10401
|
Mansour HA, Talkowski ME, Wood J, Chowdari KV, McClain L, Prasad K, Montrose D, Fagiolini A, Friedman ES, Allen MH, Bowden CL, Calabrese J, El-Mallakh RS, Escamilla M, Faraone SV, Fossey MD, Gyulai L, Loftis JM, Hauser P, Ketter TA, Marangell LB, Miklowitz DJ, Nierenberg AA, Patel J, Sachs GS, Sklar P, Smoller JW, Laird N, Keshavan M, Thase ME, Axelson D, Birmaher B, Lewis D, Monk T, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Devlin B, Nimgaonkar VL. Association study of 21 circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:701-10. [PMID: 19839995 PMCID: PMC3401899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Published studies suggest associations between circadian gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder (BPI), as well as schizoaffective disorder (SZA) and schizophrenia (SZ). The results are plausible, based on prior studies of circadian abnormalities. As replications have not been attempted uniformly, we evaluated representative, common polymorphisms in all three disorders. METHODS We assayed 276 publicly available 'tag' single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 21 circadian genes among 523 patients with BPI, 527 patients with SZ/SZA, and 477 screened adult controls. Detected associations were evaluated in relation to two published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Using gene-based tests, suggestive associations were noted between EGR3 and BPI (p = 0.017), and between NPAS2 and SZ/SZA (p = 0.034). Three SNPs were associated with both sets of disorders (NPAS2: rs13025524 and rs11123857; RORB: rs10491929; p < 0.05). None of the associations remained significant following corrections for multiple comparisons. Approximately 15% of the analyzed SNPs overlapped with an independent study that conducted GWAS for BPI; suggestive overlap between the GWAS analyses and ours was noted at ARNTL. CONCLUSIONS Several suggestive, novel associations were detected with circadian genes and BPI and SZ/SZA, but the present analyses do not support associations with common polymorphisms that confer risk with odds ratios greater than 1.5. Additional analyses using adequately powered samples are warranted to further evaluate these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hader A Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Kodavali V Chowdari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Lora McClain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Konasale Prasad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Debra Montrose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
| | - Edward S Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael H Allen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Depression Center, Denver, CO
| | - Charles L Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joseph Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, Case University School of Medicine, Mood Disorders Program, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rif S El-Mallakh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY
| | - Michael Escamilla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Mark D Fossey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma-Tulsa, Tulsa, OK
| | - Laszlo Gyulai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer M Loftis
- Behavioral Health & Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Peter Hauser
- Behavioral Health & Clinical Neurosciences Division, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Terence A Ketter
- Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Andrew A Nierenberg
- Clinical Depression and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Jayendra Patel
- Schizophrenia Research Program, Bipolar Disorder Program and Center for Psychopharmacology Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Gary S Sachs
- Bipolar Clinic and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Genetics Program in Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nan Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Michael E Thase
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Axelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - David Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Tim Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Ellen Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - David J Kupfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10402
|
Dutt A, McDonald C, Dempster E, Prata D, Shaikh M, Williams I, Schulze K, Marshall N, Walshe M, Allin M, Collier D, Murray R, Bramon E. The effect of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on hippocampal and lateral ventricular volume in psychosis. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1783-1797. [PMID: 19573260 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291709990316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphometric endophenotypes which have been proposed for psychotic disorders include lateral ventricular enlargement and hippocampal volume reductions. Genetic epidemiological studies support an overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes have been implicated in the aetiology of both these disorders. This study examined associations between these candidate genes and morphometric endophenotypes for psychosis. METHOD A total of 383 subjects (128 patients with psychosis, 194 of their unaffected relatives and 61 healthy controls) from the Maudsley Family Psychosis Study underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and genotyping. The effect of candidate genes on brain morphometry was examined using linear regression models adjusting for clinical group, age, sex and correlations between members of the same family. RESULTS The results showed no evidence of association between variation in COMT genotype and lateral ventricular, and left or right hippocampal volumes. Neither was there any effect of the BDNF, 5-HTTLPR, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genotypes on these regional brain volumes. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal hippocampal and lateral ventricular volumes are among the most replicated endophenotypes for psychosis; however, the influences of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on these key brain regions must be very subtle if at all present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dutt
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry (King's College London)/South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10403
|
Abstract
There is strong evidence that genetic factors make substantial contributions to the etiology of autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, with heritability estimates being at least 80% for each. These illnesses have complex inheritance, with multiple genetic and environmental factors influencing disease risk; however, in psychiatry, complex genetics is further compounded by phenotypic complexity. Autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are effectively syndromic constellations of symptoms that define groups of patients with broadly similar outcomes and responses to treatment. As such the diagnostic categories are likely to be heterogeneous and the boundaries between them somewhat arbitrary. Recent applications of whole-genome technologies have discovered rare copy number variants and common single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with risk of developing these disorders. Furthermore, these studies have shown an overlap between the genetic loci and even alleles that predispose to the different phenotypes. The findings have several implications. First, they show that copy number variations are likely to be important risk factors for autism and schizophrenia, whereas common single-nucleotide polymorphism alleles have a role in all disorders. Second, they imply that there are specific genetic loci and alleles that increase an individual's risk of developing any of these disorders. Finally, the findings suggest that some of the specific genetic loci implicated so far encode proteins, such as neurexins and neuroligins, that function in synaptic development and plasticity, and therefore may represent a common biological pathway for these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam S Carroll
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10404
|
A novel mutation in the connexin 29 gene may contribute to nonsyndromic hearing loss. Hum Genet 2009; 127:191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10405
|
Chang HW, Chuang LY, Cheng YH, Ho CH, Wen CH, Yang CH. Seq-SNPing: multiple-alignment tool for SNP discovery, SNP ID identification, and RFLP genotyping. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2009; 13:253-60. [PMID: 19514837 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2008.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many sequence-alignment tools were developed to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from resequencing in genomic regions. Whether an identified SNP is indeed a novel SNP or is already contained in dbSNP is often difficult to answer. Here, we describe a freely available software, Seq-SNPing, which is a Java-based software for SNP discovery, and ID identification and editing and visualizating of sequence alignments. It is easy to use, fast, and provides an accurate method for searching and organizing SNP IDs from multiple sequence inputs, thereby greatly facilitating genetic studies. Seq-SNPing provides SNP identification by selecting any range of unaligned or aligned sequences in sequences that are similar. SNP IDs in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or user-defined SNPs within a selected sequence can be identified by Seq-SNPing. Information needed for SNP-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) genotyping is provided, such as SNP-REs (restriction enzymes), the sequence trimmer, sequence finder, BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), SNP-BLAST, UCSC BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool), RE mining, antisequencer (Anti-seq), and T(m) (melting temperature)/GC% of selected sequence. The thresholds for SNP calling are adjustable by selecting the height of the peak for each nucleotide representative curve in the chromatogram. Therefore, Seq-SNPing can discover SNPs and identify SNP IDs in both sequence text and chromatogram files in a fast and reliable way. The software is fully compatible with Microsoft Windows. The program and user manual are available at http://bio.kuas.edu.tw/Seq-SNPing for download.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10406
|
Habl G, Zink M, Petroianu G, Bauer M, Schneider-Axmann T, von Wilmsdorff M, Falkai P, Henn FA, Schmitt A. Increased D-amino acid oxidase expression in the bilateral hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients: a post-mortem study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1657-65. [PMID: 19823762 PMCID: PMC2776935 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An important risk gene in schizophrenia is d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO). To establish if expression of DAAO is altered in cortical, hippocampal or thalamic regions of schizophrenia patients, we measured gene expression of DAAO in a post-mortem study of elderly patients with schizophrenia and non-affected controls in both hemispheres differentiating between gray and white matter. We compared cerebral post-mortem samples (granular frontal cortex BA9, middle frontal cortex BA46, superior temporal cortex BA22, entorhinal cortex BA28, sensoric cortex BA1–3, hippocampus (CA4), mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus) from 10 schizophrenia patients to 13 normal subjects investigating gene expression of DAAO in the gray and white matter of both hemispheres of the above-mentioned brain regions by in situ-hybridization. We found increased expression of DAAO-mRNA in the hippocampal CA4 of schizophrenic patients. Compared to the control group, both hemispheres of the hippocampus of schizophrenic patients showed an increased expression of 46% (right, P = 0.013) and 54% (left, P = 0.019), respectively. None of the other regions examined showed statistically significant differences in DAAO expression. This post-mortem study demonstrated increased gene expression of DAAO in the left and right hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. This increased expression could be responsible for a decrease in local d-serine levels leading to a NMDA-receptor hypofunction that is hypothesized to play a major role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, our study group was small and results should be verified using larger samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Habl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Zink
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Georg Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, GL 495E, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Manfred Bauer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry Rheinische Kliniken, University of Duesseldorf, Bergische Landstr. 2, 40629 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fritz A. Henn
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Present Address: Life Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 490, Upton, NY 11973-5000 USA
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Von-Siebold Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10407
|
Gomez L, Wigg K, Feng Y, Kiss E, Kapornai K, Tamás Z, Mayer L, Baji I, Daróczi G, Benák I, Kothencné VO, Dombovári E, Kaczvinszk E, Besnyo M, Gádoros J, King N, Székely J, Kovacs M, Vetró A, Kennedy JL, Barr CL. G72/G30 (DAOA) and juvenile-onset mood disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1007-12. [PMID: 19089835 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome 13q region has been linked to bipolar disorder in a number of genome scans as well as focused linkage studies. Previously we identified linkage to the 13q32 region in a genome scan of 146 affected sibling pair families from Hungary with juvenile-onset mood disorders. Within this region are the overlapping genes G72/G30, with G72 now officially named as D-amino-acid oxidase activator (DAOA). This locus has been associated with panic disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. In this study, we tested for association to 11 markers in these genes and mood disorders in a sample of 646 nuclear families identified with a proband with onset of a mood disorder before 14.9 years of age. We identified evidence for association to three markers within the gene (rs2391191, rs3918341, rs1935062), two of which had been associated with bipolar disorder in previous studies. When corrected for the number of markers tested, the results were no longer significant, however the prior evidence for association of this gene in multiple studies points to this gene as a potential contributor to juvenile-onset mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Gomez
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10408
|
Maheshwari M, Shi J, Badner JA, Skol A, Willour VL, Muzny DM, Wheeler DA, Gerald FR, Detera-Wadleigh S, McMahon FJ, Potash JB, Gershon ES, Liu C, Gibbs RA. Common and rare variants of DAOA in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:960-6. [PMID: 19194963 PMCID: PMC2753761 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA, previously known as G72) gene, mapped on 13q33, has been reported to be genetically associated with bipolar disorder (BP) in several populations. The consistency of associated variants is unclear and rare variants in exons of the DAOA gene have not been investigated in psychiatric diseases. We employed a conditional linkage method-STatistical Explanation for Positional Cloning (STEPC) to evaluate whether any associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) account for the evidence of linkage in a pedigree series that previously has been linked to marker D13S779 at 13q33. We also performed an association study in a sample of 376 Caucasian BP parent-proband trios by genotyping 38 common SNPs in the gene region. Besides, we resequenced coding regions and flanking intronic sequences of DAOA in 555 Caucasian unrelated BP patients and 564 mentally healthy controls, to identify putative functional rare variants that may contribute to disease. One SNP rs1935058 could "explain" the linkage signal in the family sample set (P = 0.055) using STEPC analysis. No significant allelic association was detected in an association study by genotyping 38 common SNPs in 376 Caucasian BP trios. Resequencing identified 53 SNPs, of which 46 were novel SNPs. There was no significant excess of rare variants in cases relative to controls. Our results suggest that DAOA does not have a major effect on BP susceptibility. However, DAOA may contribute to bipolar susceptibility in some specific families as evidenced by the STEPC analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Maheshwari
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jiajun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Judith A. Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew Skol
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Virginia L. Willour
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Fowler R. Gerald
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sevilla Detera-Wadleigh
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Dept of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
10409
|
Xu Q, Li X, Wang J, Jiang H, Zhang S, Lei L, Shen L, Xia K, Pan Q, Long Z, Tang B. Mutation Analysis of the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) gene in Chinese Han patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1374-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10410
|
Kirby BP, Waddington JL, O'Tuathaigh CMP. Advancing a functional genomics for schizophrenia: psychopathological and cognitive phenotypes in mutants with gene disruption. Brain Res Bull 2009; 83:162-76. [PMID: 19800398 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, heritable psychotic disorder in which numerous genes and environmental adversities appear to interact in determining disease phenotype. In addition to genes regulating putative pathophysiological mechanisms, a new generation of molecular studies has indicated numerous candidate genes to be associated with risk for schizophrenia. The present review focuses on studies in mice mutant for genes associated with putative pathophysiological mechanisms and candidate risk genes for the disorder. It seeks to evaluate the extent to which each mutation of a schizophrenia-related gene accurately models multiple aspects of the schizophrenia phenotype or more circumscribed, distinct endophenotypes in terms of psychopathology and pathobiology; in doing so, it places particular emphasis on positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. To further this goal, it juxtaposes continually evolving mutant genomics with emergent clinical genomic studies. Opportunities and challenges associated with the use of such mutants, including diagnostic specificity and the translational barrier associated with modelling schizophrenia, are discussed. The potential value of genetic models for exploring gene-gene and gene-environment interactions relating to schizophrenia is highlighted. Elucidation of the contribution of genetic variation to specific symptom clusters and underlying aspects of pathobiology will have important implications for identifying treatments that target distinct domains of psychopathology and dysfunction on an individual patient basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Kirby
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10411
|
Wang YG, Du J, Wang JL, Chen J, Chen C, Luo YY, Xiao ZQ, Jiang H, Yan XX, Xia K, Pan Q, Tang BS, Shen L. Six cases of SCA3/MJD patients that mimic hereditary spastic paraplegia in clinic. J Neurol Sci 2009; 285:121-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10412
|
Desbonnet L, Waddington JL, Tuathaigh CMPO. Mice mutant for genes associated with schizophrenia: common phenotype or distinct endophenotypes? Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:258-73. [PMID: 19728400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder whose etiology involves a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. By virtue of this complexity, schizophrenia is a field of research in which a number of key technologies converge: in particular, identification of putative susceptibility genes through association studies in clinical populations leads to investigation of the behavioural roles of these genes by targeted manipulation in mice and their phenotypic characterisation ('gene-driven' approach); in a complementary manner, identification of putative pathophysiological processes and therapeutic pathways leads to investigation of behavioural phenotype in mice mutant for genes regulating such processes and pathways ('phenotype-driven' approach). As several susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and numerous genes implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia have now been genetically manipulated in mice, it is timely to consider the roles of these genes in abnormal brain development and the ontogeny of putative schizophrenia-like phenotypes. The aim of this review is to outline existing knowledge from mutant studies concerning the contribution of these genes to the development of a common schizophrenia phenotype vis-à-vis discrete schizophrenia endophenotypes. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of studying gene x environment and gene x gene interactions, as well as addressing methodological issues related to genetic modelling and phenotyping strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Desbonnet
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10413
|
Jansen A, Krach S, Krug A, Markov V, Eggermann T, Zerres K, Thimm M, Nöthen MM, Treutlein J, Rietschel M, Kircher T. Effect of the G72 (DAOA) putative risk haplotype on cognitive functions in healthy subjects. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:60. [PMID: 19778423 PMCID: PMC2761379 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-9-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last years, several susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders have been identified, among others G72 (also named D-amino acid oxidase activator, DAOA). Typically, the high-risk variant of a vulnerability gene is associated with decreased cognitive functions already in healthy individuals. In a recent study however, a positive effect of the high-risk variant of G72 on verbal working memory was reported. In the present study, we therefore examined the relationship between G72 genotype status and a broad range of cognitive functions in 423 healthy individuals. METHODS The G72 carrier status was assessed by the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) M23 and M24. Subjects were divided into three risk groups (low, intermediate and high risk). RESULTS G72 status influenced a number of cognitive functions, such as verbal working memory, attention, and, at a trend level, spatial working memory and executive functions. Interestingly, the high-risk allele carriers scored better than one or even both other groups. CONCLUSION Our data show that the putative high-risk haplotype (i.e. homozygote C/C-allele carriers in SNP M23 and homozygote T/T-allele carriers in SNP M24) is in healthy individuals not necessarily associated with worse performance in cognitive functions, but even with better performance in some domains. Further work is required to identify the mechanisms of G72 on brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jansen
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sören Krach
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Markov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Markus Thimm
- Section of BrainImaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10414
|
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 in the Chinese Han population. Neurol Sci 2009; 31:107-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-009-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
10415
|
Tattersall D, Scott CA, Gray C, Zicha D, Kelsell DP. EKV mutant connexin 31 associated cell death is mediated by ER stress. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4734-45. [PMID: 19755382 PMCID: PMC2778370 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis expresses a number of connexin (Cx) proteins that are implicated in gap junction-mediated cell communication. Distinct dominantly inherited mutations in Cx31 cause the skin disease erythrokeratoderma variabilis (EKV) and hearing loss with or without neuropathy. Functional studies reveal tissue-specific effects of these Cx31 disease-associated mutations. The Cx31 mutants (R42P)Cx31, (C86S)Cx31 and (G12D)Cx31 are associated with EKV and the mutant (66delD)Cx31 with peripheral neuropathy and hearing loss, however the mechanisms of pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Expression of (R42P)Cx31, (C86S)Cx31 and (G12D)Cx31 in vitro, but not (WT)Cx31 or (66delD)Cx31, cause elevated levels of cell-type specific cell death. Previous studies suggest that Cx-associated cell death may be related to abnormal ‘leaky’ hemichannels but we produced direct evidence against that being the major mechanism. Additionally, our immunocytochemistry showed upregulation of components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cells expressing the EKV-associated Cx31 mutants but not (WT)Cx31 or (66delD)Cx31. We conclude that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to the UPR is the main mechanism of mutant Cx31-associated cell death. These results indicate that, in vivo, ER stress may lead to abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and hyperproliferation in EKV patient skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tattersall
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10416
|
Yuan Y, You Y, Huang D, Cui J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yu F, Kang D, Yuan H, Han D, Dai P. Comprehensive molecular etiology analysis of nonsyndromic hearing impairment from typical areas in China. J Transl Med 2009; 7:79. [PMID: 19744334 PMCID: PMC2754984 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every year, 30,000 babies are born with congenital hearing impairment in China. The molecular etiology of hearing impairment in the Chinese population has not been investigated thoroughly. To provide appropriate genetic testing and counseling to families, we performed a comprehensive investigation of the molecular etiology of nonsyndromic deafness in two typical areas from northern and southern China. Methods A total of 284 unrelated school children with hearing loss who attended special education schools in China were enrolled in this study, 134 from Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia and the remaining 150 from Nangtong City in JiangSu Province. Screening was performed for GJB2, GJB3, GJB6, SLC26A4, 12S rRNA, and tRNAser(UCN) genes in this population. All patients with SLC26A4 mutations or variants were subjected to high-resolution temporal bone CT scan to verify the enlarged vestibular aqueduct. Results Mutations in the GJB2 gene accounted for 18.31% of the patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss, 1555A>G mutation in mitochondrial DNA accounted for 1.76%, and SLC26A4 mutations accounted for 13.73%. Almost 50% of the patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss in these typical Chinese areas carried GJB2 or SLC26A4 mutations. No significant differences in mutation spectrum or prevalence of GJB2 and SLC26A4 were found between the two areas. Conclusion In this Chinese population, 54.93% of cases with hearing loss were related to genetic factors. The GJB2 gene accounted for the etiology in about 18.31% of the patients with hearing loss, SLC26A4 accounted for about 13.73%, and mtDNA 1555A>G mutation accounted for 1.76%. Mutations in GJB3, GJB6, and mtDNA tRNAser(UCN) were not common in this Chinese cohort. Conventionally, screening is performed for GJB2, SLC26A4, and mitochondrial 12S rRNA in the Chinese deaf population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10417
|
Serotonin 1A receptor gene and major depressive disorder: an association study and meta-analysis. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:629-33. [PMID: 19730445 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several genetic studies have shown an association between the 5-HT1A receptor gene (HTR1A) and major depressive disorder (MDD); however, results have been rather inconsistent. Moreover, to our knowledge, no association study on HTR1A and MDD in the Japanese population has been reported. Therefore, to evaluate the association between HTR1A and MDD, we conducted a case-control study of Japanese population samples with two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including rs6295 (C-1019G) in HTR1A. In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of rs6295, which has been examined in other papers. Using one functional SNP (rs6295) and one tagging SNP (rs878567) selected with the HapMap database, we conducted a genetic association analysis of case-control samples (331 patients with MDD and 804 controls) in the Japanese population. Seven population-based association studies, including this study, met our criteria for the meta-analysis of rs6295. We found an association between rs878567 and Japanese MDD patients in the allele-wise analysis, but the significance of this association did not remain after Bonferroni's correction. We also did not detect any association between HTR1A and MDD in the allele/genotype-wise or haplotype-wise analysis. On the other hand, we detected an association between rs6295 and MDD in the meta-analysis (P(Z)=0.0327). In an explorative analysis, rs6295 was associated with Asian MDD patients after correction for multiple testing (P(Z)=0.0176), but not with Caucasian MDD patients (P(Z)=0.138). Our results suggest that HTR1A may not have a role in the pathophysiology of Japanese MDD patients. On the other hand, according to the meta-analysis, HTR1A was associated with MDD patients, especially in the Asian population.
Collapse
|
10418
|
Yoon S, Xuan Z, Makarov V, Ye K, Sebat J. Sensitive and accurate detection of copy number variants using read depth of coverage. Genome Res 2009; 19:1586-92. [PMID: 19657104 PMCID: PMC2752127 DOI: 10.1101/gr.092981.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the direct detection of copy number variation (CNV) genome-wide have become effective instruments for identifying genetic risk factors for disease. The application of next-generation sequencing platforms to genetic studies promises to improve sensitivity to detect CNVs as well as inversions, indels, and SNPs. New computational approaches are needed to systematically detect these variants from genome sequence data. Existing sequence-based approaches for CNV detection are primarily based on paired-end read mapping (PEM) as reported previously by Tuzun et al. and Korbel et al. Due to limitations of the PEM approach, some classes of CNVs are difficult to ascertain, including large insertions and variants located within complex genomic regions. To overcome these limitations, we developed a method for CNV detection using read depth of coverage. Event-wise testing (EWT) is a method based on significance testing. In contrast to standard segmentation algorithms that typically operate by performing likelihood evaluation for every point in the genome, EWT works on intervals of data points, rapidly searching for specific classes of events. Overall false-positive rate is controlled by testing the significance of each possible event and adjusting for multiple testing. Deletions and duplications detected in an individual genome by EWT are examined across multiple genomes to identify polymorphism between individuals. We estimated error rates using simulations based on real data, and we applied EWT to the analysis of chromosome 1 from paired-end shotgun sequence data (30x) on five individuals. Our results suggest that analysis of read depth is an effective approach for the detection of CNVs, and it captures structural variants that are refractory to established PEM-based methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungtai Yoon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10419
|
Chao YL, Chien WH, Liao HM, Fang JS, Chen CH. Copy Number Variations and Psychiatric Disorders. Tzu Chi Med J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1016-3190(09)60039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10420
|
Evidence for transmission disequilibrium at the DAOA gene locus in a schizophrenia family sample. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:105-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
10421
|
Zuliani R, Moorhead TWJ, Job D, McKirdy J, Sussmann JED, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM, Brambilla P, Hall J, McIntosh AM. Genetic variation in the G72 (DAOA) gene affects temporal lobe and amygdala structure in subjects affected by bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:621-7. [PMID: 19689504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the G72 (DAOA) gene is understood to convey susceptibility for bipolar disorder through an uncertain mechanism. Little is known about the structural brain phenotypes associated with this gene. We hypothesised that reductions in temporal lobe and amygdala gray matter would be associated with variation at two loci in the gene for which evidence of genetic linkage has been repeatedly demonstrated. METHODS We examined the temporal lobe and amygdala gray matter associations of the risk variants M23 and M24 at the 5' end of the gene encoding G72 in 81 controls and 38 people with bipolar disorder. RESULTS Genetic variation at both the M23 and M24 loci in G72 were associated with decreased gray matter density within the left temporal pole in people with bipolar disorder. M23 was also associated with reductions in right amygdala gray matter density. The genetic imaging associations were found only in patients with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms in the G72 gene previously associated with bipolar disorder is related to reductions in temporal pole and amygdala gray matter structure in people with bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zuliani
- Clinica di Psichiatria, Psicologia Medica e Psicosomatica, DPMSC, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10422
|
Pedrosa E, Locker J, Lachman HM. Survey of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Candidate Genes using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Tiled Microarrays (ChIP-chip). J Neurogenet 2009; 23:341-52. [DOI: 10.1080/01677060802669766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
10423
|
Yosifova A, Mushiroda T, Stoianov D, Vazharova R, Dimova I, Karachanak S, Zaharieva I, Milanova V, Madjirova N, Gerdjikov I, Tolev T, Velkova S, Kirov G, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Toncheva D, Nakamura Y. Case-control association study of 65 candidate genes revealed a possible association of a SNP of HTR5A to be a factor susceptible to bipolar disease in Bulgarian population. J Affect Disord 2009; 117:87-97. [PMID: 19328558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a psychiatric illness characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Although the etiology is not clear, epidemiological studies suggest it is a result of an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Despite of enormous efforts and abundant studies conducted, none has yet been identified definitively a gene susceptible to bipolar disorder. METHODS Ninety-four Bulgarian patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 184 Bulgarian healthy individuals, were used for genotyping of 191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by TaqMan and/or Invader assays. Seventeen SNPs that revealed P value less than 0.05 in the first screening were genotyped using an additional independent set of samples, consisting of 78 BAD cases and 372 controls. RESULTS After applying the Bonferonni correction on genotyping results of 172 cases and 556 controls, only one SNP, rs1800883, in the HTR5A gene revealed a significant level of P value (P=0.000097; odds ratio=1.80 (95%CI, 1.27-2.54); corrected P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HTR5A gene could play an important role in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder in our population. However these findings should be viewed with caution and replication studies in other populations are necessary in support of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Yosifova
- Laboratory for International Alliance, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10424
|
Kotaka T, Ujike H, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Nakata K, Kodama M, Inada T, Yamada M, Uchimura N, Iwata N, Sora I, Iyo M, Ozaki N, Kuroda S. G72 gene is associated with susceptibility to methamphetamine psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:1046-9. [PMID: 19482054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine psychosis is considered as one of the pharmacological models of schizophrenia, and a hyperdopaminergic one. However, many lines of experimental evidence indicate that glutamatergic signaling is also involved in development of methamphetamine psychosis. Several genes related to glutamate function, e.g. the DTNBP1, G72, and GRM3 genes, were shown to be associated with schizophrenia susceptibility. Recently, we found significant association of the DTNBP1 gene with methamphetamine psychosis. This finding prompted us to examine the G72 gene encoding the d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA), which metabolizes d-serine, an NMDA co-agonist, in methamphetamine psychosis. Six SNPs of the G72 gene, which previously showed significant association with schizophrenia, were analyzed in 209 patients with methamphetamine psychosis and 291 age- and sex-matched normal controls. One SNP of M22 (rs778293) showed a significant association with methamphetamine psychosis (genotype: p=0.00016, allele: p=0.0015). Two haplotypes G-A of M12 (rs3916965)-M15 (rs2391191) (p=0.00024) and T-T of M23 (rs947267)-M24 (rs1421292) (p=0.00085) also showed associations with methamphetamine psychosis. The present findings suggest that the G72 gene may contribute to a predisposition to not only schizophrenia but also to methamphetamine psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kotaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10425
|
Hui L, Liping G. Statistical estimation of diagnosis with genetic markers based on decision tree analysis of complex disease. Comput Biol Med 2009; 39:989-92. [PMID: 19712931 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To explore combinations of genetic markers and to estimate their joint action, decision trees are built on the basis of marker frequencies in both disease and control groups. Youden's index (0.1-0.9 for a single marker) is calculated for genetic markers with different diagnostic capacities. When 23 single genetic markers with diagnostic power 0.10 are combined, the resulting diagnostic power is 0.5. Medium diagnostic power (Youden's index 0.7) can be obtained by combining four low effect diagnostic items. High diagnostic power (Youden's index 0.9) can be obtained by combining either eight low power items or four medium power ones. This implies that selection of about 100 genetic markers, differing in capacity to distinguish between the disease and control groups by (say) 10%, will meet the requirement for clinic diagnosis. Thus, diagnosis of complex diseases by genetic markers is possible through the discovery and characterization of markers throughout the human genome and the development of genotyping technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hui
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10426
|
Abstract
Since the 1950s, lithium salts have been the main line of treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), both as a prophylactic and as an episodic treatment agent. Like many psychiatric conditions, BD is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, but evidence suggests that individuals who respond well to lithium treatment have more homogeneous clinical and molecular profiles. Response to lithium seems to cluster in families and can be used as a predictor for recurrence of BD symptoms. While molecular studies have provided important information about possible genes involved in BD predisposition or in lithium response, neither the mechanism of action of this drug nor the genetic profile of bipolar disorder is, as yet, completely understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cruceanu
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10427
|
Labrie V, Roder JC. The involvement of the NMDA receptor D-serine/glycine site in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:351-72. [PMID: 19695284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The NMDAR contains a D-serine/glycine site on the NR1 subunit that may be a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric illness. This review outlines the complex regulation of endogenous NMDAR D-serine/glycine site agonists and explores their contribution to schizophrenia pathogenesis and their potential clinical utility. Genetic studies have associated genes influencing NMDAR D-serine/glycine site activation with an increased susceptibility to schizophrenia. Postmortem studies have identified abnormalities in several transcripts affecting D-serine/glycine site activity, consistent with in vivo reports of alterations in levels of endogenous D-serine/glycine site agonists and antagonists. Genetically modified mice with aberrant NMDAR D-serine/glycine site function model certain features of the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and similar behavioral abnormalities have been observed in other candidate genes models. Compounds that directly activate the NMDAR D-serine/glycine site or inhibit glycine transport have demonstrated beneficial effects in preclinical models and clinical trials. Future pharmacological approaches for schizophrenia treatment may involve targeting enzymes that affect D-serine synthesis and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Labrie
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10428
|
Wang JL, Xiao B, Cui XX, Guo JF, Lei LF, Song XW, Shen L, Jiang H, Yan XX, Pan Q, Long ZG, Xia K, Tang BS. Analysis of SCA2 and SCA3/MJD repeats in Parkinson's disease in mainland China: Genetic, clinical, and positron emission tomography findings. Mov Disord 2009; 24:2007-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
10429
|
Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10430
|
Pawelczyk M, Van Laer L, Fransen E, Rajkowska E, Konings A, Carlsson PI, Borg E, Van Camp G, Sliwinska-Kowalska M. Analysis of gene polymorphisms associated with K ion circulation in the inner ear of patients susceptible and resistant to noise-induced hearing loss. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:411-21. [PMID: 19523148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the leading occupational health risks in industrialized countries. It results from an interaction between environmental and genetic factors, however the nature of the genetic factors contributing to NIHL has not yet been clarified. Here, we investigated whether genetic variations in 10 genes putatively involved in the potassium recycling pathway in the inner ear may influence susceptibility to noise. 99 SNPs were genotyped in Polish noise-exposed workers, categorized into susceptible and resistant subjects. The most interesting results were obtained for KCNE1 and KCNQ4 as we replicated associations that were previously reported in a Swedish sample set, hence confirming that they are NIHL susceptibility genes. Additionally we report significant associations in GJB1, GJB2, GJB4, KCNJ10 and KCNQ1, however due to the lack of replication in the Swedish sample set, these results should be seen as suggestive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Pawelczyk
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw. Teresy St., Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10431
|
Labrie V, Wang W, Barger SW, Baker GB, Roder JC. Genetic loss of D-amino acid oxidase activity reverses schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 9:11-25. [PMID: 19751394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduced function of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The NMDAR contains a glycine binding site in its NR1 subunit that may be a useful target for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of long-term increases in the brain levels of the endogenous NMDAR glycine site agonist D-serine, through the genetic inactivation of its catabolic enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) in mice. The effects of eliminating DAO function were investigated in mice that display schizophrenia-related behavioral deficits due to a mutation (Grin 1(D481N)) in the NR1 subunit that results in a reduction in NMDAR glycine affinity. Grin 1(D481N) mice show deficits in sociability, prolonged latent inhibition, enhanced startle reactivity and impaired spatial memory. The hypofunctional Dao 1(G181R) mutation elevated brain levels of D-serine, but alone it did not affect performance in the behavioral measures. Compared to animals with only the Grin 1(D481N) mutation, mice with both the Dao1(G181R) and Grin 1(D481N) mutations displayed an improvement in social approach and spatial memory retention, as well as a reversal of abnormally persistent latent inhibition and a partial normalization of startle responses. Thus, an increased level of D-serine resulting from decreased catalysis corrected the performance of mice with deficient NMDAR glycine site activation in behavioral tasks relevant to the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Diminished DAO activity and elevations in D-serine may serve as an effective therapeutic intervention for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Labrie
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10432
|
Alaerts M, Del-Favero J. Searching genetic risk factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: learn from the past and back to the future. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1139-52. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
10433
|
Gibbons A, Scarr E, McLean C, Sundram S, Dean B. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder subjects. J Affect Disord 2009; 116:184-91. [PMID: 19103464 PMCID: PMC2724602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the cholinergic muscarinic receptors has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the association between individual muscarinic receptors and the two disorders. METHODS We used the muscarinic receptor selective radioligands [3H]pirenzepine, [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP to measure the levels of muscarinic(1) (CHRM1) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors, muscarinic(2) (CHRM2) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors and muscarinic(3) (CHRM3) receptor, respectively. Radioligand binding was measured in Brodmann's area (BA) 10 of the rostral prefrontal cortex, BA 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and BA 40 of the parietal cortex in the post-mortem CNS from subjects with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder and control subjects. RESULTS [3H]AFDX-384 binding was decreased in BA 46 in both bipolar disorder (p<0.01) and major depressive disorder (p<0.05). [3H]4-DAMP binding was decreased in BA 10 in bipolar disorder (p<0.05) but not major depressive disorder (p>0.05). [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP binding were unaltered in any other cortical region examined for either disorder (p>0.05). [3H]pirenzepine binding was not significantly altered in either disorder in any cortical region examined (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS 9 bipolar disorder, 9 major depressive disorder and 19 control subjects were used in the study. CONCLUSION Our data is consistent with previously published data implicating a role for CHRM2 receptors in the pathology of bipolar and major depressive disorder. The demonstration of a novel association between decreased CHRM3 receptor expression and bipolar disorder suggests bipolar and major depressive disorder differs in the underlying nature of their cholinergic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Gibbons
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Scarr
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. Sundram
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Northern Psychiatry Research Centre, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Dean
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10434
|
Tian Q, Yao F, Sha G, Huang S, Tseng H, Schindler AE. Genotyping of a Chinese family with 46,XX and 46,XY 17-hydroxylase deficiency. Gynecol Endocrinol 2009; 25:485-90. [PMID: 19499410 DOI: 10.1080/09513590902898239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 17-Hydroxylase deficiency is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by CYP17A1 gene mutations. METHOD A 46,XY and a 46,XX Chinese patients with 17-hydroxylase deficiency in a family and their four generations family members were genotyped by PCR-sequencing method. RESULTS Two CYP17 gene mutations were identified from these patients. Among them, IVS1-1G > A was a novel splicing mutation which disrupted the acceptor signal of exon 2 and might create a new exon after exon 1. The indel mutation of TAC329AA was a one-base deletion mutation and one-base change at codon 329 in exon 6. CONCLUSION The results confirmed the diagnosis of 17-hydroxylase deficiency in these two patients and their autosome recessive heritage mode. The TAC329AA indel mutation had been identified in several reports of Chinese and Asian, suggesting that codon 329 was an unstable point of the CYP17 gene and this mutation was a prevalent CYP17 mutation in the Asian population. Although the noval mutation IVS1-1G > A founded in this family need more study to know its machinism of interrupting P450c17 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10435
|
Kishi T, Kitajima T, Ikeda M, Yamanouchi Y, Kinoshita Y, Kawashima K, Okochi T, Okumura T, Tsunoka T, Inada T, Ozaki N, Iwata N. Association study of clock gene (CLOCK) and schizophrenia and mood disorders in the Japanese population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259:293-7. [PMID: 19224106 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently the clock genes have been reported to play some roles in neural transmitter systems, including the dopamine system, as well as to regulate circadian rhythms. Abnormalities in both of these mechanisms are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of major mental illness such as schizophrenia and mood disorders including bipolar disorder (BP) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent genetic studies have reported that CLOCK, one of the clock genes, is associated with these psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we investigated the association between the six tagging SNPs in CLOCK and the risk of these psychiatric disorders in Japanese patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (733 patients), BP (149) and MDD (324), plus 795 Japanese controls. Only one association, with schizophrenia in females, was detected in the haplotype analysis (P = 0.0362). However, this significance did not remain after Bonferroni correction (P = 0.0724). No significant association was found with BP and MDD. In conclusion, we suggest that CLOCK may not play a major role in the pathophysiology of Japanese schizophrenia, BP and MDD patients. However, it will be important to replicate and confirm these findings in other independent studies using large samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10436
|
Vale J, Bugalho P, Silveira I, Sequeiros J, Guimarães J, Coutinho P. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: frequency analysis and clinical characterization of 45 families from Portugal. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:124-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10437
|
Kozany C, März A, Kress C, Hausch F. Fluorescent probes to characterise FK506-binding proteins. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1402-10. [PMID: 19418507 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Talented all-rounders: Fluorescence polarisation assays were developed for members of the FK506-binding protein family by using fluorescent rapamycin analogues (demonstrated in the figure). These tracers retain medium to high affinity to all tested proteins (FKBP12, -12.6, -13, -25, -51, -52). They can be used for active-site titrations, competition assays with unlabelled ligands and enable a robust, miniaturized assay adequate for high-throughput screening.FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) convey the immunosuppressive action of FK506 and rapamycin and mediate the neuroprotective properties of these compounds, and participate in the regulation of calcium channels. In addition, the larger homologues FKBP51 and FKBP52 act as cochaperones for Hsp90 and regulate the transactivational activity of steroid hormone receptors. To further characterize these FKBPs, we have synthesized fluorescein-coupled rapamycin analogues. In fluorescence polarization assays one of these compounds retained high affinity to all tested proteins (K(d): 0.1-20 nM) and could be used for active-site titrations. To adapt the fluorescence polarization assay for high-throughput purposes, a simplified rapamycin derivative was synthesized and labelled with fluorescein. This probe showed moderate affinity for the FK1 domains of FKBP51 (177 nM) and FKBP52 (469 nM) and allowed a highly robust, optimized, miniaturized assay (Z'>0.7) sufficient for high-throughput screening of large compound libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kozany
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10438
|
Chang HW, Chuang LY, Cheng YH, Hung YC, Wen CH, Gu DL, Yang CH. Prim-SNPing: a primer designer for cost-effective SNP genotyping. Biotechniques 2009; 46:421-31. [PMID: 19480636 DOI: 10.2144/000113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many kinds of primer design (PD) software tools have been developed, but most of them lack a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping service. Here, we introduce the web-based freeware "Prim-SNPing," which, in addition to general PD, provides three kinds of primer design functions for cost-effective SNP genotyping: natural PD, mutagenic PD, and confronting two-pair primers (CTPP) PD. The natural PD and mutagenic PD provide primers and restriction enzyme mining for polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment of length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), while CTPP PD provides primers for restriction enzyme-free SNP genotyping. The PCR specificity and efficiency of the designed primers are improved by BLAST searching and evaluating secondary structure (such as GC clamps, dimers, and hairpins), respectively. The length pattern of PCR-RFLP using natural PD is user-adjustable, and the restriction sites of the RFLP enzymes provided by Prim-SNPing are confirmed to be absent within the generated PCR product. In CTPP PD, the need for a separate digestion step in RFLP is eliminated, thus making it faster and cheaper. The output of Prim-SNPing includes the primer list, melting temperature (Tm) value, GC percentage, and amplicon size with enzyme digestion information. The reference SNP (refSNP, or rs) clusters from the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and multiple other formats of human, mouse, and rat SNP sequences are acceptable input. In summary, Prim-SNPing provides interactive, user-friendly and cost-effective primer design for SNP genotyping. It is freely available at http://bio.kuas.edu.tw/prim-snping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10439
|
Charych EI, Liu F, Moss SJ, Brandon NJ. GABA(A) receptors and their associated proteins: implications in the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Neuropharmacology 2009; 57:481-95. [PMID: 19631671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors play an important role in mediating fast synaptic inhibition in the brain. They are ubiquitously expressed in the CNS and also represent a major site of action for clinically relevant drugs. Recent technological advances have greatly clarified the molecular and cellular roles played by distinct GABA(A) receptor subunit classes and isoforms in normal brain function. At the same time, postmortem and genetic studies have linked neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GABAergic neurotransmission and various specific GABA(A) receptor subunits, while evidence implicating GABA(A)R-associated proteins is beginning to emerge. In this review we discuss the mounting genetic, molecular, and cellular evidence pointing toward a role for GABA(A) receptor heterogeneity in both schizophrenia etiology and therapeutic development. Finally, we speculate on the relationship between schizophrenia-related disorders and selected GABA(A) receptor associated proteins, key regulators of GABA(A) receptor trafficking, targeting, clustering, and anchoring that often carry out these functions in a subtype-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik I Charych
- Wyeth Research, Neuroscience Discovery, Princeton NJ 08852, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10440
|
Malkesman O, Austin DR, Chen G, Manji HK. Reverse translational strategies for developing animal models of bipolar disorder. Dis Model Mech 2009; 2:238-45. [PMID: 19407332 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) affects a significant portion of the population of the world, yet there has been limited success in developing novel treatments for the disorder. One of the major reasons for this dearth is the absence of suitable animal models for BD. Traditionally, animal models of human phenomena have been evaluated based on similarity to the human syndrome, response to appropriately corresponding medications, and the degree to which a model supports a common mechanistic theory between the human disorder and the model itself. The following review emphasizes the use of 'reverse translation', drawing on patient-based findings to develop suitable animal models for BD. We highlight some examples of this strategy, emphasizing their construct validity as a starting point. These studies have produced informative models that have altered the expression of genes/pathways implicated in BD, including the point mutation D181A of mouse mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLG), glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6), Clock, extracellular regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG-1). These studies demonstrate that this method is useful, viable and deserves attention in new efforts to generate animal models of BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oz Malkesman
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10441
|
Liu XZ, Ouyang XM, Du LL, Ke XM, Pu XK, Linag CY, Liu YH, Liu SX, Guan MX, Angeli S, Yan D. Audiological and genetic studies on large families with non-syndromic deafness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/16513860802393416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10442
|
VAN LAER LUT, VAN CAMP GUY. Autosomal Dominant Nonsyndromic Hearing Impairment: an Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/16513860310003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
10443
|
Common JEA, Di WL, Davies D, Galvin H, Leigh IM, O'Toole EA, Kelsell DP. Cellular Mechanisms of Mutant Connexins in Skin Disease and Hearing Loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:347-51. [PMID: 14681040 DOI: 10.1080/cac.10.4-6.347.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that distinct germline mutations within four connexin (Cx) genes, Cx26, Cx30, Cx31, and Cx30.3, underlie hearing loss and/or epidermal disease. Here, we describe two Cx26 mutations associated with skin disease. With the goal of understanding the mechanism(s) of Cx-associated human disease and how different mutations within the same Cx protein can result in different disorders, we performed a number of functional analyses investigating the cellular effects of disease-associated Cx mutations in keratinocytes and other cell types. Epidermal disease-associated proteins studied were primarily cytoplasmic with limited trafficking ability. FACS analysis of WT and mutant EGFP-Cx31 transfected keratinocytes revealed a high percentage of cell death associated with the skin disease-associated mutant Cx31 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E A Common
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10444
|
Hunsberger JG, Austin DR, Chen G, Manji HK. Cellular mechanisms underlying affective resiliency: the role of glucocorticoid receptor- and mitochondrially-mediated plasticity. Brain Res 2009; 1293:76-84. [PMID: 19595676 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a devastating psychiatric illness marked by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. While the underlying pathophysiology of BPD remains elusive, an abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and dysfunctional glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling are considered hallmarks. This review will examine how targeting resiliency signaling cascades at the cellular level may serve as a mechanism to treat BPD. Here, cellular resiliency is defined as the ability of a cell to adapt to an insult or stressor. Such resiliency at the cellular level could confer resiliency at the systems level and, ultimately, help individuals to cope with stressors or recover from depressive or manic states. This review will focus on four molecular targets of mood stabilizers that are known to play integral roles in these cellular resiliency signaling pathways: (1) B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), (2) Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG-1), (3) glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), and (4) 51 kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP5). These targets have emerged from neurobiological and human genetic studies and employ mechanisms that modulate GR function or promote anti-apoptotic processes critical to affective resilience. Future research should focus on elucidating sustainable treatments that target resiliency factors-such as BAG-1 or FKBP5-which could ultimately be used to treat individuals suffering from BPD and prevent relapses in afflicted individuals. Further identification of resiliency and susceptibility factors will also be vital. Ultimately, these developments would allow for the treatment of susceptible individuals prior to the development of BPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Hunsberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10445
|
Bass NJ, Datta SR, McQuillin A, Puri V, Choudhury K, Thirumalai S, Lawrence J, Quested D, Pimm J, Curtis D, Gurling HM. Evidence for the association of the DAOA (G72) gene with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not for the association of the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:28. [PMID: 19586533 PMCID: PMC2717980 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous linkage and association studies have implicated the D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA)/G30 locus or neighbouring region of chromosome 13q33.2 in the genetic susceptibility to both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) gene located at 12q24.11 have also been found to show allelic association with schizophrenia. Methods We used the case control method to test for genetic association with variants at these loci in a sample of 431 patients with schizophrenia, 303 patients with bipolar disorder and 442 ancestrally matched supernormal controls all selected from the UK population. Results Ten SNPs spanning the DAOA locus were genotyped in these samples. In addition three SNPs were genotyped at the DAO locus in the schizophrenia sample. Allelic association was detected between the marker rs3918342 (M23), 3' to the DAOA gene and both schizophrenia (χ2 = 5.824 p = 0.016) and bipolar disorder (χ2 = 4.293 p = 0.038). A trend towards association with schizophrenia was observed for two other DAOA markers rs3916967 (M14, χ2 = 3.675 p = 0.055) and rs1421292 (M24; χ2 = 3.499 p = 0.062). A test of association between a three marker haplotype comprising of the SNPs rs778293 (M22), rs3918342 (M23) and rs1421292 (M24) and schizophrenia gave a global empirical significance of p = 0.015. No evidence was found to confirm the association of genetic markers at the DAO gene with schizophrenia. Conclusion Our results provide some support for a role for DAOA in susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Research Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10446
|
Wigg K, Feng Y, Gomez L, Kiss E, Kapornai K, Tamás Z, Mayer L, Baji I, Daróczi G, Benák I, Osváth VK, Dombovári E, Kaczvinszk E, Besnyõ M, Gádoros J, King N, Székely J, Kovacs M, Vetró A, Kennedy JL, Barr CL. Genome scan in sibling pairs with juvenile-onset mood disorders: Evidence for linkage to 13q and Xq. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:638-46. [PMID: 19035515 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders (bipolar and depressive disorders) in children and adolescents are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Twin and family studies, for the most part, indicate higher familiality and heritability for mood disorders that onset in childhood/adolescence than those that onset in adulthood. To identify the genetic contribution to mood disorders that onset in childhood/adolescence, we performed a genome scan on 146 nuclear families from Hungary containing an affected proband and affected siblings. In total, the pedigrees contained 303 affected children: 146 probands, 137 siblings with a first episode of mood disorder before 14.9 years of age, and 20 siblings with onset of their first episode after 14.9 years of age but before the age of 18. The results of the genome scan using 405 microsatellite markers did not provide evidence for linkage at the recommended genome wide significance level for any novel loci. However, markers on two chromosomes, 13q and Xq, provided evidence for linkage in regions previously identified as linked to bipolar disorder in multiple studies. For the marker on chromosome 13q the peak non-parametric multipoint LOD score was at the marker D13S779 (LOD = 1.5, P = 0.004). On chromosome Xq, evidence for linkage was observed across a large region spanning two regions previously linked to bipolar disorder; Xq24 to Xq28, with a peak at marker TTTA062 (LOD 2.10, P = 0.0009) in Xq28. Results for these regions exceed the recommended P-value for a replication study of P < 0.01 and thus provide evidence for these two loci as contributing to mood disorders with juvenile onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wigg
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10447
|
Goes FS, Willour VL, Zandi PP, Belmonte PL, MacKinnon DF, Mondimore FM, Schweizer B, Gershon ES, McMahon FJ, Potash JB. Family-based association study of Neuregulin 1 with psychotic bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:693-702. [PMID: 19127563 PMCID: PMC4026923 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Neuregulin 1 gene (NRG1) has been associated with schizophrenia, and, to a lesser extent, with bipolar disorder (BP). We investigated the association of NRG1 with BP in a large family sample, and then performed analyses according to the presence of psychotic features or mood-incongruent psychotic features. We genotyped 116 tagSNPs and four Icelandic "core" SNPs in 1,199 subjects from 314 nuclear families. Of 515 BP offspring, 341 had psychotic features, and 103 had mood-incongruent psychotic features. In single-marker and sliding window haplotype analyses using FBAT, there was little association using the standard BP or mood-incongruent psychotic BP phenotypes, but stronger signals were seen in the psychotic BP phenotype. The most significant associations with psychotic BP were in haplotypes within the 5' "core" region. The strongest global P-value was across three SNPs: NRG241930-NRG243177-rs7819063 (P = 0.0016), with an undertransmitted haplotype showing an individual P = 0.0007. The most significant individual haplotype was an undertransmitted two-allele subset of the above (NRG243177-rs7819063, P = 0.0004). Additional associations with psychotic BP were found across six SNPs in a 270 kb central region of the gene. The most 3' of these, rs7005606 (P = 0.0029), is located approximately 4 kb from the type I NRG1 isoform promoter. In sum, our study suggests that NRG1 may be specifically associated with the psychotic subset of BP; however, our results should be interpreted cautiously since they do not meet correction for multiple testing and await independent replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S. Goes
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Virginia L. Willour
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela L. Belmonte
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dean F. MacKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Barbara Schweizer
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Francis J. McMahon
- Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B. Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence to: James B. Potash, M.D., M.P.H., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 4-119, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287. )
| | | |
Collapse
|
10448
|
Abstract
A subset of glutamate receptors that are specifically sensitive to the glutamate analog N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are molecular coincidence detectors, necessary for activity-dependent processes of neurodevelopment and in sensory and cognitive functions. The activity of these receptors is modulated by the endogenous amino acid D-serine, but the extent to which D-serine is necessary for the normal development and function of the mammalian nervous system was previously unknown. Decreased signaling at NMDA receptors has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia based on pharmacological evidence, and several human genes related to D-serine metabolism and glutamatergic neurotransmission have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. Here we show that genetically modified mice lacking the ability to produce D-serine endogenously have profoundly altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, and relatively subtle but significant behavioral abnormalities that reflect hyperactivity and impaired spatial memory, and that are consistent with elevated anxiety.
Collapse
|
10449
|
Horstmann S, Binder EB. Pharmacogenomics of antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:57-73. [PMID: 19563827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While antidepressant pharmacotherapy is an effective treatment of depression, it is still hampered by the slow onset of appreciable clinical improvement and a series of side effects. Moreover, a substantial group of patients does not achieve remission or fails to respond at all. One possible source accounting for these variations in treatment outcome are genetic differences. In recent years a number of pharmacogenetic studies on antidepressant drugs have been published. This manuscript summarizes findings related to the pharmacogenetics of genes involved in the pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics of antidepressants to date. Illustrated by examples from current candidate gene- and whole genome association studies, this manuscript critically discusses aspects of pharmacogenetic studies in antidepressant response related to study design and clinical relevance.
Collapse
|
10450
|
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Hen and colleagues shed new light on the behavioral effects of fluoxetine, one of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. This report prompts us to revisit our understanding of the neural circuitry mediating mood disorders and also provides a framework for developing new antidepressant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), URA 2182, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|