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Grotius J, Dittfeld C, Huether M, Mueller-Klieser W, Baumann M, Kunz-Schughart LA. Impact of exogenous lactate on survival and radioresponse of carcinoma cells in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:989-1001. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903242156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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1252
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Sattler UGA, Mueller-Klieser W. The anti-oxidant capacity of tumour glycolysis. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:963-71. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903258889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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1253
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Stoeckle C, Gleske AK. Immunotherapy: from basic research to clinical applications. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1129-36. [PMID: 18584173 PMCID: PMC11031055 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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1254
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Biswas S, Eisen T. Immunotherapeutic strategies in kidney cancer--when TKIs are not enough. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009; 6:478-87. [PMID: 19546865 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
FDA approval of the multitargeted, antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sunitinib and sorafenib, and the serine and threonine mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, temsirolimus, has revolutionized the management of metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (CC-RCC). The inability of these targeted therapies to provide durable complete responses, however, is a serious limiting factor to their clinical usefulness. Although immunotherapeutic approaches in advanced disease are increasingly regarded as a historical treatment paradigm, we propose that a fundamental understanding of immunobiology in CC-RCC can improve the selection of patients for high-dose intravenous interleukin 2 and facilitate the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. In our opinion, immunotherapeutic strategies have an important place in the management of advanced CC-RCC in the era of biological targeted therapy.
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Reversal of the glycolytic phenotype by dichloroacetate inhibits metastatic breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 120:253-60. [PMID: 19543830 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glycolytic phenotype is a widespread phenomenon in solid cancer forms, including breast cancer. Dichloroacetate (DCA) has recently been proposed as a novel and relatively non-toxic anti-cancer agent that can reverse the glycolytic phenotype in cancer cells through the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. We have examined the effect of DCA against breast cancer cells, including in a highly metastatic in vivo model. The growth of several breast cancer cell lines was found to be inhibited by DCA in vitro. Further examination of 13762 MAT rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells found that reversal of the glycolytic phenotype by DCA correlated with the inhibition of proliferation without any increase in cell death. This was despite a small but significant increase in caspase 3/7 activity, which may sensitize cancer cells to other apoptotic triggers. In vivo, DCA caused a 58% reduction in the number of lung metastases observed macroscopically after injection of 13762 MAT cells into the tail vein of rats (P = 0.0001, n > or = 9 per group). These results demonstrate that DCA has anti-proliferative properties in addition to pro-apoptotic properties, and can be effective against highly metastatic disease in vivo, highlighting its potential for clinical use.
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Tennant DA, Durán RV, Boulahbel H, Gottlieb E. Metabolic transformation in cancer. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1269-80. [PMID: 19321800 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2000, Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg published a review detailing the six hallmarks of cancer. These are six phenotypes that a tumour requires in order to become a fully fledged malignancy: persistent growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, unlimited replicative potential, angiogenesis and invasion and metastasis. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that these phenotypes do not portray the whole story and that other hallmarks are necessary: one of which is a shift in cellular metabolism. The tumour environment creates a unique collection of stresses to which cells must adapt in order to survive. This environment is formed by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which ignore the cues that would create normal tissue architecture. As a result, the cells forming the tumour are exposed to low oxygen and nutrient levels, as well as high levels of toxic cellular waste products, which is thought to propel cells towards a more transformed phenotype, resistant to cell death and pro-metastatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Tennant
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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1257
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El Marsafy S, Bagot M, Bensussan A, Mauviel A. Dendritic cells in the skin - potential use for melanoma treatment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:30-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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1258
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1259
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The malignant phenotype of breast cancer cells is reduced by COX-2 silencing. Neoplasia 2008; 10:1163-9. [PMID: 18953425 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is currently targeted for therapeutic intervention in different cancers. We have previously shown that silencing of COX-2 in the poorly differentiated metastatic breast cell line MDA-MB-231 by RNA interference markedly delayed tumor onset and inhibited metastasis. To understand the functional effects of COX-2 silencing underlying the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis previously reported, we investigated changes in these cells for a number of cancer-associated phenotypes. Cyclooxygenase-2-silenced cells were less able to acidify tissue culture medium, a response that could partly be attributed to decreased lactate production or export detected by reduced lactate in the medium. Consistent with the significantly reduced transcript levels of hyaluronan synthase 2, an enzyme responsible for the total level of hyaluronan secreted by these cells, COX-2 silencing resulted in lower hyaluronan levels secreted in culture medium. Inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cell network association in a coculture assay was also observed in COX-2-silenced cells. These data highlight the functional role of COX-2 in pathways that mediate increased malignancy.
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1260
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Dayan F, Mazure NM, Brahimi-Horn MC, Pouysségur J. A dialogue between the hypoxia-inducible factor and the tumor microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2008; 1:53-68. [PMID: 19308685 PMCID: PMC2654353 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor is the key protein responsible for the cellular adaptation to low oxygen tension. This transcription factor becomes activated as a result of a drop in the partial pressure of oxygen, to hypoxic levels below 5% oxygen, and targets a panel of genes involved in maintenance of oxygen homeostasis. Hypoxia is a common characteristic of the microenvironment of solid tumors and, through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor, is at the center of the growth dynamics of tumor cells. Not only does the microenvironment impact on the hypoxia-inducible factor but this factor impacts on microenvironmental features, such as pH, nutrient availability, metabolism and the extracellular matrix. In this review we discuss the influence the tumor environment has on the hypoxia-inducible factor and outline the role of this factor as a modulator of the microenvironment and as a powerful actor in tumor remodeling. From a fundamental research point of view the hypoxia-inducible factor is at the center of a signaling pathway that must be deciphered to fully understand the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. From a translational and pharmacological research point of view the hypoxia-inducible factor and its induced downstream gene products may provide information on patient prognosis and offer promising targets that open perspectives for novel "anti-microenvironment" directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dayan
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Nathalie M. Mazure
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - M. Christiane Brahimi-Horn
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS UMR 6543, Centre A. Lacassagne, 33 Avenue Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
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Hersey P, Zhang XD. Adaptation to ER stress as a driver of malignancy and resistance to therapy in human melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:358-67. [PMID: 18476909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary events in the development of melanoma are gradually being pieced together but a more complete picture of evolution of the disease requires additional understanding of secondary events consequent on initiation of the malignancy. Arguably, the most important driver of secondary events is signals resulting from induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress for example due to hypoglycaemia and anoxia. This may result in a variety of responses such as apoptosis, autophagy and senescence depending on the initiating event and cell type but most importantly it may result in progression of melanoma due to adaptation and selection of melanoma cells to ER stress. The following reviews what is known about the adaptive responses and how this information may provide new initiatives in treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Immunology and Oncology Unit, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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Feder-Mengus C, Ghosh S, Reschner A, Martin I, Spagnoli GC. New dimensions in tumor immunology: what does 3D culture reveal? Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shime H, Yabu M, Akazawa T, Kodama K, Matsumoto M, Seya T, Inoue N. Tumor-secreted lactic acid promotes IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7175-83. [PMID: 18490716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine consisting of a p19 subunit and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is overexpressed in and around tumor tissues, where it induces local inflammation and promotes tumor development. Many tumor cells produce large amounts of lactic acid by altering their glucose metabolism. In this study, we show that lactic acid secreted by tumor cells enhances the transcription of IL-23p19 and IL-23 production in monocytes/macrophages and in tumor-infiltrating immune cells that are stimulated with TLR2 and 4 ligands. DNA elements responsible for this enhancing activity of lactic acid were detected in a 2.7-kb 5'-flanking region of the human IL-23p19 gene. The effect of lactic acid was strictly regulated by extracellular pH. Furthermore, by inducing IL-23 overproduction, lactic acid facilitated the Ag-dependent secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 but not IFN-gamma by TLR ligand-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Interestingly, this effect was observed even in the absence of TLR ligand stimulation. These results suggest that rather than just being a terminal metabolite, lactic acid is a proinflammatory mediator that is secreted by tumor cells to activate the IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway but not the Th1 pathway. Targeting the lactic acid-induced proinflammatory response may be a useful approach for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
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1265
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McFate T, Mohyeldin A, Lu H, Thakar J, Henriques J, Halim ND, Wu H, Schell MJ, Tsang TM, Teahan O, Zhou S, Califano JA, Jeoung NH, Harris RA, Verma A. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity controls metabolic and malignant phenotype in cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22700-8. [PMID: 18541534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801765200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High lactate generation and low glucose oxidation, despite normal oxygen conditions, are commonly seen in cancer cells and tumors. Historically known as the Warburg effect, this altered metabolic phenotype has long been correlated with malignant progression and poor clinical outcome. However, the mechanistic relationship between altered glucose metabolism and malignancy remains poorly understood. Here we show that inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity contributes to the Warburg metabolic and malignant phenotype in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PDC inhibition occurs via enhanced expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK-1), which results in inhibitory phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha (PDHalpha) subunit. We also demonstrate that PDC inhibition in cancer cells is associated with normoxic stabilization of the malignancy-promoting transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) by glycolytic metabolites. Knockdown of PDK-1 via short hairpin RNA lowers PDHalpha phosphorylation, restores PDC activity, reverts the Warburg metabolic phenotype, decreases normoxic HIF-1alpha expression, lowers hypoxic cell survival, decreases invasiveness, and inhibits tumor growth. PDK-1 is an HIF-1-regulated gene, and these data suggest that the buildup of glycolytic metabolites, resulting from high PDK-1 expression, may in turn promote HIF-1 activation, thus sustaining a feed-forward loop for malignant progression. In addition to providing anabolic support for cancer cells, altered fuel metabolism thus supports a malignant phenotype. Correction of metabolic abnormalities offers unique opportunities for cancer treatment and may potentially synergize with other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McFate
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J. Tumor cell metabolism: cancer's Achilles' heel. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:472-82. [PMID: 18538731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1627] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The essential hallmarks of cancer are intertwined with an altered cancer cell-intrinsic metabolism, either as a consequence or as a cause. As an example, the resistance of cancer mitochondria against apoptosis-associated permeabilization and the altered contribution of these organelles to metabolism are closely related. Similarly, the constitutive activation of signaling cascades that stimulate cell growth has a profound impact on anabolic metabolism. Here, we review the peculiarities of tumor cell metabolism that might be taken advantage of for cancer treatment. Specifically, we discuss the alterations in signal transduction pathways and/or enzymatic machineries that account for metabolic reprogramming of transformed cells.
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Langbein S, Frederiks WM, zur Hausen A, Popa J, Lehmann J, Weiss C, Alken P, Coy JF. Metastasis is promoted by a bioenergetic switch: new targets for progressive renal cell cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2422-8. [PMID: 18302154 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies have demonstrated clinical benefit with limited impact on long-term disease specific survival in the treatment of renal cell cancer (RCC). New opportunities for the treatment of tumors that are resistant or have relapsed, are needed. Increased anaerobic glucose fermentation to lactate (aerobic glycolysis), leading to oxygen- and mitochondria-independent ATP generation is a hallmark of aggressive cancer growth. This metabolic shift results in increased lactate production via cycling through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and plays an important role in tumor immune escape, progression and resistance to immune-, radiation- and chemo-therapy. This study explored the activity and impact of the oxidative and nonoxidative branches of the PPP on RCC to evaluate new therapeutic options. Activity was determined in the oxidative branch by glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, and in the nonoxidative branch by the total transketolase activity and the specific expression of the transketolase-like-1 (TKTL1) protein. Transketolase and G6PD activity were intensely elevated in tumor tissues. Transketolase, but not G6PD activity, was more elevated in metastasizing tumors and TKTL1 protein was significantly overexpressed in progressing tumors (p = 0.03). Lethal tumors, where surrogate parameters such as grading and staging had failed to predict progression, showed intensive TKTL1 protein expression. RCC was found to have activated oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism through the PPP, displaying a bioenergetic shift toward nonoxidative glucose fermentation in progressing tumors. The coexistence of cancer cells with differentially regulated energy supplies provides new insights in carcinogenesis and novel anticancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Langbein
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Otto C, Kaemmerer U, Illert B, Muehling B, Pfetzer N, Wittig R, Voelker HU, Thiede A, Coy JF. Growth of human gastric cancer cells in nude mice is delayed by a ketogenic diet supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:122. [PMID: 18447912 PMCID: PMC2408928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the most prominent metabolic alterations in cancer cells are the increase in glucose consumption and the conversion of glucose to lactic acid via the reduction of pyruvate even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon, known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, may provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies that inhibit tumour growth by administration of a ketogenic diet with average protein but low in carbohydrates and high in fat enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). METHODS Twenty-four female NMRI nude mice were injected subcutaneously with tumour cells of the gastric adenocarcinoma cell line 23132/87. The animals were then randomly split into two feeding groups and fed either a ketogenic diet (KD group; n = 12) or a standard diet (SD group; n = 12) ad libitum. Experiments were ended upon attainment of the target tumor volume of 600 mm3 to 700 mm3. The two diets were compared based on tumour growth and survival time (interval between tumour cell injection and attainment of target tumour volume). RESULTS The ketogenic diet was well accepted by the KD mice. The tumour growth in the KD group was significantly delayed compared to that in the SD group. Tumours in the KD group reached the target tumour volume at 34.2 +/- 8.5 days versus only 23.3 +/- 3.9 days in the SD group. After day 20, tumours in the KD group grew faster although the differences in mean tumour growth continued significantly. Importantly, they revealed significantly larger necrotic areas than tumours of the SD group and the areas with vital tumour cells appear to have had fewer vessels than tumours of the SD group. Viable tumour cells in the border zone surrounding the necrotic areas of tumours of both groups exhibited a glycolytic phenotype with expression of glucose transporter-1 and transketolase-like 1 enzyme. CONCLUSION Application of an unrestricted ketogenic diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and MCT delayed tumour growth in a mouse xenograft model. Further studies are needed to address the impact of this diet on other tumour-relevant functions such as invasive growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Otto
- Experimental Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Str, 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Hyphenated mass spectrometry in the analysis of the central carbon metabolism. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:895-8. [PMID: 18414831 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Friedrich J, Ebner R, Kunz-Schughart LA. Experimental anti-tumor therapy in 3-D: spheroids--old hat or new challenge? Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 83:849-71. [PMID: 18058370 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701727531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To give a state-of-the-art overview on the promise of three-dimensional (3-D) culture systems for anticancer drug development, with particular emphasis on multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Cell-based assays have become an integral component in many stages of routine anti-tumor drug testing. However, they are almost always based on homogenous monolayer or suspension cultures and thus represent a rather artificial cellular environment. 3-D cultures--such as the well established spheroid culture system--better reflect the in vivo behavior of cells in tumor tissues and are increasingly recognized as valuable advanced tools for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. The present article summarizes past and current applications and particularly discusses technological challenges, required improvements and recent progress with the use of the spheroid model in experimental therapeutics, as a basis for sophisticated drug/therapy screening. A brief overview is given focusing on the nomenclature of spherical 3-D cultures, their potential to mimic many aspects of the pathophysiological situation in tumors, and currently available protocols for culturing and analysis. A list of spheroid-forming epithelial cancer cell lines of different origin is provided and the recent trend to use spheroids for testing combination treatment strategies is highlighted. Finally, various spheroid co-culture approaches are presented that have been established to study heterologous cell interactions in solid tumors and thereby are able to reflect the cellular tumor environment with increasing accuracy. The intriguing observation that in order to retain certain tumor initiating cell properties, some primary tumor cell populations must be maintained exclusively in 3-D culture is mentioned, adding a new but fascinating challenge for future therapeutic campaigns.
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Wittig R, Coy JF. The Role of Glucose Metabolism and Glucose-Associated Signalling in Cancer. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1177391x0700100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive carcinomas ferment glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen. This particular metabolism, termed aerobic glycolysis, the glycolytic phenotype, or the Warburg effect, was discovered by Nobel laureate Otto Warburg in the 1920s. Since these times, controversial discussions about the relevance of the fermentation of glucose by tumours took place; however, a majority of cancer researchers considered the Warburg effect as a non-causative epiphenomenon. Recent research demonstrated, that several common oncogenic events favour the expression of the glycolytic phenotype. Moreover, a suppression of the phenotypic features by either substrate limitation, pharmacological intervention, or genetic manipulation was found to mediate potent tumour-suppressive effects. The discovery of the transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) enzyme in aggressive cancers may deliver a missing link in the interpretation of the Warburg effect. TKTL1-activity could be the basis for a rapid fermentation of glucose in aggressive carcinoma cells via the pentose phosphate pathway, which leads to matrix acidification, invasive growth, and ultimately metastasis. TKTL1 expression in certain non-cancerous tissues correlates with aerobic formation of lactate and rapid fermentation of glucose, which may be required for the prevention of advanced glycation end products and the suppression of reactive oxygen species. There is evidence, that the activity of this enzyme and the Warburg effect can be both protective or destructive for the organism. These results place glucose metabolism to the centre of pathogenesis of several civilisation related diseases and raise concerns about the high glycaemic index of various food components commonly consumed in western diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Wittig
- R-Biopharm AG, Landwehrstrasse 54, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes F. Coy
- R-Biopharm AG, Landwehrstrasse 54, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- TAVARTIS GmbH, Kroetengasse 10, 64853 Otzberg, Germany
- Dept. Of Gynaecology, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Str. 4, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Costa Leite T, Da Silva D, Guimarães Coelho R, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M. Lactate favours the dissociation of skeletal muscle 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase tetramers down-regulating the enzyme and muscle glycolysis. Biochem J 2007; 408:123-30. [PMID: 17666012 PMCID: PMC2049071 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For a long period lactate was considered as a dead-end product of glycolysis in many cells and its accumulation correlated with acidosis and cellular and tissue damage. At present, the role of lactate in several physiological processes has been investigated based on its properties as an energy source, a signalling molecule and as essential for tissue repair. It is noteworthy that lactate accumulation alters glycolytic flux independently from medium acidification, thereby this compound can regulate glucose metabolism within cells. PFK (6-phosphofructo-1-kinase) is the key regulatory glycolytic enzyme which is regulated by diverse molecules and signals. PFK activity is directly correlated with cellular glucose consumption. The present study shows the property of lactate to down-regulate PFK activity in a specific manner which is not dependent on acidification of the medium. Lactate reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrates, ATP and fructose 6-phosphate, as well as reducing the affinity for ATP at its allosteric inhibitory site at the enzyme. Moreover, we demonstrated that lactate inhibits PFK favouring the dissociation of enzyme active tetramers into less active dimers. This effect can be prevented by tetramer-stabilizing conditions such as the presence of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, the binding of PFK to f-actin and phosphorylation of the enzyme by protein kinase A. In conclusion, our results support evidence that lactate regulates the glycolytic flux through modulating PFK due to its effects on the enzyme quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Costa Leite
- *Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
- †Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
| | - Daniel Da Silva
- *Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
| | - Raquel Guimarães Coelho
- †Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
| | - Patricia Zancan
- *Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- *Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Fármacos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21941-590
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Radom-Aizik S, Leu SY, Cooper DM, Zaldivar F. Serum from exercising humans suppresses t-cell cytokine production. Cytokine 2007; 40:75-81. [PMID: 17919919 PMCID: PMC2211758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise affects t-cell cytokine production. Whether or not these effects are caused by circulating factors associated with physical activity (e.g., inflammatory mediators, acidosis) is unknown. To investigate this, we incubated sera (10%), obtained from 16 young-adults before (PRE) and after (END) 30-min of exercise, with commercially available Jurkat cells, a t-lymphocyte model, that, of course, had never been exposed to an exercise milieu. After 1 and 6h in culture, we measured in the supernatant four cytokines (each known to be altered by exercise and involved in disease pathophysiology): IL-2, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1ra. Cell proliferation was assessed with proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PNCA). Statistical analysis consisted of a linear mixed model for repeated measurement. There was no effect of exercise on t-cell production of either TGF-beta1 or IL-1ra. In contrast, both IL-2 (p=0.025) and TNF-alpha (p=0.031) production was significantly suppressed in sera from the exercising participants. The suppression of these two cytokines occurred despite the fact that PNCA significantly increased (p=0.0004) in the END serum. In conclusion, exercise alters circulating factors that can, subsequently, influence t-cell cytokine production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Bldg 25, 2nd Floor, University Children's Hospital, University of California Irvine, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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1274
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Iacono KT, Brown AL, Greene MI, Saouaf SJ. CD147 immunoglobulin superfamily receptor function and role in pathology. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:283-95. [PMID: 17945211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily member CD147 plays an important role in fetal, neuronal, lymphocyte and extracellular matrix development. Here we review the current understanding of CD147 expression and protein interactions with regard to CD147 function and its role in pathologic conditions including heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke and cancer. A model linking hypoxic conditions found within the tumor microenvironment to upregulation of CD147 expression and tumor progression is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn T Iacono
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 252 John Morgan Building, 36th & Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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1275
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Völker HU, Scheich M, Schmausser B, Kämmerer U, Eck M. Overexpression of transketolase TKTL1 is associated with shorter survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 264:1431-6. [PMID: 17639446 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis involves energy production by aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg effect") in malignant tumors. One of the key enzymes is transketolase. Transketolase, transketolase-like-1 (TKTL1), and transketolase-like-2 are known. Antibodies against TKTL1 exist for immunohistochemical investigations. This study investigated the influence of TKTL1 on survival and metastasizing in 40 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs, T2-T4, 27 metastasized). Staining was assessed by an immunoreactive score (IRS) with values from 0 to 12 in primaries and their nodal metastases. The highest IRS was 8. Normal epithelium did not show an expression. Three SCCs were negative. Advanced SCCs had a higher IRS than lower stages. An IRS>4 was associated with a shorter disease specific survival, independent on the tumor stage in the multivariate analysis. Significant differences between metastasized and non-metastasized SCCs were absent, but poorly differentiated SCCs had a higher IRS in their metastases than moderate differentiated SCCs. TKTL1 overexpression is associated with a more aggressive behavior and shorter survival of laryngeal SCCs. These observations could lead to additional therapeutic options targeting a blocking of the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Ullrich Völker
- Insitute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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