1201
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Palucha A, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands as possible anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:116-47. [PMID: 17582504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety represent a major problem. However, the current treatment of both groups of diseases is not satisfactory. As the glutamatergic system may play an important role in pathophysiology of both depression and anxiety, we decided to discuss the recent data on possible anxiolytic and/or antidepressant effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. Preclinical data indicated that antagonists of group I mGlu receptors, particularly antagonists of mGlu5 receptors, produced both anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects. Clinical data also demonstrated that mGlu5 receptor antagonist, fenobam, was an active anxiolytic drug. The anxiolytic effects exerted by mGlu5 receptor antagonists are profound, comparable with or stronger than those of benzodiazepines. However, the problem with the psychotomimetic activity of mGlu5 receptor antagonists and their possible influence on memory has to be further investigated. Among all mGlu receptor ligands, group II mGlu receptor agonists seem to be the drugs with the most promising therapeutic potential and a good safety profile. Animal studies showed anxiolytic-like effects of group II mGlu receptor agonists. Currently, group II mGlu receptor agonists are in phase III clinical trials for potential treatment of anxiety disorders. On the other hand, data has been accumulated, indicating that antagonists of group II mGlu receptors have an antidepressant potential. Group III mGlu receptor ligands represent the least investigated group of mGlu receptors. However, preclinical data also indicates that ligands of these receptors, both agonists and antagonists, may have an anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Palucha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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1202
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Cao L, Hudson CA, Moynihan JA. Chronic foot shock induces hyperactive behaviors and accompanying pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:63-74. [PMID: 17408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and accompanying physiological and immunological changes were investigated at various times during chronic irregular mild foot shock (CMFS) in adult male BALB/c mice. CMFS induced a significant hyperlocomotor activity in a familiar environment as well as increased consumption of chocolate milk (a favored drink) throughout the 5-week stress period. Unlike other chronic stress models, CMFS did not induce depressive-like behaviors. Hyperactivity was associated with transient elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-1beta) and IL-2 and more sustained (IL-10) or later (arginase activity) elevations in anti-inflammatory mediators in the spleen (serum levels below levels of detection) suggesting a transition from a pro-inflammatory state to an anti-inflammatory state during CMFS. Similar increases in brain levels of IL-2 and arginase activity were also detected and may contribute to CMFS-induced hyperactivity as both of these mediators have been shown to induce hyperactivity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that increased arginase activity has been documented during a stress paradigm. Altogether, the data indicate that CMFS induces behavioral changes distinct from other chronic stress models. CMFS is associated with multiple dynamic immunological changes, suggesting involvement of multiple factors in chronic stress-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Box PSYCH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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1203
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Pan Y, Kong LD, Li YC, Xia X, Kung HF, Jiang FX. Icariin from Epimedium brevicornum attenuates chronic mild stress-induced behavioral and neuroendocrinological alterations in male Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:130-40. [PMID: 17509675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mild stress (CMS) is suggested to produce abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Therefore, compound that attenuates the neuroendocrinological alterations may have potential as antidepressant. The behavioral and neuroendocrinological effects of icariin, a major constituent of flavonoids isolated from Epimedium brevicornum, were investigated in the CMS model of depression in male Wistar rats. CMS procedure caused an anhedonic state in rats resulted in increased corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations in dissected brain regions and serum, decreased total triiodothyronine (tT3) in serum with no significant changes in serum adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and thyroxine (tT4). Administration of icariin reversed CMS-induced sucrose intake reduction and CRF elevation. These results suggested that icariin possessed potent antidepressant-like activities which were at least in part mediated by improving the abnormalities in the HPA axis functions. However, we did not find a clear correlation between the HPT axis and icariin treatment in the CMS-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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1204
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Yu J, Liu Q, Wang YQ, Wang J, Li XY, Cao XD, Wu GC. Electroacupuncture combined with clomipramine enhances antidepressant effect in rodents. Neurosci Lett 2007; 421:5-9. [PMID: 17548153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and the potential additive or synergistic effects of EA and clomipramine (CLO, a tricyclic antidepressant) in the mouse forced swimming test (FST) and chronic mild stress (CMS) induced depression-model rats. The FST is an antidepressant screening procedure performed initially to observe the immediate effects of EA and/or CLO on the immobility time. CLO (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 60mg/kg intraperitoneally) were administered at 23, 6 and 1h respectively prior to each test. EA was given at the 'Bai-Hui' (Du 20) and unilateral 'An-Mian' (EX 17) acupoints 1h before each test. Immobility time was significantly reduced by EA and CLO at 2.5, 5, 10, 20 or 60mg/kg, respectively. EA combined with 2.5mg/kg CLO exhibited additive effects on the immobility time. In addition, rats were exposed chronically (1st-11th week) to a variety of mild unpredictable stressors. Depressed mood and anhedonia were recognized as a decrease in sucrose intake in the CMS rats. CLO at 2.5, 5mg/kg and EA at the same acupoints and parameters were administrated on the CMS rats once every other day for 6 weeks (5th-11th week). The intake of 1% sucrose solution was reduced by CMS, which was restored to normal level after 6 weeks treatment with 5mg/kg CLO or EA combined with 2.5mg/kg CLO. However, neither the sucrose intake nor the sucrose preference in the depressive rats was significantly changed by the treatment with EA or 2.5mg/kg CLO alone. These results demonstrated that EA combined with CLO at low doses has an additive or synergistic antidepressant action, and this combination may provide an effective strategy for depression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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1205
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Grønli J, Bramham C, Murison R, Kanhema T, Fiske E, Bjorvatn B, Ursin R, Portas CM. Chronic mild stress inhibits BDNF protein expression and CREB activation in the dentate gyrus but not in the hippocampus proper. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 85:842-9. [PMID: 17204313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is linked to development of depression and may trigger neurobiological changes underlying the disease. Downregulation of the secretory peptide brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the transcriptional regulator calcium/cyclic-AMP responsive binding protein (CREB) have been implicated in stress and depression-related pathology in animal studies. When animals are exposed to the chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol, multiple depression-like symptoms are observed. Here we investigated the effect of CMS on BDNF protein expression and CREB activation in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper. Rats exposed for 5 weeks to repeated, unpredictable, mild stressors showed reduced BDNF expression and inhibited phosphorylation of CREB (Ser-133) in the dentate gyrus (-25.0%+/-3.5% and -29.7+/-7.3%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed in the hippocampus proper. CMS-treated rats consumed less sucrose compared to control rats, indicating a state of anhedonia. Moreover, phospho-CREB levels in the dentate gyrus were positively correlated with the animals' sucrose intake at the end of the CMS protocol. These results couple chronic mild stress to a downregulation of CREB activity and BDNF protein expression specifically within the dentate gyrus and support the possibility that the BDNF-CREB system plays an important role in the response to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Grønli
- Department of Biomedicine, Section on Physiology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
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1206
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The wide spectrum of disruptions that characterizes depression and bipolar illness highlights the difficulties researchers are posed with as they try to mimic these disorders in the laboratory. Nonetheless, numerous attempts have been made to create rodent models of mood disorders, or at least models of the symptoms of depression and bipolar illness. Despite many advances, however, there are no satisfactory animal models available. The need for improved animal models for identifying new antidepressants and providing insights into the neuropathology underlying the disease is critical. This review focuses on the attempts to improve current paradigms and also illustrates examples where current paradigms are used to uncover novel molecular targets of antidepressants. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, there is a shift away from traditional animal models to a more focused research dealing with an endophenotype-style approach, genetic models and incorporation of new findings from human neuroimaging and genetic studies. SUMMARY Endophenotype-based modelling of depression and bipolar illness is opening up more tractable avenues for understanding the neurobiological and genetic bases of these disorders. Further, advances in the clinical dissection of the psychiatric illnesses using molecular genetics, coupled with functional neuroimaging techniques, promises to yield better translational animal models and hence more fruitful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cryan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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1207
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Léonhardt M, Matthews SG, Meaney MJ, Walker CD. Psychological stressors as a model of maternal adversity: diurnal modulation of corticosterone responses and changes in maternal behavior. Horm Behav 2007; 51:77-88. [PMID: 17034794 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Maternal adversity is associated with long-lasting consequences on cognitive development, behavior and physiological responses in rat offspring. Few studies have examined whether repeated maternal stress produces repeated activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mothers and whether it modifies maternal behavior. Here, we tested a novel model of perinatal stress using repeated exposure to "purely" psychological stressors throughout the gestation and lactation periods in rats. We first tested the diurnal influences of repeated 1-h strobe light exposure on maternal corticosterone secretion. Despite the hyporesponsiveness to stress documented in late pregnant and lactating mothers, we observed an enhanced response to strobe light in the afternoon compared to the morning in stressed mothers during lactation. Next, dams were exposed to 24-h forced foraging followed by 10-h wet bedding during the diurnal peak of corticosterone secretion. Although no corticosterone responses to forced foraging and wet bedding were observed, the combination of both stressors had a significant effect on maternal behavior. Mother-pup interactions were significantly altered during the first 8 days of lactation. Taken together, these findings suggest that lactating mothers maintain responsiveness to specific and repeated psychological stressors, in particular at the time of the diurnal peak in corticosterone secretion. Depending on the stressor applied, either neuroendocrine activation or changes in maternal behavior might be important determinants of the long-term consequences in the offspring. The combination of forced foraging, wet bedding and strobe light might represent a novel model of mild maternal adversity using "purely" psychological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Léonhardt
- CIHR program in Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
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1208
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating and complex psychiatric disorder that involves multiple neural circuits and genetic and non-genetic risk factors. In the quest for elucidating the neurobiological basis of MDD, hippocampal neurogenesis has emerged as a candidate substrate, both for the etiology as well as treatment of MDD. This chapter critiques the advances made in the study of hippocampal neurogenesis as they relate to the neurogenic hypothesis of MDD. While an involvement of neurogenesis in the etiology of depression remains highly speculative, preclinical studies have revealed a novel and previously unrecognized role for hippocampal neurogenesis in mediating some of the behavioral effects of antidepressants. The implications of these findings are discussed to reevaluate the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Sahay
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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1209
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1210
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Bogdan R, Pizzagalli DA. Acute stress reduces reward responsiveness: implications for depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:1147-54. [PMID: 16806107 PMCID: PMC2288705 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress, one of the strongest risk factors for depression, has been linked to "anhedonic" behavior and dysfunctional reward-related neural circuitry in preclinical models. METHODS To test if acute stress reduces reward responsiveness (i.e., the ability to modulate behavior as a function of past reward), a signal-detection task coupled with a differential reinforcement schedule was utilized. Eighty female participants completed the task under both a stress condition, either threat-of-shock (n = 38) or negative performance feedback (n = 42), and a no-stress condition. RESULTS Stress increased negative affect and anxiety. As hypothesized based on preclinical findings, stress, particularly the threat-of-shock condition, impaired reward responsiveness. Regression analyses indicate that self-report measures of anhedonia predicted stress-induced hedonic deficits even after controlling for anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that acute stress reduces reward responsiveness, particularly in individuals with anhedonic symptoms. Stress-induced hedonic deficit is a promising candidate mechanism linking stressful experiences to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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1211
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Jayatissa MN, Bisgaard C, Tingström A, Papp M, Wiborg O. Hippocampal cytogenesis correlates to escitalopram-mediated recovery in a chronic mild stress rat model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:2395-404. [PMID: 16482085 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From clinical studies it is known that recurrent depressive episodes associate with a reduced hippocampal volume. Conversely, preclinical studies have shown that chronic antidepressant treatment increases hippocampal neurogenesis. Consequently, it has been suggested that a deficit in hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. To study a potential correlation between recovery and hippocampal cytogenesis, we established the chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model of depression. When rats are subjected to CMS, several depressive symptoms develop, including the major symptom anhedonia. Rats were exposed to stress for 2 weeks and subsequently to stress in combination with antidepressant treatment for 4 consecutive weeks. The behavioral deficit measured in anhedonic animals is a reduced intake of a sucrose solution. Prior to perfusion animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of proliferating cells. Brains were sectioned horizontally and newborn cells positive for BrdU were counted in the dentate gyrus and tracked in a dorsoventral direction.CMS significantly decreased sucrose consumption and cytogenesis in the ventral part of the hippocampal formation. During exposure to the antidepressant escitalopram, given as intraperitoneally dosages of either 5 or 10 mg/kg/day, animals distributed in a bimodal fashion into a group, which recovered (increase in sucrose consumption), and a subgroup, which refracted treatment (no increase in sucrose consumption). Chronic treatment with escitalopram reversed the CMS-induced decrease in cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampal formation, but in recovered animals only. Our data show a correlation between recovery from anhedonia, as measured by cessation of behavioral deficits in the CMS model, and an increase in cytogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena N Jayatissa
- Centre for Basic Psychiatric Research, Aarhus Psychiatric University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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1212
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Yirmiya R, Goshen I, Bajayo A, Kreisel T, Feldman S, Tam J, Trembovler V, Csernus V, Shohami E, Bab I. Depression induces bone loss through stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16876-81. [PMID: 17075068 PMCID: PMC1636547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604234103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is associated with low bone mass and increased incidence of osteoporotic fractures. However, causality between depression and bone loss has not been established. Here, we show that mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), an established model of depression in rodents, display behavioral depression accompanied by impaired bone mass and structure, as portrayed by decreases in trabecular bone volume density, trabecular number, and trabecular connectivity density assessed in the distal femoral metaphysis and L3 vertebral body. Bone remodeling analysis revealed that the CMS-induced skeletal deficiency is accompanied by restrained bone formation resulting from reduced osteoblast number. Antidepressant therapy, which prevents the behavioral responses to CMS, completely inhibits the decrease in bone formation and markedly attenuates the CMS-induced bone loss. The depression-triggered bone loss is associated with a substantial increase in bone norepinephrine levels and can be blocked by the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, suggesting that the sympathetic nervous system mediates the skeletal effects of stress-induced depression. These results define a linkage among depression, excessive adrenergic activity, and reduced bone formation, thus demonstrating an interaction among behavioral responses, the brain, and the skeleton, which leads to impaired bone structure. Together with the common occurrence of depression and bone loss in the aging population, the present data implicate depression as a potential major risk factor for osteoporosis and the associated increase in fracture incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel.
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1213
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Strekalova T, Gorenkova N, Schunk E, Dolgov O, Bartsch D. Selective effects of citalopram in a mouse model of stress-induced anhedonia with a control for chronic stress. Behav Pharmacol 2006; 17:271-87. [PMID: 16572005 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200605000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A stress-induced decrease in sucrose preference in rodents is regarded as an analog of anhedonia, a key symptom of depression. We investigated the effects of citalopram, administrated via drinking water (15 mg/kg/day), in a mouse model of stress-induced anhedonia. In this model, chronic stress induces anhedonia in a subset of C57BL/6N mice, while the remaining animals do not show a hedonic deficit or other depressive-like behaviors, although they are exposed to the same stressors as the anhedonic mice. Pre-stress and post-stress treatment with citalopram counteracted the development and maintenance of anhedonia and rescued normal floating in the forced swim test, demonstrating an antidepressant-like action. During the post-stress treatment, citalopram selectively increased sucrose preference and intake on the fourth week of treatment in anhedonic mice without affecting non-anhedonic animals. Citalopram also decreased elevated water consumption in the anhedonic group. Citalopram, administered 1 week before and during a 4-week stress procedure, decreased the percentage of anhedonic mice and reduced the increase of water intake in stressed mice. This study suggests that our chronic stress paradigm can serve as a model of anhedonia, in which antidepressant treatment is selectively effective in animals with a hedonic deficit.
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1214
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Jacobson LH, Cryan JF. Feeling strained? Influence of genetic background on depression-related behavior in mice: a review. Behav Genet 2006; 37:171-213. [PMID: 17029009 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a growing pandemic in developed societies. The use of inbred mouse strains in pre-clinical psychiatric research has proven to be a valuable resource. Firstly, they provide the background for genetic manipulations that aid in the discovery of molecular pathways that may be involved in major depression. Further, inbred mouse strains are also being used in the determination of genetic and environmental influences that may pre-dispose or trigger depression-related behavior. This review aims to highlight the utility of inbred mouse strains in depression research, while providing an overview of the current state of research into behavioral differences between strains in paradigms commonly used in the field. Neurochemical differences that may underlie strain differences are examined, and some caveats and cautions associated with the use of inbred strains are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Jacobson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
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1215
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Nowak G, Partyka A, Pałucha A, Szewczyk B, Wierońska JM, Dybała M, Metz M, Librowski T, Froestl W, Papp M, Pilc A. Antidepressant-like activity of CGP 36742 and CGP 51176, selective GABAB receptor antagonists, in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:581-90. [PMID: 16921399 PMCID: PMC2014666 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A crucial role for the GABAB receptor in depression was proposed several years ago, but there are limited data to support this proposition. Therefore we decided to investigate the antidepressant-like activity of the selective GABAB receptor antagonists CGP 36742 and CGP 51176, and a selective agonist CGP 44532 in models of depression in rats and mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of CGP 36742 and CGP 51176 as well as the agonist CGP 44532 were assessed in the forced swim test in mice. Both antagonists were also investigated in an olfactory bulbectomy (OB) model of depression in rats, while CGP 51176 was also investigated in the chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model of depression. The density of GABAB receptors in the mouse hippocampus after chronic administration of CGP 51176 was also investigated. KEY RESULTS The GABAB receptor antagonists CGP 36742 and CGP 51176 exhibited antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test in mice. The GABAB receptor agonist CGP 44532 was not effective in this test, however, it counteracted the antidepressant-like effects of CGP 51176. The antagonists CGP 36742 and CGP 51176 were effective in an OB model of depression in rats. CGP 51176 was also effective in the CMS rat model of depression. Administration of CGP 51176 increased the density of GABAB receptors in the mouse hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that selective GABAB receptor antagonists may be useful in treatment of depression, and support an important role for GABA-ergic transmission in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nowak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
- Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - A Partyka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - A Pałucha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - B Szewczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - J M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - M Dybała
- Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - M Metz
- Department of Cytobiology and Histochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | - T Librowski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
| | | | - M Papp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - A Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
- Department of Drug Management, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University Kraków, Poland
- Author for correspondence:
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1216
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Tõnissaar M, Herm L, Rinken A, Harro J. Individual differences in sucrose intake and preference in the rat: Circadian variation and association with dopamine D2 receptor function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Lett 2006; 403:119-24. [PMID: 16682119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of sucrose intake or preference is currently in widespread use in preclinical psychopharmacology, and used for predicting sensitivity to rewards, but limited information is available about the consistency of individual sucrose intake or preference. In the present study, individual differences in sucrose intake and preference in free-feeding rats were studied during the dark and light phases, and associations of these measures with the function of D(2) receptors in the striatum and nucleus accumbens were characterized. Altogether eight two-bottle tests were carried out intermittently during light and dark phase. Ten days after the last test, animals were sacrificed. Intake, and to a lesser degree preference of sucrose during the dark phase were higher as compared to the light phase, and sucrose intake, but not preference was individually very consistent across different tests, especially during the dark phase. The average dark phase sucrose intake and preference correlated positively with dopamine-dependent [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in nucleus accumbens. Dopamine-dependent [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in striatum correlated negatively with sucrose preference in the first test. This study has demonstrated that sucrose intake is an individually stable trait, especially when measured during the dark phase, and persistent individual differences in sucrose consumption and possibly reward sensitivity in general are related to dopamine D(2) receptor function in the nucleus accumbens. Individual differences in D(2) receptor function in the striatum may influence behaviour of rats in novel situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Tõnissaar
- Department of Psychology, Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tiigi 78, EE-50410 Tartu, Estonia
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1217
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Abstract
After discussing some introductory considerations about the value of challenge tests in general for discriminating personality dimensions which are considered extrapolations of psychopathological diseases, the present paper outlines the matter of responsivity to agonistic and antagonistic dopaminergic drugs or drugs of different mechanisms of action in the dopaminergic system, and elucidates that different hormones elicited by dopaminergic substances (prolactin, growth hormone) may indicate personality related differences in susceptibility of different brain areas. A further point was to demonstrate not only the well known relationship of dopaminergic hyperactivity with reward seeking and motivational factors associated with extraversion and novelty seeking, but also the relationship of dopaminergic hypofunction with the personality dimension of depression which had already been reported in studies on animals and psychiatric patients. A final point was to demonstrate that besides size of hormone responses additional parameters like time of response onset and initial prolactin increase can be used as biochemical indicators for identifying certain personality types, like highly depressive neurotic persons characterized by lower and later dopamine responses as compared to low depressives, and extraverted sensation-seeking types responding by an initial prolactin peak as opposed to low sensation seekers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Netter
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Str. 10F, D-35394 Giessen, Germany.
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1218
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Kim KS, Han PL. Optimization of chronic stress paradigms using anxiety- and depression-like behavioral parameters. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:497-507. [PMID: 16416425 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for psychiatric illnesses, such as anxiety and depression disorders. To understand the underlying mechanism regarding how chronic stress triggers such psychiatric dysfunctions, restraint-based chronic stress models have been attempted in the past. However, total durations of repeated restraint stress and the evaluation time points used after the last restraint application vary from experiment to experiment. One reason for these methodological heterogeneities is related to considerable ambiguity concerning the definition of chronic stress, particularly in animal models. In the present study, we used behavioral traits, anxiety and depression, as stress-assessment parameters that meet operationally useful requirements for the definition of the chronic stress state. We demonstrate that restraint treatment for 2 or 8 hr daily for 14 days is enough to produce anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, whereas a 2 hr-10 days restraint was marginally effective. cDNA microarray analysis identified 34 genes in the hippocampus and 72 genes in the amygdala with expression levels that were up- or down-regulated by >2.0-fold. Among the wide range of genes identified in this analysis, genes required for energy metabolism, signal transduction, transcription, synaptic plasticity, and remodeling of the brain architecture were notable. Our results suggest that the psychiatric criteria of anxiety and depression can be used as chronic stress-assessment parameters and that a restraint stress paradigm consisting of restraint treatment for 2 or 8 hr daily for 14 days could be used as a prototype paradigm for chronic stress studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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1219
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Lu XY, Kim CS, Frazer A, Zhang W. Leptin: a potential novel antidepressant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:1593-8. [PMID: 16423896 PMCID: PMC1360555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508901103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone secreted from adipose tissue, was originally discovered to regulate body weight. The localization of the leptin receptor in limbic structures suggests a potential role for leptin in emotional processes. Here, we show that rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress and chronic social defeat exhibit low leptin levels in plasma. Systemic leptin treatment reversed the hedonic-like deficit induced by chronic unpredictable stress and improved behavioral despair dose-dependently in the forced swim test (FST), a model widely used for screening potential antidepressant efficacy. The behavioral effects of leptin in the FST were accompanied by increased neuronal activation in limbic structures, particularly in the hippocampus. Intrahippocampal infusion of leptin produced a similar antidepressant-like effect in the FST as its systemic administration. By contrast, infusion of leptin into the hypothalamus decreased body weight but had no effect on FST behavior. These findings suggest that: (i) impaired leptin production and secretion may contribute to chronic stress-induced depression-like phenotypes, (ii) the hippocampus is a brain site mediating leptin's antidepressant-like activity, and (iii) elevating leptin signaling in brain may represent a novel approach for the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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1220
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Slattery DA, Cryan JF. The role of GABAB receptors in depression and antidepressant-related behavioural responses. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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1221
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Pan Y, Zhang WY, Xia X, Kong LD. Effects of Icariin on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Action and Cytokine Levels in Stressed Sprague-Dawley Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:2399-403. [PMID: 17142971 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Icariin is one of the major active flavonoids constituents of Epimedium brevicornum MAXIM (Berberidaceae). Icariin and E. brevicornum have a wide range of pharmacological activities. Abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is considered to be a key neurobilogical factor in major depression, and cytokines have a close relationship with the activation of the HPA axis. In the present study, the aim was to determine whether icariin possesses an antidepressant-like activity, and to explore the effects of icariin on the HPA axis and cytokine levels in chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression in Sprague-Dawley rats. Icariin significantly increased the sucrose intake of CMS-treated rats from week 3. It not only attenuated the CMS-induced increases in serum corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and cortisol levels, but also reversed the abnormal levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNF-alpha) to the normal in the stressed rats. These results suggested that icariin possessed an antidepressant-like property that was at least in part mediated by neuroendocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, China
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1222
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Castagné V, Porsolt RD, Moser P. Early behavioral screening for antidepressants and anxiolytics. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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1223
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Overstreet DH, Knapp DJ, Breese GR. Can CRF1 receptor antagonists become antidepressant and/or anxiolytic agents? Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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