99951
|
Abstract
Adolescent participation in academic/extracurricular activities is related to fewer diagnoses of sexually transmitted infections during adolescence. The role parents play in motivating participation in such activities is unclear. This mixed-methods study explored parental influences on academic/extracurricular activity participation, and the relationship of such participation to adolescents' future aspirations and sexual behavior, over a 4-year period. We utilized semistructured interviews with 28 White and Asian American adolescents (age 17-19) and event history calendar self-reports of activities, part-time jobs, and sexual behaviors. Data triangulation was used to integrate qualitative and quantitative data. Increased participation was correlated with abstinence and later sexual onset. Many adolescents reported that parents were reluctant to talk with them about sexual risks and instead preferred to keep them busy and ensure that they had the "right" friends. Adolescents endorsed the parental strategy of keeping them busy with activities. Findings and implications for school nursing practice are discussed.
Collapse
|
99952
|
Effect of multiparity on morphometry and oestrogen receptor expression of pelvic and perineal striated muscles in rabbits: is serum oestradiol relevant? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 169:113-20. [PMID: 23664379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in morphometry and expression of oestrogen receptors (OR) in the pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles, and the concentration of serum oestradiol associated with multiparity. STUDY DESIGN Twelve chinchilla-breed female rabbits were divided into multiparas who had undergone four consecutive deliveries and age-matched virgin nulliparas. Pubococcygeus and bulbospongiosus muscles were surgically removed from each rabbit and processed histologically. Fibre cross-sectional area, number of peripheral nuclei, and expression of ORα and ORβ were measured for each muscle. Serum samples were obtained and the concentration of serum oestradiol was quantified. RESULTS Multiparity increased (p ≤ 0.05) fibre cross-sectional area and the number of peripheral nuclei per fibre in pubococcygeus muscle, but not in bulbospongiosus muscle. Expression of both ORα and ORβ was high (p ≤ 0.05) in both muscles from multiparous rabbits. A rise in serum oestradiol was measured at the end of the second pregnancy, which was absent (p ≤ 0.05) at the end of the fourth pregnancy. The concentration of serum oestradiol was similar (p > 0.05) in nulliparous and multiparous rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Multiparity caused morphometric changes in pubococcygeus muscle but not in bulbospongiosus muscle. As OR expression was high for both muscles, some properties related to fibre composition or muscle physiology could be affected. The finding that serum oestradiol was not elevated at the end of the fourth pregnancy could be related to changes in pelvic and perineal muscles associated with multiparity.
Collapse
|
99953
|
Farup J, Rahbek SK, Vendelbo MH, Matzon A, Hindhede J, Bejder A, Ringgard S, Vissing K. Whey protein hydrolysate augments tendon and muscle hypertrophy independent of resistance exercise contraction mode. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:788-98. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Farup
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - S. K. Rahbek
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - M. H. Vendelbo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. Matzon
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - J. Hindhede
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - A. Bejder
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - S. Ringgard
- MR-Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - K. Vissing
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
99954
|
Abstract
In this review, we will examine the physiological responses to exercise in elderly populations (age > 65 years) with and without evidence of heart failure. Aging per se in both men and women is associated with a ~40% lower maximum oxygen consumption in sedentary subjects. In trained individuals, this value is 25-32% lower. A smaller SV accounts for nearly 50% of these age-related differences, and the remainder is explained by a lower maximal HR and reduced oxygen extraction. Exercise training is also associated with an increase in the arteriovenous O(2) difference in previously sedentary elderly men and women, which probably contributes to the overall beneficial effect of training in the elderly. However, during vigorous exercise (125 W), the cardiac output in the elderly is dependent upon an age-related increase in end-diastolic volume and stroke volume, which "compensates" partially for the age-related decrease in heart rate. Hence, in elderly individuals, the stroke volume during exercise depends upon diastolic filling. The changes that occur in the heart are also associated with an overall reduction in efferent sympathetic nerve activity. Despite this decline, the metaboreflex initiated by receptors in exercising muscles remains the main determinant of sympathetic activation (to maintain blood pressure) during exercise in the elderly. It is recognized that aging is associated with the development of heart failure, particularly in women in whom its prevalence increases >twofold from age 65-69 (6.6%) to age 85 years (14%). Almost half the people presenting with heart failure appear to have normal left ventricular systolic function, a phenomenon that is more common in women. Exercise training in elderly people with and without heart failure appears to have a beneficial effect in terms of enhancing the quality of life and functional capacity. Mortality benefit in the latter has not been established with certainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tissa Kappagoda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
99955
|
Easthope CS, Nosaka K, Caillaud C, Vercruyssen F, Louis J, Brisswalter J. Reproducibility of performance and fatigue in trail running. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:207-11. [PMID: 23660298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the reproducibility of running performance, neuromuscular fatigue markers and indirect muscle damage indicators in a field-based trail time-trial. DESIGN Running performance and changes in classical physiological parameters were analysed in 11 experienced trail runners before and in the days following four bouts of outdoor trail running (15.6 km), 7 days apart. METHODS Heart rate, running time and lactate concentration were monitored in each running bout. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, counter movement jump height, plasma creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were assessed before and 1, 24 and 48 h post-race. Within-bout changes were elucidated using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Inter-repetition reproducibility was examined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (R) and the mean intra-subject coefficient of variation at each measurement time point. RESULTS Running time was longer (p<0.05) for the first bout compared with the other three bouts. Magnitude and time course of changes in counter movement jump height, creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were similar among all four bouts (overall peak means: -17%, +35% and 54/100mm respectively). The acute reduction in maximal voluntary contraction torque (peak mean: -17%) was attenuated exclusively in the fourth bout (p<0.05). The two middle bouts showed good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation) for running time, maximal voluntary contraction torque and counter movement jump height, but low to moderate for creatine kinase activity, muscle soreness, blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion. CONCLUSIONS A short outdoor trail run is a reliable model for investigations of fatigue and muscle damage, but certain methodological precautions should be respected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Easthope
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France; School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Corinne Caillaud
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Science, Australia
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of South France Toulon-Var, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Sport, Education and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France.
| |
Collapse
|
99956
|
Reis EDFS, Pereira GB, de Sousa NMF, Tibana RA, Silva MF, Araujo M, Gomes I, Prestes J. Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction and muscle electromyographical activity in indoor soccer players. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:418-22. [PMID: 23701400 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate and compare the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and static stretching (SS) on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and muscle activation in indoor soccer players. Thirty-three young adult men were divided into two groups: (i) sedentary and (ii) trained. Each group completed three different experimental trials: SS, PNF and no stretching (NS). The MVC of knee extension was evaluated before and immediately after each condition along with electromyography from the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles of the dominant leg. PNF or SS techniques induced no decrease on MVC and muscle electromyographical activity in indoor soccer players (P>0·05). The electromyography of the RF and VL was lower after SS only in the sedentary group (P≤0·05). Short-duration PNF or SS has no effect on isometric MVC and muscle activity in indoor soccer players.
Collapse
|
99957
|
Skeletal muscle PGC-1α controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor α-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8738-43. [PMID: 23650363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212976110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) controls metabolic adaptations. We now show that PGC-1α in skeletal muscle drives the expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) B in an estrogen-related receptor-α-dependent manner. Concomitantly, PGC-1α reduces the expression of LDH A and one of its regulators, the transcription factor myelocytomatosis oncogene. PGC-1α thereby coordinately alters the composition of the LDH complex and prevents the increase in blood lactate during exercise. Our results show how PGC-1α actively coordinates lactate homeostasis and provide a unique molecular explanation for PGC-1α-mediated muscle adaptations to training that ultimately enhance exercise performance and improve metabolic health.
Collapse
|
99958
|
Baum K, Telford RD, Cunningham RB. Marine oil dietary supplementation reduces delayed onset muscle soreness after a 30 km run. Open Access J Sports Med 2013; 4:109-15. [PMID: 24379715 PMCID: PMC3873794 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s41706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Runners are prone to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) during long distance training. This
especially holds for unaccustomed training volumes at moderate to high intensities. We investigated
the effects of a marine oil complex, PCSO-524®, derived from the New Zealand green-lipped
mussel (formulated as Lyprinol® and Omega XL®) on DOMS after a 30 km training
run. Methods Initially, peak oxygen uptake of 32 distance runners (4 female, 28 male; median age 45 years,
range 28–53) was measured on a treadmill with a 1.5 km hour−1 increase
every 4 minutes starting from 8.5 km hour−1. At least 1-week after this initial
test, they participated in a 30 km road run at a speed corresponding to about 70% of their
individual peak oxygen uptake on a flat terrain. Before and after (0, 24, and 48 hours) the run,
blood concentration of creatine kinase (CK) were measured and pain sensation was determined (pain
scale from 0 = no pain to 10 = extremely painful). Runners were then matched in pairs based on
maximal CK and peak oxygen uptake, and allocated randomly into two different groups. One group was
supplemented with 400 mg per day of PCSO-524® for 11 weeks, the other group with an olive
oil placebo. After that period, CK and pain sensations were remeasured following a second 30 km run
at the same speed and on the same terrain. Results The general pattern of soreness in the PCSO-524® supplemented group was reduced by 1.1
units (standard error 0.41) compared to the placebo (P < 0.05), the effects
being greater in lesser trained runners (P < 0.05). CK levels were
positively associated with pain sensation (P < 0.05), but trends toward
lower CK in the PCSO-524® group, which were also more pronounced in the lesser trained
runners, were not statistically significant. Conclusion Pain sensations experienced by distance runners following a 30 km run were reduced by
supplementation with the marine oil complex PCSO-524®, an effect which was greater in lesser
trained runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Baum
- Trainingsinstitut Prof Baum, Köln, Germany
| | - Richard D Telford
- College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ross B Cunningham
- The Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
99959
|
Role of protein and amino acids in promoting lean mass accretion with resistance exercise and attenuating lean mass loss during energy deficit in humans. Amino Acids 2013; 45:231-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
99960
|
Sinsurin K, Vachalathiti R, Jalayondeja W, Limroongreungrat W. Altered Peak Knee Valgus during Jump-Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2013; 4:195-200. [PMID: 24427478 PMCID: PMC3880663 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Excessive knee valgus during landing tasks is a contributing factor to knee injuries. Most studies have examined lower extremity biomechanics during the forward direction of a jump-landing task. Athletes perform many movements in the air and land in multi-directions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the peak knee valgus angle (PKVA) during one leg jump-landing in various directions. Methods Eighteen male basketball and volleyball athletes participated in the study. Participants performed one leg jump-landing tests from a 30 cm height platform in four directions. Knee valgus motion was measured using Vicon™ motion system. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results Direction significantly (P<0.001) influenced the PKVA during landing. Significantly higher PKVA was observed for the lateral (8.8°±4.7°) direction as compared to forward (5.8°±4.6°) direction (P<0.05). The PKVA in 30° diagonal (7.5°±4.6°) and 60° diagonal (7.7°±5.7°) directions was higher than in the forward direction (P<0.05). Conclusion One leg jump-landing in lateral and diagonal directions results in a higher PKVA compared to landing in a forward direction and could lead to a higher risk of knee injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komsak Sinsurin
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Roongtiwa Vachalathiti
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Address: Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, 999 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Wattana Jalayondeja
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
99961
|
Ryynänen J, Junge A, Dvorak J, Peterson L, Karlsson J, Börjesson M. The effect of changes in the score on injury incidence during three FIFA World Cups. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:960-4. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
99962
|
Bhat R, Moiz JA. Comparison of dynamic balance in collegiate field hockey and football players using star excursion balance test. Asian J Sports Med 2013; 4:221-9. [PMID: 24427482 PMCID: PMC3880667 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The preliminary study aimed to compare dynamic balance between collegiate athletes competing or training in football and hockey using star excursion balance test. Methods A total thirty university level players, football (n = 15) and field hockey (n = 15) were participated in the study. Dynamic balance was assessed by using star excursion balance test. The testing grid consists of 8 lines each 120 cm in length extending from a common point at 45° increments. The subjects were instructed to maintain a stable single leg stance with the test leg with shoes off and to reach for maximal distance with the other leg in each of the 8 directions. A pencil was used to point and read the distance to which each subject's foot reached. The normalized leg reach distances in each direction were summed for both limbs and the total sum of the mean of summed normalized distances of both limbs were calculated. Results There was no significant difference in all the directions of star excursion balance test scores in both the groups. Additionally, composite reach distances of both groups also found non-significant (P=0.5). However, the posterior (P=0.05) and lateral (P=0.03) normalized reach distances were significantly more in field hockey players. Conclusion Field hockey players and football players did not differ in terms of dynamic balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamal Ali Moiz
- Address: Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
99963
|
Moeller KT, Butler MW, Denardo DF. The effect of hydration state and energy balance on innate immunity of a desert reptile. Front Zool 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23642164 PMCID: PMC3660207 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune function is a vital physiological process that is often suppressed during times of resource scarcity due to investments in other physiological systems. While energy is the typical currency that has been examined in such trade-offs, limitations of other resources may similarly lead to trade-offs that affect immune function. Specifically, water is a critical resource with profound implications for organismal ecology, yet its availability can fluctuate at local, regional, and even global levels. Despite this, the effect of osmotic state on immune function has received little attention. Results Using agglutination and lysis assays as measures of an organism’s plasma concentration of natural antibodies and capacity for foreign cell destruction, respectively, we tested the independent effects of osmotic state, digestive state, and energy balance on innate immune function in free-ranging and laboratory populations of the Gila monster, Heloderma suspectum. This desert-dwelling lizard experiences dehydration and energy resource fluctuations on a seasonal basis. Dehydration was expected to decrease innate immune function, yet we found that dehydration increased lysis and agglutination abilities in both lab and field studies, a relationship that was not simply an effect of an increased concentration of immune molecules. Laboratory-based differences in digestive state were not associated with lysis or agglutination metrics, although in our field population, a loss of fat stores was correlated with an increase in lysis. Conclusions Depending on the life history of an organism, osmotic state may have a greater influence on immune function than energy availability. Thus, consideration of osmotic state as a factor influencing immune function will likely improve our understanding of ecoimmunology and the disease dynamics of a wide range of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla T Moeller
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99964
|
Colley RC, Garriguet D, Adamo KB, Carson V, Janssen I, Timmons BW, Tremblay MS. Physical activity and sedentary behavior during the early years in Canada: a cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:54. [PMID: 23642258 PMCID: PMC3655822 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity and sedentary behavior habits are established during early childhood, yet only recently has objectively measured data been available on children aged 5 years and younger. This study presents data on the physical activity and sedentary behaviors of Canadian children aged 3-5 years. METHODS Data were collected as part of the Canadian Health Measures Survey between 2009 and 2011. A nationally-representative sample (n = 459) of children aged 3-5 years wore Actical accelerometers during their waking hours for 7 consecutive days. Data were collected in 60-sec epochs and respondents with ≥4 valid days were retained for analysis. Parents reported their child's physical activity and screen time habits in a questionnaire. RESULTS Eighty-four percent of 3-4 year old children met the physical activity guideline of 180 minutes of total physical activity every day while 18% met the screen time target of <1 hour per day. Fourteen percent of 5 year old children met the physical activity guideline of 60 minutes of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while 81% met the screen time target of <2 hours per day. Children aged 3-4 years accumulated an average of 352 min/d of total physical activity and 66 minutes of MVPA while 5 year old children accumulated an average of 342 min/d of total physical activity and 68 minutes of MVPA. Children were sedentary for approximately half of their waking hours and spent an average of 2 hours per day in front of screens. Only 15% of 3-4 year olds and 5% of 5 year olds are meeting both the physical activity and sedentary behavior guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Promoting physical activity while reducing sedentary behavior is important at all stages of life. The findings of the present study indicate that there remains significant room for improvement in these behaviors among young Canadian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Colley
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Kristi B Adamo
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Brian W Timmons
- Child Health & Exercise Medicine Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
99965
|
Grant CC, Janse van Rensburg DC. The contribution of preintervention blood pressure, VO2max, BMI, autonomic function and gender to exercise-induced changes in heart rate variability. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:575-8. [PMID: 23645829 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quantification of heart rate variability (HRV) is a tool to assess the interaction between exercise and autonomic control, as well as the pathophysiology of diseases affecting autonomic function. Little is known about the influence of genetically influenced physiology on exercise-induced changes in autonomic cardiac regulation. It was theorised that preintervention values for blood pressure, VO2max, body mass index (BMI), autonomic function and gender contribute significantly to the exercise-induced changes in HRV. METHODS A 12-week, medium-to-high intensity exercise intervention was completed by 183 volunteers (18-22 years). Data were sampled at baseline and after 12 weeks. Standard time domain, frequency domain and Poincaré HRV quantification techniques were implemented. Regression analysis was performed to determine the influences of the predictors (baseline values for low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), BMI, VO2max, gender, blood pressure) on the exercise-induced response of the dependent variables (changes in HRV-indicator values). RESULTS Parameters found to be significant (p<0.05) predictors of exercise-induced changes were LF, HF and systolic blood pressure in, respectively, 10, 5 and 2 of the 12 regressions performed. The results indicated that the independent variables contribute between 12.83% and 29.82%, depending on the specific HRV indicator, to the exercise-induced changes in the autonomic nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Preintervention autonomic status, as represented specifically by LF, is the most important determinant of cardiac autonomic response to an exercise intervention in a healthy study population. Baseline autonomic function could thus be a significant confounder in the outcome of exercise study results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C Grant
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | | |
Collapse
|
99966
|
Kremer P, Elshaug C, Leslie E, Toumbourou JW, Patton GC, Williams J. Physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depression among children and young adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:183-7. [PMID: 23648221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescent mental disorders remain a relatively neglected area of research, despite evidence that these conditions affect youth disproportionately. We examined associations between physical activity, leisure-time screen use and depressive symptoms among Australian children and adolescents. DESIGN Large cross-sectional observational study. METHODS Self-reported physical activity and leisure-time screen behaviours, and depressive symptoms using the Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire were assessed in 8256 students aged 10-16 years (mean age=11.5 years, SD=0.8). RESULTS Thirty three percent of the sample reported moderate to high depressive symptoms, with rates higher among females (OR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.36; p=0.001). Increased opportunities to be active at school outside class (OR=0.70; 0.58, 0.85; p<0.001), being active in physical education classes (OR=0.77; 0.69, 0.86; p<0.001), greater involvement in sports teams at school (OR=0.77; 0.67, 0.88; p<0.001) and outside of school (OR=0.84; 0.73, 0.96; p=0.01) were all independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. Meeting recommended guidelines for physical activity (OR=0.62; 0.44, 0.88; p=0.007) and, for 12-14 year olds, leisure-time screen use (OR=0.77; 0.59, 0.99; p=0.04) were also independently associated with lower odds for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of physical activity among children and young adolescents, and lower levels of leisure-time screen use among young adolescents, are associated with lower depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the causal relationships between these variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kremer
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
| | | | - Eva Leslie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- School of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Deakin University, Australia
| | - George C Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Williams
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
99967
|
|
99968
|
Schega L, Peter B, Törpel A, Mutschler H, Isermann B, Hamacher D. Effects of intermittent hypoxia on cognitive performance and quality of life in elderly adults: a pilot study. Gerontology 2013; 59:316-23. [PMID: 23652274 DOI: 10.1159/000350927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise has a positive effect on cognitive performance and quality of life (QoL). One reason for this is the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which improves brain plasticity. Intermittent hypoxia promotes first the proliferation of endogenous neuroprogenitors which leads to an increased number of newborn neurons and second the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult hippocampus. Intermittent hypoxia may, therefore, support synaptic plasticity, the process of learning and provoke antidepressant-like effects. Hence, intermittent hypoxia might also lead to improved cognitive functioning and QoL. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate to what extent physical activity with preceded intermittent hypoxic training is more effective than solely strength-endurance training on cognitive performance and QoL. METHODS 34 retired people aged between 60 and 70 years were randomly assigned to a control group or intervention group. Contrarily to the control group, which was supplied with a placebo air mixture, the intervention group was supplied with an intermittent hypoxic training prior to a strength-endurance exercise program. The cognitive performance of individuals was examined using the d2 test and the Number Combination Test (ZVT) both before and after the exercise program. We assessed QoL with the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-12) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the strength-endurance capacity using the Spring test. RESULTS Regarding the d2 test, a time × group effect was observed. Speed of cognitive performance in seconds was measured using ZVT. Here, no interaction effect was discovered. An interaction effect was not found in the Physical Component Summary scores (SF-12). Regarding the Mental Component Summary, an interaction effect just failed to become statistically significant. Furthermore, we determined sleep quality with the PSQI. Here, an interaction effect was observed. The analysis of the strength-endurance test revealed no interaction effects. CONCLUSION The data of the current study suggest that an additional intermittent hypoxic training combined with physical exercise augments the positive effects of exercise on cognitive performance and QoL in elderly humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99969
|
Radovits T, Oláh A, Lux Á, Németh BT, Hidi L, Birtalan E, Kellermayer D, Mátyás C, Szabó G, Merkely B. Rat model of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy: hemodynamic characterization using left ventricular pressure-volume analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H124-34. [PMID: 23645462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00108.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exercise training is associated with characteristic structural and functional changes of the myocardium, termed athlete's heart. Several research groups investigated exercise training-induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in animal models; however, only sporadic data exist about detailed hemodynamics. We aimed to provide functional characterization of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy in a rat model using the in vivo method of LV pressure-volume (P-V) analysis. After inducing LV hypertrophy by swim training, we assessed LV morphometry by echocardiography and performed LV P-V analysis using a pressure-conductance microcatheter to investigate in vivo cardiac function. Echocardiography showed LV hypertrophy (LV mass index: 2.41 ± 0.09 vs. 2.03 ± 0.08 g/kg, P < 0.01), which was confirmed by heart weight data and histomorphometry. Invasive hemodynamic measurements showed unaltered heart rate, arterial pressure, and LV end-diastolic volume along with decreased LV end-systolic volume, thus increased stroke volume and ejection fraction (73.7 ± 0.8 vs. 64.1 ± 1.5%, P < 0.01) in trained versus untrained control rats. The P-V loop-derived sensitive, load-independent contractility indexes, such as slope of end-systolic P-V relationship or preload recruitable stroke work (77.0 ± 6.8 vs. 54.3 ± 4.8 mmHg, P = 0.01) were found to be significantly increased. The observed improvement of ventriculoarterial coupling (0.37 ± 0.02 vs. 0.65 ± 0.08, P < 0.01), along with increased LV stroke work and mechanical efficiency, reflects improved mechanoenergetics of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Despite the significant hypertrophy, we observed unaltered LV stiffness (slope of end-diastolic P-V relationship: 0.043 ± 0.007 vs. 0.040 ± 0.006 mmHg/μl) and improved LV active relaxation (τ: 10.1 ± 0.6 vs. 11.9 ± 0.2 ms, P < 0.01). According to our knowledge, this is the first study that provides characterization of functional changes and hemodynamic relations in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
|
99970
|
Grindem H, Eitzen I, Snyder-Mackler L, Risberg MA. Online registration of monthly sports participation after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a reliability and validity study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:748-53. [PMID: 23645830 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-092075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current methods measuring sports activity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are commonly restricted to the most knee-demanding sports, and do not consider participation in multiple sports. We therefore developed an online activity survey to prospectively record the monthly participation in all major sports relevant to our patient-group. OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability, content validity and concurrent validity of the survey and to evaluate if it provided more complete data on sports participation than a routine activity questionnaire. METHODS 145 consecutively included ACL-injured patients were eligible for the reliability study. The retest of the online activity survey was performed 2 days after the test response had been recorded. A subsample of 88 ACL-reconstructed patients was included in the validity study. The ACL-reconstructed patients completed the online activity survey from the first to the 12th postoperative month, and a routine activity questionnaire 6 and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS The online activity survey was highly reliable (κ ranging from 0.81 to 1). It contained all the common sports reported on the routine activity questionnaire. There was a substantial agreement between the two methods on return to preinjury main sport (κ=0.71 and 0.74 at 6 and 12 months postoperatively). The online activity survey revealed that a significantly higher number of patients reported to participate in running, cycling and strength training, and patients reported to participate in a greater number of sports. CONCLUSIONS The online activity survey is a highly reliable way of recording detailed changes in sports participation after ACL injury. The findings of this study support the content and concurrent validity of the survey, and suggest that the online activity survey can provide more complete data on sports participation than a routine activity questionnaire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hege Grindem
- Norwegian Research Center for Active Rehabilitation (NAR), Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, , Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99971
|
Shippen JM. The generation of loads in excess of the osteogenic threshold by physical movement. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2013; 227:704-11. [PMID: 23636751 DOI: 10.1177/0954411913481186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of physical movement to cause joint and bone loads that stimulate bone growth in order to reduce the adverse effects of osteoporosis. It has been established that stresses in bones in excess of the osteogenic threshold will stimulate bone growth; however, protocols for the generation of these stresses had not been established. Two trial movements were examined in the study: the plié and a movement requiring the subject to move a leg sequentially to 45° displaced positions - the star excursion balance test. Using inverse dynamics and an optimisation approach, the loads in the muscles crossing the hip and knee joints and the corresponding joint contact forces were calculated. It was found that the osteogenic threshold was exceeded in both these trials identifying them as suitable exercises in the maintenance of bone health. In the order of increasing bone load at the hip, and hence increasing bone growth stimulation, are the following demi plié, star excursion balance test with maximum reach criterion, grande plié and star excursion balance test with maximum speed criterion. In the order of increasing bone load at the knee are demi plié, grande plié, star excursion balance test with maximum reach criterion and star excursion balance test with maximum speed criterion. However, due to the high loads encountered, these exercises are not recommended for subjects with advanced osteoporosis although the boundary between therapeutic bone loading leading to increase in bone mineral density and loads capable of causing fracture is unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Shippen
- Department of Industrial Design, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
99972
|
The effect of foot strike pattern on achilles tendon load during running. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1758-66. [PMID: 23640524 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study we compared Achilles tendon loading parameters during barefoot running among females with different foot strike patterns using open-source computer muscle modeling software to provide dynamic simulations of running. Muscle forces of the gastrocnemius and soleus were estimated from experimental data collected in a motion capture laboratory during barefoot running for 11 runners utilizing a rearfoot strike (RFS) and 8 runners utilizing a non-RFS (NRFS) pattern. Our results show that peak Achilles tendon force occurred earlier in stance phase (p = 0.007), which contributed to a 15% increase in average Achilles tendon loading rate among participants adopting a NRFS pattern (p = 0.06). Stance time, step length, and the estimated number of steps per mile were similar between groups. However, runners with a NRFS pattern experienced 11% greater Achilles tendon impulse each step (p = 0.05) and nearly significantly greater Achilles tendon impulse per mile run (p = 0.06). This difference equates to an additional 47.7 body weights for each mile run with a NRFS pattern. Runners considering a NRFS pattern may want to account for these novel stressors and adapt training programs accordingly.
Collapse
|
99973
|
Mejri MA, Hammouda O, Zouaoui K, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Rayana MCB, Souissi N. Effect of two types of partial sleep deprivation on Taekwondo players’ performance during intermittent exercise. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2013.787686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
99974
|
Zingg MA, Knechtle B, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. Reduced performance difference between sexes in master mountain and city marathon running. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:267-75. [PMID: 23637550 PMCID: PMC3636808 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s44115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The performance in master marathoners has been investigated in flat city marathons but not in mountain marathons. This study examined changes in the sex differences in performance across time in female and male master runners competing in a mountain marathon compared to a flat city marathon. Methods The association between age and performance of finishers in the Jungfrau Marathon, Switzerland, with 1830 meter changes in altitude and a flat city marathon (Lausanne Marathon), Switzerland, were analyzed from 2000 to 2011. Results In both events, athletes in the 35–44 years age group showed the highest number of finishers. In the mountain marathon, the number of female master runners aged > 35 years increased in contrast to female finishers aged < 35 years, while the number of male finishers was unchanged in all age groups. In the city marathon, the number of female finishers was unchanged while the number of male finishers in the age groups for 25–34-year-olds and 35–44-year-olds decreased. In female marathoners, performance improved in athletes aged 35–44 and 55–64 years in the city marathon. Male marathoners improved race time in age group 45–54 years in both the city marathon and the mountain marathon. Female master runners reduced the sex difference in performance in the 45–54-year age group in both competitions and in the 35–44-year age group in the mountain marathon. The sex difference in performance decreased in the 35–44-year age group from 19.1% ± 4.7% to 16.6% ± 1.9% in the mountain marathon (r2 = 0.39, P = 0.03). In age groups 45–54 years, the sex difference decreased from 23.4% ± 1.9% to 15.9% ± 6.1% in the mountain marathon (r2 = 0.39, P < 0.01) and from 34.7% ± 4.6% to 11.8% ± 6.2% in the city marathon (r2 = 0.39, P < 0.01). Conclusion These findings suggest that female master runners aged 35–54 years reduced sex differences in their performance in both mountain and city marathon running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Zingg
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99975
|
Taylor-Piliae RE, Boros D, Coull BM. Strategies to improve recruitment and retention of older stroke survivors to a randomized clinical exercise trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 23:462-8. [PMID: 23643477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively few exercise randomized clinical trials (RCTs) among stroke survivors have reported the effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies, despite its central importance to study integrity. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to examine recruitment and retention strategies used among a group of older community-dwelling stroke survivors for an exercise RCT. METHODS Recruitment strategies were multidimensional using both paid (ie, newspaper, radio and, television) and unpaid advertisements (ie, staff visits, flyers, and brochures placed at outpatient rehabilitation centers, physician offices, and community facilities working with older adults; free media coverage of the study, presentations at stroke support groups, relatives/friends, and study Web site) to obtain referrals. Retention strategies centered on excellent communication, the study participants' needs, and having dedicated study staff. Attrition rates and adherence to the intervention were used to examine the effectiveness of these retention strategies. RESULTS A total of 393 referrals were received, 233 persons were screened, and 145 stroke survivors enrolled in the study. During 3 years of study recruitment, we achieved 97% of our enrollment target. We enrolled 62% of those screened. Study enrollment from paid advertising was 21.4% (n = 31), whereas unpaid advertisements resulted in 78.6% (n = 114) of our participants. Attrition was 10% (n = 14 dropouts), and adherence to the intervention was 85%. CONCLUSIONS Recruitment and retention of participants in an exercise RCT are time and labor intensive. Multiple recruitment and retention strategies are required to ensure an adequate sample of community-dwelling stroke survivors. Many of these strategies are also relevant for exercise RCTs among adults with other chronic illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Taylor-Piliae
- Biobehavioral Health Science Division, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Daniella Boros
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bruce M Coull
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurology, University Physicians Healthcare, University of Arizona Health Network, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
99976
|
Effects of 15 consecutive cryotherapy sessions on the clinical output of fibromyalgic patients. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:1337-45. [PMID: 23636794 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a chronic widespread pain disorder in which, the neurogenic origin of the pain, featured by allodynia and hyperalgesia, results from an imbalance in the levels of neurotransmitters and consequently of the peripheral pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Whole body cryotherapy is a peculiar physical therapy known to relieve pain and inflammatory symptoms characteristics of rheumatic diseases, through the regulation of the cytokine expression. The aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the effects of cryotherapy on the clinical output of fibromyalgic patients. A total of 100 fibromyalgic patients (age range 17-70 years) were observed; 50 subjects were addressed to cryotherapy, while the second group (n = 50) did not underwent to the cryotherapic treatment. All subjects kept the prescribed pharmacological therapy during the study (analgesic and antioxidants). The referred health status pre- and post-observation was evaluated with the following scales: Visual Analogue Scale, Short Form-36, Global Health Status and Fatigue Severity Scale. Fibromyalgic patients treated with cryotherapy reported a more pronounced improvement of the quality of life, in comparison with the non-cryo treated fibromyalgic subjects, as indicated by the scores of the qualitative indexes and sub-indexes, that are widely recognized tools to assess the overall health status and the effect of the treatments. We speculate that this improvement is due to the known direct effect of cryotherapy on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators having a recognized role in the modulation of pain.
Collapse
|
99977
|
Wallace JL, Norton KI. Evolution of World Cup soccer final games 1966-2010: game structure, speed and play patterns. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 17:223-8. [PMID: 23643671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are relatively few performance analysis studies on field sports investigating how they evolve from a structural or tactical viewpoint. Field sports like soccer involve complex, non-linear dynamical systems yet consistent patterns of play are recognisable over time and among different sports. This study on soccer trends helps build a framework of potential causative mechanisms for these patterns. DESIGN Retrospective correlational study. METHODS Broadcast footage of World Cup finals between 1966 and 2010 was used to assess patterns of play and stop periods, type and duration of game stoppages, ball speed, player density (congestion) and passing rates. This involved computer-based ball tracking and other notational analyses. These results were analysed using linear regression to track changes across time. RESULTS Almost every variable assessed changed significantly over time. Play duration decreased while stoppage duration increased, both affecting the work: recovery ratios. Ball (game) speed increased by 15% over the 44-year period. Play structure changed towards a higher player density with a 35% greater passing rate. CONCLUSIONS Increases in soccer ball speed and player density show similarities with other field sports and suggest common evolutionary pressures may be driving play structures. The increased intensity of play is paralleled by longer stoppage breaks which allow greater player recovery and subsequently more intense play. Defensive strategies dominate over time as demonstrated by increased player density and congestion. The long-term pattern formations demonstrate successful coordinated states within team structures are predictable and may have universal causative mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Ian Norton
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
99978
|
Gait Performance and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength Improved in Both Upper-Limb and Lower-Limb Isokinetic Training Programs in Individuals with Chronic Stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/929758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Limited improvement in gait performance has been noted after training despite a significant increase in strength of the affected lower-limb muscles after stroke. A mismatch between the training program and the requirements of gait could explain this finding. Objective. To compare the impact of a training program, matching the requirements of the muscle groups involved in the energy generation of gait, to a control intervention, on gait performance and strength. Methods. 30 individuals with chronic stroke were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 15), each training three times/week for six weeks. The experimental group trained the affected plantarflexors, hip flexors, and extensors, while the control group trained the upper-limb muscles. Baseline and posttraining values of gait speed, positive power (muscles’ concentric action during gait), and strength were retained and compared between groups. Results. After training, both groups showed a similar and significant increase in gait speed, positive power of the hip muscles, and plantarflexors strength. Conclusion. A training program targeting the lower-limb muscles involved in the energy generation of gait did not lead to a greater improvement in gait performance and strength than a training program of the upper-limb muscles. Attending the training sessions might have been a sufficient stimulus to generate gains in the control group.
Collapse
|
99979
|
Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Ostrovidov S, Camci-Unal G, Chen S, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Khademhosseini A. Engineered contractile skeletal muscle tissue on a microgrooved methacrylated gelatin substrate. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 18:2453-65. [PMID: 22963391 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To engineer tissue-like structures, cells must organize themselves into three-dimensional (3D) networks that mimic the native tissue microarchitecture. Microfabricated hydrogel substrates provide a potentially useful platform for directing cells into biomimetic tissue architecture in vitro. Here, we present microgrooved methacrylated gelatin hydrogels as a suitable platform to build muscle-like fibrous structures in a facile and highly reproducible fashion. Microgrooved hydrogel substrates with two different ridge sizes (50 and 100 μm) were fabricated to assess the effect of the distance between engineered myofibers on the orientation of the bridging C2C12 myoblasts and the formation of the resulting multinucleated myotubes. It was shown that although the ridge size did not significantly affect the C2C12 myoblast alignment, the wider-ridged micropatterned hydrogels generated more myotubes that were not aligned to the groove direction as compared to those on the smaller-ridge micropatterns. We also demonstrated that electrical stimulation improved the myoblast alignment and increased the diameter of the resulting myotubes. By using the microstructured methacrylated gelatin substrates, we built free-standing 3D muscle sheets, which contracted when electrically stimulated. Given their robust contractility and biomimetic microarchitecture, engineered tissues may find use in tissue engineering, biological studies, high-throughput drug screening, and biorobotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99980
|
Davis ME, Gumucio JP, Sugg KB, Bedi A, Mendias CL. MMP inhibition as a potential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:884-91. [PMID: 23640595 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00137.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle and tendon is composed of different types of collagen molecules that play important roles in the transmission of forces throughout the body, and in the repair and regeneration of injured tissues. Fibroblasts are the primary cells in muscle and tendon that maintain, repair, and modify the ECM in response to mechanical loading, injury, and inactivity. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that digest collagen and other structural molecules, which are synthesized and excreted by fibroblasts. MMPs are required for baseline ECM homeostasis, but disruption of MMP regulation due to injury or disease can alter the normal ECM architecture and prevent proper force transmission. Chronic injuries and diseases of muscles and tendons can be severely debilitating, and current therapeutic modalities to enhance healing are quite limited. This review will discuss the mechanobiology of MMPs, and the potential use of MMP inhibitors to improve the treatment of injured and diseased skeletal muscle and tendon tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max E Davis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99981
|
Hu X, Duan Z, Hu H, Li G, Yan S, Wu J, Wang J, Yin D, Xie Q. Proteomic profile of carbonylated proteins in rat liver: exercise attenuated oxidative stress may be involved in fatty liver improvement. Proteomics 2013; 13:1755-64. [PMID: 23505022 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To screen target proteins of oxidative stress which mediate the effects of exercise on preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the methods for selecting carbonylated proteins were modified, and carbonylated proteins were profiled. The results showed that treadmill training reduced oxidative stress and the levels of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG). The changes in IHTG showed a significant positive correlation with oxidative stress as indicated by malondialdehyde level. Further results from proteomics illustrated that 17 functional proteins were susceptible to oxidative modification, and exercise protected three proteins from carbonylation. The latter three proteins may serve as both direct target proteins of oxidative stress and mediators contributing to the beneficial effects of exercise. In particular, a long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADL) which was a key enzyme in lipid metabolism was not carbonylated and with higher activities in exercise group. These findings indicate that this modified technique is practical and powerful in selecting carbonylated proteins. Long-term treadmill training is effective in ameliorating oxidative stress and preventing the accumulation of IHTG. Among the 17 target proteins of oxidative modification, three proteins contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise. Preventing ACADL from carbonylation may be involved in the physiological mechanism of exercise-induced NAFLD improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P R China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99982
|
Heinonen I, Kemppainen J, Kaskinoro K, Langberg H, Knuuti J, Boushel R, Kjaer M, Kalliokoski KK. Bone blood flow and metabolism in humans: effect of muscular exercise and other physiological perturbations. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1068-74. [PMID: 23280932 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human bone blood flow and metabolism during physical exercise remains poorly characterized. In the present study we measured femoral bone blood flow and glucose uptake in young healthy subjects by positron emission tomography in three separate protocols. In 6 women, blood flow was measured in femoral bone at rest and during one-leg intermittent isometric exercise with increasing exercise intensities. In 9 men, blood flow in the femur was determined at rest and during dynamic one-leg exercise and two other physiological perturbations: moderate systemic hypoxia (14 O2 ) at rest and during exercise, and during intrafemoral infusion of high-dose adenosine. Bone glucose uptake was measured at rest and during dynamic one-leg exercise in 5 men. The results indicate that isometric exercise increased femoral bone blood flow from rest (1.8 ± 0.6 mL/100 g/min) to low intensity exercise (4.1 ± 1.5 mL/100 g/min, p = 0.01), but blood flow did not increase further with increasing intensity. Resting femoral bone blood flow in men was similar to that of women and dynamic one-leg exercise increased it to 4.2 ± 1.2 mL/100 g/min, p < 0.001. Breathing of hypoxic air did not change femoral bone blood flow at rest or during exercise, but intra-arterial infusion of adenosine during resting conditions increased bone blood flow to 5.7 ± 2.4 mL/100 g/min, to the level of moderate-intensity dynamic exercise. Dynamic one-leg exercise increased femoral bone glucose uptake 4.7-fold compared to resting contralateral leg. In conclusion, resting femoral bone blood flow increases by physical exercise, but appears to level off with increasing exercise intensities. Moreover, although moderate systemic hypoxia does not change bone blood flow at rest or during exercise, intra-arterially administered adenosine during resting conditions is capable of markedly enhancing bone blood flow in humans. Finally, bone glucose uptake also increases substantially in response to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99983
|
The Effects of Wearing Lower Body Compression Garments During a Cycling Performance Test. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:300-6. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:Compression garments have been commonly used in a medical setting as a method to promote blood flow. Increases in blood flow during exercise may aid in the delivery of oxygen to the exercising muscles and, subsequently, enhance performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of wearing lower body compression garments during a cycling test.Methods:Twelve highly trained cyclists (mean ± SD age 30 ± 6 y, mass 75.6 ± 5.8 kg, VO2peak 66.6 ± 3.4 mL · kg−1 · min−1) performed two 30-min cycling bouts on a cycle ergometer in a randomized, crossover design. During exercise, either full-length lower body compression garments (COMP) or above-knee cycling shorts (CON) were worn. Cycling bouts involved 15 min at a fixed workload (70% of VO2max power) followed by a 15-min time trial. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate (BL) were measured during the fixed-intensity component of the cycling bout to determine the physiological effect of the garments. Calf girth (CG), thigh girth (TG) and perceived soreness (PS) were measured preexercise and postexercise.Results:COMP produced a trivial effect on mean power output (ES = .14) compared with CON (mean ± 95% CI 1.3 ±1.0). COMP was also associated with a lower HR during the fixed-workload section of the test (−2.6% ± 2.3%, ES = −.38). There were no differences between groups for BL, CG, TG, and PS.Conclusion:Wearing compression garments during cycling may result in trivial performance improvements of ~1% and may enhance oxygen delivery to the exercising muscles.
Collapse
|
99984
|
WEATHERHOLT ALYSSA, BEEKLEY MATTHEW, GREER STEPHANIE, URTEL MARK, MIKESKY ALAN. Modified Kaatsu Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:952-61. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827ddb1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
99985
|
Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, Kaminsky DA, Rundell KW, Hull JH, Storms WW, Weiler JM, Cheek FM, Wilson KC, Anderson SD. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1016-27. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0437st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
99986
|
Murphy AP, Snape AE, Minett GM, Skein M, Duffield R. The Effect of Post-Match Alcohol Ingestion on Recovery From Competitive Rugby League Matches. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1304-12. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318267a5e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
99987
|
Collings PJ, Brage S, Ridgway CL, Harvey NC, Godfrey KM, Inskip HM, Cooper C, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Physical activity intensity, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1020-8. [PMID: 23553158 PMCID: PMC3785144 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.045088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detailed associations between physical activity (PA) subcomponents, sedentary time, and body composition in preschoolers remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the magnitude of associations between objectively measured PA subcomponents and sedentary time with body composition in 4-y-old children. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study in 398 preschool children recruited from the Southampton Women's Survey. PA was measured by using accelerometry, and body composition was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Associations between light physical activity, moderate physical activity (MPA), vigorous physical activity (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity; sedentary time; and body composition were analyzed by using repeated-measures linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, birth weight, maternal education, maternal BMI, smoking during pregnancy, and sleep duration. Sedentary time and PA were also mutually adjusted for one another to determine whether they were independently related to adiposity. RESULTS VPA was the only intensity of PA to exhibit strong inverse associations with both total adiposity [P < 0.001 for percentage of body fat and fat mass index (FMI)] and abdominal adiposity (P = 0.002 for trunk FMI). MVPA was inversely associated with total adiposity (P = 0.018 for percentage of body fat; P = 0.022 for FMI) but only because of the contribution of VPA, because MPA was unrelated to fatness (P ≥ 0.077). No associations were shown between the time spent sedentary and body composition (P ≥ 0.11). CONCLUSIONS In preschoolers, the time spent in VPA is strongly and independently associated with lower adiposity. In contrast, the time spent sedentary and in low-to-moderate-intensity PA was unrelated to adiposity. These results indicate that efforts to challenge pediatric obesity may benefit from prioritizing VPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Collings
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99988
|
Abstract
The controversy surrounding the results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trials published a decade ago caused a significant decline in the use of menopausal hormone replacement therapy. However, these results have been vehemently contested and several lines of evidence suggest that in perimenopausal and non-obese women, estrogen therapy may indeed be of benefit. There is ample proof that menopause causes a loss of musculoskeletal tissue mass and quality, thereby causing a loss of health and quality of life. There is also solid evidence that hormone replacement therapy in itself prevents most of these effects in connective tissue in itself. Besides the independent, direct effects on the musculoskeletal tissues, estrogen deficiency also reduces the ability to adequately respond and adapt to external mechanical and metabolic stressors, e.g. exercise, which are otherwise the main stimuli that should maintain musculoskeletal integrity and metabolic function. Thus, normophysiological estrogen levels appear to exert a permissive effect on musculoskeletal adaptations to loading, thereby likely improving the outcome of rehabilitation following critical illness, musculoskeletal trauma or orthopedic surgical therapy. These effects add to the evidence supporting the use of estrogen therapy, particularly accelerated gain of functional capacity and independence following musculoskeletal disuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Nedergaard
- Nordic Bioscience - Biomarkers and Research (Part of CCBR Group), Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99989
|
LEMAY VALERIE, O’LOUGHLIN JENNIFER, TREMBLAY ANGELO, MATHIEU MARIEEVE. Interest of an Individualized Score among Children Using the OMNI Cycle Scale. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1012-7. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827bd397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
99990
|
Effects of Ramadan on the Diurnal Variations of Repeated-Sprint Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:254-62. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.3.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:This study examined the effects of Ramadan on cycling repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and corresponding diurnal variations.Methods:Twelve active men performed an RSA test (5 × 6-s maximal sprints interspersed with 24 s passive recovery) during morning and afternoon sessions 1 wk before Ramadan (BR), during the second (R2) and the fourth (R4) weeks of Ramadan, and 2 wk after Ramadan (AR). Maximal voluntary contraction was assessed before (MVCpre), immediately after (MVCpost), and 5 min after the RSA test (MVCpost5). Moreover, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma sodium and potassium (K+) concentrations were measured at rest and after the RSA test and MVCpost.Results:Overall, peak power (Ppeak) during the RSA test decreased throughout the 5 sprints. Ppeak measured in the first sprint and MVCpre were lower during Ramadan than BR in the afternoon (P < .05) and higher in the afternoon than the morning BR and AR (P < .05). However, this diurnal rhythmicity was not found for the last 4 sprints’ Ppeak, MVCpost, and MVCpost5 in all testing periods. Furthermore, the last 4 sprints’ Ppeak, MVCpost, MVCpost5, and morning MVCpre were not affected by Ramadan. [K+] measured at rest and after the RSA test and MVCpost were higher during Ramadan than BR in the afternoon (P < .05) and higher in the afternoon than the morning during Ramadan (P < .05).Conclusions:Fatigability is higher in the afternoon during Ramadan, and, therefore, training and competition should be scheduled at the time of day when physical performance is less affected.
Collapse
|
99991
|
NYBO LARS, GIRARD OLIVIER, MOHR MAGNI, KNEZ WADE, VOSS SVEN, RACINAIS SEBASTIEN. Markers of Muscle Damage and Performance Recovery after Exercise in the Heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:860-8. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827ded04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
99992
|
Effects of Electrostimulation Therapy on Recovery From Acute Team-Sport Activity. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:293-9. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To assess the efficacy of a 1-off electrostimulation treatment as a recovery modality from acute teamsport exercise, directly comparing the benefits to contrast water therapy.Methods:Ten moderately trained male athletes completed a simulated team-game circuit (STGC). At the conclusion of exercise, participants then completed a 30-min recovery modality of either electrostimulation therapy (EST), contrast water therapy (CWT), or a passive resting control condition (CON). Twenty-four hours later, participants were required to complete a modified STGC as a measure of next-day performance. Venous blood samples were collected preexercise and 3 and 24 h postexercise. Blood samples were analyzed for circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP).Results:The EST trial resulted in significantly faster sprint times during the 24-h postrecovery than with CON (P < .05), with no significant differences recorded between EST and CWT or between CWT and CON (P > .05). There were no differences in IL-6 or CRP across all trials. Finally, the perception of recovery was significantly greater in the EST trial than in the CWT and CON (P < .05).Conclusions:These results suggest that a 1-off treatment with EST may be beneficial to perceptual recovery, which may enhance next-day performance.
Collapse
|
99993
|
Bacchi E, Spiazzi G, Zendrini G, Bonin C, Moghetti P. Low body weight and menstrual dysfunction are common findings in both elite and amateur ballet dancers. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:343-6. [PMID: 23027765 DOI: 10.3275/8645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that low body weight and menstrual alterations are very frequent findings in elite dancers, suggesting they could be at risk for associated medical problems. However, it is still largely unknown whether these alterations are also common in the very large number of young amateur dancers. AIM The aim of this study was to assess whether there is an increased prevalence of menstrual dysfunction also in amateur dancers. MATERIAL/SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety-two professional ballet dancers, 93 non-professional ballet dancers, and 293 (160 sedentary, 133 physically active) control women, ranging in age 14-23 yr, were included in the study. In these subjects, a detailed questionnaire that included questions on weight, height, age at menarche, training profile and menstrual alterations was administered. RESULTS BMI was lower in both professional and non-professional dancers than in controls. Frequency of menstrual dysfunction was 51%, 34% and 21% in professional dancers, non-professional dancers and controls, respectively (p<0.0001). Amenorrhea was reported by 23% of professional dancers, vs 1-7% in the other groups (p<0.0001). Age at menarche occurred later in professional dancers than in the other groups. Logistic regression analyses showed that menstrual dysfunction was associated with the training profile in professional dancers, and with BMI in non-professional dancers. Age at menarche was associated with menstrual dysfunction in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that low body weight and menstrual dysfunction are frequent findings also in amateur ballet dancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bacchi
- University and AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99994
|
Díaz MM, Bocanegra OL, Teixeira RR, Tavares M, Soares SS, Espindola FS. The Relationship Between the Cortisol Awakening Response, Mood States, and Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1340-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318267a612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
99995
|
Panch SR, Riordan MM, Miranda SJ, Leitman SF. Intermittent leukocytosis in an asymptomatic platelet donor. Transfusion 2013; 53:1144-6. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R. Panch
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda; MD
| | - Monica M. Riordan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda; MD
| | - Susan J. Miranda
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda; MD
| | - Susan F. Leitman
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda; MD
| |
Collapse
|
99996
|
Ramos D, Martins EG, Viana-Gomes D, Casimiro-Lopes G, Salerno VP. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and tissue damage released by muscle and liver after a single bout of swimming exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:507-11. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both acute exercise and excessive training can cause oxidative stress. The resulting increase in free radicals and the inadequate response from antioxidant systems can lead to a framework of cellular damage. An association between affected tissue and the biomarkers of oxidative stress that appear in plasma has not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the source of oxidative stress biomarkers found in the plasma of untrained rats after a single bout of swimming exercise at 2 different intensities: low intensity (SBLIE) or high intensity (SBHIE). Immediately after the exercise, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in plasma to characterize cell damage. Oxidative stress was assessed using protein carbonylation (PC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) quantified by malondialdehyde concentration. SBHIE raised levels of plasma AST (93%) and ALT (17%), and both exercise regimens produced an increase in GGT (7%) and LDH (∼55%). Plasma levels of PC and TBARS were greater in the SBHIE group; there were no changes in TAC. SBLIE caused only a modest increase in TBARS. In muscle, there were no changes in TAC, PC, or TBARS, regardless of exercise intensity, In the liver, TAC and TBARS increased significantly in both the SBLIE and SBHIE groups. This indicates that the oxidative stress biomarkers measured in the plasma immediately after a single bout of swimming exercise were generated primarily in the liver, not in muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dionizio Ramos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eduarda Gabrielle Martins
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Diego Viana-Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Casimiro-Lopes
- Laboratório de Química Fisiológica da Contração Muscular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Verônica P. Salerno
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício e Motores Moleculares, Departamento de Biociências da Atividade Física, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
99997
|
Theisen D, Frisch A, Malisoux L, Urhausen A, Croisier JL, Seil R. Injury risk is different in team and individual youth sport. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
99998
|
Springer AE, Tanguturi Y, Ranjit N, Skala KA, Kelder SH. Physical activity during recess in low-income third-grade Texas students. Am J Health Behav 2013; 37:318-24. [PMID: 23985178 PMCID: PMC3761405 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.37.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of recess-based moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) among third-grade students attending low-income, urban schools in Texas. METHODS Structured observations (N = 77 class and 616 student observations) using SOFIT were conducted over 3 months in 8 elementary schools with majority Hispanic students. RESULTS Students engaged in 66.4% and 19.2% of their ∼20-minute recess time in MVPA and VPA, respectively. Boys engaged in more MVPA and VPA (p < .007). Contextual differences in activity (setting and activity type) were identified. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of scheduled recess time for children's physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Springer
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus
| | - Yasas Tanguturi
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus
| | - Nalini Ranjit
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus
| | | | - Steven H. Kelder
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas School of Public Health-Austin Regional Campus
| |
Collapse
|
99999
|
González-Agüero A, Matute-Llorente A, Gómez-Cabello A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Effects of whole body vibration training on body composition in adolescents with Down syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:1426-33. [PMID: 23474995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of 20 weeks of whole body vibration (WBV) on the body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Thirty adolescent with DS were divided into two groups: control and WBV. Whole body, upper and lower limbs body fat and lean body mass were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after 20 weeks of WBV training. Repeated measures of ANOVA adjusting by height, weight and Tanner stage were used to analyze possible group by time interactions on body composition. The adjusted percentages of change in body composition were also compared between control and WBV groups. No group by time interactions were found for any variable, but the WBV group showed a higher reduction in body fat at the upper limbs (p<0.05), and a tendency toward higher percent increase in whole body lean body mass. Overall, a 20-week WBV training is not enough by itself for increasing lean body mass in adolescents with DS, but it might be helpful for improving body composition in this population. Its relationship with health and autonomy enhances the importance of these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro González-Agüero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100000
|
Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Suagee JK, Sanders SR. Nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequences of heat stress. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:267-76. [PMID: 23674792 PMCID: PMC3650495 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a highly coordinated process, and preferred fuel(s) differ among tissues. The hierarchy of substrate use can be affected by physiological status and environmental factors including high ambient temperature. Unabated heat eventually overwhelms homeothermic mechanisms resulting in heat stress, which compromises animal health, farm animal production, and human performance. Various aspects of heat stress physiology have been extensively studied, yet a clear understanding of the metabolic changes occurring at the cellular, tissue, and whole-body levels in response to an environmental heat load remains ill-defined. For reasons not yet clarified, circulating nonesterified fatty acid levels are reduced during heat stress, even in the presence of elevated stress hormones (epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol), and heat-stressed animals often have a blunted lipolytic response to catabolic signals. Either directly because of or in coordination with this, animals experiencing environmental hyperthermia exhibit a shift toward carbohydrate use. These metabolic alterations occur coincident with increased circulating basal and stimulated plasma insulin concentrations. Limited data indicate that proper insulin action is necessary to effectively mount a response to heat stress and minimize heat-induced damage. Consistent with this idea, nutritional interventions targeting increased insulin action may improve tolerance and productivity during heat stress. Further research is warranted to uncover the effects of heat on parameters associated with energy metabolism so that more appropriate and effective treatment methodologies can be designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|