Effect of Conjugation Site and Technique on the Stability and Pharmacokinetics of Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Appropriate selection of conjugation sites and conjugation technologies is now widely accepted as crucial for the success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Herein, we present ADCs conjugated by different conjugation methods to different conjugation positions being systematically characterized by multiple in vitro assays as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses in transgenic Tg276 mice. Conjugation to cysteines, genetically introduced at positions N325, L328, S239, D265, and S442, was compared to enzymatic conjugation via microbial transglutaminase (mTG) either to C-terminal light (LC) or heavy chain (HC) recognition motifs or to endogenous position Q295 of a native antibody. All conjugations yielded homogeneous DAR 2 ADCs with similar hydrophobicity, thermal stability, human neonatal Fc receptor (huFcRn) binding, and serum stability properties, but with pronounced differences in their PK profiles. mTG-conjugated ADC variants conjugated either to Q295 or to LC recognition motifs showed superior PK behavior. Within the panel of engineered cysteine variants L328 showed a similar PK profile compared to previously described S239 but superior PK compared to S442, D265, and N325. While all positions were first tested with trastuzumab, L328 and mTG LC were further evaluated with additional antibody scaffolds derived from clinically evaluated monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Based on PK analyses, this study confirms the newly described position L328 as favorable site for cysteine conjugation, comparable to the well-established engineered cysteine position S239, and emphasizes the favorable position Q295 of native antibodies and the tagged LC antibody variant for enzymatic conjugations via mTG. In addition, hemizygous Tg276 mice are evaluated as an adequate model for ADC pharmacokinetics, facilitating the selection of suitable ADC candidates early in the drug discovery process.

Novel Mitochondria-targeted Drugs for Cancer Therapy

The search for mitochondria-targeted drugs has dramatically risen over the last decade. Mitochondria are essential organelles serving not only as a powerhouse of the cell but also as a key player in cell proliferation and cell death. Their central role in the energetic metabolism, calcium homeostasis and apoptosis makes them an intriguing field of interest for cancer pharmacology. In cancer cells, many mitochondrial signaling and metabolic pathways are altered. These changes contribute to cancer development and progression. Due to changes in mitochondrial metabolism and changes in membrane potential, cancer cells are more susceptible to mitochondria-targeted therapy. The loss of functional mitochondria leads to the arrest of cancer progression and/or a cancer cell death. Identification of mitochondrial changes specific for tumor growth and progression, rational development of new mitochondria-targeted drugs and research on delivery agents led to the advance of this promising area. This review will highlight the current findings in mitochondrial biology, which are important for cancer initiation, progression and resistance, and discuss approaches of cancer pharmacology with a special focus on the anti-cancer drugs referred to as 'mitocans'.

The evolution of acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitor is sustained by IGF1-driven tumor vascular remodeling

As hallmark of cancer, angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. The correlation between angiogenesis and evolution of BRAF inhibitor acquired resistance is, however, still poorly understood. Here, we reported that the molecular signatures of angiogenesis were enriched in early on-treated biopsies but not in disease progressed biopsies. The process of drug resistance development was accompanied by remodeling of vascular morphology, which was potentially manipulated by tumor-secreted pro-angiogenic factors. Further transcriptomic dissection indicated that tumor-secreted IGF1 drove the vascular remodeling through activating IGF1/IGF1R axis on endothelial cells, and sustained the prompt re-growth of resistant tumor. Blockade of IGF1R with small molecules at early stage of response disrupted vascular reconstruction, and subsequently delayed tumor relapse. Our findings not only demonstrated the correlation between IGF1-mediated tumor vascular remodeling and the development of acquired resistance to BRAFi but also provided a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of tumor relapse in clinical application.

Dual Modulators of p53 and Cyclin D in ER Alpha Signaling by Albumin Nanovectors Bearing Zinc Chaperones for ER-positive Breast Cancer Therapy

CDATA[The inherited mutations and underexpression of BRCA1 in sporadic breast cancers resulting in the loss or functional inactivation of BRCA1 may contribute to a high risk of breast cancer. Recent researchers have identified small molecules (BRCA1 mimetics) that fit into a BRCA1 binding pocket within Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα), mimic the ability of BRCA1 to inhibit ERα activity, and overcome antiestrogen resistance. Studies indicate that most of the BRCA1 breast cancer cases are associated with p53 mutations. It indicates that there is a potential connection between BRCA1 and p53. Most p53 mutations are missense point mutations that occur in the DNA-binding domain. Structural studies have demonstrated that mutant p53 core domain misfolding, especially p53-R175H, is reversible. Mutant p53 reactivation with a new class of zinc metallochaperones (ZMC) restores WT p53 structure and functions by restoring Zn²⁺ to Zn²⁺ deficient mutant p53. Considering the role of WT BRCA1 and reactivation of p53 in tumor cells, our hypothesis is to target both tumor suppressor proteins by a novel biomolecule (ZMC). Since both proteins are present in the same cell and are functionally inactive, this state may be a novel efficacious therapeutic regime for breast cancer therapy. In addition, we propose to use Albumin Nanovector (ANV) formulation for target drug release.

Identification and integrative analysis of ACLY and related gene panels associated with immune microenvironment reveal prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Cumulating evidence reveals the key role of aberrant lipogenesis and immunogenomic features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there are still obstacles in our understanding of the complicated interaction between metabolic reprogramming and tumor immune microenvironment.

METHODS

We compared metabolomic, transcriptomic and immunogenomic characteristics of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) and primary tumor to seek valuable markers. Human HCC samples with PVTT (n  =  28) was analyzed through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Transcript levels of mRNA in two cohorts from published database GEO (n  =  60) and TCGA (n  =  411) were downloaded to explore differentially expressed genes and functional enriched gene set. Evaluation of immune infiltration was estimated and validated from transcriptomic data in both cohorts through six immune deconvolution algorithms and in a high-resolution mode (CIBERSORTx). Survival analysis (Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression model) was performed to examine prognostic value of ACLY, related immune checkpoints and immune infiltration levels from TCGA cohort. LASSO regression was further conducted to determine a gene panel to further predict survival outcomes associated with ACLY.

RESULTS

We identified a novel signature, ATP citrate lyase, through transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches. We demonstrated that the metabolism adaptations in both fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis triggered by ACLY oncogenic activation. We illustrated the crucial function of ACLY in lipogenesis and its potential interaction with immune microenvironment. CD276, a promising target in immune checkpoint blockade, showed correlation to ACLY and differential expression in ACLY risk classification. Combination of ACLY, CD276 and immune infiltration level and a novel ACLY-associated panel from a predictive model retrieved from published database validated the prognostic value to risk stratification in patients with HCC.ACLY blockade to counteract metabolic activation and immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment highlighted attractive prospect for translational application.

CONCLUSIONS

We investigated ACLY and its indispensable role in metabolism, immune function and a prognostic gene panel in HCC. We anticipate that the multifaced role of ACLY may reveal the potential value for mechanistic research and combinational therapy, suggesting that the combination blockade of ACLY and immune checkpoints may work as a promising strategy.

Lung adenocarcinoma with ERBB2 exon 20 insertions: Comutations and immunogenomic features related to chemoimmunotherapy

BACKGROUND

The genomic mutation and immune feature landscape of ERBB2 exon 20 insertion (ERBB2-ex20ins)-driven non-small cell lung cancer and the features associated with the response to chemoimmunotherapy are currently unknown.

METHODS

The genomic landscape of ERBB2-ex20ins lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients was characterized by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 1021 cancer genes. The clinical outcomes of chemoimmunotherapy were evaluated among 13 patients with stage IV ERBB2-ex20ins LUAD, and potential biomarkers of the response to chemoimmunotherapy were explored using NGS and T cell receptor sequencing.

RESULTS

Among 8247 LUAD patients, 207 (2.5%) had ERBB2-ex20ins, of whom 181 (87.4%) harbored more than one comutation. The most common comutations were in TP53. Patients with ERBB2-ex20ins had a low tumor mutational burden (TMB; median, 4.2 mutations/Mb), and most (66.7%) were PD-L1 negative. Thirteen of the 207 patients received chemoimmunotherapy, for whom the objective response rate, disease control rate, and median progression-free survival were 31%, 77%, and 8.0 months, respectively. Responders exhibited a higher TMB and a trend toward lower clonality in tumors compared with nonresponders (p = 0.0067 and p = 0.085, respectively). A high TMB combined with mutations in DNA damage repair pathways and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes was associated with a benefit from chemoimmunotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The efficacy and outcome of chemoimmunotherapy were encouraging among ERBB2-ex20ins LUAD patients, who were characterized by low TMB and negative PD-L1 expression. The combination of TMB and comutations is a potential biomarker to identify patients who will benefit from chemoimmunotherapy.

An insight into the cancer stem cell survival pathways involved in chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex, aggressive and fatal subtype of breast cancer. Owing to the lack of targeted therapy and heterogenic nature of TNBC, chemotherapy remains the sole treatment option for TNBC, with taxanes and anthracyclines representing the general chemotherapeutic regimen in TNBC therapy. But unfortunately, patients develop resistance to the existing chemotherapeutic regimen, resulting in approximately 90% treatment failure. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are one of the major causes for the development of chemoresistance in TNBC patients. After surviving the chemotherapy damage, the presence of BCSCs results in relapse and recurrence of TNBC. Several pathways are known to regulate BCSCs' survival, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, JAK/STAT and HIPPO pathways. Therefore it is imperative to target these pathways in the context of eliminating chemoresistance. In this review we will discuss the novel strategies and various preclinical and clinical studies to give an insight into overcoming TNBC chemoresistance. We present a detailed account of recent studies carried out that open an exciting perspective in relation to the mechanisms of chemoresistance.

FAK inhibitors as promising anticancer targets: present and future directions

FAK, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, has been recognized as a novel target class for the development of targeted anticancer agents. Overexpression of FAK is a common occurrence in several solid tumors, in which the kinase has been implicated in promoting metastases. Consequently, designing and developing potent FAK inhibitors is becoming an attractive goal, and FAK inhibitors are being recognized as a promising tool in our armamentarium for treating diverse cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the different classes of synthetically derived compounds that have been reported as potent FAK inhibitors in the last three decades. Finally, the future of FAK-targeting smart drugs that are designed to slow down the emergence of drug resistance is discussed.

Induction of interferon response by high viral loads at early stage infection may protect against severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients

Key elements for viral pathogenesis include viral strains, viral load, co-infection, and host responses. Several studies analyzing these factors in the function of disease severity of have been published; however, no studies have shown how all of these factors interplay within a defined cohort. To address this important question, we sought to understand how these four key components interplay in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. We determined the viral loads and gene expression using high throughput sequencing and various virological methods. We found that viral loads in the upper respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients at an early phase of infection vary widely. While the majority of nasopharyngeal (NP) samples have a viral load lower than the limit of detection of infectious viruses, there are samples with an extraordinary amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a high viral titer. No specific viral factors were identified that are associated with high viral loads. Host gene expression analysis showed that viral loads were strongly correlated with cellular antiviral responses. Interestingly, however, COVID-19 patients who experience mild symptoms have a higher viral load than those with severe complications, indicating that naso-pharyngeal viral load may not be a key factor of the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. The metagenomics analysis revealed that the microflora in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients with high viral loads were dominated by SARS-CoV-2, with a high degree of dysbiosis. Finally, we found a strong inverse correlation between upregulation of interferon responses and disease severity. Overall our study suggests that a high viral load in the upper respiratory tract may not be a critical factor for severe symptoms; rather, dampened antiviral responses may be a critical factor for a severe outcome from the infection.

Transcriptomic landscape of blood platelets in healthy donors

Blood platelet RNA-sequencing is increasingly used among the scientific community. Aberrant platelet transcriptome is common in cancer or cardiovascular disease, but reference data on platelet RNA content in healthy individuals are scarce and merit complex investigation. We sought to explore the dynamics of platelet transcriptome. Datasets from 204 healthy donors were used for the analysis of splice variants, particularly with regard to age, sex, blood storage time, unit of collection or library size. Genes B2M, PPBP, TMSB4X, ACTB, FTL, CLU, PF4, F13A1, GNAS, SPARC, PTMA, TAGLN2, OAZ1 and OST4 demonstrated the highest expression in the analysed cohort, remaining substantial transcription consistency. CSF3R gene was found upregulated in males (fold change 2.10, FDR q < 0.05). Cohort dichotomisation according to the median age, showed upregulated KSR1 in the older donors (fold change 2.11, FDR q < 0.05). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two clusters which were irrespective of age, sex, storage time, collecting unit or library size. However, when donors are analysed globally (as vectors), sex, storage time, library size, the unit of blood collection as well as age impose a certain degree of between- and/or within-group variability. Healthy donor platelet transcriptome retains general consistency, with very few splice variants deviating from the landscape. Although multidimensional analysis reveals statistically significant variability between and within the analysed groups, biologically, these changes are minor and irrelevant while considering disease classification. Our work provides a reference for studies working both on healthy platelets and pathological conditions affecting platelet transcriptome.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 is required for Ahnak-mediated metastasis of melanoma into lung epithelial cells

Previously we demonstrated that Ahnak mediates transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during tumor metastasis. It is well-known that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) invade the vasculature of adjacent target tissues before working to adapt to the host environments. Currently, the molecular mechanism by which infiltrated tumor cells interact with host cells to survive within target tissue environments is far from clear. Here, we show that Ahnak regulates tumor metastasis through PCSK9 expression. To validate the molecular function of Ahnak in metastasis, B16F10 melanoma cells were injected into WT and Ahnak knockout (Ahnak^-/-) mice. Ahnak^-/- mice were more resistant to the pulmonary metastasis of B16F10 cells compared to wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate the host function of Ahnak in recipient organs against metastasis of melanoma cells, transcriptomic analyses of primary pulmonary endothelial cells from WT or Ahnak^-/- mice in the absence or presence of TGFβ stimulation were performed. We found PCSK9, along with several other candidate genes, was involved in the invasion of melanoma cells into lung tissues. PCSK9 expression in the pulmonary artery was higher in WT mice than Ahnak^-/- mice. To evaluate the host function of PCSK9 in lung tissues during the metastasis of melanoma cells, we established lung epithelial cell-specific tamoxifen-induced PCSK9 conditional KO mice (Scgb1a1-Cre/PCSK9^fl/fl). The pulmonary metastasis of B16F10 cells in Scgb1a1-Cre/PCSK9^fl/fl mice was significantly suppressed, indicating that PCSK9 plays an important role in the metastasis of melanoma cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Ahnak regulates metastatic colonization through the regulation of PCSK9 expression.

Discovery of a First-in-Class Inhibitor of the PRMT5-Substrate Adaptor Interaction

PRMT5 and its substrate adaptor proteins (SAPs), pICln and Riok1, are synthetic lethal dependencies in MTAP-deleted cancer cells. SAPs share a conserved PRMT5 binding motif (PBM) which mediates binding to a surface of PRMT5 distal to the catalytic site. This interaction is required for methylation of several PRMT5 substrates, including histone and spliceosome complexes. We screened for small molecule inhibitors of the PRMT5-PBM interaction and validated a compound series which binds to the PRMT5-PBM interface and directly inhibits binding of SAPs. Mode of action studies revealed the formation of a covalent bond between a halogenated pyridazinone group and cysteine 278 of PRMT5. Optimization of the starting hit produced a lead compound, BRD0639, which engages the target in cells, disrupts PRMT5-RIOK1 complexes, and reduces substrate methylation. BRD0639 is a first-in-class PBM-competitive inhibitor that can support studies of PBM-dependent PRMT5 activities and the development of novel PRMT5 inhibitors that selectively target these functions.

Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer

The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.

EGFRisopred: a machine learning-based classification model for identifying isoform-specific inhibitors against EGFR and HER2

The EGFR kinase pathway is one of the most frequently activated signaling pathways in human cancers. EGFR and HER2 are the two significant members of this pathway, which are attractive drug targets of clinical relevance in lung and breast cancer. Therefore, identifying EGFR- and HER2-specific inhibitors is one of the important challenges in cancer drug discovery. To address this issue, a dataset of 519 compounds having inhibitory activity against both the isoforms, i.e., EGFR and HER2, was collected from the literature and developed a knowledge-based computational classification model for predicting the specificity of a molecule for an isoform (EGFR/HER2) with precision. A total of seventy-two classification models using nine fingerprint types, four classifiers (IBK, NB, SMO and RF) and two different datasets (EGFR and HER2 isoform specific) were developed. It was observed that the models developed using random forest and IBK performed better for EGFR- and HER2-specific datasets, respectively. Scaffold and functional group analysis led to the identification of prevalent core and fragments in each of the datasets. The accuracy of the selected best performing models was also evaluated using the decoy dataset. We have also developed an application EGFRisopred, which integrates the best performing models and permits the user to predict the specificity of a compound as an EGFR-/HER2-specific anticancer agent. It is expected that the tool's availability as a free utility will allow researchers to identify new inhibitors against these targets important in cancer.

Genetic Expression Screening of Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Cytotoxicity in KG-1a Cells Based on Bioinformatics Technology

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system, and leukemia stem cells are responsible for AML chemoresistance and relapse. KG-1a cell is considered a leukemia stem cell-enriched cell line, which is resistant to chemotherapy. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is effective against acute promyelocytic leukemia as a first-line treatment agent, even as remission induction of relapsed cases. ATO has a cytotoxic effect on KG-1a cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Our results demonstrated that ATO can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and arrest KG-1a cells in the G2/M phase. Using transcriptome analysis, we investigated the candidate target genes regulated by ATO in KG-1a cells. The expression profile analysis showed that the ATO had significantly changed gene expression related to proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Moreover, MYC, PCNA, and MCM7 were identified as crucial hub genes through protein-protein interaction network analysis; meanwhile, the expressions of them in both RNA and protein levels are down-regulated as confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Thus, our study suggests that ATO not only inhibits the expression of MYC, PCNA, and MCM7 but also leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in KG-1a cells. Overall, this study provided reliable clues for improving the ATO efficacy in AML.

Small extracellular vesicles from menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) as a novel therapeutic impetus in regenerative medicine

Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) have great potential in regenerative medicine. MenSC has received increasing attention owing to its impressive therapeutic effects in both preclinical and clinical trials. However, the study of MenSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (EVs) is still in its initial stages, in contrast to some common MSC sources (e.g., bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue). We describe the basic characteristics and biological functions of MenSC-derived small EVs. We also demonstrate the therapeutic potential of small EVs in fulminant hepatic failure, myocardial infarction, pulmonary fibrosis, prostate cancer, cutaneous wound, type-1 diabetes mellitus, aged fertility, and potential diseases. Subsequently, novel hotspots with respect to MenSC EV-based therapy are proposed to overcome current challenges. While complexities regarding the therapeutic potential of MenSC EVs continue to be unraveled, advances are rapidly emerging in both basic science and clinical medicine. MenSC EV-based treatment has great potential for treating a series of diseases as a novel therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine.

Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer

Chemotactic cytokines-chemokines-control immune cell migration in the process of initiation and resolution of inflammatory conditions as part of the body's defense system. Many chemokines also participate in pathological processes leading up to and exacerbating the inflammatory state characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and the central chemokine receptor CCR7 in the initiation and sustainment of selected chronic inflammatory diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. We revisit the binary role that CCR7 plays in combatting and progressing cancer, and we discuss how CCR7 and DCs can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. To provide the necessary background, we review the differential roles of the natural ligands of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 and how they direct the mobilization of activated DCs to lymphoid organs and control the formation of associated lymphoid tissues (ALTs). We provide an overview of DC subsets and, briefly, elaborate on the different T-cell effector types generated upon DC-T cell priming. In the conclusion, we promote CCR7 as a possible target of future drugs with an antagonistic effect to reduce inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and an agonistic effect for boosting the reactivation of the immune system against cancer in cell-based and/or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based anti-cancer therapy.

FBF1 deficiency promotes beiging and healthy expansion of white adipose tissue

Preadipocytes dynamically produce sensory cilia. However, the role of primary cilia in preadipocyte differentiation and adipose homeostasis remains poorly understood. We previously identified transition fiber component FBF1 as an essential player in controlling selective cilia import. Here, we establish Fbf1tm1a/tm1a mice and discover that Fbf1tm1a/tm1a mice develop severe obesity, but surprisingly, are not predisposed to adverse metabolic complications. Obese Fbf1tm1a/tm1a mice possess unexpectedly healthy white fat tissue characterized by spontaneous upregulated beiging, hyperplasia but not hypertrophy, and low inflammation along the lifetime. Mechanistically, FBF1 governs preadipocyte differentiation by constraining the beiging program through an AKAP9-dependent, cilia-regulated PKA signaling, while recruiting the BBS chaperonin to transition fibers to suppress the hedgehog signaling-dependent adipogenic program. Remarkably, obese Fbf1tm1a/tm1a mice further fed a high-fat diet are protected from diabetes and premature death. We reveal a central role for primary cilia in the fate determination of preadipocytes and the generation of metabolically healthy fat tissue.

Canine tumor mutational burden is correlated with TP53 mutation across tumor types and breeds

Spontaneous canine cancers are valuable but relatively understudied and underutilized models. To enhance their usage, we reanalyze whole exome and genome sequencing data published for 684 cases of >7 common tumor types and >35 breeds, with rigorous quality control and breed validation. Our results indicate that canine tumor alteration landscape is tumor type-dependent, but likely breed-independent. Each tumor type harbors major pathway alterations also found in its human counterpart (e.g., PI3K in mammary tumor and p53 in osteosarcoma). Mammary tumor and glioma have lower tumor mutational burden (TMB) (median < 0.5 mutations per Mb), whereas oral melanoma, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma have higher TMB (median ≥ 1 mutations per Mb). Across tumor types and breeds, TMB is associated with mutation of TP53 but not PIK3CA, the most mutated genes. Golden Retrievers harbor a TMB-associated and osteosarcoma-enriched mutation signature. Here, we provide a snapshot of canine mutations across major tumor types and breeds.

Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes Located on Short Arm of the Chromosome 3 as Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

DNA methylation, the most common epigenetic alteration, has been proven to play important roles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Numerous tumor suppressor genes located on the chromosome 3p, particularly in the region of 3p21, are frequently methylated in NPC, thus suggesting great potential for diagnosis of NPC. In this review, we summarize recent findings of tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 3 that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression, based on previous studies related to the hypermethylation of these target genes. Better understanding will allow us to design further experiments to establish a potential test for diagnosis of NPC, as well as bring about methylated therapies to improve the treatment of NPC.

PD-L1 is upregulated via BRD2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma models of acquired cetuximab resistance

BACKGROUND

Tumor models resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors or cisplatin express higher levels of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. We sought to determine whether PD-L1 expression is elevated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models of acquired cetuximab resistance and whether the expression is regulated by bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins.

METHODS

Expression of PD-L1 was assessed in HNSCC cell line models of acquired cetuximab resistance. Proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC)- and RNAi-mediated targeting were used to assess the role of BET proteins.

RESULTS

Cetuximab-resistant HNSCC cells expressed elevated PD-L1 compared to cetuximab-sensitive controls. Treatment with the BET inhibitor JQ1, the BET PROTAC MZ1, or RNAi-mediated knockdown of BRD2 decreased PD-L1 expression. Knockdown of BRD2 also reduced the elevated levels of PD-L1 seen in a model of acquired cisplatin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

PD-L1 is significantly elevated in HNSCC models of acquired cetuximab and cisplatin resistance where BRD2 is the primary regulator.

Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention and Intervention

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling pathway has been suggested to have connections with the malignant transformation, growth, proliferation, and metastasis of various cancers and solid tumors. Relevant connections between the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, cell survival, and prostate cancer (PC) provide a great therapeutic target for PC prevention or treatment. Recent studies have focused on small-molecule mTOR inhibitors or their usage in coordination with other therapeutics for PC treatment that are currently undergoing clinical testing. In this study, the function of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, the consequence of its dysregulation, and the development of mTOR inhibitors, either as an individual substance or in combination with other agents, and their clinical implications are discussed. The rationale for targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and specifically the application and potential utility of natural agents involved in PC treatment is described. In addition to the small-molecule mTOR inhibitors, there are evidence that several natural agents are able to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in prostatic neoplasms. These natural mTOR inhibitors can interfere with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway through multiple mechanisms; however, inhibition of Akt and suppression of mTOR 1 activity are two major therapeutic approaches. Combination therapy improves the efficacy of these inhibitors to either suppress the PC progression or circumvent the resistance by cancer cells.

Comprehensive Omics Analysis of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Chemoresistant Oncogenic Signatures in Colorectal Cancer Cell with Antitumor Effects

Tumor recurrence from cancer stem cells (CSCs) and metastasis often occur post-treatment in colorectal cancer (CRC), leading to chemoresistance and resistance to targeted therapy. MYC is a transcription factor in the nuclei that modulates cell growth and development, and regulates immune response in an antitumor direction by mediating programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and promoting CRC tumor recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy. However, the molecular mechanism through which c-MYC maintains stemness and confers treatment resistance still remains elusive in CRC. In addition, recent reports demonstrated that CRC solid colon tumors expresses C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8). Expression of CXCL8 in CRC was reported to activate the expression of PD-L1 immune checkpoint through c-MYC, this ultimately induces chemoresistance in CRC. Accumulating studies have also demonstrated increased expression of CXCL8, matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) components, in CRC tumors suggesting their potential collaboration to promote EMT and CSCs. TIMP1 is MMP-independent and regulates cell development and apoptosis in various cancer cell types, including CRC. Recent studies showed that TIMP1 cleaves CXCL8 on its chemoattractant, thereby influencing its mechanistic response to therapy. This therefore suggests crosstalk among the c-MYC/CXCL8/TIMP1 oncogenic signatures. In this study, we explored computer simulations through bioinformatics to identify and validate that the MYC/CXCL8/TIMP1 oncogenic signatures are overexpressed in CRC, Moreover, our docking results exhibited putative binding affinities of the above-mentioned oncogenes, with our novel small molecule, RV59, Finally, we demonstrated the anticancer activities of RV59 against NCI human CRC cancer cell lines both as single-dose and dose-dependent treatments, and also demonstrated the MYC/CXCL8/TIMP1 signaling pathway as a potential RV59 drug target.

Exploring the longitudinal glioma microenvironment landscape uncovers reprogrammed pro-tumorigenic neutrophils in the bone marrow

Recent multi-omics studies show different immune tumor microenvironment (TME) compositions in glioblastoma (GBM). However, temporal comprehensive knowledge of the TME from initiation of the disease remains sparse. We use Cre recombinase (Cre)-inducible lentiviral murine GBM models to compare the cellular evolution of the immune TME in tumors initiated from different oncogenic drivers. We show that neutrophils infiltrate early during tumor progression primarily in the mesenchymal GBM model. Depleting neutrophils in vivo at the onset of disease accelerates tumor growth and reduces the median overall survival time of mice. We show that, as a tumor progresses, bone marrow-derived neutrophils are skewed toward a phenotype associated with pro-tumorigenic processes. Our findings suggest that GBM can remotely regulate systemic myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow to generate neutrophils pre-committed to a tumor-supportive phenotype. This work reveals plasticity in the systemic immune host microenvironment, suggesting an additional point of intervention in GBM treatment.

Role of Histone Deacetylases in Monocyte Function in Health and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of 18 members that participate in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In addition to histones, some HDACs also deacetylate transcription factors and specific cytoplasmic proteins.Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, maintain tissue homeostasis and help fight infections and cancer. In these cells, HDACs are involved in multiple processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammatory response, infections, and tumorigenesis. Here, a systematic description of the role that most HDACs play in these functions is reviewed. Specifically, some HDACs induce a pro-inflammatory response and play major roles in host defense. Conversely, other HDACs reprogram monocytes and macrophages towards an immunosuppressive phenotype. The right balance between both types helps monocytes to respond correctly to the different physiological/pathological stimuli. However, aberrant expressions or activities of specific HDACs are associated with autoimmune diseases along with other chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, or cancer.This paper critically reviews the interesting and extensive knowledge regarding the role of some HDACs in these pathologies. It also shows that as yet, very little progress has been made toward the goal of finding effective HDAC-targeted therapies. However, given their obvious potential, we conclude that it is worth the effort to develop monocyte-specific drugs that selectively target HDAC subtypes with the aim of finding effective treatments for diseases in which our innate immune system is involved.

Transcriptional CDK inhibitors, CYC065 and THZ1 promote Bim-dependent apoptosis in primary and recurrent GBM through cell cycle arrest and Mcl-1 downregulation

Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) contributes to the uncontrolled proliferation of tumour cells. Genomic alterations that lead to the constitutive activation or overexpression of CDKs can support tumourigenesis including glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumour in adults. The incurability of GBM highlights the need to discover novel and more effective treatment options. Since CDKs 2, 7 and 9 were found to be overexpressed in GBM, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of two CDK inhibitors (CKIs) (CYC065 and THZ1) in a heterogeneous panel of GBM patient-derived cell lines (PDCLs) cultured as gliomaspheres, as preclinically relevant models. CYC065 and THZ1 treatments suppressed invasion and induced viability loss in the majority of gliomaspheres, irrespective of the mutational background of the GBM cases, but spared primary cortical neurons. Viability loss arose from G2/M cell cycle arrest following treatment and subsequent induction of apoptotic cell death. Treatment efficacies and treatment durations required to induce cell death were associated with proliferation velocities, and apoptosis induction correlated with complete abolishment of Mcl-1 expression, a cell cycle-regulated antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member. GBM models generally appeared highly dependent on Mcl-1 expression for cell survival, as demonstrated by pharmacological Mcl-1 inhibition or depletion of Mcl-1 expression. Further analyses identified CKI-induced Mcl-1 loss as a prerequisite to establish conditions at which the BH3-only protein Bim can efficiently induce apoptosis, with cellular Bim amounts strongly correlating with treatment efficacy. CKIs reduced proliferation and promoted apoptosis also in chick embryo xenograft models of primary and recurrent GBM. Collectively, these studies highlight the potential of these novel CKIs to suppress growth and induce cell death of patient-derived GBM cultures in vitro and in vivo, warranting further clinical investigation.

Impact of active cancer on COVID-19 survival: a matched-analysis on 557 consecutive patients at an Academic Hospital in Lombardy, Italy

BACKGROUND

The impact of active cancer in COVID-19 patients is poorly defined; however, most studies showed a poorer outcome in cancer patients compared to the general population.

METHODS

We analysed clinical data from 557 consecutive COVID-19 patients. Uni-multivariable analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors of COVID-19 survival; propensity score matching was used to estimate the impact of cancer.

RESULTS

Of 557 consecutive COVID-19 patients, 46 had active cancer (8%). Comorbidities included diabetes (n = 137, 25%), hypertension (n = 284, 51%), coronary artery disease (n = 114, 20%) and dyslipidaemia (n = 122, 22%). Oncologic patients were older (mean age 71 vs 65, p = 0.012), more often smokers (20% vs 8%, p = 0.009), with higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (13.3 vs 8.2, p = 0.046). Fatality rate was 50% (CI 95%: 34.9;65.1) in cancer patients and 20.2% (CI 95%: 16.8;23.9) in the non-oncologic population. Multivariable analysis showed active cancer (HR_active: 2.26, p = 0.001), age (HR_age>65years: 1.08, p < 0.001), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (HR_LDH>248mU/mL: 2.42, p = 0.007), PaO2/FiO2 (HR_continuous: 1.00, p < 0.001), procalcitonin (HR_PCT>0.5ng/mL: 2.21, p < 0.001), coronary artery disease (HR_yes: 1.67, p = 0.010), cigarette smoking (HR_yes: 1.65, p = 0.041) to be independent statistically significant predictors of outcome. Propensity score matching showed a 1.92× risk of death in active cancer patients compared to non-oncologic patients (p = 0.013), adjusted for ICU-related bias. We observed a median OS of 14 days for cancer patients vs 35 days for other patients.

CONCLUSION

A near-doubled death rate between cancer and non-cancer COVID-19 patients was reported. Active cancer has a negative impact on clinical outcome regardless of pre-existing clinical comorbidities.

Inhibitors Targeting CDK9 Show High Efficacy against Osimertinib and AMG510 Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

Simple Summary

Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 80% of all lung cancer cases. While a subset of non-small cell lung cancer patients respond to immunotherapy, those who are treated with chemotherapy or targeted therapy develop resistance to the drugs. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are needed to combat this disease. Here we show that inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 are highly effective in preventing the growth of a variety of lung cancer cell lines and lung cancer organoids with high potency. These inhibitors suppressed the expression of several genes like Sox2, Sox9, and Mcl1 that promote tumor growth, facilitating growth arrest. Since inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 are undergoing clinical trials for hematological malignancies, our studies suggest that these inhibitors would be attractive candidates to combat non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer has a 5-year survival rate of less than 12–15%, calling for the development of additional therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. Here we tested the efficacy of inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) on lung cancer cell lines with K-Ras and EGFR mutations and on lung cancer organoids. Three different CDK9 inhibitors reduced the viability and anchorage-independent growth of lung cancer cell lines at very low nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. CDK9 inhibition suppressed the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl1, as well as the embryonic stem cell transcription factors, Sox2 and Sox9, which are pro-tumorigenic. In contrast, treatment with CDK9 inhibitors increased the levels of WT p53 and its downstream target p21 in K-Ras mutant cell lines. Furthermore, the CDK9 inhibitors could markedly reduce the viability of Osimertinib-resistant PC9 and AMG510-resistant H23 and H358 cells with comparable efficacy as the parental cells. CDK9 inhibitors could also significantly reduce the growth and viability of lung cancer organoids with high potency. Taken together, the data presented here strongly suggest that CDK9 inhibitors would be efficacious against K-Ras mutant and EGFR mutant NSCLCs, including those that develop resistance to targeted therapies.

Mechanism of Drug Tolerant Persister Cancer Cells: The Landscape and Clinical Implication for Therapy

A minor population of cancer cells may evade cell death from chemotherapy and targeted therapy by entering a reversible slow proliferation state known as the drug tolerant persister (DTP) state. This DTP state can allow cancer cells to survive drug therapy long enough for additional mechanisms of acquired drug resistance to develop. Thus, cancer persistence is a major obstacle to curing cancers, where insight into the biology of DTP cells and therapeutic strategies targeting this mechanism can have considerable clinical implications. There is emerging evidence that DTP cells adapt to new environments through epigenomic modification, transcriptomic regulation, flexible energy metabolism, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we review and discuss the various proposed mechanisms of cancer persister cells and the molecular features underlying the DTP state, with insights into the potential therapeutic strategies to conquer DTP cells and prevent cancer recurrence or therapeutic failures.

Interactions of multidomain pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins in cancer cell death

Cancer is a global public health concern that is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of tumor cells. It is regarded as the subsequent cause of death after cardiovascular disease. The most common types of cancer include breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate. The risk factors attributed to the development of common types of cancer are tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, dietary factors, ultraviolet radiation (UV), and lack of physical activities. Two major cellular apoptotic pathways targeted in cancer therapies are intrinsic and extrinsic. These two pathways are regulated by different types of proteins, the multidomain pro-apoptotic proteins (Bak, Bax, and Bok), BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins (Bid, Bim, Bad, Noxa, and Puma), and the anti-apoptotic proteins (Mcl-1, Bfl-1, Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and Bcl-B). Other significant molecules/factors that are known to execute cellular apoptotic pathways include bioactive compounds, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proteolytic caspases are known to play a vital role in the initiation of apoptotic activities in cancerous cells. Based on their functions, they are categorized into initiators and executioners. Nanotechnology has produced novel outcomes in modern medicine. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has demonstrated prospective improvements in cancer therapies in combination with the existing therapies including photodynamic therapy. This review aims at highlighting the association between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, and their significance in cancer therapy.

Ketogenic diet aggravates kidney dysfunction by exacerbating metabolic disorders and inhibiting autophagy in spontaneously hypertensive rats

AIMS

To assess the effects of a ketogenic diet on metabolism and renal fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomly divided into a ketogenic diet group and a normal diet group. Blood glucose and metabolites were measured after 4 weeks. Renal autophagy-related protein expression was detected by Western blot, and renal fibrosis was detected by Masson staining.

RESULTS

Compared with the normal diet, the ketogenic diet led to significantly decreased glucose tolerance and metabolism; overactivated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; and reduced renal autophagy-related protein expression in SHRs; Masson staining and other experiments showed that the ketogenic diet had no significant effect on hypertensive renal fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

A Ketogenic diet could lead to disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, increase hypertension by activating the RAAS, reduce renal autophagy levels and aggravate renal parenchymal damage. Therefore, a ketogenic diet, as a kind of natural therapy, should be vigilantly monitored to prevent further damage in patients with hypertension.

Down-regulation of Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) induces G1 arrest via activation of the p38/p53/p21 signalling pathway in bladder cancer

Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) has been reported to contribute to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, the role of PLK4 in human bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the regulatory function of PLK4 in human BC progression. PLK4 is overexpressed in BC cell lines and tissues, and its overexpression correlated with poor prognosis. Our transcriptome analysis combined with subsequent functional assays indicated that PLK4 inhibition can suppress BC cell growth and induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase via activation of the p38/p53/p21 pathway in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our data suggest that PLK4 is a critical regulator of BC cell proliferation, and thus it may have potential as a novel molecular target for BC treatment.

A comprehensive model based on temporal dynamics of peripheral T cell repertoire for predicting post-treatment distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Many nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients develop distant metastases after treatment, leading to poor outcomes. To date, there are no peripheral biomarkers suitable for all NPC patients to predict distant metastasis. Hence, we purposed to develop a noninvasive comprehensive model for predicting post-treatment distant metastasis of all NPC. Since T-cell receptor β chain (TCRB) repertoire has achieved prognostic prediction in many cancers, the clinical characteristics and parameters of TCRB repertoire of 71 cases of peripheral blood samples (pairwise pre-treatment and post-treatment samples from 40 NPC patients who without (nM, n = 21) or with (M, n = 19) post-treatment distant metastasis) were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm was used to construct a distant metastasis prediction model. In terms of TCRB repertoire parameters, the diversity of TCRB repertoire was significantly decreased in M group after treatment but not in nM group. Ascending TCRB diversity and higher similarity between pre- and post-treatment samples showed better distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). The similarity still had robust DMFS prediction in patients with reduced TCRB diversity. More importantly, the 5-factor comprehensive model consisting of basic clinical characteristics and TCRB repertoire indices showed a higher prognostic accuracy than any one individual factor in DMFS predicting. In conclusion, treatment had different effects on the composition of TCRB repertoire in patients without and with post-treatment distant metastasis. The dynamics of TCRB diversity, the similarity of TCRB repertoires, and combinations of these factors with basic clinical characteristics could serve as noninvasive DMFS predictors for all NPC patients.

The Expression and Survival Significance of Glucose Transporter-1 in Pancreatic Cancer: Meta-Analysis, Bioinformatics Analysis and Retrospective Study

To explore the expression profile and prognostic relevance of GLUT-1 in pancreatic cancer, a meta-analysis, bioinformatics analysis based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Oncomine dataset and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and immunohistochemistry in tumor and normal tissue from 88 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients were performed. GLUT-1 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer but it could not be a significant biomarker for prognosis. TNM stage and pathological grade could be biomarker of poor prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Metabolic Alterations in Preneoplastic Development Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis

Metabolic rewiring is a critical hallmark of tumorigenesis and is essential for the development of cancer. Although many key features of metabolic alteration that are crucial for tumor cell survival, proliferation and progression have been identified, these are obtained from studies with established tumors and cancer cell lines. However, information on the essential metabolic changes that occur during pre-neoplastic cell (PNC) development that enables its progression to full blown tumor is still lacking. Here, we present an untargeted metabolomics analysis of human oncogene HRASG12V induced PNC development, using a transgenic inducible zebrafish larval skin development model. By comparison with normal sibling controls, we identified six metabolic pathways that are significantly altered during PNC development in the skin. Amongst these altered pathways are pyrimidine, purine and amino acid metabolism that are common to the cancer metabolic changes that support rapid cell proliferation and growth. Our data also suggest alterations in post transcriptional modification of RNAs that might play a role in PNC development. Our study provides a proof of principle work flow for identifying metabolic alterations during PNC development driven by an oncogenic mutation. In the future, this approach could be combined with transcriptomic or proteomic approaches to establish the detailed interaction between signaling networks and cellular metabolic pathways that occur at the onset of tumor progression.

The EBV-Encoded Oncoprotein, LMP1, Recruits and Transforms Fibroblasts via an ERK-MAPK-Dependent Mechanism

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncoprotein encoded by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), is expressed at widely variable levels in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies, fueling intense debate in the field as to the importance of this oncogenic protein in disease pathogenesis. LMP1-positive NPCs are reportedly more aggressive, and in a similar vein, the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) surrounding “nests” of tumour cells in NPC serve as indicators of poor prognosis. However, there is currently no evidence linking LMP1 expression and the presence of CAFs in NPC. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of LMP1 to recruit fibroblasts in vitro in an ERK-MAPK-dependent mechanism, along with enhanced viability, invasiveness and transformation to a myofibroblast-like phenotype. Taken together, these findings support a putative role for LMP1 in recruiting CAFs to the tumour microenvironment in NPC, ultimately contributing to metastatic disease.

Targeting Gi/o protein-coupled receptor signaling blocks HER2-induced breast cancer development and enhances HER2-targeted therapy

GPCRs are highly desirable drug targets for human disease. Although GPCR dysfunction drives development and progression of many tumors, including breast cancer (BC), targeting individual GPCRs has limited efficacy as a cancer therapy because numerous GPCRs are activated. Here, we sought a new way of blocking GPCR activation in HER2⁺ BC by targeting a subgroup of GPCRs that couple to G_i/o proteins (G_i/o-GPCRs). In mammary epithelial cells of transgenic mouse models, and BC cell lines, HER2 hyperactivation altered GPCR expression, particularly, G_i/o-GPCR expression. G_i/o-GPCR stimulation transactivated EGFR and HER2 and activated the PI3K/AKT and Src pathways. If we uncoupled G_i/o-GPCRs from their cognate G_i/o proteins by pertussis toxin (PTx), then BC cell proliferation and migration was inhibited in vitro and HER2-driven tumor formation and metastasis were suppressed in vivo. Moreover, targeting G_i/o-GPCR signaling via PTx, PI3K, or Src inhibitors enhanced HER2-targeted therapy. These results indicate that, in BC cells, HER2 hyperactivation drives aberrant G_i/o-GPCR signaling and G_i/o-GPCR signals converge on the PI3K/AKT and Src signaling pathways to promote cancer progression and resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. Our findings point to a way to pharmacologically deactivate GPCR signaling to block tumor growth and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

A nomogram prognostic index for risk-stratification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era: a multi-institutional cohort study

BACKGROUND

We aimed to establish a predictive prognostic risk-stratification model for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the rituximab era.

METHODS

The data of 1406 primary DLBCL patients from the Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center were analysed to establish a nomogram prognostic index (NPI) model for predicting overall survival (OS) based on pre-treatment indicators. An independent cohort of 954 DLBCL patients from three other hospitals was used for external validation.

RESULTS

Age, performance status, stage, lactate dehydrogenase, number of extranodal sites, BCL2, CD5 expression, B symptoms and absolute lymphocyte and monocyte count were the main factors of the NPI model and could stratify the patients into four distinct categories based on their predicted OS. The calibration curve demonstrated satisfactory agreement between the predicted and actual 5-year OS of the patients. The concordance index of the NPI model (0.794) was higher than the IPI (0.759) and NCCN-IPI (0.750), and similar results were obtained upon external validation. For CD5 + DLBCL patients, systemic treatment with high-dose methotrexate was associated with superior OS compared to R-CHOP-based immunochemotherapy alone.

CONCLUSIONS

We established and validated an accurate prediction model, which performed better than IPI and NCCN-IPI for prognostic stratification of DLBCL patients.

The Role of Chronic Inflammation in the Development of Breast Cancer

Chronic inflammation contributes to the malignant transformation of several malignancies and is an important component of breast cancer. The role of chronic inflammation in the initiation and development of breast cancer from normal breast tissue, however, is unclear and needs to be clarified. A review of the literature was conducted to define the chronic inflammatory processes in normal breast tissue at risk for breast cancer and in breast cancer, including the role of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, chronic active adipocytes and fibroblasts, and processes that may promote chronic inflammation including the microbiome and factors related to genomic abnormalities and cellular injury. The findings indicate that in healthy normal breast tissue there is systemic evidence to suggest inflammatory changes are present and associated with breast cancer risk, and adipocytes and crown-like structures in normal breast tissue may be associated with chronic inflammatory changes. The microbiome, genomic abnormalities, and cellular changes are present in healthy normal breast tissue, with the potential to elicit inflammatory changes, while infiltrating lymphocytes are uncommon in these tissues. Chronic inflammatory changes occur prominently in breast cancer tissues, with important contributions from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated adipocytes and crown-like structures, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, while the microbiome and DNA damage may serve to promote inflammatory events. Together, these findings suggest that chronic inflammation may play a role in influencing the initiation, development and conduct of breast cancer, although several chronic inflammatory processes in breast tissue may occur later in breast carcinogenesis.

Impact of posttranslational modifications in pancreatic carcinogenesis and treatments

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive cancer, with a 9% 5-year survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. In part, this is because PC is composed of heterogeneous subgroups with different biological and functional characteristics and personalized anticancer treatments are required. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in modifying protein functions/roles and are required for the maintenance of cell viability and biological processes; thus, their dysregulation can lead to disease. Different types of PTMs increase the functional diversity of the proteome, which subsequently influences most aspects of normal cell biology or pathogenesis. This review primarily focuses on ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation, as well as the current understanding of their roles and molecular mechanisms in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Additionally, we briefly summarize studies and clinical trials on PC treatments to advance our knowledge of drugs available to target the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation PTM types. Further investigation of PTMs could be a critical field of study in relation to PC, as they have been implicated in the initiation and progression of many other types of cancer.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as an Emerging Paradigm for Regenerative Therapy and Nano-Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

Mesenchymal Stem Cells are potent therapeutic candidates in the field of regenerative medicine, owing to their immunomodulatory and differentiation potential. However, several complications come with their translational application like viability, duration, and degree of expansion, long-term storage, and high maintenance cost. Therefore, drawbacks of cell-based therapy can be overcome by a novel therapeutic modality emerging in translational research and application, i.e., exosomes. These small vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are emerging as new avenues in the field of nano-medicine. These nano-vesicles have caught the attention of researchers with their potency as regenerative medicine both in nanotherapeutics and drug delivery systems. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in the biology and handling of exosomes, with their limitations and future applications. Additionally, we highlight current perspectives that primarily focus on their effect on various diseases and their potential as a drug delivery vehicle.

Stem cell spreading dynamics intrinsically differentiate acral melanomas from nevi

Early differential diagnosis between malignant and benign tumors and their underlying intrinsic differences are the most critical issues for life-threatening cancers. To study whether human acral melanomas, deadly cancers that occur on non-hair-bearing skin, have distinct origins that underlie their invasive capability, we develop fate-tracing technologies of melanocyte stem cells in sweat glands (glandular McSCs) and in melanoma models in mice and compare the cellular dynamics with human melanoma. Herein, we report that glandular McSCs self-renew to expand their migratory progeny in response to genotoxic stress and trauma to generate invasive melanomas in mice that mimic human acral melanomas. The analysis of melanocytic lesions in human volar skin reveals that genetically unstable McSCs expand in sweat glands and in the surrounding epidermis in melanomas but not in nevi. The detection of such cell spreading dynamics provides an innovative method for an early differential diagnosis of acral melanomas from nevi.

Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Tumor Suppressor Genes in Pancreatic Cancer

The high mortality of pancreatic cancer is attributed to the insidious progression of this disease, which results in a delayed diagnosis and advanced disease stage at diagnosis. More than 35% of patients with pancreatic cancer are in stage III, whereas 50% are in stage IV at diagnosis. Thus, understanding the aggressive features of pancreatic cancer will contribute to the resolution of problems, such as its early recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies targeting tumor suppressor gene products may help prevent the progression of pancreatic cancer. In this review, we discuss several recent clinical trials of pancreatic cancer and recent studies reporting safe and effective treatment modalities for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Regulation of neuropeptide Y in body microenvironments and its potential application in therapies: a review

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the body, is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts on the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems. NPY affects the nutritional and inflammatory microenvironments through its interaction with immune cells, brain-derived trophic factor (BDNF), and angiogenesis promotion to maintain body homeostasis. Additionally, NPY has great potential for therapeutic applications against various diseases, especially as an adjuvant therapy for stem cells. In this review, we discuss the research progress regarding NPY, as well as the current evidence for the regulation of NPY in each microenvironment, and provide prospects for further research on related diseases.

MicroRNA and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers

EBV is a direct causative agent in around 1.5% of all cancers. The oncogenic properties of EBV are related to its ability to activate processes needed for cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and immune evasion. The EBV latency program is required for the immortalization of infected B cells and involves the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including viral microRNAs. These ncRNAs have different functions that contribute to virus persistence in the asymptomatic host and to the development of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we discuss the function and potential clinical utility of EBV microRNAs and other ncRNAs in EBV-associated malignancies. This review is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to provide examples of the importance of ncRNAs.

The Involvement of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b and Dipeptidase 4 Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Diabetes: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP1B) and dipeptidase 4 (DPP4) signaling pathways regulate eukaryotic cell proliferation and metabolism. Previous researches described different transduction mechanisms in the progression of cancer and diabetes.

METHODOLOGY

We reviewed recent advances in the signal transduction pathways of mTOR, PTP1B and DPP4 regulation and determined the crosstalk and common pathway in diabetes and cancer.

RESULTS

We showed that according to numerous past studies, the proteins participate in the signaling networks for both diseases.

CONCLUSION

There are common pathways and specific proteins involved in diabetes and cancer. This article demonstrates and explains the potential mechanisms of association and future prospects for targeting these proteins in pharmacological studies.

Alkylaminophenol and GPR17 Agonist for Glioblastoma Therapy: A Combinational Approach for Enhanced Cell Death Activity

Drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity limits the therapeutic efficacy in treating glioblastoma, an aggressive infiltrative type of brain tumor. GBM cells develops resistance against chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), which leads to the failure in treatment strategies. This enduring challenge of GBM drug resistance could be rational by combinatorial targeted therapy. Here, we evaluated the combinatorial effect of phenolic compound (2-(3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl)phenol (THTMP), GPR17 agonist 2-({5-[3-(Morpholine-4-sulfonyl)phenyl]-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl}sulfanyl)-N-[4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]acetamide (T0510.3657 or T0) with the frontline drug, TMZ, on the inhibition of GBM cells. Mesenchymal cell lines derived from patients' tumors, MMK1 and JK2 were treated with the combination of THTMP + T0, THTMP + TMZ and T0 + TMZ. Cellular migration, invasion and clonogenicity assays were performed to check the migratory behavior and the ability to form colony of GBM cells. Mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP) assay and intracellular calcium, [Ca2+]i, assay was done to comprehend the mechanism of apoptosis. Role of apoptosis-related signaling molecules was analyzed in the induction of programmed cell death. In vivo validation in the xenograft models further validates the preclinical efficacy of the combinatorial drug. GBM cells exert better synergistic effect when exposed to the cytotoxic concentration of THTMP + T0, than other combinations. It also inhibited tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony-forming ability and cell cycle progression in S phase, better than the other combinations. Moreover, the combination of THTMP + T0 profoundly increased the [Ca2+]i, reactive oxygen species in a time-dependent manner, thus affecting MMP and leading to apoptosis. The activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway was regulated by the expression of Bcl-2, cleaved caspases-3, cytochrome c, HSP27, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, p53, and XIAP. The combinatorial drug showed promising anti-tumor efficacy in GBM xenograft model by reducing the tumor volume, suggesting it as an alternative drug to TMZ. Our findings indicate the coordinated administration of THTMP + T0 as an efficient therapy for inhibiting GBM cell proliferation.

Discovery of a dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor from a GPCR endocytosis screen

Internalization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play pivotal roles in cell responsiveness. Dysregulation in receptor trafficking can lead to aberrant signaling and cell behavior. Here, using an endosomal BRET-based assay in a high-throughput screen with the prototypical GPCR angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), we sought to identify receptor trafficking inhibitors from a library of ~115,000 small molecules. We identified a novel dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor, which we named Rasarfin, that blocks agonist-mediated internalization of AT1R and other GPCRs. Rasarfin also potently inhibits agonist-induced ERK1/2 signaling by GPCRs, and MAPK and Akt signaling by EGFR, as well as prevents cancer cell proliferation. In silico modeling and in vitro studies reveal a unique binding modality of Rasarfin within the SOS-binding domain of Ras. Our findings unveil a class of dual small G protein inhibitors for receptor trafficking and signaling, useful for the inhibition of oncogenic cellular responses.

While Ras is a promising target for cancer therapy, development of inhibitors targeting Ras signaling has proven challenging. Here, the authors report the discovery of Rasarfin, a small molecule from a phenotypic screen on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis that acts as a dual Ras and ARF6 inhibitor.

IL-1β augments TGF-β inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition of epithelial cells and associates with poor pulmonary function improvement in neutrophilic asthmatics

Background

Neutrophilic asthmatics (NA) have less response to inhaled corticosteroids. We aimed to find out the predictor of treatment response in NA.

Methods

Asthmatics (n = 115) and healthy controls (n = 28) underwent clinical assessment during 6-month follow-up with standardized therapy. Asthmatics were categorized by sputum differential cell count. The mRNA expressions were measured by RT-qPCR for sputum cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-27, FOXP3, IL-17A, and IL-5). The protein of IL-1β in sputum supernatant was detected by ELISA. Reticular basement membranes (RBM) were measured in the biopsy samples. The role and signaling pathways of IL-1β mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process were explored through A549 cells.

Results

NA had increased baseline sputum cell IL-1β expression compared to eosinophilic asthmatics (EA). After follow-up, NA had less improvement in FEV₁ compared to EA. For all asthmatics, sputum IL-1β mRNA was positively correlated with protein expression. Sputum IL-1β mRNA and protein levels were negatively correlated to FEV₁ improvement. After subgrouping, the correlation between IL-1β mRNA and FEV₁ improvement was significant in NA but not in EA. Thickness of RBM in asthmatics was greater than that of healthy controls and positively correlated with neutrophil percentage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In vitro experiments, the process of IL-1β augmenting TGF-β1-induced EMT cannot be abrogated by glucocorticoid or montelukast sodium, but can be reversed by MAPK inhibitors.

Conclusions

IL-1β level in baseline sputum predicts the poor lung function improvement in NA. The potential mechanism may be related to IL-1β augmenting TGF-β1-induced steroid-resistant EMT through MAPK signaling pathways.

Trial registration: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (IRB ID: 20150406).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-021-01808-7.