1001
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Gupta RS, Murray W, Gupta R. Cross resistance pattern towards anticancer drugs of a human carcinoma multidrug-resistant cell line. Br J Cancer 1988; 58:441-7. [PMID: 3207599 PMCID: PMC2246790 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Puromycin-resistant (PurR) mutants/variants of a human carcinoma cell line (HeLa), which show greatly reduced cellular uptake of 3H-puromycin and 3H-daunomycin have been isolated after one- and two-step selections in presence of the drug. The cross-resistance pattern of these mutant cell lines towards numerous anticancer drugs and other inhibitors has been examined. Both the first- and the second-step mutants exhibited increased resistance to a number of antimitotic drugs (viz. vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, taxol and maytansine), several protein synthesis inhibitors (viz. chalcomycin, bruceantin, harringtonine, homoharringtonine), a large number of DNA interactive compounds (viz. aclacinomycin A, actinomycin D, adriamycin, m-AMSA, chromomycin A3, coralyne sulphoacetate, daunomycin, ellipticine, mithramycin, mitoxantrone, 5-methoxysterigmatocystin, rubidazone, variamycin, VM26 and VP16-213) and a number of other drugs acting via other mechanisms (viz. Baker's antifol, nitidine chloride and rhodamine 123). Whereas the first-step mutants showed stable resistance to these drugs, the second-step lines partially reverted upon growth in non-selective medium. Further, treatment of these mutant lines with non-cytotoxic doses of the calcium channel blocker verapamil reverted or abolished their resistance to the above drugs in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to the above compounds, the PurR mutants showed no significant cross-resistance to a large number of other drugs which included asaley, AT-125, 5-azacytidine, azaserine, cyclocytidine, cis-platin, cytosine arabinoside, chlorambucil, chlorpromazine, alpha-difluoromethyl ornithine, 5-fluorouracil, ftorafur, gallium nitrate, hydroxyurea, ICRF-159, ICRF-187, imipramine, methotraxate, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, mycophenolic acid, melphalan, mitomycin C, methyl GAG, nafoxidine, reumycin, 6-selenoguanosine, 6-thioguanine, tiazofurin, tamoxifen, thalicarpine, tiapamil and verapamil). These cross-resistance data should prove useful in developing suitable drug combinations to which cellular resistance would not develop readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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1002
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Scheper RJ, Bulte JW, Brakkee JG, Quak JJ, van der Schoot E, Balm AJ, Meijer CJ, Broxterman HJ, Kuiper CM, Lankelma J. Monoclonal antibody JSB-1 detects a highly conserved epitope on the P-glycoprotein associated with multi-drug-resistance. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:389-94. [PMID: 2458323 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910420314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents is a common clinical problem in the treatment of cancer. This resistance may occur before primary therapy or be acquired during treatment. We have generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) (JSB-I), specific for a conserved epitope on the plasma membrane 170- to 180-kDa glycoprotein, the expression of which is strongly correlated with the degree of multi-drug resistance (MDR). JSB-I strongly binds to both Chinese-hamster-derived MDR cell lines and human MDR cell lines, including cell lines derived from lung and ovary. A drug-sensitive revertant line, and the corresponding drug-sensitive parent lines, showed only weak reactivity or none at all. JSB-I reacts strongly to air-dried or acetone-fixed cells and therefore has potential value for diagnostic detection of MDR cells in human tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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1003
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1004
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Kramer RA, Zakher J, Kim G. Role of the glutathione redox cycle in acquired and de novo multidrug resistance. Science 1988; 241:694-7. [PMID: 3399900 DOI: 10.1126/science.3399900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. However, the specific biochemical mechanisms responsible for clinical drug resistance are unknown. In these studies resistance to the antitumor agent adriamycin was found to involve two mechanisms, one that decreased drug accumulation by the P170 mechanism and another that altered the glutathione redox cycle, an important pathway in the detoxification of reactive oxygen. This dual mechanism of drug resistance was demonstrated in cell lines that had acquired the multidrug-resistant phenotype and in human colorectal cancer cells with de novo resistance. These studies support a model of acquired and de novo multidrug resistance that includes alterations in both drug accumulation and the glutathione redox cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kramer
- Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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1005
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Cohen SP, Hooper DC, Wolfson JS, Souza KS, McMurry LM, Levy SB. Endogenous active efflux of norfloxacin in susceptible Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32:1187-91. [PMID: 3056253 PMCID: PMC172374 DOI: 10.1128/aac.32.8.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli was shown to have an energy-dependent reduced uptake of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent norfloxacin. Studies of everted inner membrane vesicles suggested that this reduced accumulation involved a carrier-mediated norfloxacin active efflux generated by proton motive force with an apparent Km of 0.2 mM and a Vmax of 3 nmol min-1 mg of protein-1. Other hydrophilic, but not hydrophobic, quinolones competed with norfloxacin for transport. Porin (OmpF)-deficient E. coli cells were twofold less susceptible to norfloxacin and showed twice as much energy-dependent reduction in drug uptake. However, active efflux assayed in everted vesicles from the OmpF strain was unchanged compared with that in the parental strain. These findings suggest that in the OmpF mutant decreased outer membrane permeability, combined with active efflux across the inner membrane, in some manner results in decreased steady-state uptake of norfloxacin and lowered drug susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Cohen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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1006
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Abstract
This article reviews the current biologic understanding of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and describes current approaches to treatment. It discusses the areas likely to be the focus of future research for this disease, including therapy for high-risk patients, understanding the reasons for treatment failure, and identification of new antileukemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Poplack
- Leukemia Biology Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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1007
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McGovern F, Kachel T, Vijan S, Schiff S, Lin CW, Prout GR. Establishment and characterization of a doxorubicin-resistant human bladder cancer cell line (MGH-U1R). J Urol 1988; 140:410-4. [PMID: 3398164 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)41647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A doxorubicin-resistant bladder cancer cell line has been established. This was accomplished by exposing an established human bladder tumor cell line, MGH-U1, to progressively higher concentrations of doxorubicin over a period of 12 months. The resistant cells, MGH-U1R, are nine times more resistant to doxorubicin and 30 times more resistant to daunorubicin than the parent cells. The MGH-U1R and the MGH-U1 cells have identical isozyme phenotypes. Compared to the parent cells, the resistant cells have a slower growth rate, lower confluent density, are more heterogeneous morphologically, and exhibit more chromosomal aberrations and rearrangements. The resistant cells may now be used as an experimental system for the search of means to overcome drug resistance in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F McGovern
- Urology Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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1008
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Pastan I, Gottesman MM, Ueda K, Lovelace E, Rutherford AV, Willingham MC. A retrovirus carrying an MDR1 cDNA confers multidrug resistance and polarized expression of P-glycoprotein in MDCK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:4486-90. [PMID: 2898143 PMCID: PMC280455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA for the human multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) has been inserted into a retroviral vector containing a murine Harvey sarcoma virus from which the viral oncogene was deleted. Ecotropic and amphotropic virus was produced after transfection of this vector into psi-2 and PA-12 packaging cell lines. This virus conferred the full phenotype of multidrug resistance on mouse and human cell lines. Viral titers of up to 2 X 10(5) drug-resistant colonies per ml were observed. Infected cells became resistant to colchicine, vinblastine, doxorubicin, VP16 (etoposide), and puromycin, but not cisplatin, indicating that the presence of the human MDR1 gene is sufficient to cause multidrug resistance. When the dog kidney cell line MDCK was infected with the MDR1 virus, P-glycoprotein was expressed in a polarized manner on the upper surface of the cells, showing that the cloned cDNA also encodes information for polarized expression of P-glycoprotein. The MDR1 virus should be useful for introducing this drug resistance gene into a variety of cell types for biological experiments in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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1009
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Arceci RJ, Croop JM, Horwitz SB, Housman D. The gene encoding multidrug resistance is induced and expressed at high levels during pregnancy in the secretory epithelium of the uterus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:4350-4. [PMID: 3380797 PMCID: PMC280426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey of the expression of the multidrug-resistance gene (mdr) in mouse tissues revealed that a mdr mRNA species is expressed at extremely high levels in the gravid uterus. mdr mRNA expression levels increase dramatically during pregnancy compared to the relatively low levels of expression observed in the nongravid uterus. In situ hybridization experiments revealed that the increased expression of the mdr mRNA is specifically localized to the secretory epithelial cells of the endometrium. Immunocytochemistry studies with a mdr glycoprotein-specific antiserum demonstrate that the mdr glycoprotein is predominantly localized to the luminal surface of the secretory epithelial cells. These results indicate that the mdr gene expression in the uterus is controlled by the physiologic changes associated with pregnancy. Our data are consistent with a potential role for the mdr glycoprotein in the transport of substrate across the secretory epithelium of the gravid uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Arceci
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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1010
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Croop
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Childrens Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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1011
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Horio M, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. ATP-dependent transport of vinblastine in vesicles from human multidrug-resistant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3580-4. [PMID: 3368466 PMCID: PMC280257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance of human cancer cells to multiple cytotoxic hydrophobic agents (multidrug resistance) is due to overexpression of the "MDR1" gene, whose product is the plasma membrane P-glycoprotein. Plasma membrane vesicles partially purified from multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cells, but not from drug-sensitive cells, accumulate [3H]vinblastine in an ATP-dependent manner. This transport is osmotically sensitive, with an apparent Km of 38 microM for ATP and of approximately equal to 2 microM for vinblastine. The nonhydrolyzable analog adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imido]triphosphate does not substitute for ATP but is a competitive inhibitor of ATP for the transport process. Vanadate, an ATPase inhibitor, is a potent noncompetitive inhibitor of transport. These results indicate that hydrolysis of ATP is probably required for active transport of vinblastine. Several other drugs to which multidrug-resistant cell lines are resistant inhibit transport, with relative potencies as follows: vincristine greater than actinomycin D greater than daunomycin greater than colchicine = puromycin. Verapamil and quinidine, which reverse the multidrug-resistance phenotype, are good inhibitors of the transport process. These results confirm that multidrug-resistant cells express an energy-dependent plasma membrane transporter for hydrophobic drugs, and establish a system for the detailed biochemical analysis of this transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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1012
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Ince P, Appleton DR, Finney KJ, Moorghen M, Sunter JP, Watson AJ. Verapamil sensitizes normal and neoplastic rodent intestinal tissues to the stathmokinetic effect of vincristine in vivo. Br J Cancer 1988; 57:348-52. [PMID: 3390371 PMCID: PMC2246558 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1988.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphological method has been developed allowing measurement of the effect on intestinal epithelia of vincristine. In routinely prepared tissue sections the proportion of mitotic events progressing beyond metaphase is counted by microscopy. When estimated over a range of doses of vincristine this post-metaphase index (PMI) can be used to compare the sensitivity of differing intact tissues. Intestinal tumours were induced in rats by chemical carcinogenesis. Administration of vincristine in the presence or absence of verapamil was performed in these tumour-bearing animals. Sections were prepared from colonic and small-bowel tumours and from normal mucosa. The results show that verapamil increases the sensitivity of the tissues studied to vincristine. A dose dependent effect of verapamil on vincristine sensitisation was demonstrated in colonic tissues. These findings indicate a shared pharmacological property between the resistance of primary tumour tissue and the multidrug-resistance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ince
- Department of Pathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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1013
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Kakehi Y, Kanamaru H, Yoshida O, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Measurement of multidrug-resistance messenger RNA in urogenital cancers; elevated expression in renal cell carcinoma is associated with intrinsic drug resistance. J Urol 1988; 139:862-5. [PMID: 3352061 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)42663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We measured the levels of messenger RNA of the human multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1) in 25 urogenital tumors before chemotherapy. Many of the renal cell carcinomas continued to express MDR1 gene at high levels, reflecting the increased expression of MDR1 RNA in normal kidneys. In other urogenital tumors, the MDR1 RNA levels were low reflecting low MDR1 RNA levels in normal bladder, prostate and testis. For comparative purposes, we performed in vitro chemosensitivity testing on many tumor samples using soft agar culture techniques. Vinblastine sensitivity in vitro inversely correlated with MDR1 RNA levels (p less than 0.01). Moreover, mean sensitivity of seven renal cell carcinomas to vinblastin was significantly lower than that of the other seven cancers (p less than 0.05). As for doxorubicin, mean sensitivity of six renal cell carcinomas was lower than the others (p less than 0.1). These results suggest that the high MDR1 RNA levels in renal cell carcinomas are associated with intrinsic multidrug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kakehi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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1014
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Abstract
Using a sensitive RNase protection assay, we have measured the levels of P-glycoprotein mRNA in fourteen different Chinese hamster tissues and in three cell lines to determine whether a relationship exists between the level of P-glycoprotein expression and the occurrence of primary and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. P-Glycoprotein mRNA was detected in all tissues, suggesting that the protein is a normal constituent of the cell. High levels of P-glycoprotein mRNA were found in oesophagus, testis and uterus. Intermediate levels in brain, lung and ovary, and a very low level in the adrenal gland, bladder, bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver and spleen. There is no obvious correlation between this expression pattern and the occurrence of primary or acquired MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baas
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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1015
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuruo
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
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1016
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Nakagawa K, Yokota J, Wada M, Sasaki Y, Fujiwara Y, Sakai M, Muramatsu M, Terasaki T, Tsunokawa Y, Terada M. Levels of glutathione S transferase pi mRNA in human lung cancer cell lines correlate with the resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79:301-4. [PMID: 2836347 PMCID: PMC5917487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb01590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amounts of mRNA for glutathione S transferase pi (GST pi) were significantly lower in 3 human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines than in 3 non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The sensitivities of the 3 SCLC cell lines to cisplatin and carboplatin were much higher than those of the 3 NSCLC cell lines. These results indicate that low levels of GST pi mRNA expression in SCLC cell lines inversely correlate to high sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin, and further suggest that GST pi may play an important role in intracellular inactivation of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagawa
- Pharmacology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
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1017
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Rice GC, Ling V, Schimke RT. Frequencies of independent and simultaneous selection of Chinese hamster cells for methotrexate and doxorubicin (adriamycin) resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:9261-4. [PMID: 2892197 PMCID: PMC299733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have determined the frequency with which Chinese hamster cells become resistant to either methotrexate or doxorubicin (former generic name, adriamycin) alone or to the two drugs simultaneously. We find that the frequency of acquisition of simultaneous resistance is 10-100 times higher than that predicted from the frequency of each resistance selected independently. In approximately 50% of cloned resistant variants, resistance is the result of amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (methotrexate) and/or of the multiple-drug-resistance P-glycoprotein gene (doxorubicin). Prior exposure of cells to hypoxia markedly enhances these resistance frequencies. Our results indicate that the simultaneous emergence of resistance to these two cancer chemotherapeutic agents are not independent events, and we interpret them to constitute two consequences of the same basic process occurring at a high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Rice
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Stanford University, CA 94305
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1018
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Isolation and sequence of the promoter region of the human multidrug-resistance (P-glycoprotein) gene. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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1019
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Balzi E, Chen W, Ulaszewski S, Capieaux E, Goffeau A. The multidrug resistance gene PDR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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1020
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Thiebaut F, Tsuruo T, Hamada H, Gottesman MM, Pastan I, Willingham MC. Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7735-8. [PMID: 2444983 PMCID: PMC299375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1907] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody MRK16 was used to determine the location of P-glycoprotein, the product of the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1), in normal human tissues. The protein was found to be concentrated in a small number of specific sites. Most tissues examined revealed very little P-glycoprotein. However, certain cell types in liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, and jejunum showed specific localization of P-glycoprotein. In liver, P-glycoprotein was found exclusively on the biliary canalicular front of hepatocytes and on the apical surface of epithelial cells in small biliary ductules. In pancreas, P-glycoprotein was found on the apical surface of the epithelial cells of small ductules but not larger pancreatic ducts. In kidney, P-glycoprotein was found concentrated on the apical surface of epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. Colon and jejunum both showed high levels of P-glycoprotein on the apical surfaces of superficial columnar epithelial cells. Adrenal gland showed high levels of P-glycoprotein diffusely distributed on the surface of cells in both the cortex and medulla. These results suggest that the protein has a role in the normal secretion of metabolites and certain anti-cancer drugs into bile, urine, and directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Thiebaut
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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1021
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Fairchild CR, Ivy SP, Rushmore T, Lee G, Koo P, Goldsmith ME, Myers CE, Farber E, Cowan KH. Carcinogen-induced mdr overexpression is associated with xenobiotic resistance in rat preneoplastic liver nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7701-5. [PMID: 2890168 PMCID: PMC299368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the isolation of a human breast cancer cell line resistant to doxorubicin (adriamycin; AdrR MCF-7 cells) that has also developed the phenotype of multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR in this cell line is associated with increased expression of mdr (P glycoprotein) gene sequences. The development of MDR in AdrR MCF-7 cells is also associated with changes in the expression of several phase I and phase II drug-detoxifying enzymes. These changes are remarkably similar to those associated with development of xenobiotic resistance in rat hyperplastic liver nodules, a well-studied model system of chemical carcinogenesis. Using an mdr-encoded cDNA sequence isolated from AdrR MCF-7 cells, we have examined the expression of mdr sequences in rat livers under a variety of experimental conditions. The expression of mdr increased 3-fold in regenerating liver. It was also elevated (3- to 12-fold) in several different samples of rat hyperplastic nodules and in four of five hepatomas that developed in this system. This suggests that overexpression of mdr, a gene previously associated with resistance to antineoplastic agents, may also be involved in the development of resistance to xenobiotics in rat hyperplastic nodules. In addition, although the acute administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene induced an 8-fold increase in hepatic mdr-encoded RNA, performance of a partial hepatectomy either before or after administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene resulted in a greater than 80-fold increase in mdr gene expression over that in normal untreated livers. This represents an important in vivo model system in which to study the acute regulation of this drug resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Fairchild
- Clinical Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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1022
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Abstract
The development of acquired resistance has limited the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Experimental model systems were developed to study the mechanisms associated with primary resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and broad cross-resistance (multidrug resistance) which is characteristic of human ovarian cancer. Doxorubicin-resistant cell lines developed in vitro by exposure of a sensitive cell line to increasing concentrations of doxorubicin develop resistance on the basis of a decrease in drug accumulation and have increased expression of the mdr-1 gene. This gene encodes for a membrane glycoprotein and leads to a decreased drug accumulation in drug resistant cell lines. Cell lines established from patients refractory to doxorubicin-containing combinations, however, do not demonstrate a decrease in drug accumulation. Studies are in progress on the measurement of mdr-1 levels in tumors of patients undergoing treatment to determine whether agents, such as verapamil may be useful in the treatment of drug resistant gynecologic cancers. Human ovarian cancer cell lines from drug resistant patients also has been demonstrated to increase levels of glutathione. Lowering of glutathione levels with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which irreversibly inhibits the enzyme gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase, leads to a marked potentiation of the cytotoxicity of melphalan both in vitro and in vivo in a nude mouse model of human ovarian cancer. Based on those studies, BSO is undergoing toxicologic evaluation before initiation of clinical trials in drug resistant patients. Our studies demonstrate that drug resistance in human ovarian cancer is likely due to interaction of multiple factors. However, biochemical intervention in some of the key steps leading to drug resistance has been demonstrated experimentally feasible and indicates that pharmacologic reversal of drug resistance is a clinical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fojo
- Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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1023
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FitzGerald DJ, Willingham MC, Cardarelli CO, Hamada H, Tsuruo T, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. A monoclonal antibody-Pseudomonas toxin conjugate that specifically kills multidrug-resistant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:4288-92. [PMID: 3495806 PMCID: PMC305070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One form of multidrug resistance is due to the expression of a 170-kDa energy-dependent drug efflux pump called P-glycoprotein in the plasma membranes of human cancer cells. We have prepared conjugates of Pseudomonas toxin with the anti-P-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody MRK-16. These anti-P-glycoprotein-toxin conjugates specifically kill multidrug-resistant human KB cells. Similar conjugates could be useful in cancer therapy to reduce or eliminate multidrug-resistant tumor populations in tumors intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy or in populations that become resistant during combination chemotherapy.
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1024
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Thorgeirsson SS, Huber BE, Sorrell S, Fojo A, Pastan I, Gottesman MM. Expression of the multidrug-resistant gene in hepatocarcinogenesis and regenerating rat liver. Science 1987; 236:1120-2. [PMID: 3576227 DOI: 10.1126/science.3576227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preneoplastic and neoplastic liver nodules and hepatocytes isolated from regenerating rat liver have been shown to be resistant to a broad range of carcinogenic agents. This phenomenon was studied by measuring the expression of the multidrug-resistant (mdr) gene in normal liver cells and in preneoplastic and neoplastic nodules and regenerating liver. Levels of messenger RNA for the mdr gene, which encodes P-glycoprotein, were elevated in both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Expression of the mdr gene also reached high levels in regenerating rat liver 24 to 72 hours after partial hepatectomy. These results show that the expression of the mdr gene can be regulated in liver and is likely to be responsible for part of the multidrug-resistance phenotype of carcinogen-initiated hepatocytes and regenerating liver cells.
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1025
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1026
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Ueda K, Cardarelli C, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Expression of a full-length cDNA for the human "MDR1" gene confers resistance to colchicine, doxorubicin, and vinblastine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:3004-8. [PMID: 3472246 PMCID: PMC304789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) is an important problem in cancer therapy. MDR in human KB carcinoma cells selected for resistance to colchicine, vinblastine, or doxorubicin (former generic name adriamycin) is associated with overexpression of the "MDR1" gene, which encodes P-glycoprotein. We previously have isolated an overlapping set of cDNA clones for the human MDR1 gene from multidrug-resistant KB cells. Here we report the construction of a full-length cDNA for the human MDR1 gene and show that this reconstructed cDNA, when inserted into a retroviral expression vector containing the long terminal repeats of Moloney leukemia virus or Harvey sarcoma virus, functions in mouse NIH 3T3 and human KB cells to confer the complete multidrug-resistance phenotype. These results suggest that the human MDR1 gene may be used as a positive selectable marker to introduce genes into human cells and to transform human cells to multidrug resistance without introducing nonhuman antigens.
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1027
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Fojo A, Cornwell M, Cardarelli C, Clark DP, Richert N, Shen DW, Ueda K, Willingham M, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. Molecular biology of drug resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1987; 9:5-16. [PMID: 3297213 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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