1051
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Renal protective effects of resveratrol. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:568093. [PMID: 24379901 PMCID: PMC3863562 DOI: 10.1155/2013/568093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes and red wine, is reported to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, including renal diseases. These beneficial effects are thought to be due to this compound's antioxidative properties: resveratrol is known to be a robust scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition to scavenging ROS, resveratrol may have numerous protective effects against age-related disorders, including renal diseases, through the activation of SIRT1. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, was identified as one of the molecules through which calorie restriction extends the lifespan or delays age-related diseases, and this protein may regulate multiple cellular functions, including apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, glucose/lipid metabolism, autophagy, and adaptations to cellular stress, through the deacetylation of target proteins. Previous reports have shown that resveratrol can ameliorate several types of renal injury, such as diabetic nephropathy, drug-induced injury, aldosterone-induced injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis-related injury, and unilateral ureteral obstruction, in animal models through its antioxidant effect or SIRT1 activation. Therefore, resveratrol may be a useful supplemental treatment for preventing renal injury.
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1052
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Abstract
Calorie or dietary restriction (CR) has attracted attention because it is the oldest and most robust way to extend rodent life span. The idea that the nutrient sensors, termed sirtuins, might mediate effects of CR was proposed 13 years ago and has been challenged in the intervening years. This review addresses these challenges and draws from a great body of new data in the sirtuin field that shows a systematic redirection of mammalian physiology in response to diet by sirtuins. The prospects for drugs that can deliver at least a subset of the benefits of CR seems very real.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, Glenn Laboratory for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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1053
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Ljubicic V, Burt M, Jasmin BJ. The therapeutic potential of skeletal muscle plasticity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: phenotypic modifiers as pharmacologic targets. FASEB J 2013; 28:548-68. [PMID: 24249639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a life-limiting, neuromuscular disorder that causes progressive, severe muscle wasting in boys and young men. Although there is no cure, scientists and clinicians can leverage the fact that slower, more oxidative skeletal muscle fibers possess an enhanced degree of resistance to the dystrophic pathology relative to their faster, more glycolytic counterparts, and can thus use this knowledge when investigating novel therapeutic avenues. Several factors have been identified as powerful regulators of muscle plasticity. Some proteins, such as calcineurin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), PPARβ/δ, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), when chronically stimulated in animal models, remodel skeletal muscle toward the slow, oxidative myogenic program, whereas others, such as receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), repress this phenotype. Recent studies demonstrating that pharmacologic and physiological activation of targets that shift dystrophic muscle toward the slow, oxidative myogenic program provide appreciable molecular and functional benefits. This review surveys the rationale behind, and evidence for, the study of skeletal muscle plasticity in preclinical models of DMD and highlights the potential therapeutic opportunities in advancing a strategy focused on remodeling skeletal muscle in patients with DMD toward the slow, oxidative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ljubicic
- 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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1054
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Pollack RM, Crandall JP. Resveratrol: therapeutic potential for improving cardiometabolic health. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1260-8. [PMID: 24025725 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, has gained attention in recent years because of its connection with the health benefits of red wine and its anticancer activity in vitro. Studies in animal models have demonstrated beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, vascular function and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Human studies designed to understand the role of resveratrol in the prevention and treatment of age-related conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer have recently been undertaken. METHODS We searched PubMed for original articles that reported studies of resveratrol in humans, using search terms, including resveratrol, human studies, glucose metabolism, vascular function, and inflammation. We also searched the reference lists of identified articles for additional papers and sought expert opinion on relevant studies. RESULTS Resveratrol treatment has shown beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in some, but not all studies. Study population, resveratrol source, and dose have varied widely, potentially explaining inconsistent findings. Improvements were noted in endothelial function, systolic blood pressure, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in several studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite the strong preclinical evidence of positive cardiometabolic effects, studies to date have not confirmed resveratrol's benefit in humans. Study variability and methodological issues limit interpretation of available results. Additional research, focusing on subjects with defined metabolic defects and using a range of doses, is needed to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena M Pollack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jill P Crandall
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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1055
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Desquiret-Dumas V, Gueguen N, Leman G, Baron S, Nivet-Antoine V, Chupin S, Chevrollier A, Vessières E, Ayer A, Ferré M, Bonneau D, Henrion D, Reynier P, Procaccio V. Resveratrol induces a mitochondrial complex I-dependent increase in NADH oxidation responsible for sirtuin activation in liver cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36662-75. [PMID: 24178296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to be involved in the regulation of energetic metabolism, generating increasing interest in therapeutic use. SIRT1 has been described as the main target of RSV. However, recent reports have challenged the hypothesis of its direct activation by RSV, and the signaling pathways remain elusive. Here, the effects of RSV on mitochondrial metabolism are detailed both in vivo and in vitro using murine and cellular models and isolated enzymes. We demonstrate that low RSV doses (1-5 μM) directly stimulate NADH dehydrogenases and, more specifically, mitochondrial complex I activity (EC50 ∼1 μM). In HepG2 cells, this complex I activation increases the mitochondrial NAD(+)/NADH ratio. This higher NAD(+) level initiates a SIRT3-dependent increase in the mitochondrial substrate supply pathways (i.e. the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation). This effect is also seen in liver mitochondria of RSV-fed animals (50 mg/kg/day). We conclude that the increase in NADH oxidation by complex I is a crucial event for SIRT3 activation by RSV. Our results open up new perspectives in the understanding of the RSV signaling pathway and highlight the critical importance of RSV doses used for future clinical trials.
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1056
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Gescher A, Steward WP, Brown K. Resveratrol in the management of human cancer: how strong is the clinical evidence? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1290:12-20. [PMID: 23855461 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the plethora of biochemical mechanisms engaged by resveratrol in preclinical systems, its anticarcinogenic effects represent some of the most convincing and intriguing. As outlined in this review, there is considerable interest in developing resveratrol for cancer prevention and treatment. The plasma pharmacokinetics of resveratrol in humans are now reasonably well defined, and studies have shown that repeated daily doses up to 1 g are safe and well tolerated, although gastrointestinal toxicity is observed at higher intakes. However, care is needed regarding underlying conditions in specific patient groups, and there is potential for drug interactions at doses greater than 1 gram. Little is known regarding the pharmacodynamic effects of resveratrol in humans, but the observation that it modulates components of the insulin-like growth factor system in the plasma of volunteers is encouraging. While the knowledge base that helps determine whether resveratrol may be useful in cancer management has increased substantially in recent years, important questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gescher
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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1057
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Boutant M, Cantó C. SIRT1 metabolic actions: Integrating recent advances from mouse models. Mol Metab 2013; 3:5-18. [PMID: 24567900 PMCID: PMC3929913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 has attracted a lot of interest since it was discovered as a mammalian homolog of Sir2, a protein that influences longevity in yeast. Intensive early research suggested a key role of SIRT1 in mammalian development, metabolic flexibility and oxidative metabolism. However, it is the growing body of transgenic models that are allowing us to clearly define the true range of SIRT1 actions. In this review we aim to summarize the most recent lessons that transgenic animal models have taught us about the role of SIRT1 in mammalian metabolic homeostasis and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boutant
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL campus, Quartier de l'Innovation, Bâtiment G, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Cantó
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL campus, Quartier de l'Innovation, Bâtiment G, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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1058
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Hsu CY, Chuang YL. Changes in energy-regulated molecules in the trophocytes and fat cells of young and old worker honeybees (Apis mellifera). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:955-64. [PMID: 24149426 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophocytes and fat cells of honeybees (Apis mellifera) have been used for cellular senescence studies, but the changes in the expression, concentration, and activity of cellular energy-regulated molecules that occur with aging in worker bees is unknown. In this study, energy-regulated molecules were evaluated in the trophocytes and fat cells of young and old workers. The results showed that (i) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α2 (AMPK-α2) expression increased with aging, whereas phosphorylated AMPK-α2 expression, the phosphorylated AMPK/AMPK ratio, and AMPK activity decreased with aging; (ii) adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate concentrations decreased with aging, the AMP concentration was unchanged, the adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate ratio did not change with aging, and the AMP/adenosine triphosphate ratio increased with aging; (iii) the cyclic AMP concentration decreased with aging, and cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterases activity increased with aging; (iv) silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) expression increased with aging, whereas its activity decreased with aging; and (v) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α expression decreased with aging. These results show that the trophocytes and fat cells of young workers have higher cellular energy status and express higher levels of energy-regulated molecules than those of old workers and that aging results in a decline in the energy status of trophocytes and fat cells in worker honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Lung Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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1059
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Abstract
The mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are NAD(+)-dependent lysine deacylases that play central roles in cell survival, inflammation, energy metabolism, and aging. Members of this family of enzymes are considered promising pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of age-related diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. SIRT1-activating compounds (STACs), which have been identified from a variety of chemical classes, provide health benefits in animal disease models. Recent data point to a common mechanism of allosteric activation by natural and synthetic STACs that involves the binding of STACs to a conserved N-terminal domain in SIRT1. Compared with polyphenols such as resveratrol, the synthetic STACs show greater potency, solubility, and target selectivity. Although considerable progress has been made regarding SIRT1 allosteric activation, key questions remain, including how the molecular contacts facilitate SIRT1 activation, whether other sirtuin family members will be amenable to activation, and whether STACs will ultimately prove safe and efficacious in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sinclair
- Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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1060
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Beauvieux MC, Stephant A, Gin H, Serhan N, Couzigou P, Gallis JL. Resveratrol mainly stimulates the glycolytic ATP synthesis flux and not the mitochondrial one: a saturation transfer NMR study in perfused and isolated rat liver. Pharmacol Res 2013; 78:11-7. [PMID: 24090928 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to monitor the effects of resveratrol (RSV) on the respective contribution of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation on the unidirectional flux of ATP synthesis in whole isolated rat liver perfused with Krebs-Henseleit Buffer (KHB). The rate of tissular ATP supply was measured directly by monitoring the chemical exchange Pi toward ATP with saturation transfer (ST) (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance, a method applied for the first time for studying the effects of RSV. ST allows the measurement of the total cellular Pi→ATP chemical exchange; after specific inhibition of glycolysis with iodacetate, ST could provide the Pi→ATP flux issued from mitochondria. This latter was compared to mitochondrial ATP turn-over evaluated after chemical ischemia (CI), performed with specific inhibition (KCN) of oxidative phosphorylation, and measured by standard (31)P NMR spectroscopy. In controls (KHB alone), the apparent time constant (ks) of Pi exchange toward ATP as measured by ST was 0.48±0.04s(-1) leading to a total ATP synthesis rate of 37±3.9μmolmin(-1)g(-1). KHB+RSV perfusion increased ks (+52%; p=0.0009 vs. KHB) leading to an enhanced rate of total ATP synthesis (+52%; p=0.01 vs. KHB). When glycolysis was previously inhibited in KHB, both ks and ATP synthesis flux dramatically decreased (-87% and -86%, respectively, p<0.0001 vs. KHB without inhibition), evidencing a collapse of Pi-to-ATP exchange. However, glycolysis inhibition in KHB+RSV reduced to less extent ks (-41%, p=0.0005 vs. KHB+RSV without inhibition) and ATP synthesis flux (-18%). Using the CI method in KHB and KHB+RSV, KCN addition after glycolysis inhibition induced a rapid fall to zero of the ATP content. The mitochondrial ATP turnover R(t0) and its time constant kd mito were similar in KHB (1.18±0.19μmolmin(-1)g(-1) and 0.91±0.13min(-1)) and KHB+RSV (1.36±0.26μmolmin(-1)g(-1) and 0.77±0.18min(-1)). Since mitochondrial ATP turnover was not increased by RSV, the stimulation of Pi-to-ATP exchange by RSV mainly reflected an increase in glycolytic ATP synthesis flux. Moreover, the maintenance by RSV of a high level of Pi-to-ATP exchange after glycolysis inhibition evidenced a protective effect of the polyphenol, in agreement with our previous hypothesis of a stimulation of substrate flux throughout the glycolysis 3-carbon step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Beauvieux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536 CNRS-Université, Bordeaux Segalen, LabEx TRAIL-IBIO, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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1061
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Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Trade-Offs Between Anti-Aging Dietary Supplementation and Exercise. Rejuvenation Res 2013; 16:419-26. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mendelsohn
- Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
| | - James W. Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California
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1062
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Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing worldwide. Therefore, a novel therapeutic strategy by which to prevent T2DM is urgently required. Calorie restriction (CR) can retard the aging processes, and delay the onset of numerous age-related diseases including diabetes. Metabolic CR mimetics may be therefore included as novel therapeutic targets for T2DM. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that is induced by CR, is closely associated with lifespan elongation under CR. SIRT1 regulates glucose/lipid metabolism through its deacetylase activity on many substrates. SIRT1 in pancreatic β-cells positively regulates insulin secretion and protects cells from oxidative stress and inflammation, and has positive roles in the metabolic pathway via the modulation in insulin signaling. SIRT1 also regulates adiponectin secretion, inflammation, glucose production, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and circadian rhythms. Several SIRT1 activators, including resveratrol have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in animal models of insulin resistance. Therefore, SIRT1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of T2DM, implicating with CR. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the biological functions of SIRT1 and discuss its potential as a promising therapeutic target for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Kitada
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
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1063
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Porquet D, Casadesús G, Bayod S, Vicente A, Canudas AM, Vilaplana J, Pelegrí C, Sanfeliu C, Camins A, Pallàs M, del Valle J. Dietary resveratrol prevents Alzheimer's markers and increases life span in SAMP8. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1851-65. [PMID: 23129026 PMCID: PMC3776096 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol that is mainly found in grapes and red wine and has been reported to be a caloric restriction (CR) mimetic driven by Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activation. Resveratrol increases metabolic rate, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis and physical endurance, and reduces fat accumulation in mice. In addition, resveratrol may be a powerful agent to prevent age-associated neurodegeneration and to improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, different findings support the view that longevity in mice could be promoted by CR. In this study, we examined the role of dietary resveratrol in SAMP8 mice, a model of age-related AD. We found that resveratrol supplements increased mean life expectancy and maximal life span in SAMP8 and in their control, the related strain SAMR1. In addition, we examined the resveratrol-mediated neuroprotective effects on several specific hallmarks of AD. We found that long-term dietary resveratrol activates AMPK pathways and pro-survival routes such as SIRT1 in vivo. It also reduces cognitive impairment and has a neuroprotective role, decreasing the amyloid burden and reducing tau hyperphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Porquet
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Casadesús
- />Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Sergi Bayod
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Vicente
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M. Canudas
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vilaplana
- />Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Pelegrí
- />Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- />Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avd. Diagonal, 643-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume del Valle
- />Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Av. Joan XXIII s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- />Grup de Neuroplasticitat i Regeneració, Institut de Neurociències i Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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1064
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Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol produced by plants and is proposed to have multiple beneficial effects on health. In recent years, the interest in this molecule has increased nearly exponentially following the major findings that RSV (I) is chemo-preventive in some cancer models, (II) is cardio-protective and (III) has positive effects on metabolism in mammals and increases lifespan in lower organisms. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central controller of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and angiogenesis. As a part of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, the mTOR kinase plays a key role in several pathways involved in cancer and metabolic diseases. Recent studies suggest that modulation of the mTOR signalling pathway could play an important role in mediating the beneficial effects of RSV. Therefore, this review summarises the current findings regarding RSV and its inhibition/activation of the proteins in the mTOR pathway, and thereby propose the proteins of the mTOR cascade to be primary targets for RSV. RSV affects many different targets related to mTOR, and it is not clear which is most relevant. However, most frequently, RSV is found to inhibit the activity of the mTOR pathway proteins, and to activate AMPK and LKB1, which can suppress mTOR signalling. Thus, it appears that RSV plays a role in modulation of proteins of the mTOR pathway although more research is still needed to fully understand the interaction.
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1065
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Pezzuto JM, Kondratyuk TP, Ogas T. Resveratrol derivatives: a patent review (2009 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1529-46. [PMID: 24032623 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.834888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is currently a wealth of information on the effects of resveratrol and its derivatives in therapeutic, cosmetic and nutraceutical patent applications. Structure-activity studies of the resveratrol scaffold provide a foundation for the development of new analogs with potent activity or other beneficial properties. Ongoing research has yielded promising results and potential use in the treatment of various diseases. AREAS COVERED This review provides analysis of patents published from January 2009 to April 2013. There is a focus on different approaches for the production of resveratrol derivatives, combinations of new derivatives with old drugs, and applications in therapeutic areas, nutraceutical compositions and cosmetics. EXPERT OPINION The ability of resveratrol to interact with a disparate array of subcellular targets is uncanny. Nonetheless, even though limited or no toxicity is apparent, the molecule is not a panacea due to lack of potency and issues with bioavailability. Thus, as witnessed by a number of patents, a large assortment of derivatives have been synthesized under the guise of having superior characteristics for treating or preventing various diseases or for use as neutraceutics and cosmetics. Some of these suppositions are probably correct, but evidence-based applications are essentially nil due to a lack of commitment in terms of investing the resources necessary for the conduct of obligatory clinical trials. Current usage is largely based on anecdotes and publicity. Hopefully, at some point in time, it will be possible to follow a standard protocol with a predicable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pezzuto
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy , Hilo, HI 96720 , USA
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1066
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Hori YS, Kuno A, Hosoda R, Horio Y. Regulation of FOXOs and p53 by SIRT1 modulators under oxidative stress. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73875. [PMID: 24040102 PMCID: PMC3770600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce apoptosis and are associated with various diseases and with aging. SIRT1 (sirtuin-1), an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, decreases ROS levels and participates in cell survival under oxidative stress conditions. SIRT1 modulates the transcription factors p53, a tumor suppressor and inducer of apoptosis, and the forkhead O (FOXO) family, both of which play roles for cell survival and cell death. In this study, we aimed to know which is working greatly among p53 and FOXOs transcription factors in SIRT1's cell protective functions under oxidative stress conditions. The antimycin A-induced increase in ROS levels and apoptosis was enhanced by SIRT1 inhibitors nicotinamide and splitomicin, whereas it was suppressed by a SIRT1 activator, resveratrol, and a SIRT1 cofactor, NAD+. SIRT1-siRNA abolished the effects of splitomicin and resveratrol. p53-knockdown experiment in C2C12 cells and experiment using p53-deficient HCT116 cells showed that splitomicin and resveratrol modulated apoptosis by p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. In p53-independent cell protective pathway, we found that FOXO1, FOXO3a, and FOXO4 were involved in SOD2's upregulation by resveratrol. The knockdown of these three FOXOs by siRNAs completely abolished the SOD2 induction, ROS reduction, and anti-apoptotic function of resveratrol. Our results indicate that FOXO1, FOXO3a and FOXO4, are indispensable for SIRT1-dependent cell survival against oxidative stress, although deacetylation of p53 has also some role for cell protective function of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke S. Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Hosoda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Horio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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1067
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Abstract
The cellular NAD(+)/NADH level controls Sir2 (silent information regulator 2) deacetylase activity in regulating aging in lower species. Much work has been put forth to identify ways to activate SIRT1, the mammalian ortholog of Sir2. The identification of p53 as a bona fide substrate of SIRT1 deacetylation has linked SIRT1 to a role in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the various SIRT1 endogenous and small molecular activators and inhibitors that regulate p53 acetylation and subsequent activation of p53 tumor suppression activity.
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1068
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Luu L, Dai FF, Prentice KJ, Huang X, Hardy AB, Hansen JB, Liu Y, Joseph JW, Wheeler MB. The loss of Sirt1 in mouse pancreatic beta cells impairs insulin secretion by disrupting glucose sensing. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2010-20. [PMID: 23783352 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has emerged as a key metabolic regulator of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. Enhanced SIRT1 activity has been shown to be protective against diabetes, although the mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine how SIRT1 regulates insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cell. METHODS Pancreatic beta cell-specific Sirt1 deletion was induced by tamoxifen injection in 9-week-old Pdx1CreER:floxSirt1 mice (Sirt1BKO). Controls were injected with vehicle. Mice were assessed metabolically via glucose challenge, insulin tolerance tests and physical variables. In parallel, Sirt1 short interfering RNA-treated MIN6 cells (SIRT1KD) and isolated Sirt1BKO islets were used to investigate the effect of SIRT1 inactivation on insulin secretion and gene expression. RESULTS OGTTs showed impaired glucose disposal in Sirt1BKO mice due to insufficient insulin secretion. Isolated Sirt1BKO islets and SIRT1KD MIN6 cells also exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Subsequent analyses revealed impaired α-ketoisocaproic acid-induced insulin secretion and attenuated glucose-induced Ca(2+) influx, but normal insulin granule exocytosis in Sirt1BKO beta cells. Microarray studies revealed a large cluster of mitochondria-related genes, the expression of which was dysregulated in SIRT1KD MIN6 cells. Upon further analysis, we demonstrated an explicit defect in mitochondrial function: the inability to couple nutrient metabolism to mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarisation and reduced oxygen consumption rates. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these findings indicate that in beta cells the deacetylase SIRT1 regulates the expression of specific mitochondria-related genes that control metabolic coupling, and that a decrease in beta cell Sirt1 expression impairs glucose sensing and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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1069
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Beaudoin MS, Snook LA, Arkell AM, Simpson JA, Holloway GP, Wright DC. Resveratrol supplementation improves white adipose tissue function in a depot-specific manner in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R542-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00200.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound suggested to have anti-diabetic properties. Surprisingly, little is known regarding the effects of RSV supplementation on adipose tissue (AT) metabolism in vivo. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of RSV on mitochondrial content and respiration, glyceroneogenesis (GNG), and adiponectin secretion in adipose tissue from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Five-week-old ZDF rats were fed a chow diet with (ZDF RSV) or without (ZDF chow) RSV (200 mg/kg body wt) for 6 wk. Changes in adipose tissue metabolism were assessed in subcutaneous (scAT) and intra-abdominal [retroperitoneal (rpWAT), epididymal (eWAT)] adipose tissue depots. ZDF RSV rats showed lower fasting glucose and higher circulating adiponectin, as well as lower glucose area under the curve during intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests than ZDF chow. [14C]pyruvate incorporation into triglycerides and adiponectin secretion were higher in scAT from ZDF RSV rats, concurrent with increases in adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α (PDH) (Ser293) protein content in this depot. Moreover, uncoupled mitochondrial respiration and complex I and II-supported respiration were increased in both scAT and rpWAT, which correlated with increases in cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX4) protein content. In vitro treatment of scAT with RSV (50 μmol/l; 24 h) induced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that RSV can induce adipose tissue mitochondrial biogenesis in parallel with increases in GNG and adiponectin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Soleil Beaudoin
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laelie A. Snook
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia M. Arkell
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Simpson
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham P. Holloway
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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1070
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Sun Y, Mukai Y, Tanaka M, Saito T, Sato S, Kurasaki M. Green tea extract increases mRNA expression of enzymes which influence epigenetic marks in newborn female offspring from undernourished pregnant mother. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74559. [PMID: 24009774 PMCID: PMC3756974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and toxicological properties of catechin remain unclear, e.g.; how catechin affects female offspring from undernourished pregnant dams. Here, to elucidate effects of low prenatal protein on female offspring health status, changes of enzymes which modify epigenetic marks related with metabolism in kidneys from newborns were investigated after continuously administering catechin extracted from green tea to lactating maternal rats after pregnant undernourishment. We found that green tea extract intake during lactation up-regulated the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in young female offspring from protein-restricted dams and modulated the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in the kidney. This pathway was indicated to be stimulated by SIRT1 gene expression. The feeding of green tea extract to protein-restricted dams during lactation is likely to up-regulate AMP-activated protein kinase activation and may partly lead to alterations of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in female offspring kidneys. In addition, energy metabolism in fetal and offspring period with green tea extract administration might be related to enzymes which modify epigenetic marks such as DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Sun
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuuka Mukai
- Department of Nutrition, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- Department of Nutrition, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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1071
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Ringholm S, Olesen J, Pedersen JT, Brandt CT, Halling JF, Hellsten Y, Prats C, Pilegaard H. Effect of lifelong resveratrol supplementation and exercise training on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in aging mice; impact of PGC-1α. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1311-8. [PMID: 23994519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study tested the hypothesis that lifelong resveratrol (RSV) supplementation counteracts an age-associated decrease in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α and that RSV combined with lifelong exercise training (EX) exerts additive effects through PGC-1α in mice. METHODS 3 month old PGC-1α whole body knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) littermate mice were placed in cages with or without running wheel and fed either standard chow or standard chow with RSV supplementation (4 g/kg food) for 12 months. Young (3 months of age), sedentary mice on standard chow served as young controls. A graded running performance test and a glucose tolerance test were performed 2 and 1 week, respectively, before euthanization where quadriceps and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed. RESULTS In PGC-1α KO mice, quadriceps citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial (mt)DNA content as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α, cytochrome (Cyt) c and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein content were 20-75% lower and, EDL capillary-to-fiber (C:F) ratio was 15-30% lower than in WT mice. RSV and/or EX had no effect on the C:F ratio in EDL. CS activity (P=0.063) and mtDNA content (P=0.013) decreased with age in WT mice, and CS activity, mtDNA content, PDH-E1α protein and VEGF protein increased ~1.5-1.8-fold with lifelong EX in WT, but not in PGC-1α KO mice, while RSV alone had no significant effect on these proteins. CONCLUSION Lifelong EX increased activity/content of oxidative proteins, mtDNA and angiogenic proteins in skeletal muscle through PGC-1α, while RSV supplementation alone had no effect. Combining lifelong EX and RSV supplementation had no additional effect on skeletal muscle oxidative and angiogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Ringholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, August Krogh Centre, Department of Biology, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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1072
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Rafalski VA, Mancini E, Brunet A. Energy metabolism and energy-sensing pathways in mammalian embryonic and adult stem cell fate. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:5597-608. [PMID: 23420198 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is influenced by age, food intake, and conditions such as diabetes and obesity. How do physiological or pathological metabolic changes influence stem cells, which are crucial for tissue homeostasis? This Commentary reviews recent evidence that stem cells have different metabolic demands than differentiated cells, and that the molecular mechanisms that control stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are functionally connected to the metabolic state of the cell and the surrounding stem cell niche. Furthermore, we present how energy-sensing signaling molecules and metabolism regulators are implicated in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Finally, we discuss the emerging literature on the metabolism of induced pluripotent stem cells and how manipulating metabolic pathways might aid cellular reprogramming. Determining how energy metabolism regulates stem cell fate should shed light on the decline in tissue regeneration that occurs during aging and facilitate the development of therapies for degenerative or metabolic diseases.
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1073
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Wright DC. Exercise- and resveratrol-mediated alterations in adipose tissue metabolism. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:109-16. [PMID: 24476464 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its obligatory role in locomotion and the fact that it accounts for the vast majority of whole-body glucose and lipid oxidation, much work has focused on studying the biochemical adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. However, over the past several years there has been a growing appreciation that adipose tissue is an important player in regulating systemic carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Despite this, the examination of how exercise alters adipose tissue function and metabolism is, when compared with skeletal muscle, in its infancy. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some of the recent findings from our laboratory and others that focus on the emerging area of adipose tissue exercise biochemistry. Specifically, the role of exercise on the induction of mitochondrial and glyceroneogenic enzymes will be examined and will be compared with the well-characterized effects of thiazolidinediones, which are insulin-sensitizing drugs. A particular emphasis will be placed on the role of interleukin-6 in mediating the effects of exercise. Finally, we will discuss recent data from our laboratory demonstrating beneficial effects of resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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1074
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Berman AE, Leontieva OV, Natarajan V, McCubrey JA, Demidenko ZN, Nikiforov MA. Recent progress in genetics of aging, senescence and longevity: focusing on cancer-related genes. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1522-32. [PMID: 23455653 PMCID: PMC3681491 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that aging results from the accumulation of molecular damage, including damage of DNA and mitochondria and accumulation of molecular garbage both inside and outside of the cell. Recently, this paradigm is being replaced by the “hyperfunction theory”, which postulates that aging is caused by activation of signal transduction pathways such as TOR (Target of Rapamycin). These pathways consist of different enzymes, mostly kinases, but also phosphatases, deacetylases, GTPases, and some other molecules that cause overactivation of normal cellular functions. Overactivation of these sensory signal transduction pathways can cause cellular senescence, age-related diseases, including cancer, and shorten life span. Here we review some of the numerous very recent publications on the role of signal transduction molecules in aging and age-related diseases. As was emphasized by the author of the “hyperfunction model”, many (or actually all) of them also play roles in cancer. So these “participants” in pro-aging signaling pathways are actually very well acquainted to cancer researchers. A cancer-related journal such as Oncotarget is the perfect place for publication of such experimental studies, reviews and perspectives, as it can bridge the gap between cancer and aging researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Berman
- V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., Moscow, Russia.
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1075
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1076
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Guedes-Dias P, Oliveira JM. Lysine deacetylases and mitochondrial dynamics in neurodegeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1345-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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1077
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Carrizzo A, Puca A, Damato A, Marino M, Franco E, Pompeo F, Traficante A, Civitillo F, Santini L, Trimarco V, Vecchione C. Resveratrol improves vascular function in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia by modulating NO metabolism. Hypertension 2013; 62:359-66. [PMID: 23753407 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in resveratrol, is associated with a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of resveratrol on cardiovascular function remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we set out to identify the molecular target(s) mediating the protective action of resveratrol on vascular function. To this end, we performed vascular reactivity studies to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on superior thyroid artery obtained from 59 patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. We found that resveratrol evoked vasorelaxation and reduced endothelial dysfunction through the modulation of NO metabolism via (1) an 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated increase in endothelial NO synthase activity; (2) a rise in tetrahydrobiopterin levels, which also increases endothelial NO synthase activity; and (3) attenuation of vascular oxidative stress, brought about by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase via an nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2-dependent mechanism. The effects of resveratrol on acetylcholine vasorelaxation were also tested in vessels from patients with nonhypertensive nondyslipidemia undergoing thyroid surgery. In this setting, resveratrol failed to exert any effect. Thus, our finding that resveratrol reduces endothelial dysfunction, an early pathophysiological feature and independent predictor of poor prognosis in most forms of cardiovascular disease, supports the concept that the risk of vascular events could be further reduced by adherence to a set of dietary and behavioral guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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1078
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Hwang JW, Yao H, Caito S, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Redox regulation of SIRT1 in inflammation and cellular senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:95-110. [PMID: 23542362 PMCID: PMC3762912 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulates inflammation, aging (life span and health span), calorie restriction/energetics, mitochondrial biogenesis, stress resistance, cellular senescence, endothelial functions, apoptosis/autophagy, and circadian rhythms through deacetylation of transcription factors and histones. SIRT1 level and activity are decreased in chronic inflammatory conditions and aging, in which oxidative stress occurs. SIRT1 is regulated by a NAD(+)-dependent DNA repair enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), and subsequent NAD(+) depletion by oxidative stress may have consequent effects on inflammatory and stress responses as well as cellular senescence. SIRT1 has been shown to undergo covalent oxidative modifications by cigarette smoke-derived oxidants/aldehydes, leading to posttranslational modifications, inactivation, and protein degradation. Furthermore, oxidant/carbonyl stress-mediated reduction of SIRT1 leads to the loss of its control on acetylation of target proteins including p53, RelA/p65, and FOXO3, thereby enhancing the inflammatory, prosenescent, and apoptotic responses, as well as endothelial dysfunction. In this review, the mechanisms of cigarette smoke/oxidant-mediated redox posttranslational modifications of SIRT1 and its roles in PARP1 and NF-κB activation, and FOXO3 and eNOS regulation, as well as chromatin remodeling/histone modifications during inflammaging, are discussed. Furthermore, we have also discussed various novel ways to activate SIRT1 either directly or indirectly, which may have therapeutic potential in attenuating inflammation and premature senescence involved in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-woong Hwang
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hongwei Yao
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Samuel Caito
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Isaac K Sundar
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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1079
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Ota H, Akishita M, Tani H, Tatefuji T, Ogawa S, Iijima K, Eto M, Shirasawa T, Ouchi Y. trans-Resveratrol in Gnetum gnemon protects against oxidative-stress-induced endothelial senescence. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1242-1247. [PMID: 23859249 DOI: 10.1021/np300841v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gnetum gnemon is an arboreal dioecious plant that is cultivated in Indonesia. The seeds of this species mainly contain dimeric stilbenoid compounds [gnetin C (1), gnemonoside A (2), and gnemonoside D (3)] along with trans-resveratrol (4). trans-Resveratrol has been reported to have antiaging, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects, as well as being a calorie restriction mimetic. SIRT1 exerts a protective effect against vascular senescence. In this study, the effects of these four main stilbenoid derivatives of a G. gnemon seed endosperm ethanolic extract on endothelial senescence were investigated. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, administration of the G. gnemon ethanolic extract increased SIRT1 and decreased endothelial senescence. The concentration of 1 in blood plasma was 6-fold higher than 4 in these mice. Next, the in vitro effects of the four main stilbenoid derivatives of G. gnemon seeds were investigated. Senescent human umbilical vein endothelial cells were induced by hydrogen peroxide. Endothelial senescence was inhibited by 4, which increased the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and SIRT1, whereas 1-3 had no effect. These results indicated that the ethanolic extract of G. gnemon seeds inhibits endothelial senescence, suggesting that 4 plays a critical role in the prevention of endothelial senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Ota
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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1080
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Li YG, Zhu W, Tao JP, Xin P, Liu MY, Li JB, Wei M. Resveratrol protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress through SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:270-6. [PMID: 23891692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated by oxidative stress and plays an important role in various cardiac pathologies. The SIRT1 signaling pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis play essential roles in mediating the production of ROS. SIRT1 activated by resveratrol protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress, but the exact mechanisms by which SIRT1 prevents oxidative stress, and its relationship with mitochondrial biogenesis, remain unclear. In this study, it was observed that after stimulation with 50μMH2O2 for 6h, H9C2 cells produced excessive ROS and downregulated SIRT1. The mitochondrial protein NDUFA13 was also downregulated by ROS mediated by SIRT1. Resveratrol induced the expression of SIRT1 and mitochondrial genes NDUFA1, NDUFA2, NDUFA13 and Mn-SOD. However, the production of these genes was reversed by SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide. These results suggest that resveratrol inhibits ROS generation in cardiomyocytes via SIRT1 and mitochondrial biogenesis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-guang Li
- Division of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, State Key Discipline Division, 600 Yishan Rd., Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.
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1081
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Gliemann L, Schmidt JF, Olesen J, Biensø RS, Peronard SL, Grandjean SU, Mortensen SP, Nyberg M, Bangsbo J, Pilegaard H, Hellsten Y. Resveratrol blunts the positive effects of exercise training on cardiovascular health in aged men. J Physiol 2013; 591:5047-59. [PMID: 23878368 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.258061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is thought to be associated with decreased vascular function partly due to oxidative stress. Resveratrol is a polyphenol, which in animal studies has been shown to decrease atherosclerosis, and improve cardiovascular health and physical capacity, in part through its effects on Sirtuin 1 signalling and through an improved antioxidant capacity. We tested the hypothesis that resveratrol supplementation enhances training-induced improvements in cardiovascular health parameters in aged men. Twenty-seven healthy physically inactive aged men (age: 65 ± 1 years; body mass index: 25.4 ± 0.7 kg m(-2); mean arterial pressure (MAP): 95.8 ± 2.2 mmHg; maximal oxygen uptake: 2488 ± 72 ml O2 min(-1)) were randomized into 8 weeks of either daily intake of either 250 mg trans-resveratrol (n = 14) or of placebo (n = 13) concomitant with high-intensity exercise training. Exercise training led to a 45% greater (P < 0.05) increase in maximal oxygen uptake in the placebo group than in the resveratrol group and to a decrease in MAP in the placebo group only (-4.8 ± 1.7 mmHg; P < 0.05). The interstitial level of vasodilator prostacyclin was lower in the resveratrol than in the placebo group after training (980 ± 90 vs. 1174 ± 121 pg ml(-1); P < 0.02) and muscle thromboxane synthase was higher in the resveratrol group after training (P < 0.05). Resveratrol administration also abolished the positive effects of exercise on low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio and triglyceride concentrations in blood (P < 0.05). Resveratrol did not alter the effect of exercise training on the atherosclerosis marker vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Sirtuin 1 protein levels were not affected by resveratrol supplementation. These findings indicate that, whereas exercise training effectively improves several cardiovascular health parameters in aged men, concomitant resveratrol supplementation can blunt these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Gliemann
- L. Gliemann, Universitetsparken 13, 2nd Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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1082
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Kong S, Yeung P, Fang D. The class III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 in immune suppression and its therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:347-54. [PMID: 23876775 PMCID: PMC4007159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating disease of the joints. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses participate in the development and progression of RA. While several therapeutic reagents, such as TNF-α agonists, have been successfully developed for the clinical use in the treatment of RA, more than half of the patients do not respond to anti-TNF therapy. Therefore, new therapeutic reagents are needed. Recent studies have shown that sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylase, is a critical negative regulator of both the innate and adaptive immune response in mice, and its altered functions are likely to be involved in autoimmune diseases. Small molecules that modulate Sirt1 functions are potential therapeutic reagents for autoimmune inflammatory diseases. This review highlights the role of Sirt1 in immune regulation and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pricilla Yeung
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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1083
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Insulin resistance and its related diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been linked to changes in aerobic metabolism, pointing to a possible role of mitochondria in the development of insulin resistance. RECENT ADVANCES Refined methodology of ex vivo high-resolution respirometry and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy now allows describing several features of mitochondria in humans. In addition to measuring mitochondrial function at baseline and after exercise-induced submaximal energy depletion, the response of mitochondria to endocrine and metabolic challenges, termed mitochondrial plasticity, can be assessed using hyperinsulinemic clamp tests. While insulin resistant states do not uniformly relate to baseline and post-exercise mitochondrial function, mitochondrial plasticity is typically impaired in insulin resistant relatives of T2DM, in overt T2DM and even in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). CRITICAL ISSUES The variability of baseline mitochondrial function in the main target tissue of insulin action, skeletal muscle and liver, may be attributed to inherited and acquired changes in either mitochondrial quantity or quality. In addition to certain gene polymorphisms and aging, circulating glucose and lipid concentrations correlate with both mitochondrial function and plasticity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the associations between features of mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, the question of a causal relationship between compromised mitochondrial plasticity and insulin resistance in the development of obesity and T2DM remains to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Clinics Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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1084
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Bruzzone S, Parenti MD, Grozio A, Ballestrero A, Bauer I, Del Rio A, Nencioni A. Rejuvenating sirtuins: the rise of a new family of cancer drug targets. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:614-23. [PMID: 23016857 PMCID: PMC3549556 DOI: 10.2174/138161213804581954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes that was proposed to control organismal life span about a decade ago. While such role of sirtuins is now debated, mounting evidence involves these enzymes in numerous physiological processes and disease conditions, including metabolism, nutritional behavior, circadian rhythm, but also inflammation and cancer. SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT6, and SIRT7 have all been linked to carcinogenesis either as tumor suppressor or as cancer promoting proteins. Here, we review the biological rationale for the search of sirtuin inhibitors and activators for treating cancer and the experimental approaches to their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- Room 221, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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1085
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de Lange P, Cioffi F, Silvestri E, Moreno M, Goglia F, Lanni A. (Healthy) ageing: focus on iodothyronines. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13873-92. [PMID: 23880847 PMCID: PMC3742223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the thyroid gland diminishes during ageing, but a certain tissue reserve of T3 and its metabolites is maintained. This reserve is thought to play a regulatory role in energy homeostasis during ageing. This review critically assesses this notion. T3 was thought to act predominantly through pathways that require transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). However, in recent years, it has emerged that T3 and its metabolites can also act through non-genomic mechanisms, including cytosolic signaling. Interestingly, differences may exist in the non-genomic pathways utilized by thyroid hormone metabolites and T3. For instance, one particular thyroid hormone metabolite, namely 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (T2), increases the activity of the redox-sensitive protein deacetylase SIRT1, which has been associated with improvements in healthy ageing, whereas evidence exists that T3 may have the opposite effect. Findings suggesting that T3, T2, and their signaling pathways, such as those involving SIRT1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are associated with improvements in diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance emphasize the potential importance of the thyroid during ageing and in ageing-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, Benevento 82100, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, Benevento 82100, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Maria Moreno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, Benevento 82100, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port’Arsa 11, Benevento 82100, Italy; E-Mails: (F.C.); (E.S.); (M.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-082-327-4580; Fax: +39-082-327-4571
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1086
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Li X, Chen H, Guan Y, Li X, Lei L, Liu J, Yin L, Liu G, Wang Z. Acetic acid activates the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism in bovine hepatocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67880. [PMID: 23861826 PMCID: PMC3701595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of acetic acid on hepatic lipid metabolism in ruminants differs significantly from that in monogastric animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the regulation mechanism of acetic acid on the hepatic lipid metabolism in dairy cows. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway plays a key role in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. In vitro, bovine hepatocytes were cultured and treated with different concentrations of sodium acetate (neutralized acetic acid) and BML-275 (an AMPKα inhibitor). Acetic acid consumed a large amount of ATP, resulting in an increase in AMPKα phosphorylation. The increase in AMPKα phosphorylation increased the expression and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, which upregulated the expression of lipid oxidation genes, thereby increasing lipid oxidation in bovine hepatocytes. Furthermore, elevated AMPKα phosphorylation reduced the expression and transcriptional activity of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and the carbohydrate responsive element-binding protein, which reduced the expression of lipogenic genes, thereby decreasing lipid biosynthesis in bovine hepatocytes. In addition, activated AMPKα inhibited the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Consequently, the triglyceride content in the acetate-treated hepatocytes was significantly decreased. These results indicate that acetic acid activates the AMPKα signaling pathway to increase lipid oxidation and decrease lipid synthesis in bovine hepatocytes, thereby reducing liver fat accumulation in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liheng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ZW)
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ZW)
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1087
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Shinmura K. Post-translational modification of mitochondrial proteins by caloric restriction: possible involvement in caloric restriction-induced cardioprotection. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:18-25. [PMID: 23312135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that members of the sirtuin family, most of which work as NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases, mediate the preferable effects of caloric restriction. Since mitochondria play a central role in cardiac reactive oxygen species production, targeted modification of mitochondrial proteins and subsequent improvement in mitochondrial function have the potential for controlling cardiovascular senescence and managing cardiovascular diseases such as ischemia/reperfusion. We showed that caloric restriction primes cardiac mitochondria for ischemic stress by deacetylating specific mitochondrial proteins of the electron transport chain. We speculate that deacetylation of specific mitochondrial proteins by sirtuin preserves mitochondrial function and attenuates myocardial oxidative damage during ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shinmura
- Ken Shinmura is at the Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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1088
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Smoliga JM, Colombo ES, Campen MJ. A healthier approach to clinical trials evaluating resveratrol for primary prevention of age‐related diseases in healthy populations. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:495-506. [PMID: 24073437 PMCID: PMC3765578 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the wealth of basic science research supporting resveratrol's potential to treat, delay, and even prevent age-related chronic diseases has led to a number of human clinical trials. While such translational research has yielded promising results in clinical populations, recently published conflicting results from studies evaluating resveratrol's potential for primary prevention of chronic disease in healthy / asymptomatic individuals have generated considerable controversy and do not initially appear consistent with findings from animal models. We argue that trials targeting healthy humans are often fundamentally flawed owing to inappropriate use of paradigms only applicable to populations with overt clinical disease and the consequent misleading (typically negative) results can severely retard advancement of drug development. To appropriately perform translational research centered on resveratrol as a primary prevention agent in non-clinical populations, it is critical to utilize study designs which can provide adequate information on clinically relevant outcome measures, avoid paradigms and assumptions from interventions which are specific to clinical populations, and maintain realistic expectations compared to interventions which provide the theoretical maximal response (e.g., caloric restriction and aerobic exercise training).
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- Institute for Human Health and Sports Science Research, Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27262, USA.
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1089
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Dominy JE, Puigserver P. Mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of nuclear signaling proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/7/a015008. [PMID: 23818499 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of mitochondrial biogenesis and function is a complex interplay of cellular and molecular processes that ultimately shape bioenergetics capacity. Mitochondrial mass, by itself, represents the net balance between rates of biogenesis and degradation. Mitochondrial biogenesis is dependent on different signaling cascades and transcriptional complexes that promote the formation and assembly of mitochondria--a process that is heavily dependent on timely and coordinated transcriptional control of genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins. In this article, we discuss the major signals and transcriptional complexes, programming mitochondrial biogenesis, and bioenergetic activity. This regulatory network represents a new therapeutic window into the treatment of the wide spectrum of mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetic deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Dominy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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1090
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Ruderman NB, Carling D, Prentki M, Cacicedo JM. AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2764-72. [PMID: 23863634 DOI: 10.1172/jci67227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia are hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, as are central adiposity, dyslipidemia, and a predisposition to type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and certain cancers. Regular exercise and calorie restriction have long been known to increase insulin sensitivity and decrease the prevalence of these disorders. The subsequent identification of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its activation by exercise and fuel deprivation have led to studies of the effects of AMPK on both IR and metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In this review, we evaluate this body of literature, with special emphasis on the hypothesis that dysregulation of AMPK is both a pathogenic factor for these disorders in humans and a target for their prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B Ruderman
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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1091
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Li Y, Xu S, Jiang B, Cohen RA, Zang M. Activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein and NLRP3 inflammasome in atherosclerotic lesion development in diabetic pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67532. [PMID: 23825667 PMCID: PMC3692453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrantly elevated sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), the lipogenic transcription factor, contributes to the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance in animals. Our recent studies have discovered that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylates SREBP at Ser-327 and inhibits its activity, represses SREBP-dependent lipogenesis, and thereby ameliorates hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant LDLR−/− mice. Chronic inflammation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome have been implicated in atherosclerosis and fatty liver disease. However, whether SREBP is involved in vascular lipid accumulation and inflammation in atherosclerosis remains largely unknown. Principal Findings The preclinical study with aortic pouch biopsy specimens from humans with atherosclerosis and diabetes shows intense immunostaining for SREBP-1 and the inflammatory marker VCAM-1 in atherosclerotic plaques. The cleavage processing of SREBP-1 and -2 and expression of their target genes are increased in the well-established porcine model of diabetes and atherosclerosis, which develops human-like, complex atherosclerotic plaques. Immunostaining analysis indicates an elevation in SREBP-1 that is primarily localized in endothelial cells and in infiltrated macrophages within fatty streaks, fibrous caps with necrotic cores, and cholesterol crystals in advanced lesions. Moreover, concomitant suppression of NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 and AMPK is observed in atherosclerotic pigs, which leads to the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1 by diminishing the deacetylation and Ser-372 phosphorylation of SREBP-1. Aberrantly elevated NLRP3 inflammasome markers are evidenced by increased expression of inflammasome components including NLPR3, ASC, and IL-1β. The increase in SREBP-1 activity and IL-1β production in lesions is associated with vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic pig aorta, as demonstrated by the induction of NF-κB, VCAM-1, iNOS, and COX-2, as well as by the repression of eNOS. Conclusions These translational studies provide in vivo evidence that the dysregulation of SIRT1-AMPK-SREBP and stimulation of NLRP3 inflammasome may contribute to vascular lipid deposition and inflammation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shanqin Xu
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bingbing Jiang
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mengwei Zang
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1092
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McGettrick AF, O'Neill LAJ. How metabolism generates signals during innate immunity and inflammation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22893-8. [PMID: 23798679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.486464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between immunity, inflammation, and metabolic changes is a growing field of research. Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors are families of innate immune receptors, and their role in the human immune response is well documented. Exciting new evidence is emerging with regard to their role in the regulation of metabolism and the activation of inflammatory pathways during the progression of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β appears to play a central role in these disorders. There is also evidence that metabolites such as NAD(+) (acting via deacetylases such as SIRT1 and SIRT2) and succinate (which regulates hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) are signals that regulate innate immunity. In addition, the extracellular overproduction of metabolites such as uric acid and cholesterol crystals acts as a signal sensed by NLRP3, leading to the production of IL-1β. These observations cast new light on the role of metabolism during host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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1093
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Baron S, Bedarida T, Cottart CH, Vibert F, Vessieres E, Ayer A, Henrion D, Hommeril B, Paul JL, Renault G, Saubamea B, Beaudeux JL, Procaccio V, Nivet-Antoine V. Dual effects of resveratrol on arterial damage induced by insulin resistance in aged mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:260-9. [PMID: 23793060 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to increased insulin resistance and arterial dysfunction, with oxidative stress playing an important role. This study explored the metabolic and arterial effects of a chronic treatment with resveratrol, an antioxidant polyphenol compound that has been shown to restore insulin sensitivity and decrease oxidative stress, in old mice with or without a high-protein diet renutrition care. High-protein diet tended to increase insulin resistance and atheromatous risk. Resveratrol improved insulin sensitivity in old mice fed standard diet by decreasing homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance and resistin levels. However, resveratrol did not improve insulin resistance status in old mice receiving the high-protein diet. In contrast, resveratrol exhibited deleterious effects by increasing inflammation state and superoxide production and diminishing aortic distensibility. In conclusion, we demonstrate that resveratrol has beneficial or deleterious effects on insulin sensitivity and arterial function, depending on nutritional status in our models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Baron
- PharmD, Viva Team-EA 4466, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75006, Paris Cedex, France.
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1094
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Short-term caloric restriction, resveratrol, or combined treatment regimens initiated in late-life alter mitochondrial protein expression profiles in a fiber-type specific manner in aged animals. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:858-68. [PMID: 23747682 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a loss in muscle known as sarcopenia that is partially attributed to apoptosis. In aging rodents, caloric restriction (CR) increases health and longevity by improving mitochondrial function and the polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to have similar benefits. In the present study, we investigated the potential efficacy of using short-term (6 weeks) CR (20%), RSV (50 mg/kg/day), or combined CR+ RSV (20% CR and 50 mg/kg/day RSV), initiated at late-life (27 months) to protect muscle against sarcopenia by altering mitochondrial function, biogenesis, content, and apoptotic signaling in both glycolytic white and oxidative red gastrocnemius muscle (WG and RG, respectively) of male Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats. CR but not RSV attenuated the age-associated loss of muscle mass in both mixed gastrocnemius and soleus muscle, while combined treatment (CR + RSV) paradigms showed a protective effect in the soleus and plantaris muscle (P < 0.05). Sirt1 protein content was increased by 2.6-fold (P < 0.05) in WG but not RG muscle with RSV treatment, while CR or CR + RSV had no effect. PGC-1α levels were higher (2-fold) in the WG from CR-treated animals (P < 0.05) when compared to ad-libitum (AL) animals but no differences were observed in the RG with any treatment. Levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were significantly higher (1.6-fold) in the WG muscle of RSV and CR + RSV groups compared to AL (P < 0.05) but tended to occur coincident with elevations in the pro-apoptotic protein Bax so that the apoptotic susceptibility as indicated by the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio was unchanged. There were no alterations in DNA fragmentation with any treatment in muscle from older animals. Additionally, mitochondrial respiration measured in permeabilized muscle fibers was unchanged in any treatment group and this paralleled the lack of change in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. These data suggest that short-term moderate CR, RSV, or CR + RSV tended to modestly alter key mitochondrial regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in glycolytic muscle and this might contribute to the moderate protective effects against aging-induced muscle loss observed in this study.
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1095
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Russo GL, Russo M, Ungaro P. AMP-activated protein kinase: a target for old drugs against diabetes and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:339-50. [PMID: 23747347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered a key checkpoint to ensure energy balance in both cells and organisms. AMPK is an αβγ heterotrimer controlled by allosteric regulation by AMP, ADP and ATP, auto-inhibitory features and phosphorylation, with the threonine-172 phosphorylation on the catalytic α-subunit by LKB1, CaMKKβ or Tak1 being essential for its fully activation. AMPK acts as a protective response to energy stress in numerous systems, but it is also a key player in diabetes and related metabolic diseases and cancer. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by metformin or other compounds holds a considerable potential to reverse the metabolic abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes. In cancer, correction of the dysregulated metabolic pathway LKB1/AMPK/mTORC1 can lower the Warburg effect, suggesting AMPK as a potential target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. In this commentary, we review recent findings that support the role and function of AMPK in normal and pathological conditions. We also discuss how the activation of AMPK by naturally occurring compounds could help to prevent the development of numerous chronic diseases contributing in such a way to the well-being of ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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1096
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Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging research has experienced an unprecedented advance over recent years, particularly with the discovery that the rate of aging is controlled, at least to some extent, by genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved in evolution. This Review enumerates nine tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging in different organisms, with special emphasis on mammalian aging. These hallmarks are: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. A major challenge is to dissect the interconnectedness between the candidate hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging, with the final goal of identifying pharmaceutical targets to improve human health during aging, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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1097
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Zhu J, Wang KZQ, Chu CT. After the banquet: mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and cell survival. Autophagy 2013; 9:1663-76. [PMID: 23787782 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles of crucial importance to the proper functioning of neuronal, cardiac and other cell types dependent upon aerobic efficiency. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in numerous human conditions, to include cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and aging. In recent years, mitochondrial turnover by macroautophagy (mitophagy) has captured the limelight, due in part to discoveries that genes linked to Parkinson disease regulate this quality control process. A rapidly growing literature is clarifying effector mechanisms that underlie the process of mitophagy; however, factors that regulate positive or negative cellular outcomes have been less studied. Here, we review the literature on two major pathways that together may determine cellular adaptation vs. cell death in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy represent two opposing, but coordinated processes that determine mitochondrial content, structure, and function. Recent data indicate that the capacity to undergo mitochondrial biogenesis, which is dysregulated in disease states, may play a key role in determining cell survival following mitophagy-inducing injuries. The current literature on major pathways that regulate mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis is summarized, and mechanisms by which the interplay of these two processes may determine cell fate are discussed. We conclude that in primary neurons and other mitochondrially dependent cells, disruptions in any phase of the mitochondrial recycling process can contribute to cellular dysfunction and disease. Given the emerging importance of crosstalk among regulators of mitochondrial function, autophagy, and biogenesis, signaling pathways that coordinate these processes may contribute to therapeutic strategies that target or regulate mitochondrial turnover and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology; Division of Neuropathology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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1098
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Hwang AB, Jeong DE, Lee SJ. Mitochondria and organismal longevity. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:519-32. [PMID: 23633912 PMCID: PMC3468885 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803251427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for various biological processes including cellular energy production. The oxidative stress theory of aging proposes that mitochondria play key roles in aging by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which indiscriminately damage macromolecules and lead to an age-dependent decline in biological function. However, recent studies show that increased levels of ROS or inhibition of mitochondrial function can actually delay aging and increase lifespan. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings regarding the role of mitochondria in organismal aging processes. We will discuss how mitochondria contribute to evolutionarily conserved longevity pathways, including mild inhibition of respiration, dietary restriction, and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara B Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, South Korea
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1099
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by a trinucleotide repeat mutation in the huntingtin gene that results in an increased number of glutamine residues in the N terminus of huntingtin protein. Mutant huntingtin leads to progressive impairment of motor function, cognitive dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric disturbance. There are no disease-modifying treatments available. During the past decade, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) has been the focus of intense investigation and discussion because it regulates longevity in multiple organisms and has shown beneficial effects in a variety of models of neurodegenerative disorders. Studies in different animal models provide convincing evidence that SIRT1 protects neurons in mouse models of HD as well as in Caenorhabditis elegans, although controversial results were reported in a fly model. Indeed, many connections exist between the deacetylation function of SIRT1 and its role in neuroprotection. As a result, pharmacological interventions targeting SIRT1 might become promising strategies to combat HD. This review summarizes recent progress in SIRT1 research, with a focus on the specificity of this protein as a potential therapeutic target for HD, as well as existing challenges for developing SIRT1 modulators for clinical use.
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1100
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Huynh FK, Hershberger KA, Hirschey MD. Targeting sirtuins for the treatment of diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:245-257. [PMID: 25067957 DOI: 10.2217/dmt.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are a class of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, such as deacetylases, that have a wide array of biological functions. Recent studies have suggested that reduced sirtuin action is correlated with Type 2 diabetes. Both overnutrition and aging, which are two major risk factors for diabetes, lead to decreased sirtuin function and result in abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, restoring normal levels of sirtuin action in Type 2 diabetes may be a promising method of treating diabetes. This article reviews the biological functions of three of the seven mammalian sirtuins - SIRT1, SIRT3 and SIRT6 - that have demonstrated prominent metabolic roles and early potential for drug targeting. Clinical trials investigating the use of sirtuin activators for treating diabetes are already underway and show promise as alternatives to current diabetes therapies. Thus, further research into sirtuin activators is warranted and may lead to a new class of safe, effective diabetes treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K Huynh
- Sarah W Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
| | - Kathleen A Hershberger
- Sarah W Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA ; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Sarah W Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA ; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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