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Ishikawa H, Ino S, Sasaki H, Fukui T, Kohda C, Tanaka K. The protective effects of intranasal administration of IL-12 given before influenza virus infection and the negative effects of IL-12 treatment given after viral infection. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Medical University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Ino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiraku Sasaki
- Department of Health Science; School of Health and Sports Science; Juntendo University; Inzai Chiba Japan
| | - Toshie Fukui
- Department of Microbiology; Tokyo Medical University; Shinjuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Chikara Kohda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Showa University School of Medicine; Shinagawa-ku Tokyo Japan
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Shi G, Wang H, Zhuang X. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells enhance the expression of melanoma-associated antigen A4 in a Lewis lung cancer murine model. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:809-816. [PMID: 26870289 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-testis (CT) family of antigens are expressed in multiple types of malignant neoplasm and are silent in normal tissues, apart from the testis. Immunotherapy targeting CT antigens is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of solid tumors. One member of this family, melanoma-associated antigen A4 (MAGE-A4), has been demonstrated to be expressed in melanomas and lung cancer. Patients with tumors expressing the MAGE-A4 antigen exhibit specific cellular and humoral immune responses to the antigen, resulting in a favorable prognosis. Conversely, the expression of MAGE-A4 is associated with poor survival in lung cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immunosuppressive cells, which are upregulated in the cancer microenvironment. Little is known regarding any potential correlation between the expression of MAGE-A4 antigens and the accumulation of MDSCs. The present study aimed to examine the association between circulating MDSC levels and MAGE-A4 expression in a mouse model of Lewis lung cancer. The expression of MAGE-A4 in tumor cells or tissues was evaluated using western blotting, while the percentage of MDSCs (CD11b+Gr-1+) in the blood was detected by flow cytometry. In addition, the suppressive capacity of MDSCs and the effectiveness of MDSC depletion were assessed in C57BL/6 tumor-bearing mice. MDSCs were demonstrated to upregulate MAGE-A4 expression via the phosphosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3705 pathway, while depletion of MDSCs decreased the tumor growth rate, prolonged median survival and enhanced the recognition of MAGE-A4 by CD8+ T cells. These findings indicated that immunotherapeutic strategies involving induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that target MAGE-A4, in combination with MDSC depletion, may be an effective approach to immunotherapy for cancer types with high expression of MAGE-A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo, Shandong 255314, P.R. China
| | - Huiru Wang
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xiufen Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
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Stanojevic I, Miller K, Kandolf-Sekulovic L, Mijuskovic Z, Zolotarevski L, Jovic M, Gacevic M, Djukic M, Arsenijevic N, Vojvodic D. A subpopulation that may correspond to granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells reflects the clinical stage and progression of cutaneous melanoma. Int Immunol 2015; 28:87-97. [PMID: 26391013 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-eight melanoma patients and 10 healthy individuals were examined. Follow-up examinations of all melanoma patients were performed regularly every three months. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were defined as lineage negative (CD3(-), CD19(-), CD56(-)), HLA-DR(-/low), CD11b(+) and CD33(+). Classification of granulocytic (GrMDSC) and monocytic (MoMDSC) subsets was based on the CD15 and CD14 expression, respectively. Unlike the MoMDSC, that were present in 60% of healthy controls and 15% of melanoma patients, the GrMDSC were present in all examined participants, and the melanoma patients were found to have statistically higher frequencies compared with healthy controls. Accordingly, we kept focused on GrMDSC frequencies in relation to the melanoma stages and course of the disease. The GrMDSC values are highest in stage IV melanoma patients, with statistical significance compared with stages IA, IB, IIA and IIB. Patients with progression had statistically higher GrMDSC counts comparing with those with stable disease (P = 0.0079). Patients who had progression-free interval (PFI) < 12 months showed significantly higher GrMDSC values compared with those with PFI > 12 months (P = 0.0333). GrMDSC showed significant negative correlation with PFI intervals (P = 0.0095). The GrMDSC subset was predominant in all our patients. We confirmed that GrMDSC do accumulate early in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients and their frequencies correlate narrowly with the clinical stage and the spread of the disease. The increase in GrMDSC frequencies correlates well with a progressive disease and could be considered a potential predictive biomarker of high-risk melanoma cases that are more likely to have a shorter PFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stanojevic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Karolina Miller
- Department of Histopathology, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, DT1 2JY Dorchester, UK
| | | | - Zeljko Mijuskovic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milena Jovic
- Institute for Pathology, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milomir Gacevic
- Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Djukic
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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54
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Ibana JA, Cutay SJ, Romero M, Schust DJ. Parallel Expression of Enzyme Inhibitors of CD8T Cell Activity in Tumor Microenvironments and Secretory Endometrium. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:289-301. [PMID: 26335176 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115602762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The divergent requirement for tolerance to support conception and protective response against sexually transmitted infections defines the unique immunological dynamics in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In part, these requirements are achieved by the cyclic modulation of cytolytic CD8T cell function in the FRT that underlie the respective immunosuppressive and immunocompetent milieus during the secretory and proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle. The CD8T cell function can be dampened by exposure to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and/or arginase enzymes. Indeed, these 2 enzymes are known as primary inducers of immune suppression in tumor microenvironments. This review discusses the intriguing parallel expression of these 2 enzymes in tumor microenvironments and in the secretory endometrium. We surmise that investigating the underlying natural mechanisms that suppress and restore the immunocompetence of CD8T cells in the FRT each month may provide valuable insights into ways to artificially recapitulate these mechanisms and inhibit immune suppression in tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Ibana
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Sandra Jelyn Cutay
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Maevel Romero
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Danny Joseph Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Marvel D, Gabrilovich DI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment: expect the unexpected. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3356-64. [PMID: 26168215 DOI: 10.1172/jci80005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in cancer is becoming increasingly complex. In addition to their eponymous role in suppressing immune responses, they directly support tumor growth, differentiation, and metastasis in a number of ways that are only now beginning to be appreciated. It is because of this increasingly complex role that these cells may become an important factor in the treatment of human cancer. In this Review, we discuss the most pertinent and controversial issues of MDSC biology and their role in promoting cancer progression and highlight how these cells may be used in the clinic, both as prognostic factors and as therapeutic targets.
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56
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Chacon JA, Sarnaik AA, Pilon-Thomas S, Radvanyi L. Triggering co-stimulation directly in melanoma tumor fragments drives CD8 + tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expansion with improved effector-memory properties. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1040219. [PMID: 26587314 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TIL from solid tumors can express activation/co-stimulatory molecules like 4-1BB/CD137, a sign of recent antigenic stimulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This activated state can be exploited ex vivo to enhance the expansion of tumor-reactive CD8+ TIL for adoptive cell therapy through direct addition of immunomodulators to tumor fragments in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ann Chacon
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center; The University of Pennsylvania ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Amod A Sarnaik
- Donald A Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center ; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Donald A Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center ; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Laszlo Radvanyi
- Department of Immunology; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center ; Tampa, FL USA ; Lion Biotechnologies ; Tampa, FL USA
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Shirota H, Tross D, Klinman DM. CpG Oligonucleotides as Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:390-407. [PMID: 26343193 PMCID: PMC4494345 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve host responsiveness to co-delivered vaccines through a variety of mechanisms. Agents that trigger cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate an innate immune response that enhances the induction of vaccine-specific immunity. When administered in combination with vaccines designed to prevent or slow tumor growth, TLR agonists have significantly improved the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, vaccines containing TLR agonists have rarely been able to eliminate large established tumors when administered systemically. To improve efficacy, attention has focused on delivering TLR agonists intra-tumorally with the intent of altering the tumor microenvironment. Agonists targeting TLRs 7/8 or 9 can reduce the frequency of Tregs while causing immunosuppressive MDSC in the tumor bed to differentiate into tumoricidal macrophages thereby enhancing tumor elimination. This work reviews pre-clinical and clinical studies concerning the utility of TLR 7/8/9 agonists as adjuvants for tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Lin X, Xu W, Shao M, Fan Q, Wen G, Li C, Jing L, Sun X. Shenling Baizhu San supresses colitis associated colorectal cancer through inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myeloid-derived suppressor infiltration. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:126. [PMID: 25897964 PMCID: PMC4428101 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Shenling Baizhu San (SBS) is a well-known and classical Chinese medicine formula. It has been used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders for about nine hundred years. Recent reports showed that it was effective in curing colitis and ameliorating the major manifestations of postoperational colorectal cancer (CRC). This study was to evaluate the effects of SBS on azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis associated CRC (caCRC) and to analyze the underlying mechanism of SBS in preventing CRC. Methods The colon tissue of mice in different group was determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot. TGF-β1 in serum was measured by ELISA. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were identified by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results The formed neoplasms phenotypically resembled human caCRC with upregulated β-catenin, p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). SBS treatment reduced the death rate of mice and decreased the incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms. SBS decreased the number of MDSCs and the level of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). SBS alleviated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) through downregulating N-cadherin (N-cad), Vimentin, Fibronectin, Snail, and upregulating E-cadherin (E-cad). It reduced the activation of Wnt5a and EMT induced by TGF-β1. Conclusions SBS reduced the death rate through decreasing the incidence and multiplicity of colonic tumors. SBS lowered MDSCs infiltration and inhibited TGF-β1 induced EMT to exert its anti-caCRC effects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0649-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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59
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Tran Janco JM, Lamichhane P, Karyampudi L, Knutson KL. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in cancer pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2985-91. [PMID: 25795789 PMCID: PMC4369768 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, which is known to affect disease progression in many human malignancies. Infiltration by mature, active DCs into the tumors confers an increase in immune activation and recruitment of disease-fighting immune effector cells and pathways. DCs are the preferential target of infiltrating T cells. However, tumor cells have means of suppressing DC function or of altering the tumor microenvironment in such a way that immune-suppressive DCs are recruited. Advances in understanding these changes have led to promising developments in cancer-therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-infiltrating DCs to subdue their immunosuppressive functions and enhance their immune-stimulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purushottam Lamichhane
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Lavakumar Karyampudi
- Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
| | - Keith L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906; and Cancer Vaccines and Immune Therapies Program, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987
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60
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Wu AA, Drake V, Huang HS, Chiu S, Zheng L. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors paralyze T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016700. [PMID: 26140242 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that tumor-induced immuno-suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment play a major role in suppressing normal functions of effector T cells. These factors serve as hurdles that limit the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapies. This review focuses on illustrating the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, including evasion of T-cell recognition, interference with T-cell trafficking, metabolism, and functions, induction of resistance to T-cell killing, and apoptosis of T cells. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of strategies to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.
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Key Words
- 1MT, 1-methyltryptophan
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- Gal1, galectin-1
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IMC, immature myeloid cell
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility
- MICA, MHC class I related molecule A
- MICB, MHC class I related molecule B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PD-1, program death receptor-1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RCAS1, receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on Siso cells 1
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SVV, survivin
- T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- iNOS, inducible nitric-oxide synthase
- immunosuppression
- immunosuppressive factors
- immunotherapy
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie A Wu
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- School of Medicine; University of Maryland ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - ShihChi Chiu
- College of Medicine; National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Tkach AV, Gutkin DW, Star A, Shurin GV, Kagan VE, Shurin MR. MDSC and TGFβ Are Required for Facilitation of Tumor Growth in the Lungs of Mice Exposed to Carbon Nanotubes. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1615-23. [PMID: 25744719 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, changes have been observed in the frequency of different histologic subtypes of lung cancer, one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality, with a declining proportion of squamous cell carcinomas and an increasing proportion of adenocarcinomas, particularly in developed countries. This suggests the emergence of new etiologic factors and mechanisms, including those defining the lung microenvironment, promoting tumor growth. Assuming that the lung is the main portal of entry for broadly used nanomaterials and their established proinflammatory propensities, we hypothesized that nanomaterials may contribute to changes facilitating tumor growth. Here, we report that an acute exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) induces recruitment and accumulation of lung-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and MDSC-derived production of TGFβ, resulting in upregulated tumor burden in the lung. The production of TGFβ by MDSC requires their interaction with both SWCNT and tumor cells. We conclude that pulmonary exposure to SWCNT favors the formation of a niche that supports ingrowth of lung carcinoma in vivo via activation of TGFβ production by SWCNT-attracted and -presensitized MDSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | | | | | | | - Dmitriy W Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Draghiciu O, Nijman HW, Hoogeboom BN, Meijerhof T, Daemen T. Sunitinib depletes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and synergizes with a cancer vaccine to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and tumor eradication. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e989764. [PMID: 25949902 PMCID: PMC4404834 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.989764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The high efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines in preclinical studies has yet to be fully achieved in clinical trials. Tumor immune suppression is a critical factor that hampers the desired antitumor effect. Here, we analyzed the combined effect of a cancer vaccine and the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Sunitinib was administered intraperitoneally, alone or in combination with intramuscular immunization using a viral vector based cancer vaccine composed of Semliki Forest virus replicon particles and encoding the oncoproteins E6 and E7 (SFVeE6,7) of human papilloma virus (HPV). We first demonstrated that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with sunitinib alone dose-dependently depleted myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor, spleen and in circulation. Concomitantly, the number of CD8+ T cells increased 2-fold and, on the basis of CD69 expression, their activation status was greatly enhanced. The intrinsic immunosuppressive activity of residual MDSCs after sunitinib treatment was not changed in a dose-dependent fashion. We next combined sunitinib treatment with SFVeE6,7 immunization. This combined treatment resulted in a 1.5- and 3-fold increase of E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) present within the circulation and tumor, respectively, as compared to immunization only. The ratio of E7-specific CTLs to MDSCs in blood thereby increased 10- to 20-fold and in tumors up to 12.5-fold. As a result, the combined treatment strongly enhanced the antitumor effect of the cancer vaccine. This study demonstrates that sunitinib creates a favorable microenvironment depleted of MDSCs and acts synergistically with a cancer vaccine resulting in enhanced levels of active tumor-antigen specific CTLs, thus changing the balance in favor of antitumor immunity.
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Key Words
- ARG1, arginase-1
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DC, dendritic cell
- Flt3, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- Semliki Forest virus
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
- cancer vaccine
- iNOS, nitric oxide synthase
- mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- rSFV, recombinant Semliki forest virus
- sunitinib
- suppressive factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje Nynke Hoogeboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
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Botta C, Gullà A, Correale P, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in multiple myeloma: pre-clinical research and translational opportunities. Front Oncol 2014; 4:348. [PMID: 25538892 PMCID: PMC4258997 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells have been reported to play an important role in tumor-progression mainly because of their capability to promote immune-escape, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Among them, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been recently identified as immature myeloid cells, induced by tumor-associated inflammation, able to impair both innate and adaptive immunity. While murine MDSCs are usually identified by the expression of CD11b and Gr1, human MDSCs represent a more heterogeneous population characterized by the expression of CD33 and CD11b, low or no HLA-DR, and variable CD14 and CD15. In particular, the last two may alternatively identify monocyte-like or granulocyte-like MDSC subsets with different immunosuppressive properties. Recently, a substantial increase of MDSCs has been found in peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) of multiple myeloma (MM) patients with a role in disease progression and/or drug resistance. Pre-clinical models recapitulating the complexity of the MM-related BM microenvironment (BMM) are major tools for the study of the interactions between MM cells and cells of the BMM (including MDSCs) and for the development of new agents targeting MM-associated immune-suppressive cells. This review will focus on current strategies for human MDSCs generation and investigation of their immunosuppressive function in vitro and in vivo, taking into account the relevant relationship occurring within the MM–BMM. We will then provide trends in MDSC-associated research and suggest potential application for the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cirino Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, "Salvatore Venuta" University Campus , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Annamaria Gullà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, "Salvatore Venuta" University Campus , Catanzaro , Italy
| | | | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, "Salvatore Venuta" University Campus , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University and Medical Oncology Unit, T. Campanella Cancer Center, "Salvatore Venuta" University Campus , Catanzaro , Italy ; Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Behr DS, Peitsch WK, Hametner C, Lasitschka F, Houben R, Schönhaar K, Michel J, Dollt C, Goebeler M, Marx A, Goerdt S, Schmieder A. Prognostic value of immune cell infiltration, tertiary lymphoid structures and PD-L1 expression in Merkel cell carcinomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:7610-7621. [PMID: 25550797 PMCID: PMC4270630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive, virus-associated, neuroendocrine tumor of the skin mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. Higher intratumoral infiltration with CD3 and CD8 positive T-cells is associated with a better prognosis, highlighting the relevance of the immune system for MCC development and progression. In this study 21 primary MCCs were stained with immune cell markers including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20, and S100. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, tertiary lymphoid structures and PD-L1 expression were analyzed and correlated with overall and recurrence free survival. All MCCs were Merkel Cell Polyomavirus positive. Overall and recurrence-free survival did not correlate with intra- and peritumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell infiltration. In addition, no significant association regarding prognosis was found for tumor-associated neutrophils, tumor-associated macrophages or PD-L1 positivity in MCCs. Interestingly, the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment significantly correlated with recurrence-free survival (P=0.025). In addition, TLS were significantly associated with a higher CD8/CD4 ratio in the tumor periphery (P=0.032), but not in the center of the tumor (P > 0.999). These results demonstrate for the first time that TLS, easily assessed in paraffin-embedded tissue in the tumor periphery of MCCs, may be a valuable prognostic factor indicating prolonged recurrence free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Behr
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Christian Hametner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Julius Maximilians UniversityWürzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schönhaar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Michel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Dollt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Julius Maximilians UniversityWürzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Schmieder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheim, Germany
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65
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Xu Y, Zhao W, Wu D, Xu J, Lin S, Tang K, Yin Z, Wang X. Isolation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells subsets from spleens of orthotopic liver cancer-bearing mice by fluorescent-activated and magnetic-activated cell sorting: similarities and differences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:7545-7553. [PMID: 25550790 PMCID: PMC4270530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that commonly expand during tumor development and that play a critical role in suppression of immune responses. MDSCs can be classified into two groups: Mo-MDSCs and G-MDSCs. These cells differ in their morphology, phenotype, differentiation ability, and immunosuppressive activity, and inhibit immune responses via different mechanisms. Therefore, identifying an effective method for isolating viable Mo-MDSCs and G-MDSCs is important. Here, we demonstrated the differences and similarities between fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) in sorting G-MDSCs and Mo-MDSCs. Both MACS and FACS could obtain G-MDSCs and Mo-MDSCs with high viability and purity. A high yield and purity of G-MDSCs could be obtained both by using FACS and MACS, because G-MDSCs are highly expressed in the spleen of tumor-bearing mice. However, Mo-MDSCs, which comprise a small population among leukocytes, when sorted by MACS, could be obtained at much greater cell number, although with a slightly lower purity, than when sorted by FACS. In conclusion, we recommended using both FACS and MACS for isolating G-MDSCs, and using MACS for isolation of Mo-MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Duan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Suqiong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital) Xiamen, China
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66
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Kim EK, Jeon I, Seo H, Park YJ, Song B, Lee KA, Jang Y, Chung Y, Kang CY. Tumor-derived osteopontin suppresses antitumor immunity by promoting extramedullary myelopoiesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6705-16. [PMID: 25273090 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extramedullary myelopoiesis occurs commonly in tumor-bearing animals and is known to lead to accumulation of peripheral myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which play an important role in immune escape. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which tumors induce extramedullary myelopoiesis are poorly understood. In this study, we found that osteopontin expressed by tumor cells enhances extramedullary myelopoiesis in a CD44-dependent manner through the Erk1/2-MAPK pathway. Osteopontin-mediated extramedullary myelopoiesis was directly associated with increased MDSCs in tumor-bearing hosts. More importantly, osteopontin silencing in tumor cells delayed both tumor growth and extramedullary myelopoiesis, while the same treatment did not affect tumor growth in vitro. Finally, treatment with an antibody against osteopontin inhibited tumor growth and synergized with cell-based immunotherapeutic vaccines in mediating antitumor immunity. Our findings unveil a novel immunosuppressive role for tumor-derived osteopontin and offer a rationale for its therapeutic targeting in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insu Jeon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungseok Seo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyeong Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoo-A Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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67
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Bazhin AV, von Ahn K, Maier C, Soltek S, Serba S, Diehl L, Werner J, Karakhanova S. Immunological in vivo effects of B7-H1 deficiency. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:273-86. [PMID: 25173046 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
B7-H1 regulatory protein, a member of the B7-H family, plays a crucial role in the modulation of immune response in healthy steady-state conditions as well as in different pathologies. B7-H1 knockout mice represent an important model to elucidate further molecular and cellular mechanisms involved, among others, in autoimmunity development and cancer progression. However, a deep immunologic characterization of this model is not complete yet. This study examined the role of B7-H1 in vivo further by direct comparison of specifically phenotyped spleen immune-cell subpopulations and their activation and naïve/memory state as well as cytokine profile in wild-type and B7-H1 knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that B7-H1 deficiency in vivo modulates several immunological parameters, including the amount and composition of Gr1(+)CD11b(+) myeloid population, the composition and activation state of the DC compartment, the frequency and status of NK and NKT cells, B-cells, naïve/memory state of CD8 T-cells and production of IL-2 and IL-10 cytokines. Moreover, we observed an increase in the PD-1 expression in the immune cells in B7-H1 knockout mice compared to the wild-type animals. Valuing the importance of B7-H1 knockout mice for their use in disease models, these data underline the role of B7-H1 in vivo also in healthy state and should be taken into account in future studies on this immunosuppressive molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katharina von Ahn
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Maier
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Soltek
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Serba
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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68
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Keskinov AA, Shurin MR. Myeloid regulatory cells in tumor spreading and metastasis. Immunobiology 2014; 220:236-42. [PMID: 25178934 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of metastasis is determined by both the accretion of essential changes in cancerous cells and by their communications with different stromal elements in the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, inflammatory response and emergence of immune regulatory cells, such and myeloid regulatory cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and lymphoid regulatory cells (regulatory T, B and NK cells) to the tumor site have been reported to support tumor growth in addition to spreading and metastasis. Every phase of tumor progression, from its initiation through metastatic expansion, is endorsed by interaction between malignant and immune cells mediated by a number of growth factors, cytokines, proteases and other molecules that modify the tumor microenvironment. Invasion and metastasis depend on intratumoral vascularization, alterations of the basement membrane and degradation of the extracellular matrix for tumor cell spreading, invasion and extravasation into the blood and lymphatic vessels. The consequent dissemination of cancerous cells to distant tissues and organs necessitates a trafficking through the vasculature, which is promoted by further interactions with cells of the immune system, including myeloid regulatory cells. Moreover, the formation of the pre-metastatic niche and specific metastasis organ tropism is also regulated and controlled by bone marrow-derived hematopoietic immune progenitor cells, immature myeloid cells and certain cytokines, chemokines and growth factors derived from tumor and immune cells, which amend the local microenvironment of the organ or tissue to promote adhesion and survival of circulating cancerous cells. Although the potential role for myeloid regulatory cells in tumor spreading and development of pre-metastatic niche has been suggested, the concept still requires further supportive experimental and clinical data, as well as data related to specific factors and mechanisms responsible for myeloid regulatory cell functioning at malignant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Keskinov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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69
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Stone SC, Rossetti RAM, Bolpetti A, Boccardo E, de Araujo Souza PS, Lepique AP. HPV16-associated tumors control myeloid cell homeostasis in lymphoid organs, generating a suppressor environment for T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:619-31. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0513-282r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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70
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Zhang H, Chin AI. Role of Rip2 in development of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and bladder cancer metastasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94793. [PMID: 24733360 PMCID: PMC3986223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastases represent a complex series of molecular events that portends a poor prognosis. The contribution of inflammatory pathways mediating this process is not well understood. Nod-like receptors (NLRs) of innate immunity function as intracellular sensors of pathogen motifs and danger molecules. We propose a role of NLRs in tumor surveillance and in programming tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In this study, we examined the downstream serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase Rip2 in a murine model of bladder cancer. In Rip2-deficient C57Bl6 mice, larger orthotopic MB49 tumors developed with more numerous and higher incidence of metastases compared to wild-type controls. As such, increased tumor infiltration of CD11b+Gr1hi myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) with concomitant decrease in T cells and NK cells were observed in Rip2-deficient tumor bearing animals using orthotopic and subcutaneous tumor models. Rip2-deficient tumors showed enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, with elevated expression of zeb1, zeb2, twist, and snail in the tumor microenvironment. We found that the absence of Rip2 plays an intrinsic role in fostering the development of granulocytic MDSCs by an autocrine and paracrine effect of granulocytic colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression. Our findings suggest that NLR pathways may be a novel modality to program TILs and influence tumor metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold I. Chin
- Department of Urology, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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71
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Goh C, Narayanan S, Hahn YS. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the dark knight or the joker in viral infections? Immunol Rev 2014; 255:210-21. [PMID: 23947357 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells of myeloid origin, frequently found in tumor microenvironments and in the blood of cancer patients. In recent years, MDSCs have also been found in non-cancer settings, including a number of viral infections. The evasion of host immunity employed by viruses to establish viral persistence strikingly parallels mechanisms of tumor escape, prompting investigations into the generation and function of MDSCs in chronic viral infections. Importantly, analogous to the tumor microenvironment, MDSCs effectively suppress antiviral host immunity by limiting the function of several immune cells including T cells, natural killer cells, and antigen-presenting cells. In this article, we review studies on the mechanisms of MDSC generation, accumulation, and survival in an effort to understand their emergent importance in viral infections. We include a growing list of viral infections in which MDSCs have been reported. Finally, we discuss how MDSCs might play a role in establishing chronic viral infections and identify potential therapeutics that target MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Goh
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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72
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Gupta N, Al Ustwani O, Shen L, Pili R. Mechanism of action and clinical activity of tasquinimod in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:223-34. [PMID: 24600234 PMCID: PMC3928061 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s53524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a disease where survival is poor and treatment is challenging. Over the past 3 years, significant advances in the field have been made with US Food and Drug Administration approval of new drugs for patients with CRPC. However, despite the presence of new approved drugs such as enzalutamide, abiraterone, sipuleucel-T, cabazitaxel, and alpharadin, there is still an unmet need for novel agents with different mechanisms of action to target CRPC. Based on earlier studies demonstrating therapeutic potential of a quinoline-3-carboxamide agent roquinimex as an anticancer drug, efforts were directed to identify other useful members in this class. Tasquinimod is a second-generation quinoline-3-carboxamide agent that is currently in final stages of clinical development as a treatment for CRPC. The preclinical studies of tasquinimod have formed the basis for its success as an antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory agent in this disease. Tasquinimod is an orally available agent that has shown efficacy and favorable safety profile as deduced by the results of Phase I and II clinical trials of this drug in prostate cancer. The place of tasquinimod in the treatment of CRPC patients is currently under examination in an ongoing Phase III clinical trial. In this review, we will discuss tasquinimod, starting from its discovery and current knowledge on potential mechanisms of action to its clinical potential in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Omar Al Ustwani
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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73
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Kolb R, Liu GH, Janowski AM, Sutterwala FS, Zhang W. Inflammasomes in cancer: a double-edged sword. Protein Cell 2014; 5:12-20. [PMID: 24474192 PMCID: PMC3938856 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory responses have long been observed to be associated with various types of cancer and play decisive roles at different stages of cancer development. Inflammasomes, which are potent inducers of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 during inflammation, are large protein complexes typically consisting of a Nod-like receptor (NLR), the adapter protein ASC, and Caspase-1. During malignant transformation or cancer therapy, the inflammasomes are postulated to become activated in response to danger signals arising from the tumors or from therapy-induced damage to the tumor or healthy tissue. The activation of inflammasomes plays diverse and sometimes contrasting roles in cancer promotion and therapy depending on the specific context. Here we summarize the role of different inflammasome complexes in cancer progression and therapy. Inflammasome components and pathways may provide novel targets to treat certain types of cancer; however, using such agents should be cautiously evaluated due to the complex roles that inflammasomes and pro-inflammatory cytokines play in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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74
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Mikyšková R, Indrová M, Vlková V, Bieblová J, Šímová J, Paračková Z, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Rossowska J, Reiniš M. DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine inhibits myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by tumor growth and cyclophosphamide treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:743-753. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0813435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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75
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Al-Taei S, Banner R, Powell N, Evans M, Palaniappan N, Tabi Z, Man S. Decreased HPV-specific T cell responses and accumulation of immunosuppressive influences in oropharyngeal cancer patients following radical therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1821-30. [PMID: 24146146 PMCID: PMC11028645 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is a type of squamous cell head and neck cancer that is often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, suggesting the potential for immunotherapeutic targeting of HPV antigens. This study aimed to determine the effect of radical therapy on HPV-specific T cells and other immune parameters in 20 OPC patients, as a prelude to future immunotherapy studies. HPV DNA could be detected in 9/12 available tissue samples (8/9 HPV(+) samples were also p16(+)). HPV-specific T cell responses against HPV16 E6 and E7 peptides were detected by enzyme-linked immunoSPOT in 10/13 and 8/13 evaluable patients, respectively, but did not appear to correlate with HPV status. Post-treatment, both HPV E6 and E7 T cell responses were decreased (4/13 and 2/13 patients, respectively). These reductions in T cell response could not be explained by a concurrent decrease in memory T cells whose absolute numbers were relatively unaffected by radical therapy (27,975 vs. 25,661/10(5) PBMC) despite a significant decrease in overall lymphocyte counts (1.74 vs. 0.69 × 10(9)/L). Instead, there were significant increases in regulatory T cells (3.7 vs. 6.8 %) and a population of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (CD14(-)HLA-DR(-)CD15(hi), 12.38 vs. 21.92 %). This suggests that immunosuppression may contribute to the reduction in HPV-specific T cell responses post-treatment, although study of larger patient cohorts will be required to test whether this affects clinical outcome. Overall these findings suggest that HPV-targeted immunotherapy in post-therapy OPC patients will require multiple strategies to boost T cell immunity and to overcome the influence of immunosuppressive cells.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cell Proliferation
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Human papillomavirus 16/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/virology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/therapy
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/virology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/therapy
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ned Powell
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cancer and Genetics Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Man
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cancer and Genetics Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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76
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Inflammasomes in cancer: a double-edged sword. Protein Cell 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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77
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Baronzio G, Parmar G, Shubina IZ, Cassutti V, Giuli S, Ballerini M, Kiselevsky M. Update on the challenges and recent advances in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther 2013; 2:39-49. [PMID: 27471687 PMCID: PMC4928368 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s30818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This overview provides an analysis of some of the immunotherapies currently in use and under investigation, with a special focus on the tumor microenvironment, which we believe is a major factor responsible for the general failure of immunotherapy to date. It is our expectation that combining immunotherapy with methods of altering the tumor microenvironment and targeting regulatory T cells and myeloid cells will yield favorable results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurdev Parmar
- Integrated Health Clinic, Fort Langley, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Irina Zh Shubina
- Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valter Cassutti
- Centro Medico Demetra: Hyperthermia and Immunity Center, Terni, Italy
| | - Sergio Giuli
- Centro Medico Demetra: Hyperthermia and Immunity Center, Terni, Italy
| | - Marco Ballerini
- Centro Medico Demetra: Hyperthermia and Immunity Center, Terni, Italy
| | - Mikhail Kiselevsky
- Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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78
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Lavoué V, Thédrez A, Levêque J, Foucher F, Henno S, Jauffret V, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Catros V, Cabillic F. Immunity of human epithelial ovarian carcinoma: the paradigm of immune suppression in cancer. J Transl Med 2013; 11:147. [PMID: 23763830 PMCID: PMC3683338 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in women, and there has been no substantial decrease in the death rates due to EOC in the last three decades. Thus, basic knowledge regarding ovarian tumor cell biology is urgently needed to allow the development of innovative treatments for EOC. Traditionally, EOC has not been considered an immunogenic tumor, but there is evidence of an immune response to EOC in patients. Clinical data demonstrate that an antitumor immune response and immune evasion mechanisms are correlated with a better and lower survival, respectively, providing evidence for the immunoediting hypothesis in EOC. This review focuses on the immune response and immune suppression in EOC. The immunological roles of chemotherapy and surgery in EOC are also described. Finally, we detail pilot data supporting the efficiency of immunotherapy in the treatment of EOC and the emerging concept that immunomodulation aimed at counteracting the immunosuppressive microenvironment must be associated with immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Lavoué
- Lady Davis Institut, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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79
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Chang SY, Kim YJ, Ko HJ. Potential therapeutic anti-tumor effect of a Salmonella-based vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1654-60. [PMID: 23733040 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles to achieving complete eradication of tumors, even in the presence of circulating tumor-specific immunity, is the tumor-induced immunosuppressive environment, which includes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Attenuated microorganisms have emerged as candidates for a novel anti-cancer approach in which they enhance anti-cancer immunity by boosting the innate immune system. Herein, we will discuss current innate-immunity activating strategies for anti-cancer therapy, with a focus on our recently reported approach involving the use of intratumoral injection of recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine; this approach elicits transformation of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells into TNF-α-secreting cells with characteristics of neutrophils, and reduces the generation of regulatory T cells, particularly in the presence of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology; College of Pharmacy; Ajou University; Suwon, Korea
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80
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Jewett A. Special issue on immune responses in tumors and non-transformed inflammatory microenvironments. J Cancer 2012; 4:1-2. [PMID: 23386899 PMCID: PMC3564241 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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