmonellosis in a multivariable model; herds with at least 400 female dairy cattle had a higher incidence rate than smaller herds. Our results shed light on the impact of salmonellosis on the dairy industry in the northeastern United States, and they help clarify the role of dairy cattle as a source of Salmonella serotypes that are also important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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62
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander KA, Cripps CJ, Gröhn YT, James KL, McDonough PL, Reed KE. The duration of fecal Salmonella shedding following clinical disease among dairy cattle in the northeastern USA. Prev Vet Med 2009; 92:134-9. [PMID: 19665243 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the duration of fecal Salmonella shedding among dairy cattle in the northeastern United States following laboratory-confirmed clinical disease and to evaluate whether age group or serotype was associated with either shedding period or mortality. Study farms included 22 dairy herds that had at least two previous salmonellosis cases confirmed by fecal culture. Veterinarians continued to submit culture samples from clinical suspects following herd enrollment, and fecal samples from positive cattle were collected monthly until three sequential negative results were obtained or until loss to follow-up. There were 357 culture-positive clinical cases that each involved a single serotype during the shedding period. The Kaplan-Meier median duration of fecal Salmonella shedding was 50 days, and the maximum was 391 days. S. Newport was the predominant serotype, accounting for 51% of the cases. Age group and serotype were not significant predictors of Salmonella shedding duration in a Cox proportional hazards model, when stratifying by herd. However, the proportion of adult cows shedding for at least two consecutive monthly samples was significantly greater than the proportion of female calves shedding for this duration (Fisher's exact test p-value<0.01). Age group was also associated with mortality in this study; calves with salmonellosis were more likely to die than cows as estimated by a logistic regression model which controlled for herd as a random effect (p-value=0.04).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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63
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Shinohara NKS, Barros VBD, Jimenez SMC, Machado EDCL, Dutra RAF, de Lima Filho JL. [Salmonella spp., important pathogenic agent transmitted through foodstuffs]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 13:1675-83. [PMID: 18813668 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of foodborne diseases has been a matter of discussion over the last years due to the worldwide concern with strategies for their control and for ensuring that safe food products reach the consumer. Salmonella spp. is among the most widespread microorganisms in nature, having man and animals as main natural reservoirs. With occurrence of regional serotypes causing salmonellosis, this pathogen is considered one of the main agents responsible for outbreaks of foodborne disease in the developing countries. The increasing incidence of salmonellosis caused by contaminated food has shown that, despite the recent technological improvements, this problem still occurs in all countries. Cattle and poultry are the main responsible for the transmission of this pathogenic agent. Due to its wide distribution in animals, the existence of asymptomatic carriers and its presence in foodstuff and in the environment Salmonella spp. represents a significant public health problem worldwide calling for permanent control programs and eradication strategies.
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64
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Factors related to the carriage of Verocytotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1135-48. [PMID: 19203406 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880900199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-month abattoir study was undertaken from January 2003. We collected 7492 intestinal samples from cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter. Rectal samples were taken from cattle and sheep and caecal samples from pigs. They were examined for verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica. Data were collected on the animal from which the sample came and this information was analysed to look at potential risk factors for carriage of these organisms. Logistic regression models were run where an adequate number of positive results were available. This revealed that VTEC O157 carriage in cattle was associated with the summer period and that age was a protective factor. Salmonella carriage in pigs was associated with lairage times >12 h, the North East and not feeding when there was no bedding available. In cattle, carriage was associated with the summer period, the Eastern region of GB and dairy animals. In sheep a spring seasonal effect was seen, which coincided with the lambing period. The carriage of thermophilic Campylobacter in cattle was associated with single-species abattoirs, with age a protective factor. In sheep, winter was a risk period with lairage management influential. For pigs, lairage times of <12 h were found to be associated with carriage. A seasonal trend for carriage of Y. enterocolitica in all species was demonstrated with the period December-May a risk. For cattle, age was also a risk factor; for sheep feeding in the lairage and for pigs being held overnight were risk factors.
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65
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Frye JG, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Jackson CR, Rose M. Analysis ofSalmonella entericawith Reduced Susceptibility to the Third-Generation Cephalosporin Ceftriaxone Isolated from U.S. Cattle During 2000–2004. Microb Drug Resist 2008; 14:251-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia
| | - Markus Rose
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, Schwabenheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
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66
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Joshi R, Janagama H, Dwivedi HP, Senthil Kumar TMA, Jaykus LA, Schefers J, Sreevatsan S. Selection, characterization, and application of DNA aptamers for the capture and detection of Salmonella enterica serovars. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 23:20-8. [PMID: 19049862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific pre-analytical sample processing methods are needed to enhance our ability to detect and quantify food borne pathogens from complex food and environmental samples. In this study, DNA aptamers were selected and evaluated for the capture and detection of Salmonella enterica serovar. Typhimurium. A total of 66 candidate sequences were enriched against S. Typhimurium outer membrane proteins (OMPs) with counter-selection against Escherichia coli OMPs and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Specificity of the selected aptamers was evaluated by gel-shift analysis against S. Typhimurium OMP. Five Salmonella-specific aptamer candidates were selected for further characterization. A dilution-to-extinction capture protocol using pure cultures of S. Typhimurium further narrowed the field to two candidates (aptamers 33 and 45) which showed low-end detection limits of 10-40CFU. DNase protection assays applied to these aptamers confirmed sequence-specific binding to S. Typhimurium OMP preparations, while South-Western blot analysis combined with mass spectrometry identified putative membrane proteins as targets for aptamer binding. Aptamer 33 was bound to magnetic beads and used for the capture of S. Typhimurium seeded into whole carcass chicken rinse samples, followed by detection using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In a pull-down assay format, detection limits were 10(1)-10(2)CFU S. Typhimurium/9mL rinsate, while in a recirculation format, detection limits were 10(2)-10(3)CFU/25mL rinsate. Reproducible detection at <10(1)S. typhimurium CFU/g was also achieved in spike-and-recovery experiments using bovine feces. The pull-down analysis using aptamer 33 was validated on 3 naturally infected chicken litter samples confirming their applicability in the field. This study demonstrates the applicability of Salmonella specific aptamers for pre-analytical sample processing as applied to food and environmental sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Joshi
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
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67
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Moriarty EM, Sinton LW, Mackenzie ML, Karki N, Wood DR. A survey of enteric bacteria and protozoans in fresh bovine faeces on New Zealand dairy farms. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:2015-25. [PMID: 19016977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the counts and/or prevalence in fresh bovine faeces of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Campylobacter, Salmonella, shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium, as inputs to numerical models designed to estimate microbial loadings on pasture grazed by cattle in New Zealand. METHODS AND RESULTS In each season over one year, samples of freshly deposited bovine faeces were collected from four New Zealand dairy farms (n = 155), and enumerated for E. coli, enterococci, Campylobacter, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. They were also tested for the presence of Salmonella and STEC. The overall median bacterial counts (g(-1) wet weight) were E. coli- 5.9 x 10(6); enterococci - 1.3 x 10(4); Campylobacter- 3.9 x 10(5). All counts were highly variable within and between samplings, and few seasonal or regional patterns emerged. However, mean Campylobacter counts were consistently higher in spring. No Salmonella spp. was detected, and only two samples were positive for STEC. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were isolated from 5.2% and 4.5% of the samples, respectively, yielding low numbers of (oo)cysts (1-25 g(-1) and 1-17 g(-1), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Fresh bovine faeces are a significant source of E. coli, enterococci and Campylobacter on New Zealand pastures, although numbers are likely to vary markedly between faecal samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides the first significant set of indicator and pathogen counts for one of the largest sources of faecal contamination of natural waters in New Zealand, and will be used to model these inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moriarty
- Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand.
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68
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Van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Jayarao BM, Van Tassell CP, Schukken YH. Environmental sampling to predict fecal prevalence of Salmonella in an intensively monitored dairy herd. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1967-73. [PMID: 18939739 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although dairy cattle are known reservoirs for salmonellae, cattle that are shedding this organism are often asymptomatic and difficult to identify. A dairy herd that was experiencing a sustained, subclinical outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Cerro was monitored for 2 years. Fecal samples from the lactating cows were collected every 6 to 8 weeks and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Fecal prevalence of Salmonella fluctuated throughout the observation period and ranged from 8 to 88%. Manure composites and water trough samples were collected along with the fecal samples, and bulk milk and milk filters were cultured for the presence of Salmonella on a weekly basis. Over 90% of the manure composites--representing high-animal-traffic areas-were positive at each sampling. Salmonella was detected in 11% of milk samples and in 66% of the milk filters. Results of weekly bulk milk quality testing (i.e., bulk tank somatic cell score, standard plate count, preliminary incubation count) were typically well within acceptable ranges. Milk quality variables had low correlations with herd Salmonella fecal prevalence. When observed over time, sampling period average prevalence of Salmonella in milk filters closely paralleled fecal prevalence of Salmonella in the herd. Based on results of this study, milk filters appear to be an effective method for monitoring shedding prevalence at the herd level. In-line filter testing is also a more sensitive measure of Salmonella, and perhaps other pathogens, in raw milk than testing the milk alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resources Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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69
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Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in dairy cattle in the United States. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:191-209. [PMID: 18792798 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased frequency of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella isolated from humans over the last quarter century in the United States has led to concern about the contribution animal production systems have played in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella. In order to better understand the potential role of dairy cattle as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella, it is important to understand methods currently used to measure the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from human and animal populations. This review describes the biology of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance, methods used to monitor antimicrobial resistance, and studies that have measured the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella among human and dairy cattle populations in the U.S. Although the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from healthy dairy cattle is low, similar trends in the prevalence of resistance among Salmonella from clinically ill human and dairy cattle populations were observed in the literature.
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70
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Hermesch DR, Thomson DU, Loneragan GH, Renter DR, White BJ. Effects of a commercially available vaccine againstSalmonella entericaserotype Newport on milk production, somatic cell count, and shedding ofSalmonellaorganisms in female dairy cattle with no clinical signs of salmonellosis. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1229-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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71
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Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination on hides and carcasses of cull cattle presented for slaughter in the United States: an evaluation of prevalence and bacterial loads by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6289-97. [PMID: 18723661 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00700-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hide and carcass hygiene of cull cattle at slaughter in four geographically distant regions of the United States was examined from July 2005 to April 2006 by measuring the aerobic plate counts (APC) and the prevalences and loads of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The geometric mean log(10) APC CFU/100 cm(2) levels on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses ranged from 6.17 to 8.19, 4.24 to 6.47, and 1.46 to 1.96, respectively, and were highest in the summer (P < 0.0001). The average prevalences of Salmonella on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses were 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.1 to 94.0), 50.2% (95% CI, 40.9 to 59.5), and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.18 to 1.42), respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 were 46.9% (95% CI, 37.3 to 56.6) and 16.7% (95% CI, 9.8 to 23.6) on hides and preevisceration carcasses, respectively. Examination of the concomitant incidence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 showed that, on average, 33.3% (95% CI, 15.9 to 69.8) of cattle hide and 4.1% (95% CI, 0.98 to 17.3) of preevisceration carcass samples were contaminated with both pathogens. The pathogen prevalence on hides and carcasses was not significantly affected by the season; however, significant differences were observed between plants with respect to the incoming pathogen load and the ability to mitigate hide-to-carcass transfer. In spite of these differences, postintervention carcass contamination was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), likely as a result of the use of one or more of the processing interventions employed at each of the four processing plants examined.
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72
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Changes in tetracycline susceptibility of enteric bacteria following switching to nonmedicated milk replacer for dairy calves. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1968-77. [PMID: 18417664 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00169-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized intervention study was conducted to determine if discontinuing use of calf milk replacer medicated with oxytetracycline results in increased tetracycline susceptibility in Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli in dairy calves over a 12-month period. Dairy herds with enteric bacteria with known low tetracycline susceptibility were enrolled for the study. Fecal samples from preweaned calves and environmental samples were collected from eight dairy herds in Michigan and New York State. Samples were collected monthly for 3 months prior to and 12 months after four of the eight herds discontinued medicated milk replacer feeding. Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. and E. coli were isolated, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using automated broth microdilution. A total of 804 intervention and 1,026 control calf fecal samples and 122 intervention and 136 control environmental samples were collected for testing. No differences in owner-reported morbidity and mortality between treatment groups were seen. The intervention was significantly associated with increasing tetracycline susceptibility in E. coli and Salmonella. Tetracycline susceptibility increased in intervention herds for the first 3 months after switching to nonmedicated milk replacer but declined in subsequent months. Discontinuing the practice of feeding medicated milk replacers to calves increased tetracycline susceptibility in E. coli and Salmonella on dairy farms, without increasing cattle disease, but declines in effectiveness after 3 months suggest that other factors contribute to decreasing susceptibility on the farm.
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73
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Riley DG, Loneragan GH, Phillips WA, Gray JT, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Fecal shedding of foodborne pathogens by Florida-born heifers and steers in U.S. beef production segments. J Food Prot 2008; 71:807-10. [PMID: 18468037 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.4.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective in this study was to assess breed effects in fecal prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in heifers on a development program in Florida and in their steer half siblings in stocker and feedlot phases in Oklahoma. A secondary objective was to characterize fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in subsets of the same samples. After weaning, heifers (n = 501; purebreds and F1 crosses of Angus, Brahman, and Romosinuano) were preconditioned and placed in a local development program. Steers (n = 481) were transported to Oklahoma, where they grazed wheat for 6 months and then were placed in feedlot pens. Fecal samples were obtained at least every 28 days for 12 months on most animals. None of the 10,982 samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Overall fecal prevalences of Campylobacter and Salmonella in heifers were 1.7 and 0.04%, respectively. Corresponding overall prevalences in steer samples were 27.2 and 0.6%. Campylobacter isolates were mostly C. jejuni and were tetracycline resistant. Eight Salmonella isolates were Salmonella Typhimurium that were either quad or penta resistant, most often to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamexathole, and tetracycline. Feedlot steers had greater odds of positive detection of Campylobacter (odds ratio, 8.5; confidence interval, 3.7, 19.5) than when grazing winter wheat. No breed effect was detected for fecal prevalence of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Riley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Road, Brooksville, Florida 34601, USA.
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74
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Tabe ES, Oloya J, Doetkott DK, Bauer ML, Gibbs PS, Khaitsa ML. Comparative effect of direct-fed microbials on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in naturally infected feedlot cattle. J Food Prot 2008; 71:539-44. [PMID: 18389697 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of direct-fed microbials (DFM) on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in naturally infected feedlot cattle was evaluated in a clinical trial involving 138 feedlot steers. Following standard laboratory methods, fecal samples collected from steers were evaluated for change in the detectable levels of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella shed in feces after DFM treatment. Sampling of steers was carried out every 3 weeks for 84 days. A significant reduction (32%) in fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.001), but not Salmonella (P = 0.24), was observed among the treatment steers compared with the control group during finishing. The probability of recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from the feces of treated and control steers was 34.0 and 66.0%, respectively. Steers placed on DFM supplement were almost three times less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.53; P < 0.001) in their feces as opposed to their control counterparts. The probability of recovery of Salmonella from the feces of the control (14.0%) and the treated (11.3%) steers was similar. However, the DFM significantly reduced probability of new infections with Salmonella among DFM-treated cattle compared with controls (nontreated ones). It appears that DFM as applied in our study are capable of significantly reducing fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle but not Salmonella. The factors responsible for the observed difference in the effects of DFM on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebot S Tabe
- The Great Plains Institute of Food Safety, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5727, USA
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75
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Lundin JI, Dargatz DA, Wagner BA, Lombard JE, Hill AE, Ladely SR, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolates from United States Dairy Cows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:7-19. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Lundin
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David A. Dargatz
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bruce A. Wagner
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jason E. Lombard
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ashley E. Hill
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Scott R. Ladely
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
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76
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Pangloli P, Dje Y, Ahmed O, Doane C, Oliver S, Draughon F. Seasonal Incidence and Molecular Characterization ofSalmonellafrom Dairy Cows, Calves, and Farm Environment. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipus Pangloli
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Yobouet Dje
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Present address: U.S. Department of Agriculture Marketing Services, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Omaima Ahmed
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - C.A. Doane
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
- Present address: Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - S.P. Oliver
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - F.A. Draughon
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, Agricultural Experimental Station, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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77
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Effect of antimicrobial dosage regimen on Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from feeder swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1731-9. [PMID: 18223115 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01132-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A body of evidence exists that suggests that antimicrobial use in food animals leads to resistance in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. This study focused on the impact of three different antimicrobial regimes (low-level continuous, pulse, and no antimicrobial) for two antimicrobials (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on the presence of Salmonella spp. and on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of both Salmonella spp. and nonspecific Escherichia coli in fecal samples from feeder swine. The prevalence of fecal samples positive for Salmonella spp. significantly decreased between the samples taken at feeder placement compared to samples taken when the animals were close to market weight. Differences in resistance of Salmonella spp. did not appear to be influenced by dosing treatment including the control. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance examining both susceptibility and resistance, as well as MIC outcomes, demonstrated that only resistance to cephalothin increased in E. coli under the pulse chlortetracycline treatment. These results suggest that the dosing regimes examined in this study did not lead to an increase in either the prevalence of Salmonella spp. or the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Salmonella spp. or E. coli.
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78
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Edrington TS, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella on commercial dairies utilizing a single heifer raising facility. J Food Prot 2008; 71:27-34. [PMID: 18236659 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the current research were twofold: (i) to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella in the various classes of dairy cattle and (ii) to determine if comingling of calves from multiple farms at a heifer feedlot serves as a transmission vector for Salmonella back to the dairy farm. Four large commercial dairies in the southwestern United States were sampled in October 2005 and again in March 2006. Fecal samples were collected from hutch calves, 12- and 24-month-old heifers, lactating cows, dry cows, and cattle in the sick-fresh pen and cultured with brilliant green agar supplemented with novobiocin (BGA(nov)) to estimate the overall Salmonella prevalence, or with tetracycline (BGA(tet)) to estimate MDR Salmonella. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted with the National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) testing panel, and a portion of the isolates were serotyped. Salmonella prevalence among groups ranged from 0 to 96% positive, with the highest incidence observed in the hutch calves and cattle in the sick-fresh pen. Twenty-eight different serotypes were identified with serotype Reading accounting for the majority of isolates cultured on BGA(tet). Nearly all (100 of 103) isolates cultured on BGA(nov) and screened for antibiotic resistance were pan susceptible, whereas over one-half (64%) of the isolates cultured on BGA(tet) were MDR. Forty isolates displayed the ACSSuT resistance pattern, and 36 isolates displayed the MDR-AmpC pattern of the 72 isolates examined following culture on BGA(tet). The incidence of Salmonella cultured on BGA(tet) was low (9%) in all heifers and only one MDR isolate was cultured (from a 12-month-old heifer), suggesting the risk of transmission of Salmonella from the heifer feedlot back to the dairy is low. Results of this research suggest the incidence of MDR Salmonella, found primarily in hutch calves and cattle in the sick-fresh pen, is low in comparison to the overall Salmonella prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Edrington
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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79
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Whipps JM, Hand P, Pink DA, Bending GD. Chapter 7 Human Pathogens and the Phyllosphere. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 64:183-221. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Van Kessel J, Karns J, Wolfgang D, Hovingh E, Schukken Y. Longitudinal Study of a Clonal, Subclinical Outbreak of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Cerro in a U.S. Dairy Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007; 4:449-61. [PMID: 18041954 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, ANRI, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - J.S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial Safety Laboratory, ANRI, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - D.R. Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - E. Hovingh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Y.H. Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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81
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Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ. Gastrointestinal microbial ecology and the safety of our food supply as related to Salmonella. J Anim Sci 2007; 86:E163-72. [PMID: 17878279 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes an estimated 1.3 million human foodborne illnesses and more than 500 deaths each year in the United States, representing an annual estimated cost to the economy of approximately $2.4 billion. Salmonella enterica comprises more than 2,500 serotypes. With this genetic and environmental diversity, serotypes are adapted to live in a variety of hosts, which may or may not manifest with clinical illness. Thus, Salmonella presents a multifaceted threat to food production and safety. Salmonella have been isolated from all food animals and can cause morbidity and mortality in swine, cattle, sheep, and poultry. The link between human salmonellosis and host animals is most clear in poultry. During the early part of the 20th century, a successful campaign was waged to eliminate fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum. Microbial ecology is much like macroecology; environmental niches are filled by adapted and specialized species. Elimination of S. Gallinarum cleared a niche in the on-farm and intestinal microbial ecology that was quickly exploited by Salmonella Enteritidis and other serotypes that live in other hosts, such as rodents. In the years since, human salmonellosis cases linked to poultry have increased to the point that uncooked chicken and eggs are regarded as toxic in the zeitgeist. Salmonellosis caused by poultry products have increased significantly in the past 5 yr, leading to a USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service "Salmonella Attack Plan" that aims to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in chickens below the current 19%. The prevalence of Salmonella in swine and cattle is lower, but still poses a threat to food safety and production efficiency. Thus, approaches to reducing Salmonella in animals must take into consideration that the microbial ecology of the animal is a critical factor that should be accounted for when designing intervention strategies. Use of competitive exclusion, sodium chlorate, vaccination, and bacteriophage are all strategies that can reduce Salmonella in the live animal, but it is vital to understand how they function so that we do not invoke the law of unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Callaway
- Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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82
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Danyluk MD, Zhao T, Doyle MP. Competitive inhibition bacteria of bovine origin against Salmonella serovars. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1804-10. [PMID: 17803135 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to isolate bacteria inhibitory to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive type (DT) 104 in vitro from cattle not carrying Salmonella and to determine the inhibitory activity of the isolated bacteria through competitive growth in cattle feces artificially contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and S. enterica serovar Newport. Fecal samples (108) were obtained from dairy and beef cows. S. enterica serovars were isolated from 9.25% of the samples and included Salmonella Newport (4), Salmonella Bareilly (1), Salmonella Mbandaka (1), Salmonella Montevideo (1), Salmonella Meleagridis (1), and monophasic Salmonella (2). All four Salmonella Newport isolates were resistant to at least nine antibiotics. Of 1,097 bacterial isolates from cattle feces screened, 30 were inhibitory to Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in vitro. The inhibitory isolates included 22 Escherichia coli, 6 Bacillus circulans, 1 Serratia fonticola, and 1 Enterobacter cloacae. Typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed 17 distinguishable profiles among the 22 E. coli. Competitive inhibition isolates did not significantly reduce Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 during 21 days of storage at 37 degrees C in cattle feces. B. circulans (10(5) CFU/g of inoculum) significantly reduced Salmonella Newport on days 3 and 5 and on day 21 with 10(8) CFU/g of inoculum at 37 degrees C. At 21degrees C, significant reductions of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 occurred with 10(8) CFU of gram-negative competitive inhibition bacteria per g and 10(5) CFU of B. circulans per g on day 5 only. No significant reductions were observed with Salmonella Newport at 21 degrees C. The 25 competitive inhibition bacteria identified in this study offer a first step in identifying competitive inhibition bacteria that may reduce the level of intestinal carriage and fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and Salmonella Newport in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Danyluk
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
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83
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Frye JG, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Prevalence, distribution and characterisation of ceftiofur resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from animals in the USA from 1999 to 2003. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:134-42. [PMID: 17531447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) antimicrobials are the drugs of choice for treatment of salmonellosis in children. Salmonella isolated in the USA are assayed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for resistance to antimicrobials including first-, second- and third-generation cephalosporins. From 1999 to 2003, 34,411 Salmonella were isolated from animals in the USA, of which 10.9% were found to be resistant to ceftiofur, a 3GC used in animals, whilst only 0.3% were resistant to ceftriaxone, a 3GC used in human medicine. Ceftiofur resistance rose from 4.0% in 1999 to 18.8% in 2003. Isolates from diagnostic laboratories had higher levels of resistance (18.5%), whereas levels in isolates from on-farm (3.4%) and slaughter (7.1%) sources were lower. Animals with a higher than average proportion of resistant Salmonella included cattle (17.6%), horses (19.2%) and dogs (20.8%). Levels in turkeys (6.8%), chickens (7.1%), eggs (3.6%) and swine (4.6%) were lower. Resistance varied between Salmonella serotypes. A few serotypes had significantly high levels, e.g. S. Newport was 70.4% ceftiofur resistant. Resistance was predominantly associated with bla(CMY-2)-encoding plasmids. These data suggest that the acquisition of resistance plasmids and the spread of specific serotypes harbouring these plasmids are driving the observed resistance to ceftiofur in Salmonella animal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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84
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Uesugi AR, Danyluk MD, Mandrell RE, Harris LJ. Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 from a single almond orchard over a 5-year period. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1784-9. [PMID: 17803132 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 30 was isolated from drag swabs of 17 61-ha almond orchards on three farms linked to an outbreak of salmonellosis associated with consumption of raw almonds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30 in one of the almond orchards associated with the outbreak. Swabs (gauze saturated with full-strength sterile evaporated skim milk and attached to string) were pulled along the orchard floor in a standardized manner for 55 m. At each sample time, two pooled samples (four swabs each) were collected from each orchard quadrant. Swabs were enriched for Salmonella using a delayed secondary enrichment procedure developed for isolation of Salmonella from poultry houses. Suspect Salmonella isolates were selected, confirmed, serotyped, and phage typed, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were determined after cleavage with XbaI and BlnI. Salmonella was recovered infrequently from pooled samples collected from January through July (3 of 56 samples, 5.3%). In general, Salmonella isolation frequency per sample time increased during and immediately after the harvest, when large amounts of dust were generated in or near the orchard: August, 4 (20%) of 20 samples; September, 13 (20%) of 64 samples; October, 27 (42%) of 64 samples; November, 4 (25%) of 16 samples; and December, 2 (25%) of 8 samples. All 53 Salmonella isolates during the 5 years were identified as Salmonella Enteritidis PT 30, and two PFGE patterns that differed by the presence of an approximately 40-kb fragment were identified. These data demonstrate the potential for long-term environmental persistence of Salmonella in almond orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Uesugi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8598, USA
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85
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Edrington TS, Ross TT, Callaway TR, Martinez CH, Hume ME, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Investigation into the seasonal salmonellosis in lactating dairy cattle. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:381-90. [PMID: 17506921 PMCID: PMC2870821 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic salmonellosis has been reported in mature lactating dairy cattle in the southwestern United States and is an intriguing problem in that Salmonella can be cultured from faecal samples of these cattle throughout the year. However, it is pathogenic only during late summer/early autumn and in certain years. We sampled apparently healthy (n=10) and diarrhoeic (n=10) cattle during an outbreak on a 2000 head dairy in 2003. The following year, monthly faecal (from the same 30 head), total mixed ration, water, and pen soil samples were collected for Salmonella culture. No serogroup, serotype, genetic, or antimicrobial susceptibility differences were observed in comparison of isolates from healthy and sick cattle. During year 2 of the study, Salmonella was routinely cultured (although highly variable from month to month) from the cattle and the environment, although no outbreak of salmonellosis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Edrington
- USDA-ARS, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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86
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Ray KA, Warnick LD, Mitchell RM, Kaneene JB, Ruegg PL, Wells SJ, Fossler CP, Halbert LW, May K. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella on midwest and northeast USA dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2007; 79:204-23. [PMID: 17215055 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolated from dairy herds in New York, Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, USA. Serogroup and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics were determined for Salmonella from cattle and environmental samples collected during August 2000-October 2001 as part of a longitudinal study where 129 herds were visited at 2-month intervals. Salmonella isolates were tested (using a broth microdilution method) for susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Of the 1506 isolates tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations to these 14 antimicrobial agents, 81.2% were pan-susceptible and for most herds (81.6%) the predominant antimicrobial resistance pattern was pan-susceptible. At least 1 Salmonella isolate resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial agents was found on 23.6% of herds. This resistance phenotype was most common among serogroups B and E1 and among samples from calves and farmer-designated sick cows. Resistant samples most frequently exhibited resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and/or ampicillin. No samples were resistant to ceftriaxone (though 13 were in the intermediate range), and very few samples were resistant to ciprofloxacin (n=1), nalidixic acid (n=5), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n=7).
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Ray
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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87
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Chapagain PP, van Kessel JS, Karns JS, Wolfgang DR, Hovingh E, Nelen KA, Schukken YH, Grohn YT. A mathematical model of the dynamics of Salmonella Cerro infection in a US dairy herd. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:263-72. [PMID: 17445313 PMCID: PMC2870801 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of salmonella to describe an outbreak of S. Cerro infection that occurred in a Pennsylvania dairy herd. The data were collected as part of a cooperative research project between the Regional Dairy Quality Management Alliance and the Agricultural Research Service. After the initial detection of a high prevalence of S. Cerro infection in the herd, a frequent and intensive sampling was conducted and the outbreak was followed for 1 year. The data showed a persistent presence of S. Cerro with a high prevalence of infection in the herd. The dynamics of host and pathogen were modelled using a set of nonlinear differential equations. A more realistically distributed (gamma-distributed) infectious period using multiple stages of infection was considered. The basic reproduction number was calculated and relevance to the intervention strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Chapagain
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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88
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Khaitsa ML, Kegode RB, Bauer ML, Gibbs PS, Lardy GP, Doetkott DK. A longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding and antimicrobial resistance patterns in North Dakota feedlot cattle. J Food Prot 2007; 70:476-81. [PMID: 17340886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.2.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne illness worldwide, and transmission involves foods of animal origin such as beef. The objective of this study was to monitor the prevalence of Salmonella fecal shedding in feedlot cattle during the finishing period and to assess the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated salmonellae. On arrival at the feedlot, 1 (0.7%) of the 144 steers was shedding Salmonella in its feces. After 28 days on feed, shedding was detected in 8 (5.6%) of the 144 steers. At the third sampling, 19 (13%) of 143 steers were shedding, and the number of shedders continued to increase to 89 (62%) of 143 at the last sampling. Salmonella shedding was significantly influenced (P < 0.0001) by sampling time but not by herd of origin. All Salmonella isolates identified belonged to serotype Typhimurium serovar Copenhagen, a type commonly isolated from Salmonella infections in humans. Antimicrobial resistance testing of the isolates revealed five multidrug resistance patterns, two of which accounted for 104 (95.4%) of 109 of the isolates. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur, and all were resistant to spectinomycin, sulfathiazole, tiamulin, florfenicol, ampicillin, penicillin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and clindamycin. Data from this study indicate that a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains can sometimes be found in feedlot cattle in North Dakota. These data will contribute to risk assessment of Salmonella shedding by cattle in feedlots and highlight the need to continue preharvest monitoring for this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Khaitsa
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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89
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Small A, James C, James S, Davies R, Liebana E, Howell M, Hutchison M, Buncic S. Presence of Salmonella in the red meat abattoir lairage after routine cleansing and disinfection and on carcasses. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2342-51. [PMID: 17066911 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, may remain in abattoir lairages after cleansing and pose a risk of transfer and contamination from one processing day to the next. These organisms may be transferred to the outer surface of animals held in lairage facilities, and the skin or hide may be a significant source of microbial contamination on the red meat carcasses subsequently produced. Sponge samples were taken from various sites in the lairage (n = 556), and single-pass sponge samples were taken from one side of red meat carcasses (n = 1,050) at five commercial abattoirs in Southwest England and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Of these, 6.5% of lairage samples were positive, containing estimated numbers of up to 10(4) Salmonella organisms per sampled area (50 by 50 cm). Salmonella was found on 9.6% of 240 lamb carcasses, 12.7% of 330 beef carcasses, 31% of 70 pig carcasses, 20% of 80 calf carcasses younger than 14 days of age, and none of 330 cull cow and bull carcasses. Subtyping divided the 137 isolates into seven serogroups and three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters, and sensitivity testing against a bank of 16 antimicrobials indicated that 47 isolates had resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents. These results indicate that Salmonella contamination can persist in the lairage environment from one processing day to the next and that Salmonella is present on red meat carcasses, although the implications of residual lairage contamination on carcass meat microbiology are not clear from this study. Abattoir owners should take steps to reduce the level of contamination in their premises to prevent contamination from being carried over from one processing day to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Small
- Division of Farm Animal Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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90
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Ray KA, Warnick LD, Mitchell RM, Kaneene JB, Ruegg PL, Wells SJ, Fossler CP, Halbert LW, May K. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella from Organic and Conventional Dairy Farms. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2038-50. [PMID: 16702267 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from conventional and organic dairy farms in the Midwest and Northeast United States. Environmental and fecal samples were collected from organic (n = 26) and conventional (n = 69) farms in Michigan, Minnesota, New York, and Wisconsin every 2 mo from August 2000 to October 2001. Salmonella isolates (n = 1,243) were tested using a broth microdilution method for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Herd-level logistic regression and logistic proportional hazards multivariable models were used to examine the association between farm management type and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. For most antimicrobial agents tested, susceptibility of Salmonella isolates was similar on organic and conventional herds when controlling for herd size and state. Conventional farms were more likely to have at least one Salmonella isolate resistant to streptomycin using logistic regression (odds ratio = 7.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.7-5.4). Conventional farms were more likely to have Salmonella isolates with greater resistance to streptomycin (odds ratio = 5.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.5-19.0) and sulfamethoxazole (odds ratio = 4.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-14.1) using logistic proportional hazards models. Although not statistically significant, conventional farms tended to be more likely to have at least one Salmonella isolate resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial agents when compared with organic farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Ray
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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91
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Morley PS, Strohmeyer RA, Tankson JD, Hyatt DR, Dargatz DA, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Evaluation of the association between feeding raw meat andSalmonella entericainfections at a Greyhound breeding facility. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:1524-32. [PMID: 16677120 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.10.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate Salmonella enterica infections at a Greyhound breeding facility. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMAL AND SAMPLE POPULATIONS: 138 adult and juvenile dogs and S. enterica isolates recovered from the dogs and their environment. PROCEDURES The investigation was conducted at the request of a Greyhound breeder. Observations regarding the environment and population of dogs were recorded. Fecal, food, and environmental specimens were collected and submitted for Salmonella culture. Isolates were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials. Isolates underwent genetic analyses by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. RESULTS S. enterica was recovered from 88 of 133 (66%) samples of all types and from 57 of 61 (93%) fecal samples. Eighty-three (94.3%) of the isolates were serotype Newport, 77 (87.5%) of which had identical resistance phenotypes. Genetic evaluations suggested that several strains of S. enterica existed at the facility, but there was a high degree of relatedness among many of the Newport isolates. Multiple strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport were recovered from raw meat fed on 1 day. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE S. enterica infections and environmental contamination were common at this facility. A portion of the Salmonella strains detected on the premises was likely introduced via raw meat that was the primary dietary constituent. Some strains appeared to be widely disseminated in the population. Feeding meat that had not been cooked properly, particularly meat classified as unfit for human consumption, likely contributed to the infections in these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Morley
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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92
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Callaway TR, Keen JE, Edrington TS, Baumgard LH, Spicer L, Fonda ES, Griswold KE, Overton TR, VanAmburgh ME, Anderson RC, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Fecal prevalence and diversity of Salmonella species in lactating dairy cattle in four states. J Dairy Sci 2006; 88:3603-8. [PMID: 16162534 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most serious foodborne pathogenic bacteria in the United States, causing an estimated 1.3 million human illnesses each year. Dairy cows can be reservoirs of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella spp.; it is estimated that from 27 to 31% of dairy herds across the United States are colonized by Salmonella. The present study was designed to examine the occurrence of Salmonella spp. on dairies and to examine the serotypic diversity of Salmonella isolates on sampled dairies from across the United States. Fecal samples (n = 60 per dairy) were collected from 4 dairies in each of 4 states for a total of 960 fecal samples representing a total population of 13,200 dairy cattle. In the present study, 93 of 960 samples (9.96%) collected were culture-positive for Salmonella enterica. At least one Salmonella fecal-shedding cow was found in 9 of the 16 herds (56%) and the within-herd prevalence varied in our study from 0% in 7 herds to a maximum of 37% in 2 herds, with a mean prevalence among Salmonella-positive herds of 17%. Seventeen different serotypes were isolated, representing 7 different Salmonella serogroups. There were 2 or more different serogroups and serotypes present on 7 of the 9 Salmonella-positive farms. Serotypes Montevideo and Muenster were the most frequent and widespread. From our data, it appears that subclinical colonization with Salmonella enterica is relatively common on dairy farms and is represented by diverse serotypes on US dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, USDA/ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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93
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Mrema N, Mpuchane S, Gashe BA. Prevalence of Salmonella in raw minced meat, raw fresh sausages and raw burger patties from retail outlets in Gaborone, Botswana. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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94
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Dechet AM, Scallan E, Gensheimer K, Hoekstra R, Gunderman-King J, Lockett J, Wrigley D, Chege W, Sobel J. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern United States, 2003-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:747-52. [PMID: 16477547 DOI: 10.1086/500320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 (DT104) emerged in the 1990s and is associated with greater clinical severity than pansusceptible S. Typhimurium. Although infection with DT104 is common in the United States, it is rarely associated with outbreaks. From October to December 2003, a cluster of DT104 infections with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns was identified in the northeastern United States. METHODS A case-control study that assessed exposures compared case patients to age- and geography-matched control subjects. Information on consumer purchasing and grocery store suppliers was used to trace the implicated food to its source. RESULTS We identified 58 case patients in 9 states by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Representative isolates were phage type DT104 and were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). Of 27 patients interviewed for the case-control study, 41% were hospitalized (median duration of hospitalization, 4 days). Compared with 71 healthy control subjects, case patients had more medical comorbidities (matched odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-12.7). Illness was associated with consuming store-bought ground beef prepared as hamburgers at home (matched odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-15.3) and with eating raw ground beef (P< or =.001). Seven case patients (27%), but no control subjects, ate raw ground beef. Product traceback linked cases to a single large ground beef manufacturer previously implicated in a multistate outbreak of highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica Newport infections in 2002. CONCLUSIONS This first multistate outbreak of highly drug-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 infection associated with ground beef highlights the need for enhanced animal health surveillance and infection control, prudent use of antimicrobials for animals, improved pathogen reduction during processing, and better product tracking and consumer education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Dechet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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95
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Wedel SD, Bender JB, Leano FT, Boxrud DJ, Hedberg C, Smith KE. Antimicrobial-drug susceptibility of human and animal Salmonella typhimurium, Minnesota, 1997-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1899-906. [PMID: 16485477 PMCID: PMC3367623 DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtypes of 1,028 human and 716 animal Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates from Minnesota from 1997 to 2003. Overall, 29% of human isolates were multidrug resistant. Predominant phenotypes included resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol or kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT or AKSSuT). Most human multidrug-resistant isolates belonged to PFGE clonal group A, characterized by ACSSuT resistance (64%), or clonal group B, characterized by AKSSuT resistance (19%). Most animal isolates were from cattle (n = 358) or swine (n = 251). Eighty-one percent were multidrug resistant; of these, 54% were at least resistance phenotype ACSSuT, and 43% were at least AKSSuT. More than 80% of multidrug-resistant isolates had a clonal group A or B subtype. Resistance to ceftriaxone and nalidixic acid increased, primarily among clonal group A/ACSSuT isolates. Clonal group B/AKSSuT isolates decreased over time. These data support the hypothesis that food animals are the primary reservoir of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Wedel
- Acute Disease Investigation and Control Section, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55164-0975, USA.
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96
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Humphries A, Deridder S, Bäumler AJ. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins serve as antigens during infection of mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5329-38. [PMID: 16113248 PMCID: PMC1231134 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5329-5338.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium genome contains 13 operons with homology to fimbrial gene sequences. Here we investigated the role of 11 serotype Typhimurium fimbrial proteins, including FimA, AgfA (CsgA), BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA, as antigens during the infection of genetically resistant mice (CBA). Upon the growth of serotype Typhimurium in standard laboratory broth culture, only the expression of FimA could be detected by Western blot analysis. The infection of mice with serotype Typhimurium grown in broth culture, followed by at least one subsequent infection, resulted in seroconversion of animals to FimA, AgfA, BcfA, StbA, SthA, LpfA, PefA, StdA, StcA, StiA, and StfA positivity. Most animals seroconverted to only a subset of these fimbrial antigens. The immunization of mice with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-FimA, GST-AgfA, GST-BcfA, GST-StbA, GST-SthA, GST-LpfA, GST-PefA, GST-StdA, GST-StcA, GST-StiA, and GST-StfA fusion proteins resulted in reduced fecal shedding of serotype Typhimurium during a challenge compared to that by a control group immunized with purified GST protein. Collectively, these data suggest that the expression of serotype Typhimurium fimbrial antigens is induced during the infection of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Humphries
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A and M University System Health Science Center, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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97
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Lailler R, Sanaa M, Chadoeuf J, Fontez B, Brisabois A, Colmin C, Millemann Y. Prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella in bovine dairy herds in western France. Prev Vet Med 2005; 70:177-89. [PMID: 16023525 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our effort in quantitative risk analysis of food-borne diseases, we carried out an epidemiologic study to estimate the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella in dairy herds situated in western France. The study population consisted of 489 farms in the region and manure or slurry was sampled from these operations and tested for the Salmonella spp. All strains isolated during the study were serotyped and tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 8.1% (95% confidence interval (CI 95%): 4.5-13.3%) of the sampled herds. The herd prevalence of MDR Salmonella among the sampled herds was 1.9% (CI 95%: 0.5-5.4%). Spatial statistics were used to check for sampling representativeness and to determine if infected herds were clustered spatially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Lailler
- UMR 1205 INRA/ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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98
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Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, Ruegg PL, Warnick LD, Bender JB, Eberly LE, Godden SM, Halbert LW. Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2005; 70:257-77. [PMID: 15964089 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 02/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between herd characteristics and the isolation of Salmonella from dairy cows in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York. Study farms were 129 conventional and organic farms enrolled without regard to previous history of Salmonella infection. Herds were sampled at 2-month intervals over a 1-year period. This is the largest study to date on Salmonella shedding in dairy cows and the only study evaluating herd-level risk factors using longitudinal sampling to characterize Salmonella shedding on dairy farms. Salmonella was isolated in fecal samples from 1026 (4.9%) of 20,089 cows. Over the course of the study, 113 (87.6%) of 129 farms had at least one positive cow sample. Multi-variable logistic regression using the generalized estimating equations approach was used to test the association between herd-level risk factors and the dependent variable of within-herd prevalence by visit (number of Salmonella-positive cows/number of cows sampled) after adjustment for effects of herd size, season, state of origin, and the multiple sampling occasions per herd. Factors retained in the final model included lack of use of tiestall or stanchion facilities to house lactating cows (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3), not storing all purchased concentrate or protein feeds in an enclosed building (OR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-4.9), not using monensin in weaned calf or bred heifer diets (OR=3.2; 95% CI: 2.0-5.4), access of lactating or dry cows to surface water (e.g., lake, pond, river, or stream) (OR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.3-3.9), disposal of manure in liquid form (slurry or irrigation, as opposed to disposal of manure by broadcast/solid spreader only) on owned or rented land (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-3.9), and cows eating or grazing of roughage from fields where manure was applied in solid or liquid form and not plowed under during the same growing season (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.0-3.0). A seasonal association was also present as cows were more likely to be Salmonella-positive in summer, spring, and fall compared to winter. Herd size was not associated with Salmonella shedding in the final multi-variable model. The herd-level risk factors identified in this study could potentially be implemented in Salmonella control programs on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Fossler
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1354 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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99
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Dorsey CW, Laarakker MC, Humphries AD, Weening EH, Bäumler AJ. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium MisL is an intestinal colonization factor that binds fibronectin. Mol Microbiol 2005; 57:196-211. [PMID: 15948960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
MisL is an autotransporter protein encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 3 (SPI3). To investigate the role of MisL in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) pathogenesis, we characterized its function during infection of mice and identified a host receptor for this adhesin. In a mouse model of S. Typhimurium intestinal persistence, a misL mutant was shed with the faeces in significantly lower numbers than the wild type and was impaired in its ability to colonize the cecum. Previous studies have implicated binding of extracellular matrix proteins as a possible mechanism for S. Typhimurium intestinal persistence. A gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein to the MisL passenger domain (GST-MisL(29-281)) was constructed to investigate binding to extracellular matrix proteins. In a solid-phase binding assay the purified GST-MisL(29-281) fusion protein bound to fibronectin and collagen IV, but not to collagen I. MisL expression was not detected by Western blot in S. Typhimurium grown under standard laboratory conditions. However, when expression of the cloned misL gene was driven by the Escherichia coli arabinose promoter, MisL could be detected in the S. Typhimurium outer membrane by Western blot and on the bacterial cell surface by flow cytometry. Expression of MisL enabled S. Typhimurium to bind fibronectin to its cell surface, resulting in attachment to fibronectin-coated glass slides and in increased invasiveness for human epithelial cells derived from colonic carcinoma (T84 cells). These data identify MisL as an extracellular matrix adhesin involved in intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb W Dorsey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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Morrow JL, Mitloehner FM, Johnson AK, Galyean ML, Dailey JW, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Duke SE, Callaway TR. Effect of water sprinkling on incidence of zoonotic pathogens in feedlot cattle1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1959-66. [PMID: 16024717 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8381959x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress and dusty conditions are common challenges for cattle during the summer, and a typical method of alleviating these problems involves sprinkling cattle and pens with water. The effect of sprinkling water on the incidence of zoonotic pathogens has not been previously studied. Four pens of heifers (n = 41) were cooled using sprinklers, and four pens (n = 43) served as controls. Heifers were crossbred Charolais, with white and red hair coats. Sprinkling was initiated when cattle were on full concentrate feed (July). Fecal samples, hide swipes, and BW were collected on d 0, 28, 63, 95, and 98. Average daily gain, DMI, and G:F were calculated, and carcass traits were collected 36 h after processing. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, and zoonotic pathogen data were analyzed using chi2 analysis. Sprinkling tended (P = 0.054) to increase the incidence of fecal Salmonella spp. populations on d 98, but simultaneously tended to decrease (P = 0.058) the Escherichia coli O157:H7 incidence on hides on d 98. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars in this study were Kentucky, Muenster, Meleagridis, and Cerro. Performance measures and carcass traits did not differ between treatments (P > 0.10). Under our conditions, sprinkling cattle with water did not affect the incidence of zoonotic pathogens in feces or on hides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Morrow
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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