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Galdos FX, Guo Y, Paige SL, VanDusen NJ, Wu SM, Pu WT. Cardiac Regeneration: Lessons From Development. Circ Res 2017; 120:941-959. [PMID: 28302741 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sharon L Paige
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Nathan J VanDusen
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - William T Pu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
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Alajbegovic A, Turczyńska KM, Hien TT, Cidad P, Swärd K, Hellstrand P, Della Corte A, Forte A, Albinsson S. Regulation of microRNA expression in vascular smooth muscle by MRTF-A and actin polymerization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:1088-1098. [PMID: 27939432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton in smooth muscle cells play an important role in a number of cardiovascular disease states. The state of actin does not only mediate mechanical stability and contractile function but can also regulate gene expression via myocardin related transcription factors (MRTFs). These transcriptional co-activators regulate genes encoding contractile and cytoskeletal proteins in smooth muscle. Regulation of small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) by actin polymerization may mediate some of these effects. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression by post-transcriptional regulation of target messenger RNA. In this study we aimed to determine a profile of miRNAs that were 1) regulated by actin/MRTF-A, 2) associated with the contractile smooth muscle phenotype and 3) enriched in muscle cells. This analysis was performed using cardiovascular disease-focused miRNA arrays in both mouse and human cells. The potential clinical importance of actin polymerization in aortic aneurysm was evaluated using biopsies from mildly dilated human thoracic aorta in patients with stenotic tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve. By integrating information from multiple qPCR based miRNA arrays we identified a group of five miRNAs (miR-1, miR-22, miR-143, miR-145 and miR-378a) that were sensitive to actin polymerization and MRTF-A overexpression in both mouse and human vascular smooth muscle. With the exception of miR-22, these miRNAs were also relatively enriched in striated and/or smooth muscle containing tissues. Actin polymerization was found to be dramatically reduced in the aorta from patients with mild aortic dilations. This was associated with a decrease in actin/MRTF-regulated miRNAs. In conclusion, the transcriptional co-activator MRTF-A and actin polymerization regulated a subset of miRNAs in vascular smooth muscle. Identification of novel miRNAs regulated by actin/MRTF-A may provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying vascular disease states, such as aortic aneurysm, as well as novel ideas regarding therapeutic strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Alajbegovic
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Tran Thi Hien
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pilar Cidad
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología and Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Hellstrand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Amalia Forte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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MicroRNA-mediated maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Towards a better model for cardiotoxicity? Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Bedada FB, Martindale JJ, Arden E, Metzger JM. Molecular inotropy mediated by cardiac miR-based PDE4D/PRKAR1α/phosphoprotein signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36803. [PMID: 27833092 PMCID: PMC5105063 DOI: 10.1038/srep36803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular inotropy refers to cardiac contractility that can be modified to affect overall heart pump performance. Here we show evidence of a new molecular pathway for positive inotropy by a cardiac-restricted microRNA (miR). We report enhanced cardiac myocyte performance by acute titration of cardiac myosin-embedded miR-208a. The observed positive effect was independent of host gene myosin effects with evidence of negative regulation of cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) and the regulatory subunit of PKA (PRKAR1α) content culminating in PKA-site dependent phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and phospholamban (PLN). Further, acute inhibition of miR-208a in adult myocytes in vitro increased PDE4D expression causing reduced isoproterenol-mediated phosphorylation of cTnI and PLN. Next, rAAV-mediated miR-208a gene delivery enhanced heart contractility and relaxation parameters in vivo. Finally, acute inducible increases in cardiac miR-208a in vivo reduced PDE4D and PRKAR1α, with evidence of increased content of several complementary miRs harboring the PDE4D recognition sequence. Physiologically, this resulted in significant cardiac cTnI and PLN phosphorylation and improved heart performance in vivo. As phosphorylation of cTnI and PLN is critical to myocyte function, titration of miR-208a represents a potential new mechanism to enhance myocardial performance via the PDE4D/PRKAR1α/PKA phosphoprotein signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikru B. Bedada
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Joshua J. Martindale
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Erik Arden
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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Srivastava D, DeWitt N. In Vivo Cellular Reprogramming: The Next Generation. Cell 2016; 166:1386-1396. [PMID: 27610565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming technology has created new opportunities in understanding human disease, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. While a combinatorial code was initially found to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency, a "second generation" of cellular reprogramming involves lineage-restricted transcription factors and microRNAs that directly reprogram one somatic cell to another. This technology was enabled by gene networks active during development, which induce global shifts in the epigenetic landscape driving cell fate decisions. A major utility of direct reprogramming is the potential of harnessing resident support cells within damaged organs to regenerate lost tissue by converting them into the desired cell type in situ. Here, we review the progress in direct cellular reprogramming, with a focus on the paradigm of in vivo reprogramming for regenerative medicine, while pointing to hurdles that must be overcome to translate this technology into future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Natalie DeWitt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Zhao J, Zhang W, Lin M, Wu W, Jiang P, Tou E, Xue M, Richards A, Jourd'heuil D, Asif A, Zheng D, Singer HA, Miano JM, Long X. MYOSLID Is a Novel Serum Response Factor-Dependent Long Noncoding RNA That Amplifies the Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation Program. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2088-99. [PMID: 27444199 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) represent a growing class of noncoding genes with diverse cellular functions. We previously reported on SENCR, an lncRNA that seems to support the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contractile phenotype. However, information about the VSMC-specific lncRNAs regulated by myocardin (MYOCD)/serum response factor, the master switch for VSMC differentiation, is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS To define novel lncRNAs with functions related to VSMC differentiation, we performed RNA sequencing in human coronary artery SMCs that overexpress MYOCD. Several novel lncRNAs showed altered expression with MYOCD overexpression and one, named MYOcardin-induced Smooth muscle LncRNA, Inducer of Differentiation (MYOSLID), was activated by MYOCD and selectively expressed in VSMCs. MYOSLID was a direct transcriptional target of both MYOCD/serum response factor and transforming growth factor-β/SMAD pathways. Functional studies revealed that MYOSLID promotes VSMC differentiation and inhibits VSMC proliferation. MYOSLID showed reduced expression in failed human arteriovenous fistula samples compared with healthy veins. Although MYOSLID did not affect gene expression of transcription factors, such as serum response factor and MYOCD, its depletion in VSMCs disrupted actin stress fiber formation and blocked nuclear translocation of MYOCD-related transcription factor A (MKL1). Finally, loss of MYOSLID abrogated transforming growth factor-β1-induced SMAD2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that MYOSLID, the first human VSMC-selective and serum response factor/CArG-dependent lncRNA, is a novel modulator in amplifying the VSMC differentiation program, likely through feed-forward actions of both MKL1 and transforming growth factor-β/SMAD pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Zhao
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Mingyan Lin
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Wen Wu
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Emiley Tou
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Min Xue
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Angelene Richards
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - David Jourd'heuil
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Arif Asif
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Deyou Zheng
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Harold A Singer
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Joseph M Miano
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.)
| | - Xiaochun Long
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (J.Z., W.Z., W.W., E.T., M.X., A.R., D.J., H.A.S., X.L.), Albany Medical College, NY; Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ (A.A.); Departments of Genetics (M.L., D.Z.) and Neurology and Neuroscience (D.Z.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY (P.J., J.M.M.); and National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China (M.X.).
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Ballarino M, Morlando M, Fatica A, Bozzoni I. Non-coding RNAs in muscle differentiation and musculoskeletal disease. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2021-30. [PMID: 27249675 DOI: 10.1172/jci84419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA is likely to be the most rediscovered macromolecule in biology. Periodically, new non-canonical functions have been ascribed to RNA, such as the ability to act as a catalytic molecule or to work independently from its coding capacity. Recent annotations show that more than half of the transcriptome encodes for RNA molecules lacking coding activity. Here we illustrate how these transcripts affect skeletal muscle differentiation and related disorders. We discuss the most recent scientific discoveries that have led to the identification of the molecular circuitries that are controlled by RNA during the differentiation process and that, when deregulated, lead to pathogenic events. These findings will provide insights that can aid in the development of new therapeutic interventions for muscle diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cell Differentiation
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Development/genetics
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Musculoskeletal Diseases/genetics
- Musculoskeletal Diseases/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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59
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Coll-Bonfill N, de la Cruz-Thea B, Pisano MV, Musri MM. Noncoding RNAs in smooth muscle cell homeostasis: implications in phenotypic switch and vascular disorders. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1071-87. [PMID: 27109570 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are a highly specialized cell type that exhibit extraordinary plasticity in adult animals in response to a number of environmental cues. Upon vascular injury, SMC undergo phenotypic switch from a contractile-differentiated to a proliferative/migratory-dedifferentiated phenotype. This process plays a major role in vascular lesion formation and during the development of vascular remodeling. Vascular remodeling comprises the accumulation of dedifferentiated SMC in the intima of arteries and is central to a number of vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern SMC phenotype. In the last decade, a number of new classes of noncoding RNAs have been described. These molecules have emerged as key factors controlling tissue homeostasis during physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in the regulation of SMC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Coll-Bonfill
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B de la Cruz-Thea
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M V Pisano
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M M Musri
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Cardiac-specific miRNA in cardiogenesis, heart function, and cardiac pathology (with focus on myocardial infarction). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 94:107-121. [PMID: 27056419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac miRNAs (miR-1, miR133a, miR-208a/b, and miR-499) are abundantly expressed in the myocardium. They play a central role in cardiogenesis, heart function and pathology. While miR-1 and miR-133a predominantly control early stages of cardiogenesis supporting commitment of cardiac-specific muscle lineage from embryonic stem cells and mesodermal precursors, miR-208 and miR-499 are involved in the late cardiogenic stages mediating differentiation of cardioblasts to cardiomyocytes and fast/slow muscle fiber specification. In the heart, miR-1/133a control cardiac conductance and automaticity by regulating all phases of the cardiac action potential. miR-208/499 located in introns of the heavy chain myosin genes regulate expression of sarcomeric contractile proteins. In cardiac pathology including myocardial infarction (MI), expression of cardiac miRNAs is markedly altered that leads to deleterious effects associated with heart wounding, arrhythmia, increased apoptosis, fibrosis, hypertrophy, and tissue remodeling. In acute MI, circulating levels of cardiac miRNAs are significantly elevated making them to be a promising diagnostic marker for early diagnosis of acute MI. Great cardiospecific capacity of these miRNAs is very helpful for enhancing regenerative properties and survival of stem cell and cardiac progenitor transplants and for reprogramming of mature non-cardiac cells to cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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61
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Jin HY, Xiao C. MicroRNA Mechanisms of Action: What have We Learned from Mice? Front Genet 2015; 6:328. [PMID: 26635864 PMCID: PMC4644800 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yong Jin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA ; Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
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62
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Srivastava D, Yu P. Recent advances in direct cardiac reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:77-81. [PMID: 26454285 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human adult cardiomyocytes have limited regenerative capacity resulting in permanent loss of cardiomyocytes in the setting of many forms of heart disease. In an effort to replace lost cells, several groups have reported successful reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) without going through an intermediate progenitor or stem cell stage in murine and human models. This direct cardiac reprogramming approach holds promise as a potential method for regenerative medicine in the future and for dissecting the regulatory control of cell fate determination. Here we review the recent advances in the direct cardiac reprogramming field and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Penghzi Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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63
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Parchem RJ, Moore N, Fish JL, Parchem JG, Braga TT, Shenoy A, Oldham MC, Rubenstein JLR, Schneider RA, Blelloch R. miR-302 Is Required for Timing of Neural Differentiation, Neural Tube Closure, and Embryonic Viability. Cell Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212322 PMCID: PMC4741278 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved miR-302 family of microRNAs is expressed during early mammalian embryonic development. Here, we report that deletion of miR-302a-d in mice results in a fully penetrant late embryonic lethal phenotype. Knockout embryos have an anterior neural tube closure defect associated with a thickened neuroepithelium. The neuroepithelium shows increased progenitor proliferation, decreased cell death, and precocious neuronal differentiation. mRNA profiling at multiple time points during neurulation uncovers a complex pattern of changing targets over time. Overexpression of one of these targets, Fgf15, in the neuroepithelium of the chick embryo induces precocious neuronal differentiation. Compound mutants between mir-302 and the related mir-290 locus have a synthetic lethal phenotype prior to neurulation. Our results show that mir-302 helps regulate neurulation by suppressing neural progenitor expansion and precocious differentiation. Furthermore, these results uncover redundant roles for mir-290 and mir-302 early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Parchem
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicole Moore
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jacqueline G Parchem
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Archana Shenoy
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael C Oldham
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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64
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Abstract
The human heart has a limited capacity to regenerate lost or damaged cardiomyocytes after cardiac insult. Instead, myocardial injury is characterized by extensive cardiac remodeling by fibroblasts, resulting in the eventual deterioration of cardiac structure and function. Cardiac function would be improved if these fibroblasts could be converted into cardiomyocytes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that promote mRNA degradation and inhibit mRNA translation, have been shown to be important in cardiac development. Using this information, various researchers have used miRNAs to promote the formation of cardiomyocytes through several approaches. Several miRNAs acting in combination promote the direct conversion of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Moreover, several miRNAs have been identified that aid the formation of inducible pluripotent stem cells and miRNAs also induce these cells to adopt a cardiac fate. MiRNAs have also been implicated in resident cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. In this review, we discuss the current literature as it pertains to these processes, as well as discussing the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Hodgkinson
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Martin H Kang
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sophie Dal-Pra
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Victor J Dzau
- From the Mandel Center for Hypertension Research and Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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65
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Torrado M, Franco D, Lozano-Velasco E, Hernández-Torres F, Calviño R, Aldama G, Centeno A, Castro-Beiras A, Mikhailov A. A MicroRNA-Transcription Factor Blueprint for Early Atrial Arrhythmogenic Remodeling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:263151. [PMID: 26221584 PMCID: PMC4499376 DOI: 10.1155/2015/263151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous self-terminating atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common heart rhythm disorders, yet the regulatory molecular mechanisms underlying this syndrome are rather unclear. MicroRNA (miRNA) transcriptome and expression of candidate transcription factors (TFs) with potential roles in arrhythmogenesis, such as Pitx2, Tbx5, and myocardin (Myocd), were analyzed by microarray, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting in left atrial (LA) samples from pigs with transitory AF established by right atrial tachypacing. Induced ectopic tachyarrhythmia caused rapid and substantial miRNA remodeling associated with a marked downregulation of Pitx2, Tbx5, and Myocd expression in atrial myocardium. The downregulation of Pitx2, Tbx5, and Myocd was inversely correlated with upregulation of the corresponding targeting miRNAs (miR-21, miR-10a/10b, and miR-1, resp.) in the LA of paced animals. Through in vitro transient transfections of HL-1 atrial myocytes, we further showed that upregulation of miR-21 did result in downregulation of Pitx2 in cardiomyocyte background. The results suggest that immediate-early miRNA remodeling coupled with deregulation of TF expression underlies the onset of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Torrado
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of La Coruña, 15006 La Coruña, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramón Calviño
- University Hospital Center of La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Mikhailov
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of La Coruña, 15006 La Coruña, Spain
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66
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miR-27 and miR-125 Distinctly Regulate Muscle-Enriched Transcription Factors in Cardiac and Skeletal Myocytes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26221592 PMCID: PMC4499371 DOI: 10.1155/2015/391306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs of approximately 22–24 nucleotides which are capable of interacting with the 3′ untranslated region of coding RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation and/or protein translation blockage. In recent years, differential microRNA expression in distinct cardiac development and disease contexts has been widely reported, yet the role of individual microRNAs in these settings remains largely unknown. We provide herein evidence of the role of miR-27 and miR-125 regulating distinct muscle-enriched transcription factors. Overexpression of miR-27 leads to impair expression of Mstn and Myocd in HL1 atrial cardiomyocytes but not in Sol8 skeletal muscle myoblasts, while overexpression of miR-125 resulted in selective upregulation of Mef2d in HL1 atrial cardiomyocytes and downregulation in Sol8 cells. Taken together our data demonstrate that a single microRNA, that is, miR-27 or miR-125, can selectively upregulate and downregulate discrete number of target mRNAs in a cell-type specific manner.
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67
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Duan L, Xiong X, Liu Y, Wang J. miRNA-1: functional roles and dysregulation in heart disease. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2775-82. [PMID: 25177824 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules consisting of 19-22 nucleotides that play an important role in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, cell proliferation and cellular senescence. A growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in human cardiac diseases and they play a significant role in the initiation and development. Recently, studies revealed that microRNA-1 (miR-1) was frequently downregulated in various types of cardiac diseases. Here we review recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of miR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang' an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 5 Beixiange, Xicheng District, Beijing 100029, China.
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68
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Ding J, Chen J, Wang Y, Kataoka M, Ma L, Zhou P, Hu X, Lin Z, Nie M, Deng ZL, Pu WT, Wang DZ. Trbp regulates heart function through microRNA-mediated Sox6 repression. Nat Genet 2015; 47:776-83. [PMID: 26029872 PMCID: PMC4485565 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is associated with altered expression of genes encoding contractile proteins. Here we show that Trbp (Tarbp2), an RNA binding protein, is required for normal heart function. Cardiac-specific inactivation of Trbp (TrbpcKO) caused progressive cardiomyopathy and lethal heart failure. Trbp loss of function resulted in upregulation of Sox6, repression of genes encoding normal cardiac slow-twitch myofiber proteins, and pathologically increased expression of skeletal fast-twitch myofiber genes. Remarkably, knockdown of Sox6 fully rescued the Trbp mutant phenotype, whereas Sox6 overexpression phenocopied the TrbpcKO phenotype. Trbp inactivation was mechanistically linked to Sox6 upregulation through altered processing of miR-208a, which is a direct inhibitor of Sox6. Transgenic overexpression of miR-208a sufficiently repressed Sox6, restored the balance of fast- and slow- twitch myofiber gene expression, and rescued cardiac function in TrbpcKO mice. Together, our studies reveal a novel Trbp-mediated microRNA processing mechanism in regulating a linear genetic cascade essential for normal heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanqun Wang
- Departmant of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masaharu Kataoka
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lixin Ma
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mao Nie
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - William T Pu
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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69
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Miano JM, Long X. The short and long of noncoding sequences in the control of vascular cell phenotypes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3457-88. [PMID: 26022065 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The two principal cell types of importance for normal vessel wall physiology are smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Much progress has been made over the past 20 years in the discovery and function of transcription factors that coordinate proper differentiation of these cells and the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. More recently, the converging fields of bioinformatics, genomics, and next generation sequencing have accelerated discoveries in a number of classes of noncoding sequences, including transcription factor binding sites (TFBS), microRNA genes, and long noncoding RNA genes, each of which mediates vascular cell differentiation through a variety of mechanisms. Alterations in the nucleotide sequence of key TFBS or deviations in transcription of noncoding RNA genes likely have adverse effects on normal vascular cell phenotype and function. Here, the subject of noncoding sequences that influence smooth muscle cell or endothelial cell phenotype will be summarized as will future directions to further advance our understanding of the increasingly complex molecular circuitry governing normal vascular cell differentiation and how such information might be harnessed to combat vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,
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70
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Shi L, Liao J, Liu B, Zeng F, Zhang L. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1188-204. [PMID: 26004493 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the major risk factor for the development of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure and renal disease. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of hypertension are complex and remain largely elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding RNA fragments of 22-26 nucleotides and regulate protein expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA. A growing body of recent research indicates that miRNAs are important in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of miRNAs in cardiovascular remodeling, focusing specifically on hypertension. We also review recent progress of the miRNA-based therapeutics including pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies (such as exercise training) and their potential applications in the management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fanxing Zeng
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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71
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Olive V, Minella AC, He L. Outside the coding genome, mammalian microRNAs confer structural and functional complexity. Sci Signal 2015; 8:re2. [PMID: 25783159 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of small, regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with pivotal roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Since their initial discovery in 1993, numerous miRNAs have been identified in mammalian genomes, many of which play important roles in diverse cellular processes in development and disease. These small ncRNAs regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes posttranscriptionally, thus adding a substantial complexity to the molecular networks underlying physiological development and disease. In part, this complexity arises from the distinct gene structures, the extensive genomic redundancy, and the complex regulation of the expression and biogenesis of miRNAs. These characteristics contribute to the functional robustness and versatility of miRNAs and provide important clues to the functional significance of these small ncRNAs. The unique structure and function of miRNAs will continue to inspire many to explore the vast noncoding genome and to elucidate the molecular basis for the functional complexity of mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Olive
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA
| | - Alex C Minella
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lin He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA.
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72
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Yao L, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Li X, Zhu S, Gong L, Han X, Lan M, Li S, Zhang W, Li Y. Downregulation of microRNA-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma correlates with an advanced clinical stage and its overexpression inhibits cell migration and invasion. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1033-41. [PMID: 25672418 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of most common and fatal forms of cancer worldwide. Recent studies have suggested that an aberrant microRNA (miRNA or miR) expression signature exists in ESCC. In the present study, in order to determine the involvement of miRNA in the development and progression of ESCC, the expression profiles of miRNA in 8 paired ESCC tissues and corresponding normal esophageal tissues were analyzed by miRNA microarray. A total of 43 differentially expressed miRNAs, including 27 downregulated and 16 upregulated miRNAs were found in the ESCC tissue samples. Among these miRNAs, we found that miR-1 was significantly downregulated. Subsequently, the expression of miR-1 was validated in 64 pairs of primary ESCC samples by RT-qPCR. The expression level of miR-1 was found to be frequently decreased, and significantly correlated with tumor invasion and an advanced clinical stage (P = 0.022 and P = 0.028, respectively). In addition, functional assays revealed that miR-1 inhibited cell proliferation, clonogenicity, cell invasion and migration. Bioinformatics analyses identified the major biological processes that were targeted by miR-1. These results suggest that miR-1 has a tumor-suppressive effect on the development and progression of ESCC. The findings of this study may contribute to the further understanding of the functions of miR-1 in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Cell Engineering Research Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xiujuan Han
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Miao Lan
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Shanqu Li
- Outpatient Department, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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73
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Fu JD, Srivastava D. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes for cardiac regenerative medicine. Circ J 2015; 79:245-54. [PMID: 25744738 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play critical roles in maintaining normal cardiac function and in cardiac remodeling during pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction (MI). Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) have little to no regenerative capacity; damaged CMs in the heart after MI are replaced by cardiac fibroblasts that become activated and transform into myofibroblasts, which preserves the structural integrity. Unfortunately, this process typically causes fibrosis and reduces cardiac function. Directly reprogramming adult cardiac fibroblasts into induced CM-like cells (iCMs) holds great promise for restoring heart function. Direct cardiac reprogramming also provides a new research model to investigate which transcription factors and microRNAs control the molecular network that guides cardiac cell fate. We review the approaches and characterization of in vitro and in vivo reprogrammed iCMs from different laboratories, and outline the future directions needed to translate this new approach into a practical therapy for damaged hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Dong Fu
- Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
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74
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Alexander MS, Kunkel LM. Skeletal Muscle MicroRNAs: Their Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential in Human Muscle Diseases. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27547731 PMCID: PMC4988517 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 21-24 nucleotide RNAs that are capable of regulating multiple signaling pathways across multiple tissues. MicroRNAs are dynamically regulated and change in expression levels during periods of early development, tissue regeneration, cancer, and various other disease states. Recently, microRNAs have been isolated from whole serum and muscle biopsies to identify unique diagnostic signatures for specific neuromuscular disease states. Functional studies of microRNAs in cell lines and animal models of neuromuscular diseases have elucidated their importance in contributing to neuromuscular disease progression and pathologies. The ability of microRNAs to alter the expression of an entire signaling pathway opens up their unique ability to be used as potential therapeutic entry points for the treatment of disease. Here, we will review the recent findings of key microRNAs and their dysregulation in various neuromuscular diseases. Additionally, we will highlight the current strategies being used to regulate the expression of key microRNAs as they have become important players in the clinical treatment of some of the neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Alexander
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis M Kunkel
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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75
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Abstract
Myocardin (MYOCD) is a potent transcriptional coactivator that functions primarily in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle through direct contacts with serum response factor (SRF) over cis elements known as CArG boxes found near a number of genes encoding for contractile, ion channel, cytoskeletal, and calcium handling proteins. Since its discovery more than 10 years ago, new insights have been obtained regarding the diverse isoforms of MYOCD expressed in cells as well as the regulation of MYOCD expression and activity through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Curiously, there are a number of functions associated with MYOCD that appear to be independent of contractile gene expression and the CArG-SRF nucleoprotein complex. Further, perturbations in MYOCD gene expression are associated with an increasing number of diseases including heart failure, cancer, acute vessel disease, and diabetes. This review summarizes the various biological and pathological processes associated with MYOCD and offers perspectives to several challenges and future directions for further study of this formidable transcriptional coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Miano
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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76
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The miR-206/133b cluster is dispensable for development, survival and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:23. [PMID: 25530839 PMCID: PMC4272821 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-014-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three different gene clusters code for the muscle-specific miRNAs miR-206, miR-1 and miR-133a/b. The two miR-1/133a clusters generate identical mature miR-1 and miR-133a miRNAs in heart and skeletal muscle, while the cognate miR-206/133b cluster is exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle. Since sequences of the miRNAs miR-133a and miR-133b are almost identical, it seems likely that they share potential targets. Similarly, miR-1 and miR-206 are structurally related and contain identical seed sequences important for miRNA-target recognition. In the past, different functions of these miRNAs were suggested for development, function and regeneration of skeletal muscle using different in vivo and in vitro models; however, mutants lacking the complete miR-206/133b cluster, which generates a single pri-miRNA constituting a functional unit, have not been analyzed. Methods We generated miR-206/133b knock-out mice and analyzed these mice morphologically; at the transcriptome and proteome level to elucidate the contribution of this miRNA cluster for skeletal muscle development, differentiation, regeneration in vivo; and by systematic analysis. In addition, we studied the consequences of a genetic loss of miR-206/133b for expression of Pax7 and satellite cell differentiation in vitro. Results Deletion of the miR-206/133b cluster did not reveal any obvious essential function of the miRNA-cluster for development and differentiation of skeletal muscle. Careful examination of skeletal muscles of miR-206/133b mutants revealed no structural alterations or molecular changes at the transcriptome and proteome level. In contrast to previous studies, deletion of the miR-206/133b cluster did not impair regeneration of skeletal muscle in mdx mice. Likewise, differentiation of miR-206/133b deficient satellite cells in vitro was unaffected and no change in Pax7 protein concentration was apparent. Conclusions We conclude that the miR-206/133b cluster is dispensable for development, function and regeneration of skeletal muscle, probably due to overlapping functions of the related miR-1/133a clusters, which are strongly expressed in skeletal muscle. We reason that the miR-206/133b cluster alone is not an essential regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration, although more subtle functions might exist that are not apparent under laboratory conditions.
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77
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Besser J, Malan D, Wystub K, Bachmann A, Wietelmann A, Sasse P, Fleischmann BK, Braun T, Boettger T. MiRNA-1/133a clusters regulate adrenergic control of cardiac repolarization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113449. [PMID: 25415383 PMCID: PMC4240597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical properties of the heart are primarily determined by the activity of ion channels and the activity of these molecules is permanently modulated and adjusted to the physiological needs by adrenergic signaling. miRNAs are known to control the expression of many proteins and to fulfill distinct functions in the mammalian heart, though the in vivo effects of miRNAs on the electrical activity of the heart are poorly characterized. The miRNAs miR-1 and miR-133a are the most abundant miRNAs of the heart and are expressed from two miR-1/133a genomic clusters. Genetic modulation of miR-1/133a cluster expression without concomitant severe disturbance of general cardiomyocyte physiology revealed that these miRNA clusters govern cardiac muscle repolarization. Reduction of miR-1/133a dosage induced a longQT phenotype in mice especially at low heart rates. Longer action potentials in cardiomyocytes are caused by modulation of the impact of β-adrenergic signaling on the activity of the depolarizing L-type calcium channel. Pharmacological intervention to attenuate β-adrenergic signaling or L-type calcium channel activity in vivo abrogated the longQT phenotype that is caused by modulation of miR-1/133a activity. Thus, we identify the miR-1/133a miRNA clusters to be important to prevent a longQT-phenotype in the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Besser
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institut für Physiologie I, Life & Brain Center, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Wystub
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Angela Bachmann
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institut für Physiologie I, Life & Brain Center, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institut für Physiologie I, Life & Brain Center, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (TB)
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (TB)
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78
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Regulation of Cardiac Cell Fate by microRNAs: Implications for Heart Regeneration. Cells 2014; 3:996-1026. [PMID: 25358052 PMCID: PMC4276912 DOI: 10.3390/cells3040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that have been shown to be central players in the establishment of cellular programs, often acting as switches that control the choice between proliferation and differentiation during development and in adult tissues. The heart develops from two small patches of cells in the mesoderm, the heart fields, which originate the different cardiac cell types, including cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. These progenitors proliferate and differentiate to establish a highly connected three-dimensional structure, involving a robust succession of gene expression programs strongly influenced by microRNAs. Although the mammalian heart has conventionally been viewed as a post-mitotic organ, cardiac cells have recently been shown to display some regenerative potential, which is nonetheless insufficient to regenerate heart lesions, in contrast with other vertebrates like the zebrafish. Both the proliferation of adult cardiac stem cells and the ability of cardiomyocytes to re-enter the cell cycle have been proposed to sustain these regenerative processes. Here we review the role of microRNAs in the control of stem cell and cardiomyocyte dependent cardiac regeneration processes, and discuss potential applications for the treatment of cardiac injury.
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79
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Li J, Dong X, Wang Z, Wu J. MicroRNA-1 in Cardiac Diseases and Cancers. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:359-63. [PMID: 25352753 PMCID: PMC4211117 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.5.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous ≈22-nt non-coding RNAs that participate in the regulation of gene expression at post-transcriptional level. MiR-1 is one of the muscle-specific miRs, aberrant expression of miR-1 plays important roles in many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about miR-1 in cardiac diseases and cancers. The findings indicate that miR-1 may be a novel, important biomarker, and a potential therapeutic target in cardiac diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhe Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruikang Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, China
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- Department of Osteology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Department of Physiology and pathophysiology, school of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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80
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Non-Coding RNAs Including miRNAs and lncRNAs in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease. Cells 2014; 3:883-98. [PMID: 25153164 PMCID: PMC4197640 DOI: 10.3390/cells3030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recognized for decades that proteins, which are encoded by our genome and produced via transcription and translation steps, are building blocks that play vital roles in almost all biological processes. Mutations identified in many protein-coding genes are linked to various human diseases. However, this “protein-centered” dogma has been challenged in recent years with the discovery that the majority of our genome is “non-coding” yet transcribed. Non-coding RNA has become the focus of “next generation” biology. Here, we review the emerging field of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their role in cardiovascular function and disease.
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81
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Piubelli C, Meraviglia V, Pompilio G, D'Alessandra Y, Colombo GI, Rossini A. microRNAs and Cardiac Cell Fate. Cells 2014; 3:802-23. [PMID: 25100020 PMCID: PMC4197636 DOI: 10.3390/cells3030802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) has recently emerged as fundamental in the regulation of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Several specific miRNAs were found to be expressed in embryonic, postnatal, and adult cardiac tissues. In the present review, we will provide an overview about their role in controlling the different pathways regulating cell identity and fate determination. In particular, we will focus on the involvement of miRNAs in pluripotency determination and reprogramming, and specifically on cardiac lineage commitment and cell direct transdifferentiation into cardiomyocytes. The identification of cardiac-specific miRNAs and their targets provide new promising insights into the mechanisms that regulate cardiac development, function and dysfunction. Furthermore, due to their contribution in reprogramming, they could offer new opportunities for developing safe and efficient cell-based therapies for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Piubelli
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen, Via Galvani 31, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Viviana Meraviglia
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen, Via Galvani 31, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, I-20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Yuri D'Alessandra
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, I-20138 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Rossini
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen, Via Galvani 31, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy.
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82
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MiRiad Roles for MicroRNAs in Cardiac Development and Regeneration. Cells 2014; 3:724-50. [PMID: 25055156 PMCID: PMC4197632 DOI: 10.3390/cells3030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development is an exquisitely regulated process that is sensitive to perturbations in transcriptional activity and gene dosage. Accordingly, congenital heart abnormalities are prevalent worldwide, and are estimated to occur in approximately 1% of live births. Recently, small non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs, have emerged as critical components of the cardiogenic regulatory network, and have been shown to play numerous roles in the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of the developing heart. Moreover, the importance of miRNA function in cardiac development has facilitated the identification of prospective therapeutic targets for patients with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. Here, we discuss findings attesting to the critical role of miRNAs in cardiogenesis and cardiac regeneration, and present evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of miRNAs for cardiovascular diseases.
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83
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Wang L, Zhi H, Li Y, Ma G, Ye X, Yu X, Yang T, Jin H, Lu Z, Wei P. Polymorphism in miRNA-1 target site and circulating miRNA-1 phenotype are associated with the decreased risk and prognosis of coronary artery disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5093-5102. [PMID: 25197382 PMCID: PMC4152072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MiRNA molecules have been identified to play key roles in a broad range of physiologic and pathologic processes. Polymorphisms in microRNA target sites (PolymiRTSs) can disturb or obstruct miRNA binding and consequentially influence regulation of the target genes. A two-step study design was used in this study. A case-control study was designed to assess the relationship between miRNA-1 target site rs9548934C→T polymorphism in target gene (Component of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 6, COG6) and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 1013 patients and 610 normal controls. This genetic variant was also evaluated for the association with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) of CAD in a follow-up study, including 785 (785/1013) patients followed up for 42 months. The phenotypes of circulating miRNA-1 levels in 34 cases were slightly lower than that of 40 controls but not significantly different (P = 0.090). The CT and CT/TT genotypes were associated with a 34% and 26% decreased risk of CAD, and the TT and CT/TT genotypes were associated with a 76% and 49% decreased risk of MACE of CAD. Cox regression analysis showed that rs9548937 C/T variant was associated with a decreased risk of MACE, while age, diabetes mellitus, higher levels of CRP (≥ 3.80 mg/L) and three pathological changes in the coronary artery were associated with an increased risk of MACE. Our findings implicate miRNA-1 target site rs9548934C→T genotypes, circulating miRNA-1 phenotype and CRP levels may modulate the occurrence and MACE of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xingzhou Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Han Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zuhong Lu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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84
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miRSeq: a user-friendly standalone toolkit for sequencing quality evaluation and miRNA profiling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:462135. [PMID: 25114903 PMCID: PMC4119685 DOI: 10.1155/2014/462135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) present diverse regulatory functions in a wide range of biological activities. Studies on miRNA functions generally depend on determining miRNA expression profiles between libraries by using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Currently, several online web services are developed to provide small RNA NGS data analysis. However, the submission of large amounts of NGS data, conversion of data format, and limited availability of species bring problems. In this study, we developed miRSeq to provide alternatives. To test the performance, we had small RNA NGS data from four species, including human, rat, fly, and nematode, analyzed with miRSeq. The alignments results indicate that miRSeq can precisely evaluate the sequencing quality of samples regarding percentage of self-ligation read, read length distribution, and read category. miRSeq is a user-friendly standalone toolkit featuring a graphical user interface (GUI). After a simple installation, users can easily operate miRSeq on a PC or laptop by using a mouse. Within minutes, miRSeq yields useful miRNA data, including miRNA expression profiles, 3′ end modification patterns, and isomiR forms. Moreover, miRSeq supports the analysis of up to 105 animal species, providing higher flexibility.
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85
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King IN, Yartseva V, Salas D, Kumar A, Heidersbach A, Ando DM, Stallings NR, Elliott JL, Srivastava D, Ivey KN. The RNA-binding protein TDP-43 selectively disrupts microRNA-1/206 incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14263-71. [PMID: 24719334 PMCID: PMC4022891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) maturation is regulated by interaction of particular miRNA precursors with specific RNA-binding proteins. Following their biogenesis, mature miRNAs are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) where they interact with mRNAs to negatively regulate protein production. However, little is known about how mature miRNAs are regulated at the level of their activity. To address this, we screened for proteins differentially bound to the mature form of the miR-1 or miR-133 miRNA families. These muscle-enriched, co-transcribed miRNA pairs cooperate to suppress smooth muscle gene expression in the heart. However, they also have opposing roles, with the miR-1 family, composed of miR-1 and miR-206, promoting myogenic differentiation, whereas miR-133 maintains the progenitor state. Here, we describe a physical interaction between TDP-43, an RNA-binding protein that forms aggregates in the neuromuscular disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the miR-1, but not miR-133, family. Deficiency of the TDP-43 Drosophila ortholog enhanced dmiR-1 activity in vivo. In mammalian cells, TDP-43 limited the activity of both miR-1 and miR-206, but not the miR-133 family, by disrupting their RISC association. Consistent with TDP-43 dampening miR-1/206 activity, protein levels of the miR-1/206 targets, IGF-1 and HDAC4, were elevated in TDP-43 transgenic mouse muscle. This occurred without corresponding Igf-1 or Hdac4 mRNA increases and despite higher miR-1 and miR-206 expression. Our findings reveal that TDP-43 negatively regulates the activity of the miR-1 family of miRNAs by limiting their bioavailability for RISC loading and suggest a processing-independent mechanism for differential regulation of miRNA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle N King
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and the Departments of Pediatrics
| | | | - Donaldo Salas
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and
| | - Amy Heidersbach
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and
| | - D Michael Ando
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, and Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nancy R Stallings
- the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Jeffrey L Elliott
- the Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and the Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Biophysics, and
| | - Kathryn N Ivey
- From the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and the Departments of Pediatrics,
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86
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Multifaceted roles of miR-1s in repressing the fetal gene program in the heart. Cell Res 2014; 24:278-92. [PMID: 24481529 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are an important class of regulators that play roles in cellular homeostasis and disease. Muscle-specific miRNAs, miR-1-1 and miR-1-2, have been found to play important roles in regulating cell proliferation and cardiac function. Redundancy between miR-1-1 and miR-1-2 has previously impeded a full understanding of their roles in vivo. To determine how miR-1s regulate cardiac function in vivo, we generated mice lacking miR-1-1 and miR-1-2 without affecting nearby genes. miR-1 double knockout (miR-1 dKO) mice were viable and not significantly different from wild-type controls at postnatal day 2.5. Thereafter, all miR-1 dKO mice developed dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and died before P17. Massively parallel sequencing showed that a large portion of upregulated genes after deletion of miR-1s is associated with the cardiac fetal gene program including cell proliferation, glycolysis, glycogenesis, and fetal sarcomere-associated genes. Consistent with gene profiling, glycogen content and glycolytic rates were significantly increased in miR-1 dKO mice. Estrogen-related Receptor β (Errβ) was identified as a direct target of miR-1, which can regulate glycolysis, glycogenesis, and the expression of sarcomeric proteins. Cardiac-specific overexpression of Errβ led to glycogen storage, cardiac dilation, and sudden cardiac death around 3-4 weeks of age. We conclude that miR-1 and its primary target Errβ act together to regulate the transition from prenatal to neonatal stages by repressing the cardiac fetal gene program. Loss of this regulation leads to a neonatal DCM.
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87
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Abstract
A microRNA regulates the expression of a network of genes in the heart to ensure that progenitor cells develop into strongly contractile cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tao
- Ge Tao is in the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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