1051
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Schwahn AB, Wong JWH, Downard KM. Typing of human and animal strains of influenza virus with conserved signature peptides of matrix M1 protein by high resolution mass spectrometry. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:178-85. [PMID: 20117137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of high resolution mass spectrometry to detect signature peptides within proteolytic digests of the isolated matrix M1 protein, and whole virus digests, for both human and animal strains of influenza is shown to be able to rapidly and reliably type the virus. Conserved sequences for predicted tryptic peptides were identified through alignments of matrix M1 protein sequences across all human, avian and swine strains of the influenza virus. Peptides with unique masses, when compared with those from the in silico digestion of all influenza antigens and those proteins known to contaminate egg grown strains, were identified using the purpose built FluGest algorithm. Their frequency of occurrence within the matrix M1 protein across all type A and type B strains was established with the FluAlign algorithm. The subsequent detection of the signature peptides of matrix M1 protein within proteolytic digests of type A and type B human and avian strains has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Schwahn
- School of Molecular & Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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1052
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Furuse Y, Suzuki A, Oshitani H. Reassortment between swine influenza A viruses increased their adaptation to humans in pandemic H1N1/09. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:569-74. [PMID: 20117250 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In April 2009, pandemic H1N1/09 influenza, which originated from swine influenza, appeared in North America, and it has since spread globally among humans. It is important to know how swine influenza A virus broke the host barrier to cause a pandemic. We analyzed 673 strains of human, avian, and swine influenza viruses and assessed the internal genes PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS. Here we found accumulation of mutations in segments that were retained as well as introduced due to genetic reassortment of viruses. The retained segments may have to mutate to accommodate new segments. The mutations caused by interaction among segments retained and introduced due to reassortment between swine influenza viruses may have increased the adaptation of the virus to humans, leading to pandemic H1N1/09. We indicate the sites that probably contributed to the acquisition of efficient human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Furuse
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryou-machi Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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1053
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Lanzas C, Ayscue P, Ivanek R, Gröhn YT. Model or meal? Farm animal populations as models for infectious diseases of humans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:139-48. [PMID: 20040917 PMCID: PMC7097165 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, theory addressing the processes that underlie the dynamics of infectious diseases has progressed considerably. Unfortunately, the availability of empirical data to evaluate these theories has not grown at the same pace. Although laboratory animals have been widely used as models at the organism level, they have been less appropriate for addressing issues at the population level. However, farm animal populations can provide empirical models to study infectious diseases at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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1054
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Chan MCW, Chan RWY, Yu WCL, Ho CCC, Yuen KM, Fong JHM, Tang LLS, Lai WW, Lo ACY, Chui WH, Sihoe ADL, Kwong DLW, Wong DSH, Tsao GSW, Poon LLM, Guan Y, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM. Tropism and innate host responses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in ex vivo and in vitro cultures of human conjunctiva and respiratory tract. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1828-40. [PMID: 20110407 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel pandemic influenza H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus of swine origin causes mild disease but occasionally leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. It is important to understand the pathogenesis of this new disease in humans. We compared the virus tropism and host-responses elicited by pandemic H1N1pdm and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses in ex vivo cultures of human conjunctiva, nasopharynx, bronchus, and lung, as well as in vitro cultures of human nasopharyngeal, bronchial, and alveolar epithelial cells. We found comparable replication and host-responses in seasonal and pandemic H1N1 viruses. However, pandemic H1N1pdm virus differs from seasonal H1N1 influenza virus in its ability to replicate in human conjunctiva, suggesting subtle differences in its receptor-binding profile and highlighting the potential role of the conjunctiva as an additional route of infection with H1N1pdm. A greater viral replication competence in bronchial epithelium at 33 degrees C may also contribute to the slight increase in virulence of the pandemic influenza virus. In contrast with highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus, pandemic H1N1pdm does not differ from seasonal influenza virus in its intrinsic capacity for cytokine dysregulation. Collectively, these results suggest that pandemic H1N1pdm virus differs in modest but subtle ways from seasonal H1N1 virus in its intrinsic virulence for humans, which is in accord with the epidemiology of the pandemic to date. These findings are therefore relevant for understanding transmission and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C W Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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1055
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Comparative distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza receptors in the pig. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:4. [PMID: 20105300 PMCID: PMC2832630 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major determinant of influenza infection is the presence of virus receptors on susceptible host cells to which the viral haemagglutinin is able to bind. Avian viruses preferentially bind to sialic acid alpha2,3-galactose (SAalpha2,3-Gal) linked receptors, whereas human strains bind to sialic acid alpha2,6-galactose (SAalpha2,6-Gal) linked receptors. To date, there has been no detailed account published on the distribution of SA receptors in the pig, a model host that is susceptible to avian and human influenza subtypes, thus with potential for virus reassortment. We examined the relative expression and spatial distribution of SAalpha2,3-GalG(1-3)GalNAc and SAalpha2,6-Gal receptors in the major organs from normal post-weaned pigs by binding with lectins Maackia amurensis agglutinins (MAA II) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) respectively. RESULTS Both SAalpha2,3-Gal and SAalpha2,6-Gal receptors were extensively detected in the major porcine organs examined (trachea, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, cerebrum, small intestine and colon). Furthermore, distribution of both SA receptors in the pig respiratory tract closely resembled the published data of the human tract. Similar expression patterns of SA receptors between pig and human in other major organs were found, with exception of the intestinal tract. Unlike the limited reports on the scarcity of influenza receptors in human intestines, we found increasing presence of SAalpha2,3-Gal and SAalpha2,6-Gal receptors from duodenum to colon in the pig. CONCLUSIONS The extensive presence of SAalpha2,3-Gal and SAalpha2,6-Gal receptors in the major organs examined suggests that each major organ may be permissive to influenza virus entry or infection. The high similarity of SA expression patterns between pig and human, in particular in the respiratory tract, suggests that pigs are not more likely to be potential hosts for virus reassortment than humans. Our finding of relative abundance of SA receptors in the pig intestines highlights a need for clarification on the presence of SA receptors in the human intestinal tract.
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1056
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Generation of live attenuated novel influenza virus A/California/7/09 (H1N1) vaccines with high yield in embryonated chicken eggs. J Virol 2010; 84:44-51. [PMID: 19864389 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several live attenuated influenza virus A/California/7/09 (H1N1) (CA09) candidate vaccine variants that possess the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from the CA09 virus and six internal protein gene segments from the cold-adapted influenza virus A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) virus were generated by reverse genetics. The reassortant viruses replicated relatively poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. To improve virus growth in eggs, reassortants expressing the HA and NA of CA09 were passaged in MDCK cells and variants exhibiting large-plaque morphology were isolated. These variants replicated at levels approximately 10-fold higher than the rate of replication of the parental strains in embryonated chicken eggs. Sequence analysis indicated that single amino acid changes at positions 119, 153, 154, and 186 were responsible for the improved growth properties in MDCK cells and eggs. In addition, the introduction of a mutation at residue 155 that was previously shown to enhance the replication of a 1976 swine influenza virus also significantly improved the replication of the CA09 virus in eggs. Each variant was further evaluated for receptor binding preference, antigenicity, attenuation phenotype, and immunogenicity. Mutations at residues 153, 154, and 155 drastically reduced viral antigenicity, which made these mutants unsuitable as vaccine candidates. However, changes at residues 119 and 186 did not affect virus antigenicity or immunogenicity, justifying their inclusion in live attenuated vaccine candidates to protect against the currently circulating 2009 swine origin H1N1 viruses.
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1057
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Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication. Nature 2010; 463:818-22. [PMID: 20081832 DOI: 10.1038/nature08760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus, being responsible for seasonal epidemics and reoccurring pandemics, represents a worldwide threat to public health. High mutation rates facilitate the generation of viral escape mutants, rendering vaccines and drugs directed against virus-encoded targets potentially ineffective. In contrast, targeting host cell determinants temporarily dispensable for the host but crucial for virus replication could prevent viral escape. Here we report the discovery of 287 human host cell genes influencing influenza A virus replication in a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen. Using an independent assay we confirmed 168 hits (59%) inhibiting either the endemic H1N1 (119 hits) or the current pandemic swine-origin (121 hits) influenza A virus strains, with an overlap of 60%. Notably, a subset of these common hits was also essential for replication of a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 strain. In-depth analyses of several factors provided insights into their infection stage relevance. Notably, SON DNA binding protein (SON) was found to be important for normal trafficking of influenza virions to late endosomes early in infection. We also show that a small molecule inhibitor of CDC-like kinase 1 (CLK1) reduces influenza virus replication by more than two orders of magnitude, an effect connected with impaired splicing of the viral M2 messenger RNA. Furthermore, influenza-virus-infected p27(-/-) (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; Cdkn1b) mice accumulated significantly lower viral titres in the lung, providing in vivo evidence for the importance of this gene. Thus, our results highlight the potency of genome-wide RNAi screening for the dissection of virus-host interactions and the identification of drug targets for a broad range of influenza viruses.
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1058
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Du L, Zhou Y, Jiang S. Research and development of universal influenza vaccines. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:280-6. [PMID: 20079871 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The continuous threat of influenza pandemics determines the urgency and necessity to develop safe and effective vaccines against divergent influenza viruses. This review describes the advancements in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of M2e, HA, and other proteins of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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1059
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Guo HH, Sweeney RT, Regula D, Leung AN. Best cases from the AFIP: fatal 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection, complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Radiographics 2010; 30:327-33. [PMID: 20068001 DOI: 10.1148/rg.302095213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Henry Guo
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5621, USA.
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1060
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Li IW, Hung IF, To KK, Chan KH, Wong SSY, Chan JF, Cheng VC, Tsang OT, Lai ST, Lau YL, Yuen KY. The natural viral load profile of patients with pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and the effect of oseltamivir treatment. Chest 2010; 137:759-68. [PMID: 20061398 PMCID: PMC7094292 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history of viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract of the new pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and the effect of oseltamivir treatment were uncertain. METHODS A retrospective cohort study involving 145 consecutive patients with specimens positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the matrix and new H1 genes was conducted. RESULTS The nontreated and oseltamivir-treated patients were comparable in their viral load at presentation, demography, and the presenting symptoms. No correlation was observed between viral load with age and number of symptoms. Viral load of nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was significantly lower in treated than in nontreated patients at day 5 after symptom onset. When oseltamivir was initiated </= 2 days after symptom onset, a greater rate of viral load reduction in NPA of treated patients than that of nontreated patients was observed (-0.638 [95% CI, -0.809 to -0.466] vs -0.409 [95% CI, -0.663 to -0.185] log(10) copies/mL/d post-symptom onset), and the viral load was undetectable at day 6 after oseltamivir initiation, which was 1 day earlier than that of those whose treatment was initiated > 2 days of symptom onset. The viral load was inversely correlated with concomitant absolute lymphocyte count in nontreated patients (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] = -0.687, P = .001) and treated patients (Pearson r = -0.365, P < .001). Resolution of fever was 1.4 days later in nontreated than treated patients (P = .012) CONCLUSIONS The natural viral load profile was described. Oral oseltamivir suppresses viral load more effectively when given early in mild cases of pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris W Li
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F University Pathology Bldg, 102 Pokfulam Rd, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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1061
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Imaging findings in a fatal case of pandemic swine-origin influenza A (H1N1). AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 193:1500-3. [PMID: 19933640 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although most cases of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) have been self-limited, fatal cases raise questions about virulence and radiology's role in early detection. We describe the radiographic and CT findings in a fatal S-OIV infection. CONCLUSION Radiography showed peripheral lung opacities. CT revealed peripheral ground-glass opacities suggesting peribronchial injury. These imaging findings raised suspicion of S-OIV despite negative H1N1 influenza rapid antigen test results from two nasopharyngeal swabs; subsequently, those results were proven to be false-negatives by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This case suggests a role for CT in the early recognition of severe S-OIV.
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1062
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van der Meer FJUM, Orsel K, Barkema HW. The new influenza A H1N1 virus: balancing on the interface of humans and animals. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2010; 51:56-62. [PMID: 20357942 PMCID: PMC2797349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2009, a new human influenza A H1N1 virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. The strain was referred to as "swine flu" as it has strong similarities with current circulating swine influenza viruses, although the first outbreak on a swine farm was recorded more than 2 mo following the first human reports. This new strain, designated as pandemic (H1N1) 2009, has shown the ability to spread amongst the human population and can be found on all continents. The way influenza viruses and specifically this influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus evolve is described in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J U M van der Meer
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1.
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1063
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Abstract
Influenza viruses are globally important human respiratory pathogens. These viruses cause seasonal epidemics and occasional worldwide pandemics, both of which can vary significantly in disease severity. The virulence of a particular influenza virus strain is partly determined by its success in circumventing the host immune response. This article briefly reviews the innate mechanisms that host cells have evolved to resist virus infection, and outlines the plethora of strategies that influenza viruses have developed in order to counteract such powerful defences. The molecular details of this virus-host interplay are summarized, and the ways in which research in this area is being applied to the rational design of protective vaccines and novel antivirals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Hale
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA, Tel.: +1 212 241 5732, Fax: +1 212 534 1684,
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA, Tel.: +1 212 241 8255, Fax: +1 212 534 1684,
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine and Global Health & Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA, Tel.: +1 212 241 7769, Fax: +1 212 534 1684,
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1064
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Abstract
Within 2 months of its discovery last spring, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, currently referred to as 2009 H1N1, caused the first influenza pandemic in decades. The virus has caused disproportionate disease among young people with early reports of virulence similar to that of seasonal influenza. This clinical review provides an update encompassing the virology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the 2009 H1N1 virus. Because information about this virus, its prevention, and treatment are rapidly evolving, readers are advised to seek additional information. We performed a literature search of PubMed using the following keywords: H1N1, influenza, vaccine, pregnancy, children, treatment, epidemiology, and review. Studies were selected for inclusion in this review on the basis of their relevance. Recent studies and articles were preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Sullivan
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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1065
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Laake JH, Flaatten HK. Influenza and the anaesthesiologist. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54:3-5. [PMID: 19961438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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1066
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1067
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Monti E, Bonten; E, D'Azzo A, Bresciani R, Venerando B, Borsani G, Schauer R, Tettamanti G. Sialidases in Vertebrates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2010; 64:403-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(10)64007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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1068
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Briand S, Tam J, Bloch M, Mumford E. Avian and Pandemic Influenza Threats: the Current Situation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1069
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1070
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Takatsuki H, Taguchi F, Nomura R, Kashiwazaki H, Watanabe M, Ikehara Y, Watanabe R. Cytopathy of an infiltrating monocyte lineage during the early phase of infection with murinecoronavirus in the brain. Neuropathology 2009; 30:361-71. [PMID: 20051016 PMCID: PMC7194124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral spread during the early stages after infection was compared between a highly neurovirulent mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), JHMV cl-2 strain (cl-2), and its low-virulent mutant, soluble-receptor-resistant (srr)7. The infection of cells with srr7 (soluble-receptor-resistant mutant 7) is dependent on a known MHV receptor (MHVR), carcinoembryonic cell adhesion molecule 1a, whereas cl-2 shows MHVR-independent infection. Initial viral antigens were detected between 12 and 24 h post-inoculation (p.i) in the infiltrating cells that appeared in the subarachnoidal space of mouse brains infected with viruses. There were no significant differences in the intensity or spread of viral antigens in the inflammatory cells between the two viruses. However, 48 h after infection with cl-2, viral antigen-positive cells in the grey matter with the shape of neurons, which do not express MHVR, were detected, while srr7 infection was observed primarily in the white matter. Some of the viral antigen-positive inflammatory cells found in the subarachnoidal space during the early phase of infection reacted with anti-F4/80 or anti-CD11b monoclonal antibodies. Syncytial giant cells (SGCs) expressing viral and CD11b antigens were also detected among these inflammatory cells. These antigen-positive cells appeared in the subarachnoidal space prior to viral antigen spread into the brain parenchyma, indicating that viral encephalitis starts with the infection of infiltrating monocytes which express MHVR. Furthermore, the observation indicates that viral infection has cytopathic effects on the monocyte lineage, which plays a critical role in innate immunity, leading to the rapid spread of viruses during the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Takatsuki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo
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1071
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Chen GL, Lamirande EW, Jin H, Kemble G, Subbarao K. Safety, immunogencity, and efficacy of a cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) vaccine in mice and ferrets. Virology 2009; 398:109-14. [PMID: 20034647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the attenuation, immunogenicity and efficacy of the cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA ca) (H2N2) virus in mice and ferrets to evaluate its use in the event of an H2 influenza pandemic. The AA ca virus was restricted in replication in the respiratory tract of mice and ferrets. In mice, 2 doses of vaccine elicited a >4-fold rise in hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titer and resulted in complete inhibition of viral replication following lethal homologous wild-type virus challenge. In ferrets, a single dose of the vaccine elicited a >4-fold rise in HAI titer and conferred complete protection against homologous wild-type virus challenge in the upper respiratory tract. In both mice and ferrets, the AA ca virus provided significant protection from challenge with heterologous H2 virus challenge in the respiratory tract. The AA ca vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and efficacious against homologous and heterologous challenge in mice and ferrets, supporting the evaluation of this vaccine in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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1072
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Abstract
It is widely feared that a novel, highly pathogenic, human transmissible influenza virus may evolve that could cause the next global pandemic. Mitigating the spread of such an influenza pandemic would require not only the timely administration of antiviral drugs to those infected, but also the implementation of suitable intervention policies for stunting the spread of the virus. Towards this end, mathematical modelling and simulation studies are crucial as they allow us to evaluate the predicted effectiveness of the various intervention policies before enforcing them. Diagnosis plays a vital role in the overall pandemic management framework by detecting and distinguishing the pathogenic strain from the less threatening seasonal strains and other influenza-like illnesses. This allows treatment and intervention to be deployed effectively, given limited antiviral supplies and other resources. However, the time required to design a fast and accurate testkit for novel strains may limit the role of diagnosis. Herein, we aim to investigate the cost and effectiveness of different diagnostic methods using a stochastic agent-based city-scale model, and then address the issue of whether conventional testing approaches, when used with appropriate intervention policies, can be as effective as fast testkits in containing a pandemic outbreak. We found that for mitigation purposes, fast and accurate testkits are not necessary as long as sufficient medication is given, and are generally recommended only when used with extensive contact tracing and prophylaxis. Additionally, in the event of insufficient medication and fast testkits, the use of slower, conventional testkits together with proper isolation policies while waiting for the diagnostic results can be an equally effective substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxin Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A STAR), Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
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1073
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Cui Y, Jiao Z, Gong J, Yu Q, Zheng X, Quan J, Luo M, Yang Z. Development of New Stereodiverse Diaminocyclitols as Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase. Org Lett 2009; 12:4-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Zhaodong Jiao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Jianxian Gong
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Quan Yu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Junmin Quan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Ming Luo
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science
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1074
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Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21312-6. [PMID: 19995968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911915106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of influenza viruses into the human population requires surmounting barriers to cross-species infection. Changes in the influenza polymerase overcome one such barrier. Viruses isolated from birds generally contain polymerases with the avian-signature glutamic acid at amino acid 627 in the PB2 subunit. These polymerases display restricted activity in human cells. An adaptive change in this residue from glutamic acid to the human-signature lysine confers high levels of polymerase activity in human cells. This mutation permits escape from a species-specific restriction factor that targets polymerases from avian viruses. A 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus recently established a pandemic infection in humans, even though the virus encodes a PB2 with the restrictive glutamic acid at amino acid 627. We show here that the 2009 H1N1 virus has acquired second-site suppressor mutations in its PB2 polymerase subunit that convey enhanced polymerase activity in human cells. Introduction of this polymorphism into the PB2 subunit of a primary avian isolate also increased polymerase activity and viral replication in human and porcine cells. An alternate adaptive strategy has also been identified, whereby introduction of a human PA subunit into an avian polymerase overcomes restriction in human cells. These data reveal a strategy used by the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus and identify other pathways by which avian and swine-origin viruses may evolve to enhance replication, and potentially pathogenesis, in humans.
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1075
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Schnitzler SU, Schnitzler P. An update on swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1: a review. Virus Genes 2009; 39:279-92. [PMID: 19809872 PMCID: PMC7088521 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics that have claimed the lives of millions. The emergence of new strains will continue to pose challenges to public health and the scientific communities. The recent flu pandemic caused by a swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1 (S-OIV) presents an opportunity to examine virulence factors, the spread of the infection and to prepare for major influenza outbreaks in the future. The virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it probably arose through reassortment of two viruses of swine origin. Specific markers for virulence can be evaluated in the viral genome, PB1-F2 is a molecular marker of pathogenicity but is not present in the new S-OIV. While attention was focused on a threat of an avian influenza H5N1 pandemic emerging from Asia, a novel influenza virus of swine origin emerged in North America, and is now spreading worldwide. However, S-OIV demonstrates that even serotypes already encountered in past human pandemics may constitute new pandemic threats. There are concerns that this virus may mutate or reassort with existing influenza viruses giving rise to more transmissible or more pathogenic viruses. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic virus was relatively mild in its first wave and acquired more virulence when it returned in the winter. Thus preparedness on a global scale against a potential more virulent strain is highly recommended. Most isolates of the new S-OIVs are susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, and currently a vaccine against the pandemic strain is being manufactured and will be available this fall. This review summarizes the current information on the new pandemic swine-origin influenza virus A/H1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian U. Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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1076
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Haaheim LR, Madhun AS, Cox R. Pandemic influenza vaccines - the challenges. Viruses 2009; 1:1089-109. [PMID: 21994584 PMCID: PMC3185517 DOI: 10.3390/v1031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years' enzootic spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus among poultry and the many lethal zoonoses in its wake has stimulated basic and applied pandemic vaccine research. The quest for an efficacious, affordable and timely accessible pandemic vaccine has been high on the agenda. When a variant H1N1 strain of swine origin emerged as a pandemic virus, it surprised many, as this subtype is well-known to man as a seasonal virus. This review will cover some difficult vaccine questions, such as the immunological challenges, the new production platforms, and the limited supply and global equity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah S. Madhun
- Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Laboratory Building, 5th Floor, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; E-Mails: (A.S.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Rebecca Cox
- Influenza Centre, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Laboratory Building, 5th Floor, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; E-Mails: (A.S.M.); (R.C.)
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1077
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Joshi SR, Shaw AC, Quagliarello VJ. Pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, innate immunity, and the impact of immunosenescence on influenza vaccine. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 82:143-51. [PMID: 20027279 PMCID: PMC2794489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza have widespread implications for the global economy and global health. This has been highlighted recently as the epidemiologic characteristics for hospitalization and mortality for pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 are now emerging. While treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors are effective for seasonal and pandemic influenza, prevention of morbidity and mortality through effective vaccines requires a rigorous process of research and development. Vulnerable populations such as older adults (i.e., > age 65 years) suffer the greatest impact from seasonal influenza yet do not have a consistent seroprotective response to seasonal influenza vaccines due to a combination of factors. This short narrative review will highlight the emerging epidemiologic characteristics of pandemic H1N1 2009 and focus on immunosenescence, innate immune system responses to influenza virus infection and vaccination, and influenza vaccine responsiveness as it relates to seasonal and H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit R Joshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8022, USA.
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1078
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Oshitani H. [Influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009]. Uirusu 2009; 59:139-144. [PMID: 20218322 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.59.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past, influenza pandemics have been occurring every 20 to 30 years. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) has been causing unprecedented global outbreaks since 2003 and many human cases with a high case fatality rate have also been reported. But the virus that caused a pandemic in 2009 was A(H1N1) that was originated from swine influenza. The same subtype, A(H1N1) has been circulating in human population since 1977. This pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is also not as virulent as A(H5N1) in humans. Many aspects of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 are different from what we had been expecting. We should reconsider the concepts and the strategies for influenza pandemic by reviewing current pandemic (H1N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.
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1079
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Shen J, Ma J, Wang Q. Evolutionary trends of A(H1N1) influenza virus hemagglutinin since 1918. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7789. [PMID: 19924230 PMCID: PMC2773012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 is spreading to numerous countries and causing many human deaths. Although the symptoms in humans are mild at present, fears are that further mutations in the virus could lead to a potentially more dangerous outbreak in subsequent months. As the primary immunity-eliciting antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) is the major agent for host-driven antigenic drift in A(H3N2) virus. However, whether and how the evolution of HA is influenced by existing immunity is poorly understood for A(H1N1). Here, by analyzing hundreds of A(H1N1) HA sequences since 1918, we show the first evidence that host selections are indeed present in A(H1N1) HAs. Among a subgroup of human A(H1N1) HAs between 1918∼2008, we found strong diversifying (positive) selection at HA1 156 and 190. We also analyzed the evolutionary trends at HA1 190 and 225 that are critical determinants for receptor-binding specificity of A(H1N1) HA. Different A(H1N1) viruses appeared to favor one of these two sites in host-driven antigenic drift: epidemic A(H1N1) HAs favor HA1 190 while the 1918 pandemic and swine HAs favor HA1 225. Thus, our results highlight the urgency to understand the interplay between antigenic drift and receptor binding in HA evolution, and provide molecular signatures for monitoring future antigenically drifted 2009 pandemic and seasonal A(H1N1) influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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1080
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Sym D, Patel PN, El-Chaar GM. Seasonal, avian, and novel H1N1 influenza: prevention and treatment modalities. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:2001-11. [PMID: 19920156 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1m557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pathophysiology, pandemics/epidemics, transmissibility, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention/immunization, and resistance associated with seasonal, avian, and swine influenza. DATA SOURCES Literature was obtained from MEDLINE (1966-October 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971-October 2009) using the search terms influenza, seasonal influenza, avian influenza, swine influenza, H1N1, novel H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Available English-language articles were reviewed, along with information obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the World Health Organization. DATA SYNTHESIS The influenza virus has caused disease in birds, swine, and humans for many centuries. Pandemics and epidemics have occurred throughout history and reports of new strains continue to emerge. Two major surface antigenic glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have various subtypes, resulting in numerous combinations of these proteins. For example, combinations occur when an influenza strain from a bird "mixes" with a strain from a human. This mixing occurs in a host, often in pigs, resulting in a new strain. This new strain can cause pandemics since people have no immunity to the new strain. An H1N1 subtype pandemic occurred in 1918, causing millions of deaths. Simultaneously, veterinary reports of "influenza" in pigs also emerged. It is postulated that humans infected pigs with this H1N1 virus. H1N1 reappeared in humans in 1976, and more recently in 2009. Other pandemics have occurred with H2N2 and H3N2 strains. In 1997, strain H5N1, which usually causes disease in fowl, was able to infect humans. CONCLUSIONS Influenza subtypes continue to change, causing disease in animals and humans. Utilization of immunization and antiviral treatment options are available to prevent, treat, and contain the spread of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Sym
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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1081
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Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virol J 2009; 6:197. [PMID: 19912623 PMCID: PMC2785784 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus (IV) infections are a major threat to human welfare and animal health worldwide. Anti-viral therapy includes vaccines and a few anti-viral drugs. However vaccines are not always available in time, as demonstrated by the emergence of the new 2009 H1N1-type pandemic strain of swine origin (S-OIV) in April 2009, and the acquisition of resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors such as Tamiflu® (oseltamivir) is a potential problem. Therefore the prospects for the control of IV by existing anti-viral drugs are limited. As an alternative approach to the common anti-virals we studied in more detail a commercial standardized extract of the widely used herb Echinacea purpurea (Echinaforce®, EF) in order to elucidate the nature of its anti-IV activity. Results Human H1N1-type IV, highly pathogenic avian IV (HPAIV) of the H5- and H7-types, as well as swine origin IV (S-OIV, H1N1), were all inactivated in cell culture assays by the EF preparation at concentrations ranging from the recommended dose for oral consumption to several orders of magnitude lower. Detailed studies with the H5N1 HPAIV strain indicated that direct contact between EF and virus was required, prior to infection, in order to obtain maximum inhibition in virus replication. Hemagglutination assays showed that the extract inhibited the receptor binding activity of the virus, suggesting that the extract interferes with the viral entry into cells. In sequential passage studies under treatment in cell culture with the H5N1 virus no EF-resistant variants emerged, in contrast to Tamiflu®, which produced resistant viruses upon passaging. Furthermore, the Tamiflu®-resistant virus was just as susceptible to EF as the wild type virus. Conclusion As a result of these investigations, we believe that this standard Echinacea preparation, used at the recommended dose for oral consumption, could be a useful, readily available and affordable addition to existing control options for IV replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pleschka
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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1082
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Arias CF, Escalera-Zamudio M, de los Dolores Soto-Del Río M, Georgina Cobián-Güemes A, Isa P, López S. Molecular Anatomy of 2009 Influenza Virus A (H1N1). Arch Med Res 2009; 40:643-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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1083
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Wanitchang A, Kramyu J, Jongkaewwattana A. Enhancement of reverse genetics-derived swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus seed vaccine growth by inclusion of indigenous polymerase PB1 protein. Virus Res 2009; 147:145-8. [PMID: 19879908 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus (S-OIV) highlighted the need to urgently develop vaccines that can be used in a rapid response against the pathogen. Reverse genetics has been employed as an alternative means for the generation of influenza seed vaccines. However, reassortant viruses containing 6 internal genes from A/PR/8/34 and the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from S-OIV showed very slow growth characteristics, hampering the speed of vaccine production. Here, we showed that the reverse genetics-derived H1N1 could be rescued with sensible viral titer by replacing PB1 of A/PR/8/34 with that of S-OIV for plasmid transfection. The "5+3" reassortant viruses have shown higher growth rate after transfection compared to that of "6+2" reassortant. The difference between PB1 of S-OIV and that of A/PR/8/34 in terms of the enhancement of virus growth was possibly due to the augmentation of viral polymerase activity, but not the lack of functional PB1-F2. Furthermore, it was found that growth enhancement by PB1 was specific for reassortant harboring HA of S-OIV, suggesting that the slow growth property of S-OIV reassortant virus is possibly due to restrictions imposed by the HA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asawin Wanitchang
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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1084
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Innate immune responses to influenza A H5N1: friend or foe? Trends Immunol 2009; 30:574-84. [PMID: 19864182 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza A H5N1 remains unusual in its virulence for humans. Although infection of humans remains inefficient, many of those with H5N1 disease have a rapidly progressing viral pneumonia that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death, but its pathogenesis remains an enigma. Comparison of the virology and pathogenesis of human seasonal influenza viruses (H3N2 and H1N1) and H5N1 in patients, animal models and relevant primary human cell cultures is instructive. Although the direct effects of viral replication and differences in the tropism of the virus for cells in the lower respiratory tract clearly contribute to pathogenesis, we focus here on the possible contribution of the host innate immune response in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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1085
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Abstract
Influenza A virus causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of short-term respiratory infections associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The pandemics occur when new human-transmissible viruses that have the major surface protein of influenza A viruses from other host species are introduced into the human population. Between such rare events, the evolution of influenza is shaped by antigenic drift: the accumulation of mutations that result in changes in exposed regions of the viral surface proteins. Antigenic drift makes the virus less susceptible to immediate neutralization by the immune system in individuals who have had a previous influenza infection or vaccination. A biannual reevaluation of the vaccine composition is essential to maintain its effectiveness due to this immune escape. The study of influenza genomes is key to this endeavor, increasing our understanding of antigenic drift and enhancing the accuracy of vaccine strain selection. Recent large-scale genome sequencing and antigenic typing has considerably improved our understanding of influenza evolution: epidemics around the globe are seeded from a reservoir in East-Southeast Asia with year-round prevalence of influenza viruses; antigenically similar strains predominate in epidemics worldwide for several years before being replaced by a new antigenic cluster of strains. Future in-depth studies of the influenza reservoir, along with large-scale data mining of genomic resources and the integration of epidemiological, genomic, and antigenic data, should enhance our understanding of antigenic drift and improve the detection and control of antigenically novel emerging strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Carolyn McHardy
- Computational Genomics and Epidemiology, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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1086
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1087
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Wunderlich K, Mayer D, Ranadheera C, Holler AS, Mänz B, Martin A, Chase G, Tegge W, Frank R, Kessler U, Schwemmle M. Identification of a PA-binding peptide with inhibitory activity against influenza A and B virus replication. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7517. [PMID: 19841738 PMCID: PMC2759517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new drugs against influenza type A and B viruses due to incomplete protection by vaccines and the emergence of resistance to current antivirals. The influenza virus polymerase complex, consisting of the PB1, PB2 and PA subunits, represents a promising target for the development of new drugs. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of targeting the protein-protein interaction domain between the PB1 and PA subunits of the polymerase complex of influenza A virus using a small peptide derived from the PA-binding domain of PB1. However, this influenza A virus-derived peptide did not affect influenza B virus polymerase activity. Here we report that the PA-binding domain of the polymerase subunit PB1 of influenza A and B viruses is highly conserved and that mutual amino acid exchange shows that they cannot be functionally exchanged with each other. Based on phylogenetic analysis and a novel biochemical ELISA-based screening approach, we were able to identify an influenza A-derived peptide with a single influenza B-specific amino acid substitution which efficiently binds to PA of both virus types. This dual-binding peptide blocked the viral polymerase activity and growth of both virus types. Our findings provide proof of principle that protein-protein interaction inhibitors can be generated against influenza A and B viruses. Furthermore, this dual-binding peptide, combined with our novel screening method, is a promising platform to identify new antiviral lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Mayer
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlene Ranadheera
- PiKe Pharma GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnold Martin
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Werner Tegge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronald Frank
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schwemmle
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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1088
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Green tea catechins inhibit the endonuclease activity of influenza A virus RNA polymerase. PLOS CURRENTS 2009; 1:RRN1052. [PMID: 20025206 PMCID: PMC2762814 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The influenza A RNA polymerase possesses endonuclease activity to digest the host mRNA. Thus this endonuclease domain can be a target of anti-influenza A virus drug. Here we report that green tea catechins inhibit this viral endonuclease activity and that their galloyl group is important for their function. Docking simulations revealed that catechins with galloyl group fit well into the active pocket of the endonuclease domain to enable stable binding. Our results provide useful data that make it possible to refine and optimize catechin-based drug design more readily for stability.
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1089
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Glycans on influenza hemagglutinin affect receptor binding and immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:18137-42. [PMID: 19822741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909696106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cases of avian influenza H5N1 and the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 have caused a great concern that a global disaster like the 1918 influenza pandemic may occur again. Viral transmission begins with a critical interaction between hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, which is on the viral coat of influenza, and sialic acid (SA) containing glycans, which are on the host cell surface. To elucidate the role of HA glycosylation in this important interaction, various defined HA glycoforms were prepared, and their binding affinity and specificity were studied by using a synthetic SA microarray. Truncation of the N-glycan structures on HA increased SA binding affinities while decreasing specificity toward disparate SA ligands. The contribution of each monosaccharide and sulfate group within SA ligand structures to HA binding energy was quantitatively dissected. It was found that the sulfate group adds nearly 100-fold (2.04 kcal/mol) in binding energy to fully glycosylated HA, and so does the biantennary glycan to the monoglycosylated HA glycoform. Antibodies raised against HA protein bearing only a single N-linked GlcNAc at each glycosylation site showed better binding affinity and neutralization activity against influenza subtypes than the fully glycosylated HAs elicited. Thus, removal of structurally nonessential glycans on viral surface glycoproteins may be a very effective and general approach for vaccine design against influenza and other human viruses.
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1090
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Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. J Virol Methods 2009; 163:470-3. [PMID: 19815030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A pandemic caused by a novel influenza A virus (H1N1) poses a serious public health threat. In this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel H1N1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal H1N1/H3N2 virus and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. The sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target RNA. Three hundred and forty-eight clinical specimens from suspected H1N1 patients were tested using this assay, and forty-two (12.07%) were found to be positive. Tests using the real-time PCR assay recommended by WHO and virus isolation gave identical results. This sensitive and specific real-time RT-PCR assay will contribute to the early diagnosis and control of the emerging H1N1 influenza pandemic.
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1091
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Vaqué Rafart J, Gil Cuesta J, Brotons Agulló M. Principales características de la pandemia por el nuevo virus influenza A (H1N1). Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 133:513-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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1092
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Epstein JH, Price JT. The significant but understudied impact of pathogen transmission from humans to animals. THE MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK 2009; 76:448-55. [PMID: 19787650 PMCID: PMC7168516 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zooanthroponotic pathogens, which are transmitted from humans to nonhuman animals, are an understudied aspect of global health, despite their potential to cause significant disease burden in wild and domestic animal populations and affect global economies. Some key human-borne pathogens that have been shown to infect animals and cause morbidity and mortality include measles virus (paramyxoviruses), influenza A virus (orthomyxoviruses), herpes simplex 1 virus (herpesviruses), protozoal and helminthic parasites, and bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, zooanthroponotic pathogens are most commonly reported in captive animals or domestic livestock with close human contact; there, the potential for economic loss and human reinfection is most apparent. There is also the potential for infection in wild animal populations, which may threaten endangered species and decrease biodiversity. The emergence and reemergence of human-borne pathogens in wildlife may also have negative consequences for human health if these pathogens cycle back into humans. Many of the anthropogenic drivers of zoonotic disease emergence also facilitate zooanthroponotic transmission. Increasing research to better understand the occurrence of and the potential for bidirectional pathogen transmission between humans and animals is essential for improving global health. Mt Sinai J Med 76:448-455, 2009. (c) 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
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1093
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Wenzel JJ, Walch H, Bollwein M, Niller HH, Ankenbauer W, Mauritz R, Höltke HJ, Zepeda HM, Wolf H, Jilg W, Reischl U. Library of prefabricated locked nucleic acid hydrolysis probes facilitates rapid development of reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection of novel influenza A/H1N1/09 virus. Clin Chem 2009; 55:2218-22. [PMID: 19797710 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.136192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of a novel pandemic human strain of influenza A (H1N1/09) has clearly demonstrated the need for flexible tools enabling the rapid development of new diagnostic methods. METHODS We designed a set of reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assays based on the Universal ProbeLibrary (UPL)--a collection of 165 presynthesized, fluorescence-labeled locked nucleic acid (LNA) hydrolysis probes--specifically to detect the novel influenza A virus. We evaluated candidate primer/UPL-probe pairs with 28 novel influenza A/H1N1/09 patient samples of European and Mexican origin. RESULTS Of 14 assays in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, 12 detected viral nucleic acids from diluted patient samples without need for further optimization. We characterized the diagnostic specificity of the 2 best-performing assays with a set of samples comprising various influenza virus strains of human and animal origin that showed no cross-reactivity. The diagnostic sensitivity of these 2 primer/probe combinations was in the range of 100-1000 genomic copies/mL. In comparison to a reference assay recommended by the German health authorities, the analytical sensitivities and specificities of the assays were equivalent. CONCLUSIONS Facing the emergence of novel influenza A/H1N1/09, we were able to develop, within 2 days, a set of sensitive and specific RT-qPCR assays for the laboratory diagnosis of suspected cases. H1N1/09 served as a model to show the feasibility of the UPL approach for the expedited development of new diagnostic assays to detect emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen J Wenzel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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1094
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Yang ZW, Wu XM, Zhou LJ, Yang G. A proline-based neuraminidase inhibitor: DFT studies on the zwitterion conformation, stability and formation. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3918-3930. [PMID: 19865525 PMCID: PMC2769147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The designs of potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are an efficient way to deal with the recent "2009 H1N1" influenza epidemic. In this work, density functional calculations were employed to study the conformation, stability and formation of the zwitterions of 5-[(1R,2S)-1-(acetylamino)-2-methoxy-2-methylpentyl]-4-[(1Z)-1-propenyl]-(4S,5R)-d-proline (BL), a proline-based NA inhibitor. Compared to proline, the zwitterion stability of BL is enhanced by 1.76 kcal mol(-1) due to the introduction of functional groups. However, the zwitterion of BL will not represent a local minimum on the potential energy surface until the number of water molecules increases up to two (n = 2). With the addition of two and three water molecules, the energy differences between the zwitterions and corresponding canonical isomers were calculated at 3.13 and -1.54 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The zwitterions of BL are mainly stabilized by the H-bonds with the water molecules, especially in the case of three water molecules where the carboxyl-O atoms are largely coordination-saturated by three H-bonds of medium strengths, causing the zwitterion stability even superior to the canonical isomer. With the presence of two and three water molecules, the energy barriers for the conversion processes from the canonical isomers to the zwitterions are equal to 4.96 and 3.13 kcal mol(-1), respectively. It indicated that the zwitterion formation is facile to take place with addition of two molecules and further facilitated by more water molecules. Besides, the zwitterion formation of BL is finished in a single step, different from other NA inhibitors. Owing to the above advantages, BL is a good NA inhibitor candidate and more attention should be paid to explorations of BL-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.-W.Y.); (X.-M.W.); (L.-J.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.-W.Y.); (X.-M.W.); (L.-J.Z.)
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.-W.Y.); (X.-M.W.); (L.-J.Z.)
| | - Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; E-Mails: (Z.-W.Y.); (X.-M.W.); (L.-J.Z.)
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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1095
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Nguyen H, Le L, Truong TN. Top-hits for H1N1pdm Identified by Virtual Screening Using Ensemble-based Docking. PLOS CURRENTS 2009; 3:RRN1030. [PMID: 20029612 PMCID: PMC2762758 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A list of 27 promising antiviral drugs is proposed for use against the H1N1pdm strain. Since the binding site of the H1N1pdm neuraminidase is similar to that of the bird flu H5N1, an effective means to quickly identify top candidates for use against H1N1pdm is to use known bird-flu drugs and the 27 compounds from the NCI diversity set which bind best to H5N1 neuraminidase. These compounds serve as viable candidates for docking against the H1N1pdm neuraminidase, using ensembles extracted from molecular dynamics simulations of the H1N1pdm system. The ranking order of these top candidates was found to be different from the previously published results for H5N1. The results indicated that the Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Peramivir drugs have higher ranking than Zanamivir (Relenza). However, six drug candidates were found to bind more effectively to H1N1pdm neuraminidase than Tamiflu. Detailed hydrogen bond network analysis for these six candidates is also provided.
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1096
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Trifonov V, Rabadan R. The Contribution of the PB1-F2 Protein to the Fitness of Influenza A Viruses and its Recent Evolution in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic Virus. PLOS CURRENTS 2009; 1:RRN1006. [PMID: 20029605 PMCID: PMC2762337 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The absence of a full-length PB1-F2 protein has been suggested as one possible determinant for the low pathogenicity of the 2009 Influenza A H1N1 pandemic strain. Since the PB1-F2 sequence of this strain has three stop codons and its ancestors encode a full-length protein, the stop codons must have appeared recently. This suggests that the PB1-F2 protein is not evolutionary and functionally important for the new virus. We investigate the role of this protein in the evolution of influenza A viruses, and in particular in relation to the history of the new strain. We show that its evolutionary history is comparable to other, non-translated, subsequences in the PB1 segment, suggesting that PB1-F2 does not contribute significantly to the fitness of the influenza A virus.
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1097
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1098
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Kawai N, Ikematsu H, Iwaki N, Kondou K, Hirotsu N, Kawashima T, Maeda T, Tanaka O, Doniwa KI, Kashiwagi S. Clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir for influenza A(H1N1) virus with H274Y neuraminidase mutation. J Infect 2009; 59:207-12. [PMID: 19619898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir therapy started within 48h of the onset for influenza A(H1N1) virus with H274Y neuraminidase (NA) mutation. METHODS Virus was isolated before and four to six days after starting oseltamivir treatment from 73 outpatients with influenza A(H1N1) virus in the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 seasons. NA inhibition assays (IC(50)) and sequence analyses were done using influenza viruses isolated from these patients. Body temperature was evaluated before and on the second, third, and fourth days after starting treatment. RESULTS H274Y mutation was not shown in the 2007-2008 season (44 patients) and shown in all 29 patients in the 2008-2009 season by NA sequence analyses. The mean IC(50) before oseltamivir treatment was significantly higher in 2008-2009 (319.3+/-185.4 nM) than in 2007-2008 (1.5+/-0.8 nM; p<.001). Patients < or =15 years with oseltamivir-resistant virus infection had a higher ratio of patients persisted virus after oseltamivir treatment than patients >15 years (50% and 11.8%, respectively, p=0.038), and a significant higher body temperature during oseltamivir treatment, compared to patients < or =15 years treated for oseltamivir-sensitive virus infection. CONCLUSION The clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir for the A(H1N1) virus was reduced in the 2008-2009 season compared with the previous season, especially in children, probably due to the H274Y mutation. Oseltamivir seems to be not recommended for children and patients with high-risk underlying diseases infected with H274Y mutated A(H1N1) virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kawai
- Japan Physicians Association, Tokyo Medical Association Building 3F, 2-5 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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1099
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Yang MY, Park JH, Lee Y, Lim JH, Lee EJ, Jeon MH, Kim TH, Choo EJ. A Fetal Case of Pandemic Influenza (H1N1 2009) by the Aggravated Heart Faiure. Infect Chemother 2009. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2010.42.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yean Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yunnah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Min Hyok Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Tae Hyong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
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1100
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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