1201
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Abstract
TREM proteins are a family of cell surface receptors that participate in diverse cell processes, including inflammation, bone homeostasis, neurological development and coagulation. TREM-1, the first to be identified, acts to amplify inflammation. Other TREM proteins regulate the differentiation and function of macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells, osteoclasts and platelets. Here we discuss the state of the field, putative ligands of TREM proteins and the challenges that remain in understanding TREM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klesney-Tait
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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1202
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Naldini A, Leali D, Pucci A, Morena E, Carraro F, Nico B, Ribatti D, Presta M. Cutting edge: IL-1beta mediates the proangiogenic activity of osteopontin-activated human monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4267-70. [PMID: 16982859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the onset of angiogenesis. In the present study, we show that osteopontin (OPN), a proinflammatory mediator involved in tissue repair, induces IL-1beta up-regulation in human monocytes. This was accompanied by the enhanced production of TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-6, a decreased release of IL-10, and increased p38 phosphorylation. The supernatants of OPN-treated monocytes were highly angiogenic when delivered on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. The angiogenic response was completely abrogated by a neutralizing anti-IL-1 Ab, thus indicating that this cytokine represents the major proangiogenic factor expressed by OPN-activated monocytes. Accordingly, rIL-1beta mimicked the proangiogenic activity of OPN-treated monocyte supernatants, and IL-1R (type I) was found to be expressed in the chorioallantoic membrane. In conclusion, OPN-activated monocytes may contribute to the onset of angiogenesis through a mechanism mediated by IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Naldini
- Unit of Neuroimmunophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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1203
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Maroon JC, Bost JW, Borden MK, Lorenz KM, Ross NA. Natural antiinflammatory agents for pain relief in athletes. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 21:E11. [PMID: 17112189 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most athletes experience musculoskeletal injuries during their sports activity that require rest at a minimum, and occasionally injuries are severe enough to necessitate surgical repair. Neurosurgeons are often consulted for athletically sustained injuries and prescribe medications for the associated pain. The use of both over-the-counter and prescription nonsteroidal medications is frequently recommended, but recent safety concerns must now be considered. The authors discuss the biochemical pathways of nonsteroidal drugs and review the potentially serious side effects of these medications. They also review the use of natural supplements, which may be a safer, and often as effective, alternative treatment for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Maroon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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1204
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Escobar GA, McIntyre RC, Moore EE, Gamboni-Robertson F, Banerjee A. Clathrin heavy chain is required for TNF-induced inflammatory signaling. Surgery 2006; 140:268-72. [PMID: 16904979 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor receptor I recruits tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain (TRADD) and multiple kinases that ultimately phosphorylate inhibitor kappa B (IKB alpha). Degradation of phospho-IKB alpha (p-IKB alpha) frees nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) to be active and phosphorylated. Many receptors require clathrin-mediated endocytosis to provide the scaffolds necessary for signaling. Therefore, we investigated the role of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced IKB alpha phosphorylation and NFKB activation. We hypothesized that CHC was required for TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory signaling. METHODS We treated human pulmonary epithelial cells with small interfering RNA to knock down intracellular CHC (CHCsil). TRADD and scrambled (noncoding) small interfering RNA sequences were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Treatment groups were exposed to 10 ng/mL of TNF-alpha. Total I kappaB alpha, p-I kappaB alpha, and phosphorylated P65 (a subunit of NFKB) were determined by immunoblot staining. Densitometry was normalized to controls for the analysis of the stains. TNF-alpha-induced release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analyses were determined by analysis of variance or paired t test as appropriate. RESULTS TNF-alpha-induced I kappaB alpha phosphorylation and degradation at 5 and 30 minutes, respectively, and induced P65 phosphorylation. CHCsil diminished p-I kappaB alpha by 91% (P < .03); however, I kappaB alpha degradation was not affected. CHC knockdown caused a 66% decrease in P65 phosphorylation after 3 minutes of TNF-alpha. CHCsil decreased TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 by 46% (P < .05), compared with control. CONCLUSIONS CHCsil significantly impairs phosphorylation of both I kappaB alpha and P65. CHCsil also significantly decreased MCP-1 production. These data suggest that CHC is required for certain TNF-alpha-induced, inflammatory signaling pathways.
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1205
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An HJ, Jeong HJ, Um JY, Kim HM, Hong SH. Glechoma hederacea inhibits inflammatory mediator release in IFN-gamma and LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 106:418-24. [PMID: 16530364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glechoma hederacea (GH) is an herb widely used herb medicine for the treatment of a variety of pathologies. In this study, the effect of GH on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 were examined using mouse peritoneal macrophages. GH inhibits IFN-gamma/LPS-induced NO in a dose-dependent manner. The decrease in NO synthesis was reflected as a decreased amount of inducible NO synthase protein. We also found that GH inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-12p70, and TNF-alpha production. However, GH increased IFN-gamma/LPS-induced IL-12p40 production. GH doesn't affect the IL-6 production. These findings mean that GH can be used in controlling macrophages mediated inflammation related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin An
- College of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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1206
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Hudert CA, Weylandt KH, Lu Y, Wang J, Hong S, Dignass A, Serhan CN, Kang JX. Transgenic mice rich in endogenous omega-3 fatty acids are protected from colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11276-81. [PMID: 16847262 PMCID: PMC1544078 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601280103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are the precursors of potent lipid mediators and play an important role in regulation of inflammation. Generally, n-6 PUFA promote inflammation whereas n-3 PUFA have antiinflammatory properties, traditionally attributed to their ability to inhibit the formation of n-6 PUFA-derived proinflammatory eicosanoids. Newly discovered resolvins and protectins are potent antiinflammatory lipid mediators derived directly from n-3 PUFA with distinct pathways of action. However, the role of the n-3 PUFA tissue status in the formation of these antiinflammatory mediators has not been addressed. Here we show that an increased n-3 PUFA tissue status in transgenic mice that endogenously biosynthesize n-3 PUFA from n-6 PUFA leads to significant formation of antiinflammatory resolvins and effective reduction in inflammation and tissue injury in colitis. The endogenous increase in n-3 PUFA and related products did not decrease n-6 PUFA-derived lipid mediators such as leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2. The observed inflammation protection might result from decreased NF-kappaB activity and expression of TNFalpha, inducible NO synthase, and IL-1beta, with enhanced mucoprotection probably because of the higher expression of trefoil factor 3, Toll-interacting protein, and zonula occludens-1. These results thus establish the fat-1 transgenic mouse as a new experimental model for the study of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators. They add insight into the molecular mechanisms of inflammation protection afforded by n-3 PUFA through formation of resolvins and protectins other than inhibition of n-6 PUFA-derived eicosanoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Hudert
- *Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, Virchow Campus, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Karsten H. Weylandt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, Virchow Campus, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Yan Lu
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jingdong Wang
- *Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Song Hong
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Axel Dignass
- Department of Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine, Virchow Campus, 13353 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jing X. Kang
- *Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Room 4433, Charlestown, MA 02129. E-mail:
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1207
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Yu J, Wei M, Becknell B, Trotta R, Liu S, Boyd Z, Jaung MS, Blaser BW, Sun J, Benson DM, Mao H, Yokohama A, Bhatt D, Shen L, Davuluri R, Weinstein M, Marcucci G, Caligiuri MA. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine signaling: reciprocal antagonism regulates interferon-gamma production by human natural killer cells. Immunity 2006; 24:575-90. [PMID: 16713975 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Activated monocytes produce proinflammatory cytokines (monokines) such as interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and IL-18 for induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells provide the antiinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, an autocrine/negative regulator of IFN-gamma. The ability of one signaling pathway to prevail over the other is likely important in controlling IFN-gamma for the purposes of infection and autoimmunity, but the molecular mechanism(s) of how this counterregulation occurs is unknown. Here we show that in isolated human NK cells, proinflammatory monokines antagonize antiinflammatory TGF-beta signaling by downregulating the expression of the TGF-beta type II receptor, and its signaling intermediates SMAD2 and SMAD3. In contrast, TGF-beta utilizes SMAD2, SMAD3, and SMAD4 to suppress IFN-gamma and T-BET, a positive regulator of IFN-gamma. Indeed, activated NK cells from Smad3(-/-) mice produce more IFN-gamma in vivo than NK cells from wild-type mice. Collectively, our data suggest that pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine signaling reciprocally antagonize each other in an effort to prevail in the regulation of NK cell IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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1208
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Abstract
Bioregulators are naturally occurring organic compounds that regulate a multitude of biologic processes. Under natural circumstances, bioregulators are synthesized in minute quantities in a variety of living organisms and are essential for physiologic homeostasis. In the wrong hands, these compounds have the capability to be used as nontraditional threat agents that are covered by the prohibitions of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. Unlike traditional biowarfare/bioterrorism agents that have a latency period of hours to days,the onset of action of bioregulators may occur within minutes after host exposure. Concerns regarding the potential misuse of bioregulators for nefarious purposes relate to the ability of these nontraditional agents to induce profound physiologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Kagan
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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1209
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Rand TG, Flemming J, David Miller J, Womiloju TO. Comparison of inflammatory responses in mouse lungs exposed to atranones A and C from Stachybotrys chartarum. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:1239-51. [PMID: 16754538 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500360307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum isolates can be separated into two distinct chemotypes based on the toxins they produce. One chemotype produces macrocyclic trichothecenes; the other produces atranones (and sometimes simple trichothecenes, e.g., trichodermol and trichodermin). Studies using in vivo models of lung disease revealed that exposure to spores of the atranone producing S. chartarum isolates led to a variety of immunotoxic, inflammatory, and other pathological changes. However, it is unclear from these studies what role the pure atranone toxins sequestered in spores of these isolates exert on lung disease onset. This study examined dose-response (0.2, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, or 20 microg atranone/animal) and time-course (3, 6, 24, and 48 h postinstillation [PI]) relationships associated with inflammatory cell and proinflammatory chemokine/cytokine responses in mouse lungs intratracheally instilled with two pure atranones (either A or C) isolated from S. chartarum. High doses (2.0 to 20 microg toxin/animal) of atranone A and C induced significant inflammatory responses manifested as differentially elevated macrophage, neutrophil, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of intratracheally exposed mice. Compared to controls, BALF macrophage and neutrophil numbers were increased to significant levels from 6 to 48 h (PI). Except for macrophage numbers in atranone A treatment animals, cells exhibited significant dose dependent-like responses. The chemokine/cytokine marker responses were significantly and dose-dependently increased from 3 to 24 h PI and declined to nonsignificant levels at 48 h PI. The results suggest not only that atranones are inflammatory but also that they exhibit different inflammatory potency with different toxicokinetics. Data also suggest that exposure to these toxins in spores of S. chartarum in contaminated building environments could contribute to inflammatory lung disease onset in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rand
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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1210
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Chibante AM, Vaz MAC, Suso FV. Papel das citocinas proliferativas TGF-β e VEGF no derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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1211
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Dimitrova P, Ivanovska N. Host resistance to Candida albicans infection of mice with collagen-induced arthritis treated with leflunomide. Res Microbiol 2006; 157:525-30. [PMID: 16797932 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The dehydro-orotate dehydrogenase inhibitor leflunomide is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, its influence on host resistance to Candida albicans infection in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was investigated. Leflunomide administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days in mice with CIA inhibited collagen-specific cellular and humoral responses. The drug did not change the severity of primary C. albicans infection evaluated by kidney and liver colonization. At the early stage of infection leflunomide inhibited IFN-gamma production and enhanced IL-4 secretion. The effect of the drug on IL-4 production was less pronounced at the late phase of infection. Leflunomide enhanced anti-Candida IgM antibody production and diminished anti-Candida IgG antibody synthesis. This correlated with impaired resistance to reinfection. Results demonstrate that leflunomide administration to mice with collagen-induced arthritis might affect mechanisms of the late immune response to C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Dimitrova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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1212
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Marta Guarna M, Coulson R, Rubinchik E. Anti-inflammatory activity of cationic peptides: application to the treatment of acne vulgaris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 257:1-6. [PMID: 16553825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant microorganisms including Propionibacterium acnes. Recent studies showed that, in addition to the antimicrobial activity, these peptides can exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect. These properties make cationic peptides attractive drug candidates for the treatment of acne vulgaris, a disease with both bacterial and inflammatory components. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides and its application for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The anti-inflammatory activity of cationic peptides in acne vulgaris can be explained by their ability to both bind proinflammatory bacterial factors (e.g. lipoteichoic acid), sequestering them from the site of inflammation, and to inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1) by host cells. These anti-inflammatory effects combined with potent antimicrobial activity may translate into a novel therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.
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1213
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Dumont FJ. The interleukin-1 families of cytokines and receptors: therapeutic potential for immunomodulation and the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.7.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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1214
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Verri WA, Cunha TM, Parada CA, Poole S, Cunha FQ, Ferreira SH. Hypernociceptive role of cytokines and chemokines: targets for analgesic drug development? Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:116-38. [PMID: 16730375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pain is one of the classical signs of the inflammatory process in which sensitization of the nociceptors is the common denominator. This sensitization causes hyperalgesia or allodynia in humans, phenomena that involve pain perception (emotional component+nociceptive sensation). As this review focuses mainly on animal models, which don't allow discrimination of the emotional component, the terms nociception and hypernociception are used to describe overt behavior induced by mechanical stimulation and increase of nociceptor sensitivity, respectively. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are endogenous small protein mediators released by local or migrating cells whose balance modulates the intensity of inflammatory response. The inflammatory stimuli or tissue injuries stimulate the release of characteristic cytokine cascades, which ultimately trigger the release of final mediators responsible for inflammatory pain. These final mediators, such as prostanoids or sympathetic amines, act directly on the nociceptors to cause hypernociception, which results from the lowering of threshold due to modulation of specific voltage-dependent sodium channels. Furthermore, a direct effect of cytokines on nociceptors is also described. On the other hand, there are also anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4 and IL-13, and IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1ra), which inhibit the production of hypernociceptive cytokines and/or the final hypernociceptive mediators, preventing the installation of or the increase in the hypernociception. This review highlights the importance of the direct and indirect actions of cytokines and chemokines in inflammatory and neuropathic hypernociception, emphasizing the evidence suggesting these molecules are potential targets to develop novel drugs and therapies for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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1215
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Hietbrink F, Koenderman L, Rijkers GT, Leenen LPH. Trauma: the role of the innate immune system. World J Emerg Surg 2006; 1:15. [PMID: 16759367 PMCID: PMC1481567 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction can provoke (multiple) organ failure in severely injured patients. This dysfunction manifests in two forms, which follow a biphasic pattern. During the first phase, in addition to the injury by trauma, organ damage is caused by the immune system during a systemic inflammatory response. During the second phase the patient is more susceptible for sepsis due to host defence failure (immune paralysis). The pathophysiological model outlined in this review encompasses etiological factors and the contribution of the innate immune system in the end organ damage. The etiological factors can be divided into intrinsic (genetic predisposition and physiological status) and extrinsic components (type of injury or "traumaload" and surgery or "intervention load"). Of all the factors, the intervention load is the only one which, can be altered by the attending emergency physician. Adjustment of the therapeutic approach and choice of the most appropriate treatment strategy can minimize the damage caused by the immune response and prevent the development of immunological paralysis. This review provides a pathophysiological basis for the damage control concept, in which a staged approach of surgery and post-traumatic immunomonitoring have become important aspects of the treatment protocol. The innate immune system is the main objective of immunomonitoring as it has the most prominent role in organ failure after trauma. Polymorphonuclear phagocytes and monocytes are the main effector-cells of the innate immune system in the processes that lead to organ failure. These cells are controlled by cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and specific tissue signals. The contribution of tissue barrier integrity and its interaction with the innate immune system is further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hietbrink
- Dept. of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Koenderman
- Dept. of Pulmonary Science, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - GT Rijkers
- Dept. of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - LPH Leenen
- Dept. of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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1216
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van Griensven M, Probst C, Müller K, Hoevel P, Pape HC. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions via ICAM-1 are detrimental in polymicrobial sepsis. Shock 2006; 25:254-9. [PMID: 16552357 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000196497.49683.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) plays an important role in the transmigration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in sepsis. Moreover, the transmigration rate of leukocytes from the blood via endothelial adhesion molecules into tissues correlates with the severity of multi organ failure. We examined the effect of the deletion of the ICAM-1 gene in polymicrobial sepsis using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model in mice. Twenty male ICAM-1 knockout (KO) mice and 20 wild-type (WT) male C57BL/6 mice were studied. CLP was performed. At several time points during a 96-hour postoperative observation period, we measured mortality, body weight, and temperature. The delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction was determined by pinna swelling after sensitization with 50 microL of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) 1%. Lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4, CD8, and CD56) and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10)] were measured using flow cytometry and ELISA testing, respectively. Also, a histologic examination of the liver and lung was performed. CLP-induced mortality was lower in the ICAM-1 group compared to normal mice (5% vs 45.0%). So were the ratios of lymphocyte subpopulations in the KO versus the WT group [CD4: 16.4 +/- 1.6% vs 25.7 +/- 4.7%; CD8: 18.3 +/- 1.4% vs 34.9 +/- 2.9%; natural killer (NK) cells: 5.6 +/- 0.3% vs 49.5 +/- 0.7%; P < 0.01]. And also the cytokine blood levels of the KO mice were significantly lower versus the WT mice (TNF-alpha: 67.2 +/- 42.2 vs 823.9 +/- 170.5 pg/mL; IL-1beta: 5.9 +/- 0.9 vs 296.2 +/- 66.2 pg/mL; IL-6: 223.1 +/- 48.8 vs 3062.5 +/- 1222.8 pg/mL; IL-10: 34.6 +/- 5.8 vs 1565.6 +/- 448.8 pg/mL; P < 0.01). With respect to the histology, significantly less leukocyte invasion and organ damage (eg, hydropic degeneration) were present in the ICAM-1-/- group compared to controls in liver and lung tissues. The DTH reaction was significantly decreased in ICAM-1-/- mice versus WT mice (0.34 vs 0.41 mm; P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate a significant reduction of mortality after septic challenge in ICAM-1-/- mice compared to normal mice. This is associated with a decrease in lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokine levels, and DTH type 4 reaction, possibly reflecting an overall attenuation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van Griensven
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria.
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1217
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Hirsch E, Filipovich Y, Mahendroo M. Signaling via the type I IL-1 and TNF receptors is necessary for bacterially induced preterm labor in a murine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194:1334-40. [PMID: 16647919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have shown previously that interleukin 1 (IL-1) signaling is not necessary for bacterially induced preterm delivery in mice. We now test whether combined signaling of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical for this process. STUDY DESIGN Female mice lacking the type I receptors for IL-1 and TNF (Il1r1/Tnfrsf1a double-knockouts) and normal controls underwent intrauterine inoculation with killed Escherichia coli bacteria on day 14.5 of a 19- to 20-day gestation. Preterm delivery rates within 48 hours were recorded and gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Il1r1/Tnfrsf1a double-knockout mice had significantly lower rates of preterm delivery than controls (8% vs 69% with 7 x 10(7) bacteria, P = .002, and 52% vs 81% with 1.4 x 10(8) bacteria, P = .003) and significantly lower myometrial levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, but not COX-1 mRNA. There were no genotype- or treatment-related differences in cervicovaginal and lower uterine expression of mRNAs for a variety of genes associated with cervical ripening. CONCLUSION The combination of IL-1 and TNF signaling plays a critical role in bacterially induced labor and myometrial COX-2 production in the mouse. Cervical gene expression patterns during bacterially induced preterm labor suggest fundamental differences from spontaneous term labor in the cervical ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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1218
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Garcia-Roca P, Mancilla-Ramirez J, Santos-Segura A, Fernández-Avilés M, Calderon-Jaimes E. Linezolid diminishes inflammatory cytokine production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Arch Med Res 2006; 37:31-5. [PMID: 16314183 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active peptides produced by monocytes, in response to endotoxin, initiate and maintain the acute phase of inflammatory response. Some antibiotics have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in addition to their antimicrobial activity. We examined the effect of linezolid on cytokine synthesis. METHODS The modulatory effects of erythromycin and linezolid were evaluated in LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Blood was obtained by venipuncture from healthy donor volunteers. PBMCs were separated by Ficoll-Paque. More than 90% of the cells were monocytes as determined by esterase staining. Cells were incubated in the presence of LPS, with or without various concentrations of erythromycin and linezolid. The concentration of each cytokine was determined by ELISA with commercially available reagents. RESULTS The two drugs suppressed significantly the synthesis of the cytokines tested in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that antibacterial agents may modify acute phase inflammatory response through their effects on cytokines synthesis by monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Roca
- Departamento de Inmunoquímica y Biología Celular, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México, D.F., México
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1219
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Rundle CH, Wang H, Yu H, Chadwick RB, Davis EI, Wergedal JE, Lau KHW, Mohan S, Ryaby JT, Baylink DJ. Microarray analysis of gene expression during the inflammation and endochondral bone formation stages of rat femur fracture repair. Bone 2006; 38:521-9. [PMID: 16321582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed in the healing femur fractures of 13-week-old male rats during the inflammatory stage of repair, at 3 days post-fracture, and the endochondral bone formation stage of repair, at 11 days post-fracture. Multiple replicate pairs of fracture tissues paired with unfractured tissues, and unfractured control bones that had the stabilizing K-wire were introduced. This approach normalized the marrow contributions to the RNA repertoire. We identified 6555 genes with significant changes in expression in fracture tissues at 3 days and 11 days healing. The repertoire of growth factor genes expressed was also surprisingly restricted at both post-fracture intervals. The large number of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) expressed at both post-fracture times indicates that several molecular pathways yet to be identified regulate fracture repair. The number of genes expressed during immune responses and inflammatory processes was restricted with higher expression largely during the early post-fracture analysis. Several of the genes identified in this study have been associated with regulation of cell and extracellular matrix interactions during scarless healing of fetal skin wounds. These observations suggest that these genes might also regulate the scarless healing characteristic of bone regeneration by similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis V. A. Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA
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1220
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Lang CH, Krawiec BJ, Huber D, McCoy JM, Frost RA. Sepsis and inflammatory insults downregulate IGFBP-5, but not IGFBP-4, in skeletal muscle via a TNF-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R963-72. [PMID: 16339387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00684.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether catabolic stimuli that induce muscle atrophy alter the muscle mRNA abundance of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and -5, and if so determine the physiological mechanism for such a change. Catabolic insults produced by endotoxin (LPS) and sepsis decreased IGFBP-5 mRNA time- and dose-dependently in gastrocnemius muscle. This reduction did not result from muscle disuse because hindlimb immobilization increased IGFBP-5. Continuous infusion of a nonlethal dose of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased IGFBP-5 mRNA 70%, whereas pretreatment of septic rats with a neutralizing TNF binding protein completely prevented the reduction in muscle IGFBP-5. The addition of LPS or TNF-α to cultured C2C12myoblasts also decreased IGFBP-5 expression. Although exogenously administered growth hormone (GH) increased IGFBP-5 mRNA 2-fold in muscle from control rats, muscle from septic animals was GH resistant and no such elevation was detected. In contrast, exogenous administration of IGF-I as part of a binary complex composed of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 produced comparable increases in IGFBP-5 mRNA in both control and septic muscle. Concomitant determinations of IGF-I mRNA content revealed a positive linear relationship between IGF-I and IGFBP-5 mRNA in the same muscle in response to LPS, sepsis, TNF-α, and GH treatment. Although dexamethasone decreased muscle IGFBP-5, pretreatment of rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 did not prevent the sepsis-induced decrease in IGFBP-5 mRNA. In contrast, muscle IGFBP-4 mRNA abundance was not significantly altered by LPS, sepsis, or hindlimb immobilization. In summary, these data demonstrate that various inflammatory insults decrease muscle IGFBP-5 mRNA, without altering IGFBP-4, by a TNF-dependent glucocorticoid-independent mechanism. Finally, IGF-I appears to be a dominant positive regulator of IGFBP-5 gene expression in muscle under both normal and catabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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1221
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Martin A, Nolan D, Almeida CA, Rauch A, Mallal S. Predicting and diagnosing abacavir and nevirapine drug hypersensitivity: from bedside to bench and back again. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:15-23. [PMID: 16354121 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing discussion surrounding the issue of personalized approaches to drug prescription based on an individual's genetic makeup. This field of investigation has focused primarily on identifying genetic factors that influence drug metabolism and cellular disposition, thereby contributing to dose-dependent toxicities and/or variable drug efficacy. However, pharmacogenetic approaches have also proved valuable in predicting drug hypersensitivity reactions in selected patient populations, including HIV-infected patients receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy. In this instance, susceptibility has been strongly linked to genetic loci involved in antigen recognition and presentation to the immune system--most notably within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region--consistent with the notion that hypersensitivity reactions represent drug-specific immune responses that are largely dose independent. Here the authors describe their experiences with the development of pharmacogenetic approaches to hypersensitivity reactions associated with abacavir and nevirapine, two commonly prescribed antiretroviral drugs. It is demonstrated that prospective screening tests to identify and exclude individuals with a certain genetic makeup may be largely successful in decreasing or eliminating incidence of these adverse drug reactions in certain populations. This review also explores the broader implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalise Martin
- Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, 2nd floor, North Block, Perth, 6000 Western Australia
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1222
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Davis CN, Mann E, Behrens MM, Gaidarova S, Rebek M, Rebek J, Bartfai T. MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling by IL-1 in neurons probed by bifunctional Toll/IL-1 receptor domain/BB-loop mimetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2953-8. [PMID: 16477040 PMCID: PMC1413805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510802103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1beta is a pluripotent proinflammatory cytokine that signals through the type-I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI), a member of the Toll-like receptor family. In hypothalamic neurons, binding of IL-1beta to IL-1RI mediates transcription-dependent changes that depend on the recruitment of the cytosolic adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88) to the IL-1RI/IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) complex through homomeric Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR)-TIR interactions. Through design and synthesis of bifunctional TIR mimetics that disrupt the interaction of MyD88 with the IL-1RI/IL-1RAcP complex, we analyzed the involvement of MyD88 in the signaling of IL-1beta in anterior hypothalamic neurons. We show here that IL-1beta-mediated activation of the protein tyrosine kinase Src depended on a MyD88 interaction with the IL-1RI/IL-1RAcP complex. The activation of the protein kinase Akt/PKB depended on the recruitment of the p85 subunit of PI3K to IL-1RI and independent of MyD88 association with the IL-1RI/IL-1RAcP complex. These bifunctional TIR-TIR mimetics represent a class of low-molecular-weight compounds with both an antiinflammatory and neuroprotective potential. These compounds have the potential to inhibit the MyD88-dependent proinflammatory actions of IL-1beta, while permitting the potential neuronal survival supporting actions mediated by the MyD88-independent activation of the protein kinase Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Davis
- *The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and
| | - Enrique Mann
- The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - M. Margarita Behrens
- *The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and
| | - Svetlana Gaidarova
- *The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and
| | - Mitra Rebek
- *The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and
| | - Julius Rebek
- The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- *The Harold L. Dorris Neurological Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and
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1223
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Hildebrand F, Pape HC, Krettek C. [The importance of cytokines in the posttraumatic inflammatory reaction]. Unfallchirurg 2006; 108:793-4, 796-803. [PMID: 16175346 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-005-1005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the immune response after multiple trauma, posttraumatic sepsis and surgery are recognized as physiological reactions of the organism to restore homeostasis. The level of these immunological changes correlates with the degree of tissue damage as well as with the severity of haemorrhage and ischaemia. Cytokines are known to be integral components of this immune response. The local release of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines after severe trauma indicates their potential to induce systemic immunological alterations. It appears that the balance or imbalance of these different cytokines partly controls the clinical course in these patients. Overproduction of either proinflammatory cytokines or antiinflammatory mediators may result in organ dysfunction. Whereas predominance of the proinflammatory response leads to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), the antiinflammatory reaction may result in immune suppression with an enhanced risk of infectious complications. Systemic inflammation, as well as immune suppression, are thought to play a decisive role in the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The major proinflammatory cytokines involved in the response to trauma and surgery include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6 and IL-8. These cytokines, which are predominantly produced by monocytes and macrophages, mediate a variety of frequently overlapping effects, and their actions can be additive. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are early regulators of the immune response and both induce the release of secondary cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-8. IL-10 is an antiinflammatory cytokine which reduces the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. Other important antiinflammatory mediators are soluble TNF receptors and the IL-1 receptor antagonist, which interfere with the effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.Early evaluation of the prognosis of polytraumatized patients and assessment of their clinical status is known to be difficult. Therefore, in several clinical studies, cytokine levels during the posttraumatic course have been determined with the aim of finding predictive markers of patient outcome. The purpose of this review was to highlight our current knowledge on the interaction of posttraumatic immune reactivity and the development of complications. A better understanding of these mechanisms might lead to the introduction of preventive and therapeutic strategies into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hildebrand
- Unfallchirurgische Klinik, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover.
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1224
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Gemma C, Fister M, Hudson C, Bickford PC. Improvement of memory for context by inhibition of caspase-1 in aged rats. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1751-6. [PMID: 16197515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impaired learning and memory is a common pathologic feature associated with numerous neurologic disorders. There is strong evidence that central inflammation contributes significantly to the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases as well as to the ageing process. For example, in aged rats an increase in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is implicated in the decline of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and impaired performance on cognitive tasks such as contextual fear conditioning. IL-1beta is a proinflammatory cytokine initially synthesized in an inactive precursor form that is cleaved by caspase-1 to generate the biologically mature form. In the present study, cleavage of IL-1beta was chronically inhibited using a specific caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK; 10 pmol) in both aged (22 month) and young (4 month) rats. Both groups received Ac-YVAD-CMK for 28 days intracerebroventricularly through a brain infusion cannula connected to an osmotic minipump. On day 20 the animals were trained in contextual fear conditioning, and memory for context was tested on day 22. Chronic infusion of a specific caspase-1 inhibitor in aged rats ameliorated age-related increases in hippocampal IL-1beta and improved memory for context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelina Gemma
- James A. Haley VA Hospital, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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1225
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Torroella-Kouri M, Ma X, Perry G, Ivanova M, Cejas PJ, Owen JL, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V, Lopez DM. Diminished expression of transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein underlies a novel tumor evasion mechanism affecting macrophages of mammary tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10578-84. [PMID: 16288051 PMCID: PMC2963077 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between malignant tumors and the host immune system shape the course of cancer progression. The molecular basis of such interactions is the subject of immense interest. Proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages are critical mediators of immune responses that contribute to the control of the advancement of neoplasia. We have shown that the expressions of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are decreased in macrophages from mammary tumor-bearing mice. In this study, we investigated the causes of IL-12 dysregulation and found deficient nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) expression and function in tumor bearers' peritoneal macrophages. The constitutive expressions of NFkappaB p50, c-rel, p65, and C/EBPalpha and beta, as well as the lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear translocation and DNA binding of NFkappaB components and C/EBPalpha and beta, are profoundly impaired in macrophages from mice bearing D1-DMBA-3 tumors. Because similar findings occur with the iNOS gene, it seems that it represents a novel mechanism by which tumor-derived factors interfere with the host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Giselle Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Pedro J. Cejas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Jennifer L. Owen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
| | | | - Diana M. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida
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1226
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Jones MR, Simms BT, Lupa MM, Kogan MS, Mizgerd JP. Lung NF-kappaB activation and neutrophil recruitment require IL-1 and TNF receptor signaling during pneumococcal pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7530-5. [PMID: 16301661 PMCID: PMC2723739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation is an essential component of the host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection of the lungs. The early response cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1, are rapidly induced upon microbial exposure. Mice deficient in all TNF- and IL-1-dependent signaling receptors were used to determine the roles of these cytokines during pneumococcal pneumonia. The deficiency of signaling receptors for TNF and IL-1 decreased bacterial clearance. Neutrophil recruitment to alveolar air spaces was impaired by receptor deficiency, as was pulmonary expression of the neutrophil chemokines KC and MIP-2. Because NF-kappaB mediates the expression of both chemokines, we assessed NF-kappaB activation in the lungs. During pneumococcal pneumonia, NF-kappaB proteins translocate to the nucleus and activate gene expression; these functions were largely abrogated by the deficiency of receptors for TNF-alpha and IL-1. Thus, the combined deficiency of TNF and IL-1 signaling reduces innate immune responses to S. pneumoniae in the lungs, probably due to essential roles for these receptors in activating NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Joseph Mizgerd, Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail address:
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1227
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Hwang JJ, Jelacic S, Samuel NT, Maier RV, Campbell CT, Castner DG, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Monocyte activation on polyelectrolyte multilayers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2006; 16:237-51. [PMID: 15794488 DOI: 10.1163/1568562053115480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adherence and activation of primary human monocytes was investigated on a polyelectrolyte multilayer film containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and poly-L-lysine (PLL). The sequential layer-by-layer deposition of the multilayer film was characterized by surface plasmon resonance. Eight alternating bilayers displayed an effective thickness of 16.15 nm with a total polymer coverage of 2.10 microg/cm2. For cell studies, HA-PLL multilayers were constructed on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) substrates and characterized by time of flight second ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis. Principal component analysis of the ToF-SIMS spectra resolved no significant difference in surface chemistry between PLL-terminated and HA-terminated multilayer surfaces. Monocyte adhesion on PLL- and HA-terminated surfaces was measured by the lactate dehydrogenase assay and showed a significant decrease in cell adhesion after 24 h incubation. Cell viability measured by Live/Dead fluorescent staining showed significant cell death in the adherent cell population over these 24 h. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production, a measure of monocyte activation, was quantified by ELISA and normalized to the number of adherent monocytes. The activation of monocytes on PLL-terminated and HA-terminated surfaces was nearly identical, and both surfaces had TNF-alpha levels that were 8-fold higher than TCPS. These results demonstrate that sufficient PLL had diffused into the surface layer to direct monocyte adherence and to induce cytokine activation and cell death on the HA-terminated multilayer films. The diffusion of the second multilayer component to the coating surface should, thus, be taken into account in the design of polyelectrolyte-based biomaterial coating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351721, Seattle, WA 98195-1721, USA
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1228
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Cooney RN, Shumate M. The Inhibitory Effects of Interleukin‐1 on Growth Hormone Action During Catabolic Illness. INTERLEUKINS 2006; 74:317-40. [PMID: 17027521 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) induces the expression of the anabolic genes responsible for growth, metabolism, and differentiation. Normally, GH stimulates the synthesis of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by liver, which upregulates protein synthesis in many tissues. The development of GH resistance during catabolic illness or inflammation contributes to loss of body protein, resulting in multiple complications that prolong recovery and cause death. In septic patients, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and GH resistance are commonly observed together. Numerous studies have provided evidence that the inhibitory effects of cytokines on skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis and inflammation are mediated indirectly by changes in the GH/IGF-I system. Interleukin (IL)-1, a member of the family of proinflammatory cytokines, interacts with most cell types and is an important mediator of the inflammatory response. Infusion of a specific IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) ameliorates protein catabolism and GH resistance during systemic infection. This suggests that IL-1 is an important mediator of GH resistance during systemic infection or inflammation. Consequently, a better understanding of the interaction between GH, IL-1, and the regulation of protein metabolism is of great importance for the care of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Cooney
- Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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1229
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He J, Usui I, Ishizuka K, Kanatani Y, Hiratani K, Iwata M, Bukhari A, Haruta T, Sasaoka T, Kobayashi M. Interleukin-1alpha inhibits insulin signaling with phosphorylating insulin receptor substrate-1 on serine residues in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:114-24. [PMID: 16150868 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are recently reported to inhibit insulin signaling causing insulin resistance. IL-1alpha is also one of the proinflammatory cytokines; however, it has not been clarified whether IL-1alpha may also cause insulin resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of IL-1alpha treatment on insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. IL-1alpha treatment up to 4 h did not alter insulin-stimulated insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were partially inhibited with the maximal inhibition in around 15 min. IRS-1 was transiently phosphorylated on some serine residues around 15 min after IL-1alpha stimulation, when several serine kinases, IkappaB kinase, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, ERK, and p70S6K were activated. Chemical inhibitors for these kinases inhibited IL-1alpha-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was recovered only by the IKK inhibitor or JNK inhibitor, suggesting specific involvement of these two kinases. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and 2-deoxyglucose uptake were not inhibited only by IL-1alpha. Interestingly, Akt phosphorylation was synergistically inhibited by IL-1alpha in the presence of IL-6. Taken together, short-term IL-1alpha treatment transiently causes insulin resistance at IRS-1 level with its serine phosphorylation. IL-1alpha may suppress insulin signaling downstream of IRS-1 in the presence of other cytokines, such as IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying He
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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1230
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Golan H, Stilman M, Lev V, Huleihel M. Normal aging of offspring mice of mothers with induced inflammation during pregnancy. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1909-18. [PMID: 16806718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine inflammation is a major risk for offspring neurodevelopmental brain damage and may result in cognitive limitations and poor cognitive and perceptual outcomes. In the present study we tested the possibility that prenatal exposure to a high level of inflammatory factors may increase the risk for neurodegeneration in aging. The effect of systemic maternal inflammation (MI), induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on offspring brain aging, was examined in 8 month old (adult) and 20 month old (aged) offspring mice. A significant effect of age was found in the distance and velocity of exploration in the open field in both groups. In addition, MI aged offspring covered longer distances and enter frequently to the center of the field compared with the aged control group. Although only little difference was found in the aged MI offspring compared with the control offspring, the overall profile of behavior of these mice differs from that of the control group, as detected by clustering analysis. The expression of the death-associated protein FAS-ligand and the amount of apoptotic cell death were examined in the brains of aged offspring. Similar levels of FAS-ligand expression and parallel density of apoptotic cells were detected in the brains of aged mice of control and MI groups. Altogether, moderate systemic MI was not found to increase the risk for cell death in the aged offspring; limited effect was found in mice profile of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Golan
- Department of Developmental Molecular Genetics and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel 84105.
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1231
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Kalinski T, Krueger S, Sel S, Werner K, Ropke M, Roessner A. Differential expression of VEGF-A and angiopoietins in cartilage tumors and regulation by interleukin-1β. Cancer 2006; 106:2028-38. [PMID: 16565972 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2 are key factors in angiogenic signaling. In this study the expression of these factors was identified in cartilage tumors. As interleukin (IL)-1beta has been found to be an indispensable factor in angiogenic signaling, we further analyzed the effect of IL-1beta on the expression of VEGF-A, Ang-1, and Ang-2 using a previously established cell culture model. METHODS Surgical specimens of enchondromas, conventional chondrosarcomas, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas were obtained from 72 patients. VEGF-A, Ang-1, and Ang-2 mRNA expression was detected by conventional and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). VEGF-A expression was also detected by immunohistochemistry or Western blot. RESULTS Differential expression of VEGF-A, Ang-1, and Ang-2 was clearly demonstrated in cartilage tumors. VEGF-A expression was positively correlated with the tumor type. Higher VEGF-A expression levels were detected in conventional chondrosarcomas Grades II and III (using a 3-tier grading system) than in dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (P < .05). A typical pattern of VEGF-A isoforms was identified, including VEGF(121), VEGF(145), VEGF(165), and VEGF(189). Ang-1 presented as a low-level transcript with slightly elevated levels in chondrosarcomas (P < .05). Highly variable Ang-2 expression levels were detected in solitary cases of conventional chondrosarcomas. IL-1beta regulated VEGF-A and Ang-1 expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas low IL-1beta concentrations increased VEGF-A and Ang-1 transcription, high IL-1beta concentrations had the opposite effect. IL-1beta did not activate Ang-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenic signaling in cartilage tumors is variable and at least partly regulable by IL-1beta. The findings are of therapeutic relevance, either as a desired effect or a side effect in medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kalinski
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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1232
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Abstract
Inflammatory reactions occur in the brain in various CNS diseases, including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and epileptic disorders. Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and related molecules have been described in CNS and plasma, in experimental models of seizures and in clinical cases of epilepsy. Inflammation involves both the innate and the adaptive immune systems and shares molecules and pathways also activated by systemic infection. Experimental studies in rodents show that inflammatory reactions in the brain can enhance neuronal excitability, impair cell survival, and increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to blood-borne molecules and cells. Moreover, some antiinflammatory treatments reduce seizures in experimental models and, in some instances, in clinical cases of epilepsy. However, inflammatory reactions in brain also can be beneficial, depending on the tissue microenvironment, the inflammatory mediators produced in injured tissue, the functional status of the target cells, and the length of time the tissue is exposed to inflammation. We provide an overview of the current knowledge in this field and attempt to bridge experimental and clinical evidence to discuss critically the possibility that inflammation may be a common factor contributing, or predisposing, to the occurrence of seizures and cell death, in various forms of epilepsy of different etiologies. The elucidation of this aspect may open new perspectives for the pharmacologic treatment of seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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1233
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Chang HW, Jeng CR, Lin TL, Liu JJ, Chiou MT, Tsai YC, Chia MY, Jan TR, Pang VF. Immunopathological effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on swine alveolar macrophages by in vitro inoculation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 110:207-19. [PMID: 16310858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a multifactorial disease, in pigs. Monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), are the major target cells for PCV2. Swine AMs are essential for the pulmonary defense system against various pathogens. Concurrent infection of lung with opportunistic pathogens in pigs suffered from PMWS is speculated as a feature of immunosuppression. The present study was conducted to characterize the effects of PCV2 inoculation on swine AMs in the in vitro system. The parameters selected for evaluation included PCV2 antigen- and nucleic acid-containing rate, viability, TUNEL-positive rate, phagocytosis, microbicidal capability, and capacity for production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, O2-, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2), cytokines, and chemokines. High intracytoplasmic PCV2 antigen- and nucleic acid-containing rate, absence of intranuclear signals for PCV2 antigen and nucleic acid, and lack of noticeable cell death were seen in PCV2-inoculated AMs. The PCV2-inoculated AMs displayed a transient as well as persistent reduction in the up-take and destruction of Candida albicans, respectively, accompanied by decrease in the production of O2- and H2O2. In PCV2-inoculated AMs, the levels of tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were significantly increased; the mRNA expression levels of alveolar macrophage-derived neutrophil chemotactic factors-II (AMCF-II), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-8 were strongly up-regulated. The reduced phagocytosis and microbicidal capability in conjunction with decreased production of reactive oxygen species in PCV2-inoculated AMs suggest that PCV2-containing AMs may favor the survival and spread of PCV2. It is speculated that the functional alterations observed in PCV2-containing AMs may be potentially harmful to the lung tissue and local pulmonary defense system, especially in those PCV2-infected pigs conditioned by various PMWS development-dependent co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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1234
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Zoukhri D, Macari E, Choi SH, Kublin CL. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediates interleukin-1beta-induced inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion. J Neurochem 2005; 96:126-35. [PMID: 16300639 PMCID: PMC1414092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome, an inflammatory disease affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, is the leading cause of aqueous tear-deficient type of dry eye. We previously showed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) protein is up regulated in the lacrimal gland of a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome and that exogenous addition of this cytokine inhibits neurotransmitter release and lacrimal gland protein secretion. In the present study we investigated the role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in IL-1beta-mediated inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion and tear production. In vitro, IL-1beta induced a time-dependent activation of JNK with a maximum 7.5-fold at 30 min. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-1beta-induced activation of JNK with a maximum of 87% at 10(-4) m. In vivo, IL-1beta stimulated JNK and the expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). IL-1beta inhibited high KCl and adrenergic agonist induced protein secretion by 85% and 66%, respectively. SP600125 alleviated the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta on KCl- and agonist-induced protein secretion by 79% and 47%, respectively, and completely blocked the expression of iNOS. Treatment for 7 days with SP600125 increased tear production in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome dry eye. We conclude that JNK plays a pivotal role in IL-1beta-mediated inhibition of lacrimal gland secretion and subsequent dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driss Zoukhri
- Department of General Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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1235
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Paul R, Koedel U, Pfister HW. Development of adjunctive therapies for bacterial meningitis and lessons from knockout mice. Neurocrit Care 2005; 2:313-24. [PMID: 16159083 DOI: 10.1385/ncc:2:3:313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and is optimally managed in an intensive care environment. Despite the use of antibiotics, the prognosis of this disease is poor because of central nervous system complications such as brain edema formation, cerebrovascular alterations, intracranial hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. Effective adjunctive therapies are still missing. Experimental studies with animal models have provided new insights into the pathophysiology during the acute phase of bacterial meningitis. In recent years, knockout mice have become a powerful tool to investigate the role of particular genes and have also been applied in bacterial meningitis research. The use of these mice offered new insights into the role of different cytokines, proteases, and oxidants involved in the inflammatory cascade. Translating this knowledge into new therapies will provide new treatment strategies for this serious disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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1236
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Park SY, Lee HJ, Yoon WJ, Kang GJ, Moon JY, Lee NH, Kim SJ, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Inhibitory effects of eutigosides isolated fromEurya emarginata on the inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:1244-50. [PMID: 16350850 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of Eurya emarginata (Thumb) Makino, of which leaves have been traditionally used to treat ulcers or diuretic in Jeju Island, has been investigated in the present study. Through the phytochemical study from the methanol extract of E. emaginiata, eutigosides B and C were isolated as the active components. Sseveral inflammatory markers including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, NO, iNOS, and COX-2 were examined. Eutigosides B and C potentially inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the intracellular contents of iNOS protein were markedly decreased after treatment with eutigosides B and C. The inhibition of iNOS activity was correlated with the decrease in nitrite levels. These results suggest that eutigoside B and C from E. emarginata may have anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6), iNOS and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeong Park
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju HiDL, Ara 1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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1237
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Ouburg S, Bart A Crusius J, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Mulder CJJ, Salvador Peña A, Morré SA. A candidate gene approach of immune mediators effecting the susceptibility to and severity of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases in relation to Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:1213-24. [PMID: 16215434 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200511000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on immunogenetic aspects of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in which infectious agents may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis, such as Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and HIV. Gastric adenocarcinoma is a common cancer all around the world, with declining incidences in Europe and high incidences in Asia and central and south America. Together with gastric atrophy and peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma belongs to the commonest upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. These diseases are multifactorial and factors such as smoking and dietary habits contribute to the pathogenesis. More recently, scientists have turned their eyes on the host. Functional polymorphisms in the genes regulating the host immune system may contribute to the susceptibility to and progression of disease. In multifactorial and polygenetic diseases, candidate gene studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detect small to moderate relative risks. Unfortunately, only a few functional SNPs have been identified. The candidate gene approach can be seen as a useful first step in exploring causal pathways between genetic determinants and complex diseases such as those mentioned above. To date, little is known about the immunogenetics of upper gastrointestinal tract diseases. We review the literature on H. pylori, EBV and gene polymorphisms that affect key immune mediators influencing the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response, such as the genes that code for the IL-1 family, TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin alpha, and IL-10. IL-1, IL-10, lymphotoxin alpha and TNF-alpha polymorphisms increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal pathogenesis in H. pylori-infected patients, whereas IL-1 and TNF-alpha polymorphisms confer risk in EBV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Ouburg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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1238
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Kodama K, Suzuki M, Toyosawa T, Araki S. Inhibitory mechanisms of highly purified vitamin B2 on the productions of proinflammatory cytokine and NO in endotoxin-induced shock in mice. Life Sci 2005; 78:134-9. [PMID: 16112685 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory effects of highly purified vitamin B2 (riboflavin-5'-sodium phosphate, >97%) on the interleukin (IL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced shock mice were evaluated. Vitamin B2 at 20 mg/kg (protective effect on mice mortality induced by LPS), intravenously administered 6 h after LPS injection, significantly decreased the plasma elevated levels of IL-6 and MIP-2 at 9 and 12 h. In addition, vitamin B2 lowered the tissue concentration and the mRNA expression of IL-6 in lung and those of MIP-2 in liver at 9 h. Vitamin B2 also reduced concentration of MIP-2 concentration in lung, and inhibited mRNA expression in kidney, respectively. Vitamin B2 decreased the plasma elevated NO levels in accordance with a reduction in expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) both at 21 and 24 h. Accordingly, the reduction in elevated plasma cytokine levels and NO based on the inhibitory effect on local cytokine mRNA expression and iNOS would be responsible for the anti-septic effect of vitamin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtarou Kodama
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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1239
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Nakada J, Matsura T, Okazaki N, Nishida T, Togawa A, Minami Y, Inagaki Y, Ito H, Yamada K, Ishibe Y. ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF GERANYLGERANYLACETONE IMPROVES SURVIVAL RATE IN A RAT ENDOTOXIN SHOCK MODEL: ADMINISTRATION TIMING AND HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 INDUCTION. Shock 2005; 24:482-7. [PMID: 16247336 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000180980.63247.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to determine whether oral pretreatment with geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) inhibits proinflammatory cytokine liberation and nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats and protects rats against death from LPS-induced endotoxin shock, and whether such protection by GGA is related to heat shock protein (HSP) 70 induction in multiple organs of rats. GGA (200 mg/kg) was given orally to rats. LPS (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 4, 8, 16, or 24 h after GGA administration. The survival of rats was monitored over 24 h after LPS administration. GGA treatment at 8 or 16 h before LPS dramatically improved the survival rate of LPS-treated rats. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) and NO 6 h after LPS administration in these GGA-pretreated rats were less than one-half of those in rats treated with LPS alone. A GGA challenge 8 or 16 h before LPS administration enhanced HSP70 expression in rat organs after LPS. Treatment with GGA 8 h before LPS minimized hepatic and renal damage. Furthermore, the protective effect of GGA on mortality in LPS-treated rats was inhibited with quercetin, known as an HSP70 inhibitor. These results suggest that oral administration of GGA at an optimal time before LPS injection induces and enhances HSP70 expression in several organs, inhibits proinflammatory cytokine and NO production, and prevents organ damage, resulting in an improved survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Nakada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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1240
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Geier A, Dietrich CG, Voigt S, Ananthanarayanan M, Lammert F, Schmitz A, Trauner M, Wasmuth HE, Boraschi D, Balasubramaniyan N, Suchy FJ, Matern S, Gartung C. Cytokine-dependent regulation of hepatic organic anion transporter gene transactivators in mouse liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G831-41. [PMID: 15860642 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta lead to downregulation of hepatic organic anion transporters in cholestasis. This adapted response is transcriptionally mediated by nuclear hormone receptors and liver-specific transcription factors. Because little is known in vivo about cytokine-dependent regulatory events, mice were treated with either TNF-alpha or IL-1beta for up to 16 h. Transporter mRNA expression was determined by Northern blot analysis, nuclear activity, and protein-expression of transactivators by EMSA and Western blotting. TNF-alpha induces a sustained decrease in Ntcp, Oatp1/Oatp1a1, and Bsep mRNA expression but exerts only transient [multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2)] or no effects (Mrp3) on Mrps. In addition to Ntcp and Oatp1/Oatp1a1, IL-1beta also downregulates Bsep, Mrp2, and Mrp3 mRNAs to some extent. To study transcriptional regulation, Ntcp and Bsep promoters were first cloned from mice revealing a new distal Ntcp hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1) element but otherwise show a conserved localization to known rat regulatory elements. Changes in transporter-expression are preceeded by a reduction in binding activities at IR-1, ER-8, DR-5, and HNF-1alpha sites after 4 h by either cytokine, which remained more sustained by TNF-alpha in the case of nuclear receptors. Nuclear protein levels of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-alpha are significantly decreased by TNF-alpha but only transiently affected by IL-1beta. Minor reductions of retinoic acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor nuclear proteins are restricted to 4 h after cytokine application and paralleled by a decrease in mRNA levels. Basolateral and canalicular transporter systems are downregulated by both cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Activity of HNF-1alpha as regulator of mNtcp is suppressed by both cytokines. Decreased binding activities of nuclear receptor heterodimers may be explained by a reduction of the ubiquitous heterodimerization partner RXR-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geier
- Dept. of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aachen Univ., Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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1241
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Mazzola S, Forni M, Albertini M, Bacci ML, Zannoni A, Gentilini F, Lavitrano M, Bach FH, Otterbein LE, Clement MG. Carbon monoxide pretreatment prevents respiratory derangement and ameliorates hyperacute endotoxic shock in pigs. FASEB J 2005; 19:2045-7. [PMID: 16223783 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-3782fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxic shock, one of the most prominent causes of mortality in intensive care units, is characterized by pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypotension, heart failure, widespread endothelial activation/injury, and clotting culminating in disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ system failure. In the last few years, studies in rodents have shown that administration of low concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) exerts potent therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases/disorders. In this study, we have administered CO (one our pretreatment at 250 ppm) in a clinically relevant, well-characterized model of LPS-induced acute lung injury in pigs. Pretreatment only with inhaled CO significantly ameliorated several of the acute pathological changes induced by endotoxic shock. In terms of lung physiology, CO pretreatment corrected the LPS-induced changes in resistance and compliance and improved the derangement in pulmonary gas exchange. In terms of coagulation and inflammation, CO reduced the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and completely suppressed serum levels of the proinflammatory IL-1beta in response to LPS, while augmenting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, the effects of CO blunted the deterioration of kidney and liver function, suggesting a beneficial effect in terms of end organ damage associated with endotoxic shock. Lastly, CO pretreatment prevents LPS-induced ICAM expression on lung endothelium and inhibits leukocyte marginalization on lung parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Biochimica e Fisiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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1242
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Branski RC, Rosen CA, Verdolini K, Hebda PA. Biochemical markers associated with acute vocal fold wound healing: a rabbit model. J Voice 2005; 19:283-9. [PMID: 15907442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study seeks to determine the ability of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of vocal fold secretions to detect and describe the acute tissue response to injury in a rabbit vocal fold model. Vocal fold secretions were collected before the induction of a unilateral surgical injury to the vocal fold and at 6 timepoints after injury (1, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days). Secretions were then subjected to ELISAs to assess concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE-2). The results indicate that ELISAs may be useful in documenting fluctuations in these markers associated with the wound healing process in the rabbit model. The temporal expression of both IL-1beta and PGE-2 was consistent with their proposed roles in the wound healing cascade in other systems, pointing to the potential that surface secretions may be at least partial indicators of wound healing events within the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Branski
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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1243
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Abstract
PTXF appears to be a promising adjunct to antibiotic therapy in neonatal sepsis. No adverse effects were noted in either study reported in the literature. However, there is a need for large randomized clinical trials to confirm or refute the role of PTXF in the treatment of sepsis in neonates. Clinically important comorbidities such as chronic lung disease, periventicular leukomalacia, duration of assisted ventilation, and NEC should be evaluated as a part of these studies. Comparison of PTXF with immunomodulatory agents such as colony-stimulating factors and intravenous immunoglobulins is suggested. Part II of this five-part series on immunomodulation will explore the use of colony-stimulating factors in neonates. Other topics will include the amino acid glutamine, intravenous immunoglobulins, and probiotics.
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1244
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Razonable RR, Henault M, Watson HL, Paya CV. Nystatin induces secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha by a toll-like receptor-dependent mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3546-9. [PMID: 16048981 PMCID: PMC1196261 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.8.3546-3549.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nystatin is an antifungal compound with potent proinflammatory properties. Herein, we demonstrate that nystatin induces interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion through its activation of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and TLR2. Hence, a TLR-dependent mechanism could serve as the molecular basis for the proinflammatory properties of nystatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymund R Razonable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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1245
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Werners AH, Bull S, Fink-Gremmels J. Endotoxaemia: a review with implications for the horse. Equine Vet J 2005; 37:371-83. [PMID: 16028631 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054529418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Werners
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 16, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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1246
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Shichkin VP, Spivak NY. Cytokine-deficient mice as a model for generation of autologous anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies. Immunol Lett 2005; 102:148-57. [PMID: 16176840 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of inducing immune responses to murine interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 and generating anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was studied in IL-4- and IL-13-knockout mice. The minimal doses of IL-4 or IL-13 that could induce significant anti-cytokine responses with titers of 5000-10,000 were 20 microg per injection with the total doses of 100 microg. The highest titers in a range of 20,480-40,960 were achieved by triple immunization of IL-13-knockout mice with 30 microg of IL-13 per injection. Anti-IL-4 mAbs were generated at an antibody serum titer about 400; however, only 0.5% of primary hybridoma clones were anti-IL-4-positive. Anti-IL-13 cell fusions were successful at titers of 20,480 and 40,960 with 50% of the primary clones positive. Both hybridomas secreted low-affinity IgMkappa mAbs and were IL-6-dependent. These data demonstrate that IL-4- and IL-13-deficient mice may develop high polyclonal immune responses to "syngeneic" murine cytokines but fail to generate high-affinity mAbs at the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin P Shichkin
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0563, USA.
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1247
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Wang F, Gao F, Jing L. Is macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) the "control point" of vascular hypo-responsiveness in septic shock? Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:1082-7. [PMID: 16125329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a member of the cytokine family, is beginning to be recognized as a pleiotropic proinflammatory molecule. MIF exerts function via antagonistic regulation of glucocorticoids, inhibition to apoptosis-mediated p53, influence on vasodilator gas NO and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), feedback counter-regulation of complement C5a controlling MIF release, and interaction with major cations as well. Interestingly, aforementioned glucocorticoids, apoptosis, NO, iNOS, C5a, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and H+ that are greatly associated with vascular tone or vasomotion. Nevertheless, the elevated serum and cytosolic concentrations of MIF exactly affect all above facets in septic shock models and patients, during which vasodilation of the peripheral resistance vessels occurs, and accompanied with decreased responsiveness to vascular pressors. Thus MIF may bring into play as one of point-controlling proteins in the onset of sustained vascular hypo-reactivity during the process of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Research Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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1248
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Määttä J, Majuri ML, Luukkonen R, Lauerma A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Alenius H, Savolainen K. Characterization of oak and birch dust-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicology 2005; 215:25-36. [PMID: 16122864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to wood dust is related to several respiratory diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. However, virtually nothing is known about molecular mechanisms behind wood dust-induced pulmonary inflammation. To elucidate the effects of wood dust exposure on cytokine and chemokine expression in murine macrophage cell line cells, mouse RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to two selected hardwood dusts, oak and birch. TiO2 and LPS were used as controls. Expression patterns of several cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR system and by ELISA. Exposure to birch dust caused a major increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 protein levels whereas a weaker induction of TNF-alpha protein was found after exposure to oak dust. Inorganic TiO2 dust did not induce significant cytokine expression. With respect to the chemokines, a dose-dependent, about 10-fold induction of CCL2 mRNA and protein was found after exposure to birch dust. Oak dust induced weakly CCL2 protein. Similarly, birch dust induced a strong expression of CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL2/3 mRNA whereas only moderate levels of these chemokine mRNAs were detected after oak dust exposure. In contrast, expression of CCL24 mRNA was inhibited by more than 40-fold by both oak and birch dusts. TiO2 dust induced about five-fold expression of CCL3 and CCL4 mRNA but did not affect significantly other chemokines. These results suggest that exposure to birch or oak dusts may influence the development of the inflammatory process in the airways by modulating the expression of macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Määttä
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
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1249
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Hirsch E, Wang H. The molecular pathophysiology of bacterially induced preterm labor: insights from the murine model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:145-55. [PMID: 15784499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Premature delivery, the most important problem in obstetrics in developed countries, continues to vex clinicians and researchers. Despite decades of investigation, the pathophysiology of premature labor is incompletely understood, and therapies or preventive strategies tailored to each of the many potential causes do not exist. The present review addresses one cause of prematurity, namely, intrauterine bacterial infection. Given the vastness of the literature for even this single etiology, we focus on the mouse as a model organism from which much can be learned about mammalian parturition. The underpinnings of bacterially induced labor are believed to involve a signaling cascade that begins with recognition of offending pathogens by cell-surface receptors (toll-like receptors). This cascade then operates through multiple branching and redundant pathways to bring about the changes within the gestational compartment that produce cervical ripening, labor, and ultimately delivery. The major challenge facing researchers is to understand the levels of complexity in the host response, so that prevention and treatment strategies may be sufficiently focused to minimize unwanted side effects, yet sufficiently broad to be effective. Given the complexity of the problem, this understanding can be aided by efficient model systems, of which one in vivo example is the mouse, an organism that shares with humans many similarities in the biochemical and molecular aspects of inflammation-induced preterm labor. We propose that tools with the power to assess simultaneously the myriad elements of the hypothesized signaling cascade (ie, genomic and proteomic technologies) are important components of the solution to the puzzle of parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet Hirsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
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1250
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Martin M, Rehani K, Jope RS, Michalek SM. Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine production is differentially regulated by glycogen synthase kinase 3. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:777-84. [PMID: 16007092 PMCID: PMC1933525 DOI: 10.1038/ni1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms that directly regulate the inflammatory response after Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation are unresolved at present. Here we report that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) differentially regulates TLR-mediated production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Stimulation of monocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells with TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 or TLR9 agonists induced substantial increases in interleukin 10 production while suppressing the release of proinflammatory cytokines after GSK3 inhibition. GSK3 regulated the inflammatory response by differentially affecting the nuclear amounts of transcription factors NF-kappaB subunit p65 and CREB interacting with the coactivator CBP. Administration of a GSK3 inhibitor potently suppressed the proinflammatory response in mice receiving lipopolysaccharide and mediated protection from endotoxin shock. These findings demonstrate a regulatory function for GSK3 in modulating the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA.
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