1101
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Rao R, Balusu R, Fiskus W, Mudunuru U, Venkannagari S, Chauhan L, Smith JE, Hembruff SL, Ha K, Atadja P, Bhalla KN. Combination of pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor and autophagy inhibitor exerts superior efficacy against triple-negative human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:973-83. [PMID: 22367781 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDI) induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, while promoting autophagy, which promotes cancer cell survival when apoptosis is compromised. Here, we determined the in vitro and in vivo activity of the combination of the pan-HDI panobinostat and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine against human estrogen/progesterone receptor and HER2 (triple)-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Treatment of MB-231 and SUM159PT cells with panobinostat disrupted the hsp90/histone deacetylase 6/HSF1/p97 complex, resulting in the upregulation of hsp. This was accompanied by the induction of enhanced autophagic flux as evidenced by increased expression of LC3B-II and the degradation of the autophagic substrate p62. Treatment with panobinostat also induced the accumulation and colocalization of p62 with LC3B-II in cytosolic foci as evidenced by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Inhibition of panobinostat-induced autophagic flux by chloroquine markedly induced the accumulation of polyubiquitylated proteins and p62, caused synergistic cell death of MB-231 and SUM159PT cells, and inhibited mammosphere formation in MB-231 cells, compared with treatment with each agent alone. Finally, in mouse mammary fat pad xenografts of MB-231 cells, a tumor size-dependent induction of heat shock response, ER stress and autophagy were observed. Cotreatment with panobinostat and chloroquine resulted in reduced tumor burden and increased the survival of MB-231 breast cancer xenografts. Collectively, our findings show that cotreatment with an autophagy inhibitor and pan-HDI, for example, chloroquine and panobinostat results in accumulation of toxic polyubiquitylated proteins, exerts superior inhibitory effects on TNBC cell growth, and increases the survival of TNBC xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rao
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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1102
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Kesari S, Advani SJ, Lawson JD, Kahle KT, Ng K, Carter B, Chen CC. DNA damage response and repair: insights into strategies for radiation sensitization of gliomas. Future Oncol 2012; 7:1335-46. [PMID: 22044206 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of radiotherapy into multimodality treatment plans has led to significant improvements in glioma patient survival. However, local recurrence from glioma resistance to ionizing radiation remains a therapeutic challenge. The tumoricidal effect of radiation therapy is largely attributed to the induction of dsDNA breaks (DSBs). In the past decade, there have been tremendous strides in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying DSB repair. The identification of gene products required for DSB repair has provided novel therapeutic targets. Recent studies revealed that many US FDA-approved cancer agents inhibit DSB repair by interacting with repair proteins. This article will aim to provide discussion of DSB repair mechanisms to provide molecular targets for radiation sensitization of gliomas and a discussion of FDA-approved cancer therapies that modulate DSB repair to highlight opportunities for combination therapy with radiotherapy for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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1103
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Identification of mammalian protein quality control factors by high-throughput cellular imaging. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31684. [PMID: 22363705 PMCID: PMC3282772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Quality Control (PQC) pathways are essential to maintain the equilibrium between protein folding and the clearance of misfolded proteins. In order to discover novel human PQC factors, we developed a high-content, high-throughput cell-based assay to assess PQC activity. The assay is based on a fluorescently tagged, temperature sensitive PQC substrate and measures its degradation relative to a temperature insensitive internal control. In a targeted screen of 1591 siRNA genes involved in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) we identified 25 of the 33 genes encoding for 26S proteasome subunits and discovered several novel PQC factors. An unbiased genome-wide siRNA screen revealed the protein translation machinery, and in particular the EIF3 translation initiation complex, as a novel key modulator of misfolded protein stability. These results represent a comprehensive unbiased survey of human PQC components and establish an experimental tool for the discovery of genes that are required for the degradation of misfolded proteins under conditions of proteotoxic stress.
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1104
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Abstract
This Perspective highlights biomarkers that are expressed as a consequence of cancer development and progression. We focus on those biomarkers that are most relevant for identifying patients who are likely to respond to a given therapy, as well as those biomarkers that are most effective for measuring patient response to therapy. These two measures are necessary for selecting the right drug for the right patient, regardless of whether the setting is in drug development or in the post-approval use of the drug for patients with cancer. We also discuss the innovative designs of clinical trials and methodologies that are used to validate and qualify biomarkers for use in specific contexts. Furthermore, we look ahead to the promises and challenges in the field of cancer biomarkers.
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1105
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Stokes MP, Farnsworth CL, Moritz A, Silva JC, Jia X, Lee KA, Guo A, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ. PTMScan direct: identification and quantification of peptides from critical signaling proteins by immunoaffinity enrichment coupled with LC-MS/MS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:187-201. [PMID: 22322096 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies of post-translational modifications by metal affinity or antibody-based methods often employ data-dependent analysis, providing rich data sets that consist of randomly sampled identified peptides because of the dynamic response of the mass spectrometer. This can complicate the primary goal of programs for drug development, mutational analysis, and kinase profiling studies, which is to monitor how multiple nodes of known, critical signaling pathways are affected by a variety of treatment conditions. Cell Signaling Technology has developed an immunoaffinity-based LC-MS/MS method called PTMScan Direct for multiplexed analysis of these important signaling proteins. PTMScan Direct enables the identification and quantification of hundreds of peptides derived from specific proteins in signaling pathways or specific protein types. Cell lines, tissues, or xenografts can be used as starting material. PTMScan Direct is compatible with both SILAC and label-free quantification. Current PTMScan Direct reagents target key nodes of many signaling pathways (PTMScan Direct: Multipathway), serine/threonine kinases, tyrosine kinases, and the Akt/PI3K pathway. Validation of each reagent includes score filtering of MS/MS assignments, filtering by identification of peptides derived from expected targets, identification of peptides homologous to expected targets, minimum signal intensity of peptide ions, and dependence upon the presence of the reagent itself compared with a negative control. The Multipathway reagent was used to study sensitivity of human cancer cell lines to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and showed consistent results with previously published studies. The Ser/Thr kinase reagent was used to compare relative levels of kinase-derived phosphopeptides in mouse liver, brain, and embryo, showing tissue-specific activity of many kinases including Akt and PKC family members. PTMScan Direct will be a powerful quantitative method for elucidation of changes in signaling in a wide array of experimental systems, combining the specificity of traditional biochemical methods with the high number of data points and dynamic range of proteomic methods.
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1106
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STK33 kinase inhibitor BRD-8899 has no effect on KRAS-dependent cancer cell viability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2860-5. [PMID: 22323609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120589109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of human cancers harbor oncogenic gain-of-function mutations in KRAS. Despite interest in KRAS as a therapeutic target, direct blockade of KRAS function with small molecules has yet to be demonstrated. Based on experiments that lower mRNA levels of protein kinases, KRAS-dependent cancer cells were proposed to have a unique requirement for the serine/threonine kinase STK33. Thus, it was suggested that small-molecule inhibitors of STK33 might have therapeutic benefit in these cancers. Here, we describe the development of selective, low nanomolar inhibitors of STK33's kinase activity. The most potent and selective of these, BRD8899, failed to kill KRAS-dependent cells. While several explanations for this result exist, our data are most consistent with the view that inhibition of STK33's kinase activity does not represent a promising anti-KRAS therapeutic strategy.
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1107
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The mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease: a novel target in lymphoma death mediated by the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO and its derivatives. Blood 2012; 119:3321-9. [PMID: 22323447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-340075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic triterpenoids are multitarget compounds exhibiting promise as preventative and therapeutic agents for cancer. Their proposed mechanism of action is by forming Michael adducts with reactive nucleophilic groups on target proteins. Our previous work demonstrates that the 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and its derivatives promote B-lymphoid cell apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway linked to mitochondrial protein aggregation. As one function of the Lon protease is to eliminate abnormal mitochondrial proteins, we hypothesized that CDDO-induced protein aggregation and lymphoma apoptosis occur by inactivating this enzyme. Here, we show that CDDO and its derivatives directly and selectively inhibit Lon. CDDO blocks Lon-mediated proteolysis in biochemical and cellular assays, but does not inhibit the 20S proteasome. Furthermore, a biotinylated-CDDO conjugate modifies mitochondrial Lon. A striking common phenotype of CDDO-treated lymphoma cells and Lon-knockdown cells is the accumulation of electron-dense aggregates within mitochondria. We also show that Lon protein levels are substantially elevated in malignant lymphoma cells, compared with resting or activated B cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Lon knockdown leads to lymphoma cell death. Together, these findings suggest that Lon inhibition plays a contributory role in CDDO-induced lymphoma cell death, and support the concept that mitochondrial Lon is a novel anticancer drug target.
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1108
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Sandmann T, Boutros M. Screens, maps & networks: from genome sequences to personalized medicine. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:36-44. [PMID: 22366531 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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1109
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Qiao S, Lamore SD, Cabello CM, Lesson JL, Muñoz-Rodriguez JL, Wondrak GT. Thiostrepton is an inducer of oxidative and proteotoxic stress that impairs viability of human melanoma cells but not primary melanocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1229-40. [PMID: 22321511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological induction of oxidative and proteotoxic stress has recently emerged as a promising strategy for chemotherapeutic intervention targeting cancer cells. Guided by a differential phenotypic drug screen for novel lead compounds that selectively induce melanoma cell apoptosis without compromising viability of primary human melanocytes, we have focused on the cyclic pyridinyl-polythiazolyl peptide-antimicrobial thiostrepton. Using comparative gene expression-array analysis, the early cellular stress response induced by thiostrepton was examined in human A375 metastatic melanoma cells and primary melanocytes. Thiostrepton displayed selective antimelanoma activity causing early induction of proteotoxic stress with massive upregulation of heat shock (HSPA6, HSPA1A, DNAJB4, HSPB1, HSPH1, HSPA1L, CRYAB, HSPA5, DNAJA1), oxidative stress (HMOX1, GSR, SOD1), and ER stress response (DDIT3) gene expression, confirmed by immunodetection (Hsp70, Hsp70B', HO-1, phospho-eIF2α). Moreover, upregulation of p53, proapoptotic modulation of Bcl-2 family members (Bax, Noxa, Mcl-1, Bcl-2), and induction of apoptotic cell death were observed. Thiostrepton rapidly induced cellular oxidative stress followed by inactivation of chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity and melanoma cell-directed accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, not observed in melanocytes that were resistant to thiostrepton-induced apoptosis. Proteotoxic and apoptogenic effects were fully antagonized by antioxidant intervention. In RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells, known to be exquisitely sensitive to proteasome inhibition, early proteotoxic and apoptogenic effects of thiostrepton were confirmed by array analysis indicating pronounced upregulation of heat shock response gene expression. Our findings demonstrate that thiostrepton displays dual activity as a selective prooxidant and proteotoxic chemotherapeutic, suggesting feasibility of experimental intervention targeting metastatic melanoma and other malignancies including multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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1110
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Pabla N, Dong Z. Curtailing side effects in chemotherapy: a tale of PKCδ in cisplatin treatment. Oncotarget 2012; 3:107-11. [PMID: 22403741 PMCID: PMC3292897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is often limited by side effects in normal tissues. This is exemplified by cisplatin, a widely used anti-cancer drug that may induce serious toxicity in normal tissues and organs including the kidneys. Decades of research have delineated multiple signaling pathways that lead to kidney cell injury and death during cisplatin treatment. However, the same signaling pathways may also be activated in cancer cells and be responsible for the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin in tumors and, as a result, blockade of these pathways is expected to reduce the side effects as well as the anti-cancer efficacy. Thus, to effectively curtail the side effects, it is imperative to elucidate and target the cell killing mechanisms that are specific to normal (and not cancer) tissues. Our recent work identified protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) as a new and critical mediator of cisplatin-induced kidney cell injury and death. Importantly, inhibition of PKCδ enhanced the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin in several tumor models while alleviating the side effect in kidneys, opening a new avenue for normal tissue protection during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjotsingh Pabla
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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1111
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Hulea L, Nepveu A. CUX1 transcription factors: from biochemical activities and cell-based assays to mouse models and human diseases. Gene 2012; 497:18-26. [PMID: 22306263 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ChIP-chip and expression analyses indicated that CUX1 transcription factors regulate a large number of genes and microRNAs involved in multiple cellular processes. Indeed, in proliferating cells CUX1 was shown to regulate several genes involved in DNA replication, progression into S phase and later, the spindle assembly checkpoint that controls progression through mitosis. siRNA-mediated knockdown established that CUX1 is required for cell motility. Moreover, higher expression of short CUX1 isoforms, as observed in many cancers, was shown to stimulate cell migration and invasion. In parallel, elevated expression particularly in higher grade tumors of breast and pancreatic cancers implicated CUX1 in tumor initiation and progression. Indeed, transgenic mouse models demonstrated a causal role of CUX1 in cancers originating from various cell types. These studies revealed that higher CUX1 expression or activity not only stimulates cell proliferation and motility, but also promotes genetic instability. CUX1 has also been implicated in the etiology of polycystic kidney diseases, both from a transgenic approach and the analysis of CUX1 activity in multiple mouse models of this disease. Studies in neurobiology have uncovered a potential implication of CUX1 in cognitive disorders, neurodegeneration and obesity. CUX1 was shown to be expressed specifically in pyramidal neurons of the neocortex upper layers where it regulates dendrite branching, spine development, and synapse formation. In addition, modulation of CUX1 expression in neurons of the hypothalamus has been associated with changes in leptin receptor trafficking in the vicinity of the primary cilium resulting in altered leptin signaling and ultimately, eating behavior. Overall, studies in various fields have allowed the development of several cell-based assays to monitor CUX1 function and have extended the range of organs in which CUX1 plays an important role in development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hulea
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A3
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1112
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Kessler JD, Kahle KT, Sun T, Meerbrey KL, Schlabach MR, Schmitt EM, Skinner SO, Xu Q, Li MZ, Hartman ZC, Rao M, Yu P, Dominguez-Vidana R, Liang AC, Solimini NL, Bernardi RJ, Yu B, Hsu T, Golding I, Luo J, Osborne CK, Creighton CJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Schiff R, Shaw CA, Elledge SJ, Westbrook TF. A SUMOylation-dependent transcriptional subprogram is required for Myc-driven tumorigenesis. Science 2012; 335:348-53. [PMID: 22157079 PMCID: PMC4059214 DOI: 10.1126/science.1212728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myc is an oncogenic transcription factor frequently dysregulated in human cancer. To identify pathways supporting the Myc oncogenic program, we used a genome-wide RNA interference screen to search for Myc-synthetic lethal genes and uncovered a role for the SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE1/2). Loss of SAE1/2 enzymatic activity drives synthetic lethality with Myc. Inactivation of SAE2 leads to mitotic catastrophe and cell death upon Myc hyperactivation. Mechanistically, SAE2 inhibition switches a transcriptional subprogram of Myc from activated to repressed. A subset of these SUMOylation-dependent Myc switchers (SMS genes) is required for mitotic spindle function and to support the Myc oncogenic program. SAE2 is required for growth of Myc-dependent tumors in mice, and gene expression analyses of Myc-high human breast cancers suggest that low SAE1 and SAE2 abundance in the tumors correlates with longer metastasis-free survival of the patients. Thus, inhibition of SUMOylation may merit investigation as a possible therapy for Myc-driven human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mitosis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Spindle Apparatus/physiology
- Sumoylation
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Kessler
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tingting Sun
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kristen L. Meerbrey
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael R. Schlabach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Earlene M. Schmitt
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Samuel O. Skinner
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Qikai Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Mamie Z. Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zachary C. Hartman
- Dept. of Clinical Cancer Prevention, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mitchell Rao
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Peng Yu
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rocio Dominguez-Vidana
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anthony C. Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Nicole L. Solimini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Ronald J. Bernardi
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Bing Yu
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Tiffany Hsu
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ido Golding
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Ji Luo
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center Drive, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - C. Kent Osborne
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- The Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- The Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- The Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
| | - Thomas F. Westbrook
- Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
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1113
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Lebovitz CB, Bortnik SB, Gorski SM. Here, there be dragons: charting autophagy-related alterations in human tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:1214-26. [PMID: 22253413 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (or autophagy) is a catabolic cellular process that is both homeostatic and stress adaptive. Normal cells rely on basal levels of autophagy to maintain cellular integrity (via turnover of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles) and increased levels of autophagy to buoy cell survival during various metabolic stresses (via nutrient and energy provision through lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components). Autophagy can function in both tumor suppression and tumor progression, and is under investigation in clinical trials as a novel target for anticancer therapy. However, its role in cancer pathogenesis has yet to be fully explored. In particular, it remains unknown whether in vitro observations will be applicable to human cancer patients. Another outstanding question is whether there exists tumor-specific selection for alterations in autophagy function. In this review, we survey reported mutations in autophagy genes and key autophagy regulators identified in human tumor samples and summarize the literature regarding expression levels of autophagy genes and proteins in various cancer tissues. Although it is too early to draw inferences from this collection of in vivo studies of autophagy-related alterations in human cancers, their results highlight the challenges that must be overcome before we can accurately assess the scope of autophagy's predicted role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Lebovitz
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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1114
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Locasale JW, Melman T, Song S, Yang X, Swanson KD, Cantley LC, Wong ET, Asara JM. Metabolomics of human cerebrospinal fluid identifies signatures of malignant glioma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.014688. [PMID: 22240505 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.014688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is routinely collected for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with neurological malignancies. However, little is known as to how its constituents may change in a patient when presented with a malignant glioma. Here, we used a targeted mass-spectrometry based metabolomics platform using selected reaction monitoring with positive/negative switching and profiled the relative levels of over 124 polar metabolites present in patient cerebrospinal fluid. We analyzed the metabolic profiles from 10 patients presenting malignant gliomas and seven control patients that did not present malignancy to test whether a small sample size could provide statistically significant signatures. We carried out multiple unbiased forms of classification using a series of unsupervised techniques and identified metabolic signatures that distinguish malignant glioma patients from the control patients. One subtype identified contained metabolites enriched in citric acid cycle components. Newly diagnosed patients segregated into a different subtype and exhibited low levels of metabolites involved in tryptophan metabolism, which may indicate the absence of an inflammatory signature. Together our results provide the first global assessment of the polar metabolic composition in cerebrospinal fluid that accompanies malignancy, and demonstrate that data obtained from high throughput mass spectrometry technology may have suitable predictive capabilities for the identification of biomarkers and classification of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Locasale
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
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1115
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Tognon CE, Sorensen PHB. Targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:33-48. [PMID: 22239439 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.638626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The IGF system controls growth, differentiation, and development at the cellular, organ and organismal levels. IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling is dysregulated in many cancers. Numerous clinical trials are currently assessing therapies that inhibit either growth factor binding or IGF1R itself. Therapeutic benefit, often in the form of stable disease, has been reported for many different cancer types. AREAS COVERED Canonical IGF signaling and non-canonical pathways involved in carcinogenesis. Three recent insights into IGF1R signaling, namely hybrid receptor formation with insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 nuclear translocation, and evidence for IGF1R/INSR as dependence receptors. Different approaches to targeting IGF1R and mechanisms of acquired resistance. Possible mechanisms by which IGF1R signaling supports carcinogenesis and specific examples in different human tumors. EXPERT OPINION Pre-clinical data justifies IGF1R as a target and early clinical trials have shown modest efficacy in selected tumor types. Future work will focus upon assessing the usefulness or disadvantages of simultaneously targeting the IGF1R and INSR, biomarker development to identify potentially responsive patients, and the use of IGF1R inhibitors in combination therapies or as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Tognon
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre , Department of Molecular Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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1116
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Bianchi L, Bruzzese F, Leone A, Gagliardi A, Puglia M, Di Gennaro E, Rocco M, Gimigliano A, Pucci B, Armini A, Bini L, Budillon A. Proteomic analysis identifies differentially expressed proteins after HDAC vorinostat and EGFR inhibitor gefitinib treatments in Hep-2 cancer cells. Proteomics 2012; 11:3725-42. [PMID: 21761561 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several solid tumors are characterized by poor prognosis and few effective treatment options, other than palliative chemotherapy in the recurrent/metastatic setting. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been considered an important anticancer target because it is involved in the development and progression of several solid tumors; however, only a subset of patients show a clinically meaningful response to EGFR inhibition, particularly to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib. We have recently demonstrated synergistic antitumor effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat combined with gefitinib. To further characterize the interaction between these two agents, cellular extracts from Hep-2 cancer cells that were untreated or treated for 24 h with either vorinostat or gefitinib alone or with a vorinostat/gefitinib combination were analyzed using 2-D DIGE. Software analysis using DeCyder was performed, and numerous differentially expressed protein spots were visualized between the four examined settings. Using MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-Ion trap MS/MS, several differentially expressed proteins were identified; some of these were validated by Western blotting. Finally, a pathway analysis of experimental data performed using MetaCore highlighted a relevant relationship between the identified proteins and additional potential effectors. In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive analysis of proteins regulated by vorinostat and gefitinib, alone and in combination, providing a useful insight into their mechanisms of action as well as their synergistic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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1117
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Abstract
The mechanisms that drive normal B cell differentiation and activation are frequently subverted by B cell lymphomas for their unlimited growth and survival. B cells are particularly prone to malignant transformation because the machinery used for antibody diversification can cause chromosomal translocations and oncogenic mutations. The advent of functional and structural genomics has greatly accelerated our understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in lymphomagenesis. The signaling pathways that normal B cells utilize to sense antigens are frequently derailed in B cell malignancies, leading to constitutive activation of prosurvival pathways. These malignancies co-opt transcriptional regulatory systems that characterize their normal B cell counterparts and frequently alter epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression. These mechanistic insights are ushering in an era of targeted therapies for these cancers based on the principles of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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1118
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Thresholds of replication stress signaling in cancer development and treatment. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:5-7. [PMID: 22218289 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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1119
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Cheng YK, Beroukhim R, Levine RL, Mellinghoff IK, Holland EC, Michor F. A mathematical methodology for determining the temporal order of pathway alterations arising during gliomagenesis. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002337. [PMID: 22241976 PMCID: PMC3252265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells. Of special importance are changes that occur early during malignant transformation because they may result in oncogene addiction and thus represent promising targets for therapeutic intervention. We have previously described a computational approach, called Retracing the Evolutionary Steps in Cancer (RESIC), to determine the temporal sequence of genetic alterations during tumorigenesis from cross-sectional genomic data of tumors at their fully transformed stage. Since alterations within a set of genes belonging to a particular signaling pathway may have similar or equivalent effects, we applied a pathway-based systems biology approach to the RESIC methodology. This method was used to determine whether alterations of specific pathways develop early or late during malignant transformation. When applied to primary glioblastoma (GBM) copy number data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, RESIC identified a temporal order of pathway alterations consistent with the order of events in secondary GBMs. We then further subdivided the samples into the four main GBM subtypes and determined the relative contributions of each subtype to the overall results: we found that the overall ordering applied for the proneural subtype but differed for mesenchymal samples. The temporal sequence of events could not be identified for neural and classical subtypes, possibly due to a limited number of samples. Moreover, for samples of the proneural subtype, we detected two distinct temporal sequences of events: (i) RAS pathway activation was followed by TP53 inactivation and finally PI3K2 activation, and (ii) RAS activation preceded only AKT activation. This extension of the RESIC methodology provides an evolutionary mathematical approach to identify the temporal sequence of pathway changes driving tumorigenesis and may be useful in guiding the understanding of signaling rearrangements in cancer development. Cancer is a deadly disease that develops through the accumulation of genetic changes over time. Many biological models do not incorporate this temporal aspect of tumor formation and progression, in part due to the difficulty of determining the sequence of events through biological experimentation for most cancer types. We previously developed a computational algorithm with which we can quickly and cost-effectively determine the order in which mutations arise in the tumor even when large numbers of mutations are considered. In this paper, we extended our method to incorporate biological knowledge of the common pathways by which cancer progresses. We applied these techniques to primary glioblastoma, the most common form of brain cancer. We found that when all samples are taken into account, a temporal sequence of pathway events emerges; however, different subtypes of glioblastoma vary in their temporal sequence of events. This algorithm can also be easily applied to other cancer types as clinical data becomes available, showing the benefit of computational and mathematical tools in cancer research. Using temporal information, cancer biologists will be able to develop more accurate animal models of tumor formation and learn more about how mutations interact in time, thus leading to better treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kang Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, and Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ross L. Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ingo K. Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1120
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Fabbro D, Cowan-Jacob SW, Möbitz H, Martiny-Baron G. Targeting cancer with small-molecular-weight kinase inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 795:1-34. [PMID: 21960212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-337-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein and lipid kinases fulfill essential roles in many signaling pathways that regulate normal cell functions. Deregulation of these kinase activities lead to a variety of pathologies ranging from cancer to inflammatory diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, cell growth and survival. 518 protein kinases and about 20 lipid-modifying kinases are encoded by the human genome, and a much larger proportion of additional kinases are present in parasite, bacterial, fungal, and viral genomes that are susceptible to exploitation as drug targets. Since many human diseases result from overactivation of protein and lipid kinases due to mutations and/or overexpression, this enzyme class represents an important target for the pharmaceutical industry. Approximately one third of all protein targets under investigation in the pharmaceutical industry are protein or lipid kinases.The kinase inhibitors that have been launched, thus far, are mainly in oncology indications and are directed against a handful of protein and lipid kinases. With one exception, all of these registered kinase inhibitors are directed toward the ATP-site and display different selectivities, potencies, and pharmacokinetic properties. At present, about 150 kinase-targeted drugs are in clinical development and many more in various stages of preclinical development. Kinase inhibitor drugs that are in clinical trials target all stages of signal transduction from the receptor protein tyrosine kinases that initiate intracellular signaling, through second-messenger-dependent lipid and protein kinases, and protein kinases that regulate the cell cycle.This review provides an insight into protein and lipid kinase drug discovery with respect to achievements, binding modes of inhibitors, and novel avenues for the generation of second-generation kinase inhibitors to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriano Fabbro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Expertise Platform Kinases, Basel, Switzerland.
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1121
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Morandell S, Yaffe MB. Exploiting synthetic lethal interactions between DNA damage signaling, checkpoint control, and p53 for targeted cancer therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 110:289-314. [PMID: 22749150 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387665-2.00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage signaling and checkpoint control pathways are among the most commonly mutated networks in human tumors. Emerging data suggest that synthetic lethal interactions between mutated oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes with molecules involved in the DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways can be therapeutically exploited to preferentially kill cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the concept of synthetic lethality with a focus on p53, a commonly lost tumor suppressor gene, in the context of DNA damage signaling. We describe several recent examples in which this concept was successfully applied to target tumor cells in culture or in mouse models, as well as in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Morandell
- Department of Biology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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1122
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Wang CC, Jamal L, Janes KA. Normal morphogenesis of epithelial tissues and progression of epithelial tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 4:51-78. [PMID: 21898857 PMCID: PMC3242861 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells organize into various tissue architectures that largely maintain their structure throughout the life of an organism. For decades, the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues has fascinated scientists at the interface of cell, developmental, and molecular biology. Systems biology offers ways to combine knowledge from these disciplines by building integrative models that are quantitative and predictive. Can such models be useful for gaining a deeper understanding of epithelial morphogenesis? Here, we take inventory of some recurring themes in epithelial morphogenesis that systems approaches could strive to capture. Predictive understanding of morphogenesis at the systems level would prove especially valuable for diseases such as cancer, where epithelial tissue architecture is profoundly disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Leen Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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1123
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Abstract
RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, and poliovirus replicate with very high mutation rates and exhibit very high genetic diversity. The extremely high genetic diversity of RNA virus populations originates that they replicate as complex mutant spectra known as viral quasispecies. The quasispecies dynamics of RNA viruses are closely related to viral pathogenesis and disease, and antiviral treatment strategies. Over the past several decades, the quasispecies concept has been expanded to provide an adequate framework to explain complex behavior of RNA virus populations. Recently, the quasispecies concept has been used to study other complex biological systems, such as tumor cells, bacteria, and prions. Here, we focus on some questions regarding viral and theoretical quasispecies concepts, as well as more practical aspects connected to pathogenesis and resistance to antiviral treatments. A better knowledge of virus diversification and evolution may be critical in preventing and treating the spread of pathogenic viruses.
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1124
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1125
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Li C, Ruan HQ, Liu YS, Xu MJ, Dai J, Sheng QH, Tan YX, Yao ZZ, Wang HY, Wu JR, Zeng R. Quantitative Proteomics Reveal up-regulated Protein Expression of the SET Complex Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:871-85. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Meng-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Quan-Hu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ye-Xiong Tan
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No. 225, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, No. 225, Changhai Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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1126
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Couto SS, Bolon B, Cardiff RD. Morphologic manifestations of gene-specific molecular alterations ("genetic addictions") in mouse models of disease. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:116-29. [PMID: 22173978 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasia in both animals and humans results in part from lasting activation of tumor-promoting genes ("oncogenes") or diminished function of genes responsible for preventing neoplastic induction ("tumor suppressor genes"). The concept of "genetic addiction" has emerged to indicate that neoplastic cells cannot maintain a malignant phenotype without sustained genotypic abnormalities related to aberrant activity of oncogene(s) and/or inactivity of tumor suppressor gene(s). Interestingly, some genetic abnormalities reliably produce distinct morphologic patterns that can be used as structural signatures indicating the presence of a specific molecular alteration. Examples of such consistent genetic/microanatomic pairings have been identified for mutated oncogenes, such as rising mucin-producing capacity with RAS overexpression, and mutated tumor suppressor genes-including PTEN eliciting cell hypertrophy, RB1 dictating neuroendocrine differentiation, and TRP53 encouraging sarcomatous transformation. Familiarity with the concept of genetic addiction, as well as the ability to recognize such regular genomic-phenotypic relationships, are of paramount importance for comparative pathologists who are engaged in phenotyping genetically engineered mice to help unravel genomic intricacies in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Couto
- University of California–Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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1127
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Aziz K, Nowsheen S, Pantelias G, Iliakis G, Gorgoulis VG, Georgakilas AG. Targeting DNA damage and repair: embracing the pharmacological era for successful cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:334-50. [PMID: 22197993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA is under constant assault from genotoxic agents which creates different kinds of DNA damage. The precise replication of the genome and the continuous surveillance of its integrity are critical for survival and the avoidance of carcinogenesis. Cells have evolved an arsenal of repair pathways and cell cycle checkpoints to detect and repair DNA damage. When repair fails, typically cell cycle progression is halted and apoptosis is initiated. Here, we review the different sources and types of DNA damage including DNA replication stress and oxidative stress, the repair pathways that cells utilize to repair damaged DNA, and discuss their biological significance, especially with reference to cancer induction and cancer therapy. We also describe the main methodologies currently used for the detection of DNA damage with their strengths and limitations. We conclude with an outline as to how this information can be used to identify novel pharmacological targets for DNA repair pathways or enhancers of DNA damage to develop improved treatment strategies that will benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aziz
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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1128
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Chen DY, Lee Y, Van Tine BA, Searleman AC, Westergard TD, Liu H, Tu HC, Takeda S, Dong Y, Piwnica-Worms DR, Oh KJ, Korsmeyer SJ, Hermone A, Gussio R, Shoemaker RH, Cheng EHY, Hsieh JJD. A pharmacologic inhibitor of the protease Taspase1 effectively inhibits breast and brain tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 72:736-46. [PMID: 22166309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The threonine endopeptidase Taspase1 has a critical role in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated small molecule inhibitors of Taspase1 as a new candidate class of therapeutic modalities. Genetic deletion of Taspase1 in the mouse produced no overt deficiencies, suggesting the possibility of a wide therapeutic index for use of Taspase1 inhibitors in cancers. We defined the peptidyl motifs recognized by Taspase1 and conducted a cell-based dual-fluorescent proteolytic screen of the National Cancer Institute diversity library to identify Taspase1 inhibitors (TASPIN). On the basis of secondary and tertiary screens the 4-[(4-arsonophenyl)methyl]phenyl] arsonic acid NSC48300 was determined to be the most specific active compound. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated a crucial role for the arsenic acid moiety in mediating Taspase1 inhibition. Additional fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based kinetic analysis characterized NSC48300 as a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of Taspase1 (K(i) = 4.22 μmol/L). In the MMTV-neu mouse model of breast cancer and the U251 xenograft model of brain cancer, NSC48300 produced effective tumor growth inhibition. Our results offer an initial preclinical proof-of-concept to develop TASPINs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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1129
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Exploiting oncogene-induced replicative stress for the selective killing of Myc-driven tumors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1331-1335. [PMID: 22120667 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced replicative stress activates an Atr- and Chk1-dependent response, which has been proposed to be widespread in tumors. We explored whether the presence of replicative stress could be exploited for the selective elimination of cancer cells. To this end, we evaluated the impact of targeting the replicative stress-response on cancer development. In mice (Mus musculus), the reduced levels of Atr found on a mouse model of the Atr-Seckel syndrome completely prevented the development of Myc-induced lymphomas or pancreatic tumors, both of which showed abundant levels of replicative stress. Moreover, Chk1 inhibitors were highly effective in killing Myc-driven lymphomas. By contrast, pancreatic adenocarcinomas initiated by K-Ras(G12V) showed no detectable evidence of replicative stress and were nonresponsive to this therapy. Besides its impact on cancer, Myc overexpression aggravated the phenotypes of Atr-Seckel mice, revealing that oncogenes can modulate the severity of replicative stress-associated diseases.
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1130
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Skrtic et al. demonstrate that inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes with tigecycline, a known antimicrobial, selectively kills leukemia cells. This finding highlights the metabolic susceptibility of leukemia cells to mitochondrial translational inhibition and identifies a compound with significant efficacy in an in vivo preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Järås
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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1131
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Liu X, Qi W, Cooke LS, Kithsiri Wijeratne EM, Xu YM, Marron MT, Leslie Gunatilaka AA, Mahadevan D. An Analog of Withaferin A Activates the MAPK and Glutathione “Stress” Pathways and Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Proliferation. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:668-75. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.626478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1132
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Grunewald TGP, Diebold I, Esposito I, Plehm S, Hauer K, Thiel U, da Silva-Buttkus P, Neff F, Unland R, Müller-Tidow C, Zobywalski C, Lohrig K, Lewandrowski U, Sickmann A, Prazeres da Costa O, Görlach A, Cossarizza A, Butt E, Richter GHS, Burdach S. STEAP1 is associated with the invasive and oxidative stress phenotype of Ewing tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:52-65. [PMID: 22080479 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ewing tumors comprise the second most common type of bone-associated cancer in children and are characterized by oncogenic EWS/FLI1 fusion proteins and early metastasis. Compelling evidence suggests that elevated levels of intracellular oxidative stress contribute to enhanced aggressiveness of numerous cancers, possibly including Ewing tumors. Using comprehensive microarray analyses and RNA interference, we identified the six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1)-a membrane-bound mesenchymal stem cell marker of unknown function-as a highly expressed protein in Ewing tumors compared with benign tissues and show its regulation by EWS/FLI1. In addition, we show that STEAP1 knockdown reduces Ewing tumor proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation as well as invasion in vitro and decreases growth and metastasis of Ewing tumor xenografts in vivo. Moreover, transcriptome and proteome analyses as well as functional studies revealed that STEAP1 expression correlates with oxidative stress responses and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species that in turn are able to regulate redox-sensitive and proinvasive genes. In synopsis, our data suggest that STEAP1 is associated with the invasive behavior and oxidative stress phenotype of Ewing tumors and point to a hitherto unanticipated oncogenic function of STEAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G P Grunewald
- Children's Cancer Research and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Germany.
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1133
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Abstract
KRAS is a potent oncogene and is mutated in about 30% of all human cancers. However, the biological context of KRAS-dependent oncogenesis is poorly understood. Genetically engineered mouse models of cancer provide invaluable tools to study the oncogenic process, and insights from KRAS-driven models have significantly increased our understanding of the genetic, cellular, and tissue contexts in which KRAS is competent for oncogenesis. Moreover, variation among tumors arising in mouse models can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying response or resistance to therapy in KRAS-dependent cancers. Hence, it is essential that models of KRAS-driven cancers accurately reflect the genetics of human tumors and recapitulate the complex tumor-stromal intercommunication that is manifest in human cancers. Here, we highlight the progress made in modeling KRAS-dependent cancers and the impact that these models have had on our understanding of cancer biology. In particular, the development of models that recapitulate the complex biology of human cancers enables translational insights into mechanisms of therapeutic intervention in KRAS-dependent cancers.
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1134
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Wang QZ, Lv YH, Gong YH, Li ZF, Xu W, Diao Y, Xu R. Double-stranded Let-7 mimics, potential candidates for cancer gene therapy. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 68:107-19. [PMID: 22065350 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, single-stranded endogenous RNAs, act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The ability of one single miRNA regulating multiple functionally related mRNAs makes it a new potential candidate for cancer gene therapy. Let-7s miRNAs have been demonstrated as tumor-suppressor genes in various types of cancers, providing one choice of gene therapy by replenishing this miRNA. In the present studies, we demonstrate that the chemically synthesized, double-stranded Let-7 mimics can inhibit the growth and migration and induce the cell cycle arrest of lung cancer cell lines in vitro. Let-7 mimics silence gene expression by binding to the 3' UTR of targeting mRNAs. Mutation of seed sequence significantly depresses the gene silencing activity of Let-7 mimics. Our results also demonstrate that it is possible to increase the activity of Let-7s through mutating the sequence within the 3'end of the antisense strand. Directly, co-transfection Let-7 mimics with active siRNAs impairs the anti-cancer activities of Let-7 mimics. However, a 3-h interval between the introduction of Let-7 mimics and a kind of siRNA avoids the competition and enhances the anti-cancer activities of Let-7 mimics. Taken together, these results have revealed that Let-7s mimics are potential candidates for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-zhao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China 362021
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1135
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Prakash S, Malhotra M, Shao W, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Abbasi S. Polymeric nanohybrids and functionalized carbon nanotubes as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1340-51. [PMID: 21756952 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The scope of nanotechnology to develop target specific carriers to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy is gaining importance in the pharmaceutical and other industries. Specifically, the emergence of nanohybrid materials is posed to edge over chemotherapy and radiation therapy as cancer therapeutics. This is primarily because nanohybrid materials engage controlled production parameters in the making of engineered particles with specific size, shape, and other essential properties. It is widely expressed that these materials will significantly contribute to the next generation of medical care technology and pharmaceuticals in areas of disease diagnosis, disease prevention and many other treatment procedures. This review focuses on the currently used nanohybrid materials, polymeric nanoparticles and nanotubes, which show great potential as effective drug delivery systems for cancer therapy, as they can be grafted with cell-specific receptors and intracellular targeting molecules for the targeted delivery of therapeutics. Specifically, this article focuses on the current status, recent advancements, potentials and limitations of polymeric nanohybrids and functionalized carbon nanotubes as drug delivery carriers.
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1136
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High levels of nuclear heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18378-83. [PMID: 22042860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1115031108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular response to heat and a wide variety of other stressors. We previously reported that HSF1 promotes the survival and proliferation of malignant cells. At this time, however, the clinical and prognostic significance of HSF1 in cancer is unknown. To address this issue breast cancer samples from 1,841 participants in the Nurses' Health Study were scored for levels of nuclear HSF1. Associations of HSF1 status with clinical parameters and survival outcomes were investigated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. The associations were further delineated by Kaplan-Meier analysis using publicly available mRNA expression data. Our results show that nuclear HSF1 levels were elevated in ∼80% of in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. In invasive carcinomas, HSF1 expression was associated with high histologic grade, larger tumor size, and nodal involvement at diagnosis (P < 0.0001). By using multivariate analysis to account for the effects of covariates, high HSF1 levels were found to be independently associated with increased mortality (hazards ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-2.17; P < 0.0013). This association was seen in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive population (hazards ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.45-3.03; P < 0.0001). In public expression profiling data, high HSF1 mRNA levels were also associated with an increase in ER-positive breast cancer-specific mortality. We conclude that increased HSF1 is associated with reduced breast cancer survival. The findings indicate that HSF1 should be evaluated prospectively as an independent prognostic indicator in ER-positive breast cancer. HSF1 may ultimately be a useful therapeutic target in cancer.
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1137
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Cardiff RD, Couto S, Bolon B. Three interrelated themes in current breast cancer research: gene addiction, phenotypic plasticity, and cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:216. [PMID: 22067349 PMCID: PMC3262190 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand breast cancer biology involve three interrelated themes that are founded on a combination of clinical and experimental observations. The central concept is gene addiction. The clinical dilemma is the escape from gene addiction, which is mediated, in part, by phenotypic plasticity as exemplified by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Finally, cancer stem cells are now recognized as the basis for minimal residual disease and malignant progression over time. These themes cooperate in breast cancer, as induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances self-renewal and expression of cancer stem cells, which are believed to facilitate tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suzana Couto
- Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath, Inc., 2867 Humboldt Cir., Longmont, CO 80503, USA
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1138
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Zorzi E, Bonvini P. Inducible hsp70 in the regulation of cancer cell survival: analysis of chaperone induction, expression and activity. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3921-56. [PMID: 24213118 PMCID: PMC3763403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3043921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that control stress is central to realize how cells respond to environmental and physiological insults. All the more important is to reveal how tumour cells withstand their harsher growth conditions and cope with drug-induced apoptosis, since resistance to chemotherapy is the foremost complication when curing cancer. Intensive research on tumour biology over the past number of years has provided significant insights into the molecular events that occur during oncogenesis, and resistance to anti-cancer drugs has been shown to often rely on stress response and expression of inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, with respect to the mechanisms guarding cancer cells against proteotoxic stresses and the modulatory effects that allow their survival, much remains to be defined. Heat shock proteins are molecules responsible for folding newly synthesized polypeptides under physiological conditions and misfolded proteins under stress, but their role in maintaining the transformed phenotype often goes beyond their conventional chaperone activity. Expression of inducible HSPs is known to correlate with limited sensitivity to apoptosis induced by diverse cytotoxic agents and dismal prognosis of several tumour types, however whether cancer cells survive because of the constitutive expression of heat shock proteins or the ability to induce them when adapting to the hostile microenvironment remains to be elucidated. Clear is that tumours appear nowadays more "addicted" to heat shock proteins than previously envisaged, and targeting HSPs represents a powerful approach and a future challenge for sensitizing tumours to therapy. This review will focus on the anti-apoptotic role of heat shock 70kDa protein (Hsp70), and how regulatory factors that control inducible Hsp70 synthesis, expression and activity may be relevant for response to stress and survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Zorzi
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Paolo Bonvini
- OncoHematology Clinic of Pediatrics, University-Hospital of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; E-Mail:
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, 36030 Monte di Malo, Vicenza, Italy
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1139
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1140
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Sedlmaier A, Wernert N, Gallitzendörfer R, Abouzied MM, Gieselmann V, Franken S. Overexpression of hepatoma-derived growth factor in melanocytes does not lead to oncogenic transformation. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:457. [PMID: 22014102 PMCID: PMC3213223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDGF is a growth factor which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumors. Importantly, expression levels were identified as a prognostic marker in some types of cancer such as melanoma. METHODS To investigate the presumed oncogenic/transforming capacity of HDGF, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing HDGF in melanocytes. These mice were bred with mice heterozygous for a defective copy of the Ink4a tumor suppressor gene and were exposed to UV light to increase the risk for tumor development both genetically and physiochemically. Mice were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, primary melanocytes were isolated from different strains created. RESULTS Transgenic animals overexpressed HDGF in hair follicle melanocytes. Interestingly, primary melanocytes isolated from transgenic animals were not able to differentiate in vitro whereas cells isolated from wild type and HDGF-deficient animals were. Although, HDGF-/-/Ink4a+/- mice displayed an increased number of epidermoid cysts after exposure to UV light, no melanomas or premelanocytic alterations could be detected in this mouse model. CONCLUSIONS The results therefore provide no evidence that HDGF has a transforming capacity in tumor development. Our results in combination with previous findings point to a possible role in cell differentiation and suggest that HDGF promotes tumor progression after secondary upregulation and may represent another protein fitting into the concept of non-oncogene addiction of tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sedlmaier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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1141
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Abstract
Abstract
We reported that the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell–based vaccination is strongly associated with immunologic responses in relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) patients. We have now investigated whether postvaccination antibodies from responders recognize novel shared NHL-restricted antigens. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry showed that they cross-react with allogeneic B-NHLs at significantly higher levels than their matched prevaccination samples or nonresponders' antibodies. Western blot analysis of DOHH-2 lymphoma proteome revealed a sharp band migrating at approximately 100 to 110 kDa only with postvaccine repertoires from responders. Mass spectrometry identified heat shock protein-105 (HSP105) in that molecular weight interval. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry disclosed HSP105 on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of B-NHL cell lines and 97 diagnostic specimens. A direct correlation between HSP105 expression and lymphoma aggressiveness was also apparent. Treatment of aggressive human B-NHL cell lines with an anti-HSP105 antibody had no direct effects on cell cycle or apoptosis but significantly reduced the tumor burden in xenotransplanted immunodeficient mice. In vivo antilymphoma activity of HSP105 engagement was associated with a significant local increase of Granzyme B+ killer cells that very likely contributed to the tumor-restricted necrosis. Our study adds HSP105 to the list of nononcogenes that can be exploited as antilymphoma targets.
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1142
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Contributions of the Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 protein to gastric carcinoma. J Virol 2011; 86:60-8. [PMID: 22013060 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05623-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas (GC) are comprised of cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); however, the mechanism by which EBV contributes to the development of this malignancy is unclear. We have investigated the cellular effects of the only EBV nuclear protein expressed in GC, EBNA1, focusing on promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs), which play important roles in apoptosis, p53 activation, and tumor suppression. AGS GC cells infected with EBV were found to contain fewer PML NBs and less PML protein than the parental EBV-negative AGS cells, and these levels were restored by silencing EBNA1. Conversely, EBNA1 expression was sufficient to induce the loss of PML NBs and proteins in AGS cells. Consistent with PML functions, EBNA1 expression decreased p53 activation and apoptosis in response to DNA damage and resulted in increased cell survival. In addition, EBNA1 mutants unable to bind CK2 kinase or ubiquitin-specific protease 7 had decreased ability to induce PML loss and to interfere with p53 activation. PML levels in EBV-positive and EBV-negative GC biopsy specimens were then compared by immunohistochemistry. Consistent with the results in the AGS cells, EBV-positive tumors had significantly lower PML levels than EBV-negative tumors. The results indicate that EBV infection of GC cells leads to loss of PML NBs through the action of EBNA1, resulting in impaired responses to DNA damage and promotion of cell survival. Therefore, PML disruption by EBNA1 is one mechanism by which EBV may contribute to the development of gastric cancer.
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1143
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Kasparek TR, Humphrey TC. DNA double-strand break repair pathways, chromosomal rearrangements and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:886-97. [PMID: 22027614 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements, which can lead to oncogene activation and tumour suppressor loss, are a hallmark of cancer cells. Such outcomes can result from both the repair and misrepair of DNA ends, which arise from a variety of lesions including DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), collapsed replication forks and dysfunctional telomeres. Here we review the mechanisms by which non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways can both promote chromosomal rearrangements and also suppress them in response to such lesions, in accordance with their increasingly recognised tumour suppressor function. Further, we consider how chromosomal rearrangements, together with a modular approach towards understanding their etiology, may be exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben R Kasparek
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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1144
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Abstract
The transcription factor Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is critical for the earliest steps of hematopoiesis. RUNX1 was originally identified as a gene fusion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and thus has garnered heavy attention as a tumor suppressor in hematopoietic malignancies. However, RUNX1 is also strongly expressed in breast epithelia and may be misregulated during tumorigenesis. Here, I discuss our recent work implicating RUNX1 in proliferation control during breast epithelial-acinar morphogenesis. My goal is to place these findings in the context of a handful of other reports, which together argue that RUNX1 could act as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. Testing this hypothesis requires focused in vivo studies, because the major commercial platform for global mRNA expression profiling does not reliably reflect RUNX1 levels. Our in vitro results indicate that hyperproliferation in RUNX1-deficient breast epithelia relies on another family of transcription factors, the Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins. FOXOs could, therefore, represent a synthetic-lethal target for RUNX1-deficient tumors if the hypothesized link to breast cancer is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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1145
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Liu XS, Song B, Elzey BD, Ratliff TL, Konieczny SF, Cheng L, Ahmad N, Liu X. Polo-like kinase 1 facilitates loss of Pten tumor suppressor-induced prostate cancer formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35795-35800. [PMID: 21890624 PMCID: PMC3195584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c111.269050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor Pten (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is thought to mediate the majority of prostate cancers, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that Pten-depleted cells suffer from mitotic stress and that nuclear function of Pten, but not its phosphatase activity, is required to reverse this stress phenotype. Further, depletion of Pten results in elevated expression of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a critical regulator of the cell cycle. We show that overexpression of Plk1 correlates with genetic inactivation of Pten during prostate neoplasia formation. Significantly, we find that elevated Plk1 is critical for Pten-depleted cells to adapt to mitotic stress for survival and that reintroduction of wild-type Pten into Pten-null prostate cancer cells reduces the survival dependence on Plk1. We further show that Plk1 confers the tumorigenic competence of Pten-deleted prostate cancer cells in a mouse xenograft model. These findings identify a role of Plk1 in facilitating loss of Pten-induced prostate cancer formation, which suggests that Plk1 might be a promising target for prostate cancer patients with inactivating Pten mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shawn Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Bing Song
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Stephen F Konieczny
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.
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1146
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Pabla N, Dong G, Jiang M, Huang S, Kumar MV, Messing RO, Dong Z. Inhibition of PKCδ reduces cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without blocking chemotherapeutic efficacy in mouse models of cancer. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2709-22. [PMID: 21633170 DOI: 10.1172/jci45586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used cancer therapy drug that unfortunately has major side effects in normal tissues, notably nephrotoxicity in kidneys. Despite intensive research, the mechanism of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity remains unclear, and renoprotective approaches during cisplatin-based chemotherapy are lacking. Here we have identified PKCδ as a critical regulator of cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which can be effectively targeted for renoprotection during chemotherapy. We showed that early during cisplatin nephrotoxicity, Src interacted with, phosphorylated, and activated PKCδ in mouse kidney lysates. After activation, PKCδ regulated MAPKs, but not p53, to induce renal cell apoptosis. Thus, inhibition of PKCδ pharmacologically or genetically attenuated kidney cell apoptosis and tissue damage, preserving renal function during cisplatin treatment. Conversely, inhibition of PKCδ enhanced cisplatin-induced cell death in multiple cancer cell lines and, remarkably, enhanced the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin in several xenograft and syngeneic mouse tumor models while protecting kidneys from nephrotoxicity. Together these results demonstrate a role of PKCδ in cisplatin nephrotoxicity and support targeting PKCδ as an effective strategy for renoprotection during cisplatin-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjotsingh Pabla
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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1147
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Trembley JH, Unger GM, Korman VL, Tobolt DK, Kazimierczuk Z, Pinna LA, Kren BT, Ahmed K. Nanoencapsulated anti-CK2 small molecule drug or siRNA specifically targets malignant cancer but not benign cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 315:48-58. [PMID: 22050909 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CK2, a pleiotropic Ser/Thr kinase, is an important target for cancer therapy. We tested our novel tenfibgen-based nanocapsule for delivery of the inhibitor 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole (DMAT) and an siRNA directed against both CK2α and α' catalytic subunits to prostate cancer cells. We present data on the TBG nanocapsule itself and on CK2 inhibition or downregulation in treated cells, including effects on Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. By direct comparison of two CK2-directed cargos, our data provide proof that the TBG encapsulation design for delivery of drugs specifically to cancer cells has strong potential for small molecule- and nucleic acid-based cancer therapy.
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1148
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Locasale JW, Cantley LC. Metabolic flux and the regulation of mammalian cell growth. Cell Metab 2011; 14:443-51. [PMID: 21982705 PMCID: PMC3196640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of normal mammalian cell growth and the defects that contribute to disease pathogenesis links metabolism to cell growth. Here, we visit several aspects of growth-promoting metabolism, emphasizing recent advances in our understanding of how alterations in glucose metabolism affect cytosolic and mitochondrial redox potential and ATP generation. These alterations drive cell proliferation not only through supporting biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and maintaining redox potential but also through initiating signaling mechanisms that are still poorly characterized. The evolutionary basis of these additional layers of growth control is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Locasale
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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1149
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Fiskus W, Verstovsek S, Manshouri T, Rao R, Balusu R, Venkannagari S, Rao NN, Ha K, Smith JE, Hembruff SL, Abhyankar S, McGuirk J, Bhalla KN. Heat shock protein 90 inhibitor is synergistic with JAK2 inhibitor and overcomes resistance to JAK2-TKI in human myeloproliferative neoplasm cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7347-58. [PMID: 21976548 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the activity of hsp90 inhibitor, and/or Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), against JAK2-V617F-expressing cultured mouse (Ba/F3-JAK2-V617F) and human (HEL92.1.7 and UKE-1) or primary human CD34(+) myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Following exposure to the hsp90 inhibitor AUY922 and/or JAK2-TKI TG101209, the levels of JAK2-V617F, its downstream signaling proteins, as well as apoptosis were determined. RESULTS Treatment with AUY922 induced proteasomal degradation and depletion of JAK2-V617F as well as attenuated the signaling proteins downstream of JAK2-V617F, that is, phospho (p)-STAT5, p-AKT, and p-ERK1/2. AUY922 treatment also induced apoptosis of HEL92.1.7, UKE-1, and Ba/F3-hJAK2-V617F cells. Combined treatment with AUY922 and TG101209 caused greater depletion of the signaling proteins than either agent alone and synergistically induced apoptosis of HEL92.1.7 and UKE-1 cells. Cotreatment with AUY922 and TG101209 also induced significantly more apoptosis of human CD34(+) MPN than normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. As compared with the sensitive controls, JAK2-TKI-resistant HEL/TGR and UKE-1/TGR cells exhibited significantly higher IC(50) values for JAK2-TKI (P < 0.001), which was associated with higher expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT5, p-AKT, and Bcl-xL, but reduced levels of BIM. Unlike the sensitive controls, HEL/TGR and UKE/TGR cells were collaterally sensitive to the hsp90 inhibitors AUY922 and 17-AAG, accompanied by marked reduction in p-JAK2, p-STAT5, p-AKT, and Bcl-xL, with concomitant induction of BIM. CONCLUSIONS Findings presented here show that cotreatment with hsp90 inhibitor and JAK2-TKI exerts synergistic activity against cultured and primary MPN cells. In addition, treatment with hsp90 inhibitor may overcome resistance to JAK2-TKI in human MPN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, USA
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1150
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Kimatrai M, Conejo-García A, Ramírez A, Andreolli E, Da Silveira-Gomes A, García MA, Aránega A, Marchal JA, Campos JM. Synthesis and anticancer activity of the (R,S)-benzofused 1,5-oxathiepine moiety tethered to purines through alkylidenoxy linkers. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1854-9. [PMID: 21796794 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the design, synthesis, and anticancer activity of a series of substituted (R,S)-9-[2- or 3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzoxathiepine-3-yloxy)alkyl]-9H-purines. Derivatives with propylenoxy-linked 2',6'-dichloro- and 6'-bromopurines are more active than their respective ethylenoxy-linked purine conjugates. On the other hand, the compound with a propylenoxy-linked 6'-chloropurine is nearly equipotent to the corresponding ethylenoxy-linked conjugate. Our results show that bromo- and chloropurine-conjugated benzoxathiepines containing a propylenoxy linker are able to inhibit PI3 kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, indicating that the activation of eIF2α, together with inhibition of the PI3K pathway, is the mechanism of action by which these compounds effect their antitumor activity in the MCF-7 cell line; apoptosis was induced in a p53-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Kimatrai
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada c/Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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