1051
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Expression of IL-2 in β cells by AAV8 gene transfer in pre-diabetic NOD mice prevents diabetes through activation of FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells. Gene Ther 2014; 21:715-22. [PMID: 24849041 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that intraperitoneal delivery of adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) stably transduces the pancreas, including the β cells in the pancreatic islets. We further demonstrated the ability to deliver and express target genes specifically in β cells for at least 6 months using a murine insulin promoter in a double-stranded, self-complementary AAV vector. Recombinant interleukin (IL)-2 has been shown to induce CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in several mouse models of autoimmune disease. Here we evaluated the effects of double-stranded adeno-associated virus serotype 8-mouse insulin promoter (dsAAV8-mIP)-mediated delivery of 2 to pancreatic β cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. AAV8-mIP-mediated gene expression of IL-2 to pancreatic β cells of 10-week-old NOD mice prevented the onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice more in a dose-dependent manner with the lower dose of virus being more effective than a higher dose of AAV-mIP-IL-2 and IL-4. Moreover, the local β-cell expression of IL-2 increased the number of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells in the pancreatic lymph node (PLN) and SPL in both NOD and C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that local, low expression of mIL-2 in islets prevents progress of diabetes through the regulation of Tregs.
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1052
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Nihei J, Cardillo F, Dos Santos WLC, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Mengel J. Administration of a nondepleting anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity in mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:128-37. [PMID: 24883199 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of CD25+ regulatory T cells during the course of Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been previously analyzed, and the bulk of results have shown a limited role for this T cell subpopulation. In this study, we have used an IgM, nondepleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) aiming at blocking interleukin (IL)-2 activity on CD25+ T cells. The administration of this antibody 10 days before infection increased the resistance of outbred Swiss mice to the Colombian strain of T. cruzi. Anti-CD25-treated mice had lower parasitemia and augmented numbers of effector memory T cells. In addition, these animals showed higher numbers of splenic T cells secreting IFN-γ and TNF-α, both cytokines described to be involved in the resistance to T. cruzi infection. The same treatment also increased the numbers of splenic T cells that produced homeostatic and regulatory cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-10, and CD4+CD25+ T cells. The administration of nondepleting anti-CD25 mAb at the beginning of the chronic phase, when parasites were cleared from the blood, halted the inflammatory process in the heart, without any signs of infection reactivation. These results indicate that nondepleting anti-CD25 monoclonal antibodies may be useful to treat chronic Chagas' disease.
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1053
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Lin R, Kim H, Hong J, Li QJ. Biological evaluation of subglutinol a as a novel immunosuppressive agent for inflammation intervention. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:485-90. [PMID: 24900866 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Subglutinol A (1) is an immunosuppressive natural product isolated from Fusarium subglutinans, an endophytic fungus from the vine Tripterygium wilfordii. We show that 1 exerts multimodal immune-suppressive effects on activated T cells in vitro: subglutinol A (1) effectively blocks T cell proliferation and survival while profoundly inhibiting pro-inflammatory IFNγ and IL-17 production by fully differentiated effector Th1 and Th17 cells. Our data further reveal that 1 may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by exacerbating mitochondrial damage in T cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that 1 significantly reduces lymphocytic infiltration into the footpad and ameliorates footpad swelling in the mouse model of Th1-driven delayed-type hypersensitivity. These results suggest the potential of 1 as a novel therapeutic for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Lin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Hyoungsu Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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1054
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Downmodulation of tumor suppressor p53 by T cell receptor signaling is critical for antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses. Immunity 2014; 40:681-91. [PMID: 24792911 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antigen specificity is critical in immune response and requires integration of antigen-specific signals with antigen-nonspecific signals such as those provided by cytokines. The mechanism integrating these pathways is incompletely understood. We report here that antigen-specific proliferative responses of CD4(+) T cells required downmodulation of tumor suppressor p53. In the absence of T cell receptor (TCR) signal, IL-2 induced sustained increase in p53 protein, which prevented proliferative responses despite strong signaling through the IL-2 receptor. In contrast, TCR signaling resulted in early termination of p53 protein expression by decreasing p53 mRNA as well as strong transcriptional induction of the p53-regulating protein Mdm2. Downmodulation of p53 in response to antigen stimulation was in fact critical for antigen-specific T cell proliferation, and preventing p53 degradation by inhibiting Mdm2 resulted in sustained p53 protein and prevented antigen-specific T cell proliferation. It is thus termination of p53 by TCR signaling that allows proliferative responses, enforcing antigen specificity.
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1055
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Kasahara K, Sasaki N, Yamashita T, Kita T, Yodoi K, Sasaki Y, Takeda M, Hirata KI. CD3 antibody and IL-2 complex combination therapy inhibits atherosclerosis by augmenting a regulatory immune response. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000719. [PMID: 24755152 PMCID: PMC4187475 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that the balance between pathogenic effector T cells (Teffs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be important for controlling atherosclerotic disease. We hypothesized that a combination therapy with anti‐CD3 antibody (CD3‐Ab) and IL‐2/anti‐IL‐2 monoclonal antibody complex (IL‐2 complex) aimed at increasing the ratio of Tregs to Teffs would effectively inhibit atherosclerosis in mice. Methods and Results We treated apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice fed a high‐cholesterol diet with vehicle, CD3‐Ab, IL‐2 complex, or their combination. Mice receiving the combination therapy had markedly reduced atherosclerotic lesions than mice treated with CD3‐Ab or IL‐2 complex alone. In addition, a striking increase in the Treg/Teff ratio of lymphoid organs and atherosclerotic lesions, along with plaque stabilization characterized by decreased macrophage content and increased collagen content was observed. The combination treatment also markedly reduced splenic Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes and might induce a favorable macrophage phenotype change in atherosclerotic lesions. Conclusions Our results indicate that in addition to suppressing Teff responses, enhancing Treg‐mediated immune responses is more efficacious in preventing atherosclerosis, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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1056
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Breuer R, Becker MS, Brechmann M, Mock T, Arnold R, Krammer PH. The protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56γ mediates suppression of T cell receptor (TCR)-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14996-5004. [PMID: 24719332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is an important transcription factor in the immune system, and aberrant NF-κB activity contributes to malignant diseases and autoimmunity. In T cells, NF-κB is activated upon TCR stimulation, and signal transduction to NF-κB activation is triggered by a cascade of phosphorylation events. However, fine-tuning and termination of TCR signaling are only partially understood. Phosphatases oppose the role of kinases by removing phosphate moieties. The catalytic activity of the protein phosphatase PP2A has been implicated in the regulation of NF-κB. PP2A acts in trimeric complexes in which the catalytic subunit is promiscuous and the regulatory subunit confers substrate specificity. To understand and eventually target NF-κB-specific PP2A functions it is essential to define the regulatory PP2A subunit involved. So far, the regulatory PP2A subunit that mediates NF-κB suppression in T cells remained undefined. By performing a siRNA screen in Jurkat T cells harboring a NF-κB-responsive luciferase reporter, we identified the PP2A regulatory subunit B56γ as negative regulator of NF-κB in TCR signaling. B56γ was strongly up-regulated upon primary human T cell activation, and B56γ silencing induced increased IκB kinase (IKK) and IκBα phosphorylation upon TCR stimulation. B56γ silencing enhanced NF-κB activity, resulting in increased NF-κB target gene expression including the T cell cytokine IL-2. In addition, T cell proliferation was increased upon B56γ silencing. These data help to understand the physiology of PP2A function in T cells and the pathophysiology of diseases involving PP2A and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Breuer
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael S Becker
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Brechmann
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mock
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Arnold
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- From the Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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1057
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Tkach KE, Barik D, Voisinne G, Malandro N, Hathorn MM, Cotari JW, Vogel R, Merghoub T, Wolchok J, Krichevsky O, Altan-Bonnet G. T cells translate individual, quantal activation into collective, analog cytokine responses via time-integrated feedbacks. eLife 2014; 3:e01944. [PMID: 24719192 PMCID: PMC3980879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability within isogenic T cell populations yields heterogeneous ‘local’ signaling responses to shared antigenic stimuli, but responding clones may communicate ‘global’ antigen load through paracrine messengers, such as cytokines. Such coordination of individual cell responses within multicellular populations is critical for accurate collective reactions to shared environmental cues. However, cytokine production may saturate as a function of antigen input, or be dominated by the precursor frequency of antigen-specific T cells. Surprisingly, we found that T cells scale their collective output of IL-2 to total antigen input over a large dynamic range, independently of population size. Through experimental quantitation and computational modeling, we demonstrate that this scaling is enforced by an inhibitory cross-talk between antigen and IL-2 signaling, and a nonlinear acceleration of IL-2 secretion per cell. Our study reveals how time-integration of these regulatory loops within individual cell signaling generates scaled collective responses and can be leveraged for immune monitoring. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01944.001 The cells of the immune system face the challenge of removing viruses and other pathogens without endangering healthy tissues. Cells called T cells plays a variety of roles in the immune response: some T cells directly destroy infected cells, some recruit other cells called phagocytes to the site of infection, and some release small proteins called cytokines. These cytokines help cells to communicate with other cells and, therefore, to tailor the overall immune responses to deal with a particular pathogen. It is known that mammals are capable of adjusting the T cell response to match the overall severity of an infection. However, it is not clear how individual T cells coordinate their seemingly binary response—they are either activated when they recognize a pathogen, or they are not activated—into a response at the collective cell level that can be varied continuously over a wide range of values. Here, Tkach et al. show that T cell populations match their production of the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2) to the abundance of antigens—molecules released by the pathogen—over an unexpectedly large range of concentrations. Through a combination of experimental and computational analyses, Tkach et al. identified two novel IL-2 feedback loops that help to generate the correct quantity of cytokine, irrespective of the total number of T cells. Furthermore, this model can be used to estimate antigen quantities within diseased tissues. The work of Tkach et al. illustrates the potential of feedback integration in cell signalling and gene regulation as a mechanism to allow cellular populations to respond to environmental stimuli in a graded, collective fashion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01944.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Tkach
- Program in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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1058
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Waldmann H, Hilbrands R, Howie D, Cobbold S. Harnessing FOXP3+ regulatory T cells for transplantation tolerance. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1439-45. [PMID: 24691478 DOI: 10.1172/jci67226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early demonstrations that mice could be tolerized to transplanted tissues with short courses of immunosuppressive therapy and that with regard to tolerance to self, CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) appeared to play a critical role, have catalyzed strategies to harness FOXP3-dependent processes to control rejection in human transplantation. This review seeks to examine the scientific underpinning for this new approach to finesse immunosuppression.
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1059
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Vaccination with a single CD4 T cell peptide epitope from a Salmonella type III-secreted effector protein provides protection against lethal infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2424-33. [PMID: 24686055 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00052-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections affect millions worldwide and remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is known from mouse studies that CD4 T cells are essential mediators of immunity against Salmonella infection, yet it is not clear whether targeting CD4 T cell responses directly with peptide vaccines against Salmonella can be effective in combating infection. Additionally, it is not known whether T cell responses elicited against Salmonella secreted effector proteins can provide protective immunity against infection. In this study, we investigated both of these possibilities using prime-boost immunization of susceptible mice with a single CD4 T cell peptide epitope from Salmonella secreted effector protein I (SseI), a component of the Salmonella type III secretion system. This immunization conferred significant protection against lethal oral infection, equivalent to that conferred by whole heat-killed Salmonella bacteria. Surprisingly, a well-characterized T cell epitope from the flagellar protein FliC afforded no protection compared to immunization with an irrelevant control peptide. The protective response appeared to be most associated with polyfunctional CD4 T cells raised against the SseI peptide, since no antibodies were produced against any of the peptides and very little CD8 T cell response was observed. Overall, this study demonstrates that eliciting CD4 T cell responses against components of the Salmonella type III secretion system can contribute to protection against infection and should be considered in the design of future Salmonella subunit vaccines.
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1060
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Tamari M, Hirota T. Genome-wide association studies of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2014; 41:213-20. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN); Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN); Kanagawa Japan
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1061
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1062
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Concepcion AR, Salas JT, Sarvide S, Sáez E, Ferrer A, López M, Portu A, Banales JM, Hervás-Stubbs S, Oude Elferink RPJ, Prieto J, Medina JF. Anion exchanger 2 is critical for CD8(+) T cells to maintain pHi homeostasis and modulate immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1341-51. [PMID: 24515893 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes involves alkalinization of intracellular pH (pHi ). Subsequent pHi regulation may involve HCO3 (-) extrusion through Cl(-) /HCO3 (-) exchangers and/or Na(+) -HCO3 (-) co-transporters with acid-loading capability. Abnormalities in these mechanisms could result in immune dysfunctions, as suggested by the CD8(+) T-cell expansion encountered in mice lacking Ae2 (a widely expressed acid loader with electroneutral and Na(+) -independent Cl(-) /HCO3 (-) anion-exchange activity). Here we report that CD8(+) T cells but not CD4(+) T cells or other lymphocyte populations, are crucially dependent on Ae2 for pHi regulation. While total lymphocytes (including isolated CD4(+) T cells) exhibit Ae1 expression and Na(+) -HCO3 (-) co-transport with acidifying potential, CD8(+) T cells lack these acid-loading mechanisms. In Ae2-KO mice, CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells upregulate these potential Ae2 surrogates. As a consequence, Ae2-KO CD8(+) T cells exhibit alkalinized pHi , and dramatically increase their pHi upon CD3 stimulation. Moreover, stimulated Ae2-deficient CD8(+) T cells show enhanced intracellular production of IL-2 and membrane expression of its receptor IL-2Rα, together with increased cell proliferation and activation. These findings demonstrate that CD8(+) T cells are critically dependent on Ae2 for pHi homeostasis and tuning of cell proliferation and activation. Ae2 thus constitutes a novel target to modulate CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Concepcion
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Clinic and School of Medicine University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBERehd, the "Carlos III" Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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1063
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Akbar H, Cardoso FC, Meier S, Burke C, McDougall S, Mitchell M, Walker C, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Roche JR, Loor JJ. Postpartal subclinical endometritis alters transcriptome profiles in liver and adipose tissue of dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights 2014; 8:45-63. [PMID: 24578603 PMCID: PMC3934763 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome alterations in liver and adipose tissue of cows with subclinical endometritis (SCE) at 29 d postpartum were evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using the Dynamic Impact Approach by means of KEGG and DAVID databases. Milk production, blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, magnesium), and disease biomarkers (albumin, aspartate aminotransferase) did not differ greatly between healthy and SCE cows. In liver tissue of cows with SCE, alterations in gene expression revealed an activation of complement and coagulation cascade, steroid hormone biosynthesis, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, MAPK signaling, and the formation of fibrinogen complex. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed an inhibition of vitamin B3 and B6 metabolism with SCE. In adipose, the most activated pathways by SCE were nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, long-chain fatty acid transport, oxidative phosphorylation, inflammation, T cell and B cell receptor signaling, and mTOR signaling. Results indicate that SCE in dairy cattle during early lactation induces molecular alterations in liver and adipose tissue indicative of immune activation and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Akbar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Felipe C. Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Murray Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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1064
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Opposing actions of IL-2 and IL-21 on Th9 differentiation correlate with their differential regulation of BCL6 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3508-13. [PMID: 24550509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301138111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a γc-family cytokine that is highly produced by T-helper 9 (Th9) cells and regulates a range of immune responses, including allergic inflammation. Here we show that IL-2-JAK3-STAT5 signaling is required for Th9 differentiation, with critical STAT5 binding sites in the Il9 (the gene encoding IL-9) promoter. IL-2 also inhibited B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) expression, and overexpression of BCL6 impaired Th9 differentiation. In contrast, IL-21 induced BCL6 and diminished IL-9 expression in wild-type but not Bcl6(-/-) cells, and Th9 differentiation was increased in Il21(-/-) and Il21r(-/-) T cells. Interestingly, BCL6 bound in proximity to many STAT5 and STAT6 binding sites, including at the Il9 promoter. Moreover, there was increased BCL6 and decreased STAT binding at this site in cells treated with blocking antibodies to IL-2 and the IL-2 receptor, suggesting a possible BCL6-STAT5 binding competition that influences IL-9 production. BCL6 binding was also increased when cells were Th9-differentiated in the presence of IL-21. Thus, our data reveal not only direct IL-2 effects via STAT5 at the Il9 gene, but also opposing actions of IL-2 and IL-21 on BCL6 expression, with increased BCL6 expression inhibiting IL-9 production. These data suggest a model in which increasing BCL6 expression decreases efficient Th9 differentiation, indicating possible distinctive approaches for controlling this process.
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1065
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Gomez-Rodriguez J, Wohlfert EA, Handon R, Meylan F, Wu JZ, Anderson SM, Kirby MR, Belkaid Y, Schwartzberg PL. Itk-mediated integration of T cell receptor and cytokine signaling regulates the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:529-43. [PMID: 24534190 PMCID: PMC3949578 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the Tec family kinase Itk results in a bias to FoxP3+ Treg cell differentiation and reduced TCR-induced phosphorylation of mTOR targets. A proper balance between Th17 and T regulatory cells (Treg cells) is critical for generating protective immune responses while minimizing autoimmunity. We show that the Tec family kinase Itk (IL2-inducible T cell kinase), a component of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways, influences this balance by regulating cross talk between TCR and cytokine signaling. Under both Th17 and Treg cell differentiation conditions, Itk−/− CD4+ T cells develop higher percentages of functional FoxP3+ cells, associated with increased sensitivity to IL-2. Itk−/− CD4+ T cells also preferentially develop into Treg cells in vivo. We find that Itk-deficient T cells exhibit reduced TCR-induced phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) targets, accompanied by downstream metabolic alterations. Surprisingly, Itk−/− cells also exhibit reduced IL-2–induced mTOR activation, despite increased STAT5 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that in wild-type CD4+ T cells, TCR stimulation leads to a dose-dependent repression of Pten. However, at low TCR stimulation or in the absence of Itk, Pten is not effectively repressed, thereby uncoupling STAT5 phosphorylation and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Moreover, Itk-deficient CD4+ T cells show impaired TCR-mediated induction of Myc and miR-19b, known repressors of Pten. Our results demonstrate that Itk helps orchestrate positive feedback loops integrating multiple T cell signaling pathways, suggesting Itk as a potential target for altering the balance between Th17 and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, 2 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 3 National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and 4 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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1066
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Koul S, Khandrika L, Pshak TJ, Iguchi N, Pal M, Steffan JJ, Koul HK. Oxalate upregulates expression of IL-2Rβ and activates IL-2R signaling in HK-2 cells, a line of human renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1039-46. [PMID: 24523387 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00462.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in oxalate-induced nephrolithiasis is debated. Our gene expression study indicated an increase in interleukin-2 receptor β (IL-2Rβ) mRNA in response to oxalate (Koul S, Khandrika L, Meacham RB, Koul HK. PLoS ONE 7: e43886, 2012). Herein, we evaluated IL-2Rβ expression and its downstream signaling pathway in HK-2 cells in an effort to understand the mechanisms of oxalate nephrotoxicity. HK-2 cells were exposed to oxalate for various time points in the presence or absence of SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor. Gene expression data were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. mRNA expression was quantitated via real-time PCR, and changes in protein expression/kinase activation were analyzed by Western blotting. Exposure of HK-2 cells to oxalate resulted in increased transcription of IL-2Rβ mRNA and increased protein levels. Oxalate treatment also activated the IL-2Rβ signaling pathway (JAK1/STAT5 phosphorylation). Moreover, the increase in IL-2Rβ protein was dependent upon p38 MAPK activity. These results suggest that oxalate-induced activation of the IL-2Rβ pathway may lead to a plethora of cellular changes, the most common of which is the induction of inflammation. These results suggest a central role for the p38 MAPK pathway in mediating the effects of oxalate in renal cells, and additional studies may provide the key to unlocking novel biochemical targets in stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweaty Koul
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, PO Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932.
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1067
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Schreiber L, Pietzsch B, Floess S, Farah C, Jänsch L, Schmitz I, Huehn J. The Treg-specific demethylated region stabilizes Foxp3 expression independently of NF-κB signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88318. [PMID: 24505473 PMCID: PMC3914969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) obtain immunosuppressive capacity by the upregulation of forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3), and persistent expression of this transcription factor is required to maintain their immune regulatory function and ensure immune homeostasis. Stable Foxp3 expression is achieved through epigenetic modification of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR), an evolutionarily conserved non-coding element within the Foxp3 gene locus. Here, we present molecular data suggesting that TSDR enhancer activity is restricted to T cells and cannot be induced in other immune cells such as macrophages or B cells. Since NF-κB signaling has been reported to be instrumental to induce Foxp3 expression during Treg development, we analyzed how NF-κB factors are involved in the molecular regulation of the TSDR. Unexpectedly, we neither observed transcriptional activity of a previously postulated NF-κB binding site within the TSDR nor did the entire TSDR show any transcriptional responsiveness to NF-κB activation at all. Finally, the NF-κB subunit c-Rel revealed to be dispensable for epigenetic imprinting of sustained Foxp3 expression by TSDR demethylation. In conclusion, we show that NF-κB signaling is not substantially involved in TSDR-mediated stabilization of Foxp3 expression in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schreiber
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Beate Pietzsch
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carla Farah
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Research Group Cellular Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Research Group Systems-oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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1068
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Chen T, Wang H, Zhang Z, Li Q, Yan K, Tao Q, Ye Q, Xiong S, Wang Y, Zhai Z. A novel cellular senescence gene, SENEX, is involved in peripheral regulatory T cells accumulation in aged urinary bladder cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87774. [PMID: 24505313 PMCID: PMC3914842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in sustaining self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Despite many studies on the correlation between Tregs accumulation and age, or malignancies, the related mechanism hasn’t been well explored. To find out the mechanism of Tregs accumulation in aged urinary bladder cancer, we examined the novel cellular senesence gene SENEX and relevant apoptosis gene mRNA expression in sorted CD4+CD25hi Tregs from aged UBC donors, evaluated serum cytokine profiles related to tumor immunopathology, and further explored the relationship between SENEX expression, apoptosis gene expression and cytokine secretion. After having silenced down SENEX gene expression with RNA interference, we also evaluated the cellular apoptosis of Tregs sorted from aged UBC patients in response to H2O2-mediated stress. Our data indicated that upregulated SENEX mRNA expression in Tregs of aged UBC patients was correlated with pro-apoptotic gene expression and cytokine concentration. Silencing SENEX gene expression increased cellular apoptosis and pro-apoptotic gene expression of Tregs, in response to H2O2-mediated stress. Upregulated SENEX mRNA expression together with decreased pro-apoptotic gene expression and disturbances in cytokines synthesis may contribute to the Tregs proliferation and promote tumorigenesis and metastasis. Overall, upregulation of cellular senescence gene SENEX, was associated to regulatory T cells accumulation in aged urinary bladder cancer. Our study provides a new insight into understanding of peripheral Tregs accumulation in aged malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hematology Research Centre, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hematology Research Centre, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Li
- Central Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Kaili Yan
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qianling Ye
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- National Institutes of Health and WESTMEAD Transplants and Kidney Disease Research Centre, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shudao Xiong
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hematology Research Centre, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Institutes of Health and WESTMEAD Transplants and Kidney Disease Research Centre, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hematology Research Centre, Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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1069
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Dantoft TM, Elberling J, Brix S, Szecsi PB, Vesterhauge S, Skovbjerg S. An elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in multiple chemical sensitivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 40:140-50. [PMID: 24485486 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a medically unexplained condition characterized by reports of recurrent unspecific symptoms attributed to exposure to low levels of common volatile chemicals. The etiology of MCS is poorly understood, but dysregulation of the immune system has been proposed as part of the pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE To compare plasma levels of cytokines in Danish MCS individuals with a healthy, sex- and age-matched control group. METHOD Blood samples were obtained from 150 un-exposed MCS individuals and from 148 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Plasma concentrations of 14 cytokines, chemokines and growth and allergen-specific IgE were measured. All participants completed a questionnaire including questions on MCS, psychological distress, morbidities and medication use at the time of the study. RESULTS Plasma levels of interleukin-1β, -2, -4, and -6 were significantly (P<0.001) increased in the MCS group compared with controls, tumor necrosis factor-α was borderline significantly (P=0.05) increased and interleukin-13 was significantly decreased (P<0.001). CONCLUSION MCS individuals displayed a distinct systemic immune mediator profile with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukin-2 and inverse regulation of Th2 associated cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 suggestive of low-grade systemic inflammation, along with a deviating Th2-associated cytokine response not involving IgE-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Dantoft
- The Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - J Elberling
- The Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - S Brix
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P B Szecsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - S Vesterhauge
- Aleris-Hamlet, Private Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Skovbjerg
- The Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Gentofte, Denmark
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1070
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Kim JH, Shin EH, Lee HY, Lee BG, Park SH, Moon DI, Goo GC, Kwon DY, Yang HJ, Kim OJ, Oh HG. Immunostimulating effects of extract of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Exp Anim 2014; 62:247-53. [PMID: 23903060 PMCID: PMC4160943 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.62.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As malfunction/absence of immune cells causes a variety of immunosuppressive disorders
and chemical synthetic drugs for curing these diseases have many adverse effects, vigorous
studies are being conducted. The Acanthopanax family has been used as
traditional medicines for gastric ulcer, diabetes, etc. and culinary materials in
East-South Asia. In this study, the immunostimulating properties of A.
sessiliflorus were evaluated. A. sessiliflorus increased not
only the splenocyte number but also immune-related cytokines such as TNF-α. However, it
could not upregulate the expressions of IFN-γ and IL-2. A. sessiliflorus
increased the swimming time, and comparison of organ weights relative to body weights for
immune-related organs such as the spleen and thymus after a forced swim test showed that
it could recover the spleen and thymus weights. It also increased the expression of TNF-α
and slightly increased the concentration of IFN-γ but not IL-2. From the results, we
concluded that as A. sessiliflorus has not only a host defense effect but
also a stress-ameliorating property, further study it will be a promising material of
immunostimulating material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kim
- Huvet Co., Ltd., #203 Wonkwang University Business Incubator Center, 344-2 Shinyoung-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749 Korea
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1071
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McNally A, McNally M, Galea R, Thomas R, Steptoe RJ. Immunogenic, but not steady-state, antigen presentation permits regulatory T-cells to control CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation by IL-2 modulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85455. [PMID: 24454872 PMCID: PMC3890313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption of IL-2 is one proposed mechanism of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression. Direct in vivo experimental evidence for this has recently been obtained. While modulation of IL-2 bioavailability controls CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation under strongly immunogenic conditions it is not known whether Treg modulate CD8+ T cell responses through this mechanism under steady-state conditions. Here we assess this using a mouse model in which dendritic cells (DC) are manipulated to present cognate antigen to CD8+ T cells either in the steady-state or after activation. Our observations show that Treg exert a check on expansion and effector differentiation of CD8+ T cells under strongly immunogenic conditions associated with TLR ligand activation of DC, and this is mediated by limiting IL-2 availability. In contrast, when DC remain unactivated, depletion of Treg has little apparent effect on effector differentiation or IL-2 homeostasis. We conclude that while modulation of IL-2 homeostasis is an important mechanism through which Treg control CD8+ effector differentiation under immunogenic conditions, this mechanism plays little role in modulating CD8+ T-cell differentiation under steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice McNally
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael McNally
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan Galea
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raymond J. Steptoe
- UQ Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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1072
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Dose-dependent effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on serum interleukin-17 production and intestinal T-cell responses in pigs challenged with Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1787-98. [PMID: 24389928 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03668-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the dose effect of probiotics on ameliorating diarrhea has not been fully elucidated. Here, low (1 × 10(9) CFU/ml) or high (1 × 10(11) CFU/ml) doses of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 were administered orally to piglets for 1 week before F4 (K88)-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4(+) ETEC) challenge. Administration of a low, but not a high, dose of L. rhamnosus decreased the percentage of CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) T cells in the peripheral blood. Notably, transiently increased serum concentrations of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) were observed after F4(+) ETEC challenge in pigs pretreated with a high dose of L. rhamnosus. Administration of L. rhamnosus increased the percentage of the small intestinal lamina propria CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) cells and Peyer's patch CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) and CD3(-) CD4(-) CD8(+) cells. The percentage of ileal intraepithelial CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(+) cells increased only in the high-dose piglets. Administration of L. rhamnosus downregulated expression of ileal IL-17A after F4(+) ETEC challenge but had no effect on expression of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-12, IL-4, and FOXP3 mRNA in the small intestine. Expression of jejunal IL-2, ileal transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and ileal IL-10 was upregulated in the low-dose piglets after F4(+) ETEC challenge. Our findings suggest that amelioration of infectious diarrhea in piglets by L. rhamnosus is associated with the generation of lamina propria CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) T cells, the expansion of Peyer's patch CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) and CD3(-) CD4(-) CD8(+) cells, and the attenuation of F4(+) ETEC-induced increase in CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestine. However, consumption of high doses of L. rhamnosus may increase levels of serum IL-17A after F4(+) ETEC challenge, thus eliciting a strong proinflammatory response.
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1073
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Nagato T, Lee YR, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Combinatorial immunotherapy of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 induce effective CD8 T-cell responses against established tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1223-34. [PMID: 24389326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epitope-based cancer vaccines capable of inducing CD8 T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) expressed by tumor cells have been considered as attractive alternatives for the treatment of some types of cancer. However, reliable TAAs have not been identified for most malignant diseases, limiting the development of epitope-based vaccines. Herein, we report that the combinatorial therapy of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) and antiprogrammed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) can be implemented with good results for tumors where no known TAAs have been identified. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three cancer mouse models (melanoma, lung, and colon) were used to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and examine the immunologic mechanisms of the poly-IC/anti-PD-L1 mAb therapy. RESULTS The combined administration of poly-IC and anti-PD-L1 mAb into tumor-bearing mice generated potent immune responses resulting in the complete eradication or remarkable reduction of tumor growth. In some instances, the poly-IC/anti-PD-L1 mAb therapy induced long-lasting protection against tumor rechallenges. The results indicate that CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or NK cells mediated the therapeutic efficacy of this combinatorial therapy. Experiments using genetically deficient mice indicate that the therapeutic efficacy of this combinatorial therapy depended in part by the participation of type-I IFN, whereas IFN-γ did not seem to play a major role. CONCLUSIONS The overall results suggest that immunotherapy consisting of the combination of poly-IC/anti-PD-L1 mAb could be a promising new approach for treating patients with cancer, especially those instances where no reliable TAAs are available as a therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nagato
- Authors' Affiliations: Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center; Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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1074
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Luo H, Wang C, Feng M, Zhao Y. Microgravity inhibits resting T cell immunity in an exposure time-dependent manner. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:87-96. [PMID: 24396290 PMCID: PMC3880995 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decline immune function is well documented after spaceflights. Microgravity is one of the key factors directly suppressing the function of immune system. Though T cell immune response was inhibited by microgravity, it is not clearly whether activation would be inhibited after a pre-exposure of microgravity on T lymphocytes at the resting state. METHODS We herein investigated the response ability of resting CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells experiencing pre-exposure of modeled microgravity (MMg) for 0, 8, 16 and 24 hrs to concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation. The phenotypes and subsets of immune cells were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells with an MMg pre-exposure exhibited decreased expressions of activation-markers including CD25, CD69 and CD71, inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell proliferation in response to ConA compared with T cells with 1g controls in an MMg exposure time- dependent manner. Moreover, short term MMg treatment caused more severe decreased proliferation in CD4⁺ T cells than in CD8⁺ T cells. CONCLUSIONS MMg can directly impact on resting T cell subsets. CD4⁺ T cells were more sensitive to the microgravity inhibition than CD8⁺ T cells in respect of cell proliferation. These results offered new insights for the MMg-caused T cell functional defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meifu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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1075
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Shimoda Y, Satoh T, Takahashi H, Katano-Toki A, Ozawa A, Tomaru T, Horiguchi N, Kaira K, Nishioka M, Shibusawa N, Hashimoto K, Wakino S, Mori M, Yamada M. A case of thyroid storm with a markedly elevated level of circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor complicated by multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. Endocr J 2014; 61:691-6. [PMID: 24748455 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid storm (TS) is a life-threatening endocrine emergency. However, the pathogenesis of TS is poorly understood. A 40-year-old man was admitted to a nearby hospital with body weight loss and jaundice. Five days after a contrasted abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scan, he exhibited high fever and disturbance of consciousness. He was diagnosed with TS originating from untreated Graves' disease and was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital. The patient exhibited impaired consciousness (E4V1M4 in Glasgow coma scale), high fever (39.3°C), and atrial flutter with a pulse rate 162/min, and was complicated by heart failure, acute hepatic failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). His circulating level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), a serum marker of an activated immune response, was highly elevated (7,416 U/mL, reference range: 135-483). Multiple organ failure (MOF) and DIC were successfully managed by multimodality treatments using inorganized iodide, glucocorticoids, anti-thyroid drugs, beta-blockers, and diuretics as well as an anticoagulant agent and the transfusion of platelet concentrate and fresh frozen plasma. sIL-2R levels gradually decreased during the initial treatment, but were still above the reference range even after thyroidectomy. Mild elevations in serum levels of sIL-2R have previously been correlated with thyroid hormone levels in non-storm Graves' disease. The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that circulating sIL-2R levels could be markedly elevated in TS. The marked increase in sIL-2R levels was speculated to represent an inappropriate generalized immune response that plays an unknown role in the pathogenesis of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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1076
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Uncoupling T-cell expansion from effector differentiation in cell-based immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:264-276. [PMID: 24329803 PMCID: PMC3915736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Eradication of tumor in mouse models and humans correlates with both a high dose of adoptively transferred cells and cells with a minimally differentiated phenotype that maintain replicative capacity and multipotency. We speculate that response to ACT not only requires transfer of cells with immediate cytolytic effector function to kill the bulk of fast-growing tumor but also transfer of tumor-specific cells that maintain an ability for self-renewal and the capacity to produce a continual supply of cytolytic effector progeny until all malignant cells are eliminated. Current in vitro methods to expand cells to sufficient numbers and still maintain a minimally differentiated phenotype are hindered by the biological coupling of clonal expansion and effector differentiation. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism that couples cell expansion and differentiation in CD8(+) T cells may improve the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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1077
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Hess C, Venetz D, Neri D. Emerging classes of armed antibody therapeutics against cancer. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00360d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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1078
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Starbeck-Miller GR, Xue HH, Harty JT. IL-12 and type I interferon prolong the division of activated CD8 T cells by maintaining high-affinity IL-2 signaling in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 211:105-20. [PMID: 24367005 PMCID: PMC3892973 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The signal 3 cytokines interleukin-12 and type I interferon sustain CD8 T cell division by prolonging expression of CD25 in vivo. TCR ligation and co-stimulation induce cellular division; however, optimal accumulation of effector CD8 T cells requires direct inflammatory signaling by signal 3 cytokines, such as IL-12 or type I IFNs. Although in vitro studies suggest that IL-12/type I IFN may enhance T cell survival or early proliferation, the mechanisms underlying optimal accumulation of CD8 T cells in vivo are unknown. In particular, it is unclear if disparate signal 3 cytokines optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation by the same mechanism and how these inflammatory cytokines, which are transiently produced early after infection, affect T cell accumulation many days later at the peak of the immune response. Here, we show that transient exposure of CD8 T cells to IL-12 or type I IFN does not promote survival or confer an early proliferative advantage in vivo, but rather sustains surface expression of CD25, the high-affinity IL-2 receptor. This prolongs division of CD8 T cells in response to basal IL-2, through activation of the PI3K pathway and expression of FoxM1, a positive regulator of cell cycle progression genes. Thus, signal 3 cytokines use a common pathway to optimize effector CD8 T cell accumulation through a temporally orchestrated sequence of cytokine signals that sustain division rather than survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Starbeck-Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, 2 Department of Microbiology, and 3 Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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1079
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Berglund LJ, Avery DT, Ma CS, Moens L, Deenick EK, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Wong M, Adelstein S, Arkwright PD, Bacchetta R, Bezrodnik L, Dadi H, Roifman CM, Fulcher DA, Ziegler JB, Smart JM, Kobayashi M, Picard C, Durandy A, Cook MC, Casanova JL, Uzel G, Tangye SG. IL-21 signalling via STAT3 primes human naive B cells to respond to IL-2 to enhance their differentiation into plasmablasts. Blood 2013; 122:3940-50. [PMID: 24159173 PMCID: PMC3854113 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-06-506865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell responses are guided by the integration of signals through the B-cell receptor (BCR), CD40, and cytokine receptors. The common γ chain (γc)-binding cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 drives humoral immune responses via STAT3-dependent induction of transcription factors required for plasma cell generation. We investigated additional mechanisms by which IL-21/STAT3 signaling modulates human B-cell responses by studying patients with STAT3 mutations. IL-21 strongly induced CD25 (IL-2Rα) in normal, but not STAT3-deficient, CD40L-stimulated naïve B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed IL2RA as a direct target of STAT3. IL-21-induced CD25 expression was also impaired on B cells from patients with IL2RG or IL21R mutations, confirming a requirement for intact IL-21R signaling in this process. IL-2 increased plasmablast generation and immunoglobulin secretion from normal, but not CD25-deficient, naïve B cells stimulated with CD40L/IL-21. IL-2 and IL-21 were produced by T follicular helper cells, and neutralizing both cytokines abolished the B-cell helper capacity of these cells. Our results demonstrate that IL-21, via STAT3, sensitizes B cells to the stimulatory effects of IL-2. Thus, IL-2 may play an adjunctive role in IL-21-induced B-cell differentiation. Lack of this secondary effect of IL-21 may amplify the humoral immunodeficiency in patients with mutations in STAT3, IL2RG, or IL21R due to impaired responsiveness to IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Berglund
- Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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1080
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Hartemann A, Bensimon G, Payan CA, Jacqueminet S, Bourron O, Nicolas N, Fonfrede M, Rosenzwajg M, Bernard C, Klatzmann D. Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2013; 1:295-305. [PMID: 24622415 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An improper balance of regulatory/effector T (Treg/Teff) cells is central to the development of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. We previously showed that low-dose interleukin 2 (IL2) induced Treg cell expansion and activation and clinical improvement in patients with hepatitis-C-virus-induced vasculitis. We aimed to establish which low doses of IL2 would be safe and induce Treg cells in patients with type 1 diabetes, considering that: (1) type 1 diabetes might be linked to alteration of the IL2/IL2R activation pathway; (2) activation of pathogenic Teff cells by IL2 could exacerbate disease; and (3) the safety of low-dose IL2 is not known in type 1 diabetes. METHODS This was a single-centre phase 1/2 study. 24 adult patients (18-55 years) with established insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes and at least one diabetes-related autoantibody were enrolled and randomly assigned (in a 1:1:1:1 ratio, by computer-generated randomisation list, with block size four) to placebo or IL2 at 0.33 MIU/day, 1 MIU/day, or 3 MIU/day for a 5-day course and were followed up for 60 days. All investigators and participants were masked to assignment. The primary outcome was change in Treg cells, measured by flow cytometry, and expressed as a percentage of CD4+ T cells, from day 1 to day 60. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01353833. FINDINGS Six patients were assigned to each group between June 1, 2011, and Feb 3, 2012. IL2 was well tolerated at all doses, with no serious adverse events. However, there was a dose-response association for non-serious adverse events during the treatment phase (days 1-6); one patient in the placebo group, three patients in the 0.33 MIU group, five patients in the 1 MIU group, and six patients in the 3 MIU group had non-serious adverse events. The most common adverse events in the treatment phase were injection-site reaction (no patients with placebo vs three patients with 0.33 MIU and 1 MIU vs two patients with 3 MIU) and influenza-like syndrome (no patients with placebo vs one patient with 0.33 MIU and 1 MIU vs four patients with 3 MIU). After the treatment phase, adverse events did not differ between groups. IL2 did not induce deleterious changes in glucose-metabolism variables. IL2 induced a dose-dependent increase in the proportion of Treg cells, significant at all doses compared with placebo (placebo mean increase 0.5% [SD 0.4]; 0.33 MIU 2.8% [1.2], p=0.0039; 1 MIU 3.9% [1.8], p=0.0039; 3 MIU 4.8% [1.9] p=0.0039). INTERPRETATION We have defined a well-tolerated and immunologically effective dose range of IL2 for application to type 1 diabetes therapy and prevention, which could be relevant to other disorders in which a Treg cell increase would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Hartemann
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Bensimon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Pharmacologie, Paris, France
| | - Christine A Payan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Bourron
- Department of Diabetology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Nicolas
- Clinical Investigation Center Paris-Est-CIC-9304, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Fonfrede
- Department of Biochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - Claude Bernard
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7211, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, Paris, France.
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1081
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Übel C, Sopel N, Graser A, Hildner K, Reinhardt C, Zimmermann T, Rieker RJ, Maier A, Neurath MF, Murphy KM, Finotto S. The activating protein 1 transcription factor basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF), regulates lymphocyte- and mast cell-driven immune responses in the setting of allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:198-206.e1-9. [PMID: 24290279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice without the basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) gene (Batf(-/-)) lack TH17 and follicular helper T cells, which demonstrates that Batf is a transcription factor important for T- and B-cell differentiation. OBJECTIVE In this study we examined whether BATF expression would influence allergic asthma. METHODS In a cohort of preschool control children and children with asthma, we analyzed BATF mRNA expression using real-time PCR in PBMCs. In a murine model of allergic asthma, we analyzed differences in this allergic disease between wild-type, Batf transgenic, and Batf(-/-) mice. RESULTS In the absence of corticosteroid treatment, children with recurrent asthma have a significant increase in BATF mRNA expression in their PBMCs. Batf(-/-) mice display a significant reduction in the pathophysiologic responses seen in asthmatic wild-type littermates. Moreover, we discovered a decrease in IL-3 production and IL-3-dependent mast cell development in Batf(-/-) mice. By contrast, IFN-γ was induced in lung CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Intranasal delivery of anti-IFN-γ antibodies induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in wild-type but not in Batf(-/-) mice. Transgenic overexpression of Batf under the control of the CD2 promoter/enhancer augmented lung inflammation and IgE levels in the setting of experimental asthma. CONCLUSION BATF is increased in non-steroid-treated asthmatic children. Targeting BATF expression resulted in amelioration of the pathophysiologic responses seen in children with allergic asthma, and BATF has emerged as a novel target for antiasthma interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Übel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Sopel
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Graser
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Reinhardt
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodor Zimmermann
- Department of Allergy and Pneumology, Children's Hospital, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Maier
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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1082
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Regulatory T-cell directed therapies in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1127-34. [PMID: 23727305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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1083
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Cho JH, Kim HO, Kim KS, Yang DH, Surh CD, Sprent J. Unique Features of Naive CD8+ T Cell Activation by IL-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5559-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1084
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Diaz-de-Durana Y, Lau J, Knee D, Filippi C, Londei M, McNamara P, Nasoff M, DiDonato M, Glynne R, Herman AE. IL-2 immunotherapy reveals potential for innate beta cell regeneration in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78483. [PMID: 24205242 PMCID: PMC3813455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease targeting insulin-producing beta cells, resulting in dependence on exogenous insulin. To date, significant efforts have been invested to develop immune-modulatory therapies for T1D treatment. Previously, IL-2 immunotherapy was demonstrated to prevent and reverse T1D at onset in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, revealing potential as a therapy in early disease stage in humans. In the NOD model, IL-2 deficiency contributes to a loss of regulatory T cell function. This deficiency can be augmented with IL-2 or antibody bound to IL-2 (Ab/IL-2) therapy, resulting in regulatory T cell expansion and potentiation. However, an understanding of the mechanism by which reconstituted regulatory T cell function allows for reversal of diabetes after onset is not clearly understood. Here, we describe that Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy treatment, given at the time of diabetes onset in NOD mice, not only correlated with reversal of diabetes and expansion of Treg cells, but also demonstrated the ability to significantly increase beta cell proliferation. Proliferation appeared specific to Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy, as anti-CD3 therapy did not have a similar effect. Furthermore, to assess the effect of Ab/IL-2 immunotherapy well after the development of diabetes, we tested the effect of delaying treatment for 4 weeks after diabetes onset, when beta cells were virtually absent. At this late stage after diabetes onset, Ab/IL-2 treatment was not sufficient to reverse hyperglycemia. However, it did promote survival in the absence of exogenous insulin. Proliferation of beta cells could not account for this improvement as few beta cells remained. Rather, abnormal insulin and glucagon dual-expressing cells were the only insulin-expressing cells observed in islets from mice with established disease. Thus, these data suggest that in diabetic NOD mice, beta cells have an innate capacity for regeneration both early and late in disease, which is revealed through IL-2 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza Diaz-de-Durana
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Lau
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Deborah Knee
- Biotherapeutics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christophe Filippi
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marco Londei
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Peter McNamara
- Pharmacology Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Nasoff
- Biotherapeutics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Structural Biology Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Glynne
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann E. Herman
- Genetics Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
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1085
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Shin HM, Kapoor V, Guan T, Kaech SM, Welsh RM, Berg LJ. Epigenetic modifications induced by Blimp-1 Regulate CD8⁺ T cell memory progression during acute virus infection. Immunity 2013; 39:661-75. [PMID: 24120360 PMCID: PMC3808842 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 regulates the overall accumulation of virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells during acute viral infections. We found that increased proliferation and survival of Blimp-1-deficient CD8⁺ T cells resulted from sustained expression of CD25 and CD27 and persistent cytokine responsiveness. Silencing of Il2ra and Cd27 reduced the Blimp-1-deficient CD8⁺ T cell response. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing analysis identified Il2ra and Cd27 as direct targets of Blimp-1. At the peak of the antiviral response, but not earlier, Blimp-1 recruited the histone-modifying enzymes G9a and HDAC2 to the Il2ra and Cd27 loci, thereby repressing expression of these genes. In the absence of Blimp-1, Il2ra and Cd27 exhibited enhanced histone H3 acetylation and reduced histone H3K9 trimethylation. These data elucidate a central mechanism by which Blimp-1 acts as an epigenetic regulator and enhances the numbers of short-lived effector cells while suppressing the development of memory-precursor CD8⁺ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mu Shin
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Varun Kapoor
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Dept. of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- Dept. of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA and Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Dept. of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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1086
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Matsuoka KI, Koreth J, Kim HT, Bascug G, McDonough S, Kawano Y, Murase K, Cutler C, Ho VT, Alyea EP, Armand P, Blazar BR, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Ritz J. Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra43. [PMID: 23552371 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role in the maintenance of immune tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We recently reported that daily administration of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces selective expansion of functional Tregs and clinical improvement of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To define the mechanisms of action of IL-2 therapy, we examined the immunologic effects of this treatment on homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets after transplant. We first demonstrated that chronic GVHD is characterized by constitutive phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) in conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tcons) associated with elevated amounts of IL-7 and IL-15 and relative functional deficiency of IL-2. IL-2 therapy resulted in the selective increase of Stat5 phosphorylation in Tregs and a decrease of phosphorylated Stat5 in Tcons. Over an 8-week period, IL-2 therapy induced a series of changes in Treg homeostasis, including increased proliferation, increased thymic export, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis. Low-dose IL-2 had minimal effects on Tcons. These findings define the mechanisms whereby low-dose IL-2 therapy restores the homeostasis of CD4(+) T cell subsets and promotes the reestablishment of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsuoka
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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1087
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Takahara M, Nemoto Y, Oshima S, Matsuzawa Y, Kanai T, Okamoto R, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Yamamoto K, Watanabe M. IL-7 promotes long-term in vitro survival of unique long-lived memory subset generated from mucosal effector memory CD4+ T cells in chronic colitis mice. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:82-93. [PMID: 24070768 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colitogenic memory CD4(+) T cells are important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although memory stem cells with high survival and self-renewal capacity were recently identified in both mice and humans, it is unclear whether a similar subset is present in chronic colitis mice. We sought to identify and purify a long-lived subset of colitogenic memory CD4(+) T cells, which may be targets for treatment of IBD. A long-lived subset of colitogenic memory CD4(+) T cells was purified using a long-term culture system. The characteristics of these cells were assessed. Interleukin (IL)-7 promoted the in vitro survival for >8 weeks of lamina propria (LP) CD4(+) T cells from colitic SCID mice previously injected with CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells. These cells were in a quiescent state and divided a maximum of 5 times in 4 weeks. LP CD4(+) T cells expressed higher levels of Bcl-2, integrin-α4β7, CXCR3 and CD25 after than before culture, as well as secreting high concentrations of IL-2 and low concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-17 in response to intestinal bacterial antigens. LP CD4(+) T cells from colitic mice cultured with IL-7 for 8 weeks induced more severe colitis than LP CD4(+) T cells cultured for 4 weeks. We developed a novel culture system to purify a long-lived, highly pathogenic memory subset from activated LP CD4(+) T cells. IL-7 promoted long-term in vitro survival of this subset in a quiescent state. This subset will be a novel, effective target for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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1088
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CD4 blockade directly inhibits mouse and human CD4(+) T cell functions independent of Foxp3(+) Tregs. J Autoimmun 2013; 47:73-82. [PMID: 24055067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) helper T cells orchestrate protective immunity against pathogens, yet can also induce undesired pathologies including allergies, transplant rejection and autoimmunity. Non-depleting CD4-specific antibodies such as clone YTS177.9 were found to promote long-lasting T cell tolerance in animal models. Thus, CD4 blockade could represent a promising therapeutic approach for human autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying anti-CD4-induced tolerance are incompletely resolved. Particularly, multiple immune cells express CD4 including Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dendritic cells (DCs), both controlling the activation of CD4(+)Foxp3(-) helper T cells. Utilizing mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs) reflecting physiological interactions between T cells and DCs, we report that anti-CD4 treatment inhibits CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cell proliferation in an IL-2-independent fashion. Notably, YTS177.9 binding induces a rapid internalization of CD4 on both CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells and Foxp3(+) Tregs. However, no expansion or activation of immunosuppressive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs was observed following anti-CD4 treatment. Additionally, cytokine production, maturation and T cell priming capacity of DCs are not affected by anti-CD4 exposure. In line with these data, the selective ablation of Foxp3(+) Tregs from MLRs by the use of diphtheria toxin (DT)-treated bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-transgenic DEREG mice completely fails to abrogate the suppressive activity of multiple anti-CD4 antibodies. Instead, tolerization is associated with the defective expression of various co-stimulatory receptors including OX40 and CD30, suggesting altered signaling through the TCR complex. Consistent with our findings in mice, anti-CD4 treatment renders human CD4(+) T cells tolerant in the absence of Tregs. Thus, our results establish that anti-CD4 antibodies can directly tolerize pathogenic CD4(+)Foxp3(-) helper T cells. This has important implications for the treatment of human inflammatory diseases.
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1089
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Müller D. Antibody–Cytokine Fusion Proteins for Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update on Recent Developments. BioDrugs 2013; 28:123-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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1090
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Grange M, Verdeil G, Arnoux F, Griffon A, Spicuglia S, Maurizio J, Buferne M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. Active STAT5 regulates T-bet and eomesodermin expression in CD8 T cells and imprints a T-bet-dependent Tc1 program with repressed IL-6/TGF-β1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3712-24. [PMID: 24006458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In adoptive therapy, CD8 T cells expressing active STAT5 (STAT5CA) transcription factors were found to be superior to unmanipulated counterparts in long-term persistence, capacity to infiltrate autochthonous mouse melanomas, thrive in their microenvironment, and induce their regression. However, the molecular mechanisms sustaining these properties were undefined. In this study, we report that STAT5CA induced sustained expression of genes controlling tissue homing, cytolytic granule composition, type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell-associated effector molecules granzyme B(+), IFN-γ(+), TNF-α(+), and CCL3(+), but not IL-2, and transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses identified the genes possessing regulatory regions to which STAT5 bound in long-term in vivo maintained STAT5CA-expressing CD8 T cells. This analysis identified 34% of the genes differentially expressed between STAT5CA-expressing and nonexpressing effector T cells as direct STAT5CA target genes, including those encoding T-bet, Eomes, and granzyme B. Additionally, genes encoding the IL-6R and TGFbRII subunits were stably repressed, resulting in dampened IL-17-producing CD8 T cell polarization in response to IL-6 and TGF-β1. The absence of T-bet did not affect STAT5CA-driven accumulation of the T cells in tissue or their granzyme B expression but restored IL-2 secretion and IL-6R and TGFbRII expression and signaling, as illustrated by IL-17 induction. Therefore, concerted STAT5/T-bet/Eomes regulation controls homing, long-term maintenance, recall responses, and resistance to polarization towards IL-17-producing CD8 T cells while maintaining expression of an efficient type 1 CD8 cytotoxic T cell program (granzyme B(+), IFN-γ(+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13288, France
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1091
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Schouppe E, Mommer C, Movahedi K, Laoui D, Morias Y, Gysemans C, Luyckx A, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell subsets exert either inhibitory or stimulatory effects on distinct CD8+ T-cell activation events. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2930-42. [PMID: 23878002 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth coincides with an accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which exert immune suppression and which consist of two main subpopulations, known as monocytic (MO) CD11b(+) CD115(+) Ly6G(-) Ly6C(high) MDSCs and granulocytic CD11b(+) CD115(-) Ly6G(+) Ly6C(int) polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs. However, whether these distinct MDSC subsets hamper all aspects of early CD8(+) T-cell activation--including cytokine production, surface marker expression, survival, and cytotoxicity--is currently unclear. Here, employing an in vitro coculture system, we demonstrate that splenic MDSC subsets suppress antigen-driven CD8(+) T-cell proliferation, but differ in their dependency on IFN-γ, STAT-1, IRF-1, and NO to do so. Moreover, MO-MDSC and PMN-MDSCs diminish IL-2 levels, but only MO-MDSCs affect IL-2Rα (CD25) expression and STAT-5 signaling. Unexpectedly, however, both MDSC populations stimulate IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells on a per cell basis, illustrating that some T-cell activation characteristics are actually stimulated by MDSCs. Conversely, MO-MDSCs counteract the activation-induced change in CD44, CD62L, CD162, and granzyme B expression, while promoting CD69 and Fas upregulation. Together, these effects result in an altered CD8(+) T-cell adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix and selectins, sensitivity to FasL-mediated apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. Hence, MDSCs intricately influence different CD8(+) T-cell activation events in vitro, whereby some parameters are suppressed while others are stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Schouppe
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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1092
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Release of Soluble CD30 After Allogeneic Stimulation Is Mediated by Memory T Cells and Regulated by IFN-γ and IL-2. Transplantation 2013; 96:154-61. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318296fd69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1093
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Modulation of CD8(+) T-cell activation events by monocytic and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1385-91. [PMID: 23932436 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are immature myeloid cells, consisting of a monocytic and a granulocytic fraction, that are known to suppress anti-tumor immune responses. Important targets of the immunosuppressive capacity of MDSC are CD8(+) T cells, which are crucial cytotoxic effector cells in immunotherapeutic settings. CD8(+) T-cell activation and differentiation comprises a well-orchestrated series of events, starting from early TCR-mediated signaling and leading to cytokine secretion, the expression of activation markers, proliferation and the differentiation into several subsets of effector and memory cells. In this review, we summarize the available data on how the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, the arginase-mediated depletion of l-arginine and Cystine depletion by MDSCs interfere with the signaling molecules necessary for normal CTL differentiation and activation.
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1094
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1095
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Rosalia RA, Silva AL, Camps M, Allam A, Jiskoot W, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, Oostendorp J. Efficient ex vivo induction of T cells with potent anti-tumor activity by protein antigen encapsulated in nanoparticles. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1161-73. [PMID: 23613147 PMCID: PMC11029091 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein antigen (Ag)-based immunotherapies have the advantage to induce T cells with a potentially broad repertoire of specificities. However, soluble protein Ag is generally poorly cross-presented in MHC class I molecules and not efficient in inducing robust cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. In the present study, we have applied poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) which strongly improve protein Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DC) in the absence of additional Toll-like receptor ligands or targeting devices. Protein Ag-loaded DC were used as antigen presenting cells to stimulate T cells in vitro and subsequently analyzed in vivo for their anti-tumor effect via adoptive transfer, a treatment strategy widely studied in clinical trials as a therapy against various malignancies. In a direct comparison with soluble protein Ag, we show that DC presentation of protein encapsulated in plain PLGA-NP results in efficient activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as reflected by high numbers of activated CD69(+) and CD25(+), interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2-producing T cells. Adoptive transfer of PLGA-NP-activated CD8(+) T cells in tumor-bearing mice displayed good in vivo expansion capacity, potent Ag-specific cytotoxicity and IFN-γ cytokine production, resulting in curing mice with established tumors. We conclude that delivery of protein Ag through encapsulation in plain PLGA-NP is a very efficient and simple procedure to stimulate potent anti-tumor T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Rosalia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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1096
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Wensveen FM, Lenartic M, Jelencic V, Lemmermann NAW, ten Brinke A, Jonjic S, Polic B. NKG2D induces Mcl-1 expression and mediates survival of CD8 memory T cell precursors via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1307-15. [PMID: 23804716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation of activated CD8 T cells is the result of a specific combination of signals that promote long-term survival and inhibit differentiation into effector cells. Much is known about initial cues that drive memory formation, but it is poorly understood which signals are essential during the intermediate stages before terminal differentiation. NKG2D is an activating coreceptor on Ag-experienced CD8 T cells that promotes effector cell functions. Its role in memory formation is currently unknown. In this study, we show that NKG2D controls formation of CD8 memory T cells by promoting survival of precursor cells. We demonstrate that NKG2D enhances IL-15-mediated PI3K signaling of activated CD8 T cells, in a specific phase of memory cell commitment, after activation but before terminal differentiation. This signal is essential for the induction of prosurvival protein Mcl-1 and precursor cell survival. In vivo, NKG2D deficiency results in reduced memory cell formation and impaired protection against reinfection. Our findings show a new role for PI3K and the NKG2D/IL-15 axis in an underappreciated stage of effector to memory cell transition that is essential for the generation of antiviral immunity. Moreover, we provide novel insights how these receptors control both effector and memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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1097
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Davidson MG, Alonso MN, Yuan R, Axtell RC, Kenkel JA, Suhoski MM, González JC, Steinman L, Engleman EG. Th17 cells induce Th1-polarizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1175-87. [PMID: 23794631 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In chronically inflamed tissues, such as those affected by autoimmune disease, activated Th cells often colocalize with monocytes. We investigate in this study how murine Th cells influence the phenotype and function of monocytes. The data demonstrate that Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets promote the differentiation of autologous monocytes into MHC class II(+), CD11b(+), CD11c(+) DC that we call DCTh. Although all Th subsets induce the formation of DCTh, activated Th17 cells uniquely promote the formation of IL-12/IL-23-producing DCTh (DCTh17) that can polarize both naive and Th17 cells to a Th1 phenotype. In the inflamed CNS of mice with Th17-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Th cells colocalize with DC, as well as monocytes, and the Th cells obtained from these lesions drive the formation of DCTh that are phenotypically indistinguishable from DCTh17 and polarize naive T cells toward a Th1 phenotype. These results suggest that DCTh17 are critical in the interplay of Th17- and Th1-mediated responses and may explain the previous finding that IL-17-secreting Th cells become IFN-γ-secreting Th1 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Blood Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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1098
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Castellote C, Castell M. The effects of cocoa on the immune system. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:71. [PMID: 23759861 PMCID: PMC3671179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a food relatively rich in polyphenols, which makes it a potent antioxidant. Due to its activity as an antioxidant, as well as through other mechanisms, cocoa consumption has been reported to be beneficial for cardiovascular health, brain functions, and cancer prevention. Furthermore, cocoa influences the immune system, in particular the inflammatory innate response and the systemic and intestinal adaptive immune response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that a cocoa-enriched diet modifies T cell functions that conduce to a modulation of the synthesis of systemic and gut antibodies. In this regard, it seems that a cocoa diet in rats produces changes in the lymphocyte composition of secondary lymphoid tissues and the cytokines secreted by T cells. These results suggest that it is possible that cocoa could inhibit the function of T helper type 2 cells, and in line with this, the preventive effect of cocoa on IgE synthesis in a rat allergy model has been reported, which opens up new perspectives when considering the beneficial effects of cocoa compounds. On the other hand, cocoa intake modifies the functionality of gut-associated lymphoid tissue by means of modulating IgA secretion and intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms involved in these influences are discussed here. Further research may elucidate the cocoa compounds involved in such an effect and also the possible medical approaches to these repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Malen Massot-Cladera
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Castellote
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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1099
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High-density genotyping study identifies four new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:808-12. [PMID: 23727859 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease with a strong heritable component. Pathogenetic models consider keratinocyte differentiation defects and immune alterations as scaffolds, and recent data indicate a role for autoreactivity in at least a subgroup of patients. FLG (encoding filaggrin) has been identified as a major locus causing skin barrier deficiency. To better define risk variants and identify additional susceptibility loci, we densely genotyped 2,425 German individuals with atopic dermatitis (cases) and 5,449 controls using the Immunochip array followed by replication in 7,196 cases and 15,480 controls from Germany, Ireland, Japan and China. We identified four new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis and replicated previous associations. This brings the number of atopic dermatitis risk loci reported in individuals of European ancestry to 11. We estimate that these susceptibility loci together account for 14.4% of the heritability for atopic dermatitis.
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1100
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Liu C, Jin R, Wang HC, Tang H, Liu YF, Qian XP, Sun XY, Ge Q, Sun XH, Zhang Y. Id1 expression promotes peripheral CD4+ T cell proliferation and survival upon TCR activation without co-stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:47-52. [PMID: 23707719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of E proteins in the thymocyte development is well documented, much less is known about their function in peripheral T cells. Here we demonstrated that CD4 promoter-driven transgenic expression of Id1, a naturally occurring dominant-negative inhibitor of E proteins, can substitute for the co-stimulatory signal delivered by CD28 to facilitate the proliferation and survival of naïve CD4+ cells upon anti-CD3 stimulation. We next discovered that IL-2 production and NF-κB activity after anti-CD3 stimulation were significantly elevated in Id1-expressing cells, which may be, at least in part, responsible for the augmentation of their proliferation and survival. Taken together, results from this study suggest an important role of E and Id proteins in peripheral T cell activation. The ability of Id proteins to by-pass co-stimulatory signals to enable T cell activation has significant implications in regulating T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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