1401
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Determination of ganglioside concentrations in breast milk and serum from Malaysian mothers using a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-multiple reaction monitoring method. Int Dairy J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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1402
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Praveen P, Jordan F, Priami C, Morine MJ. The role of breast-feeding in infant immune system: a systems perspective on the intestinal microbiome. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:41. [PMID: 26399409 PMCID: PMC4581423 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human intestinal microbiota changes from being sparsely populated and variable to possessing a mature, adult-like stable microbiome during the first 2 years of life. This assembly process of the microbiota can lead to either negative or positive effects on health, depending on the colonization sequence and diet. An integrative study on the diet, the microbiota, and genomic activity at the transcriptomic level may give an insight into the role of diet in shaping the human/microbiome relationship. This study aims at better understanding the effects of microbial community and feeding mode (breast-fed and formula-fed) on the immune system, by comparing intestinal metagenomic and transcriptomic data from breast-fed and formula-fed babies. RESULTS We re-analyzed a published metagenomics and host gene expression dataset from a systems biology perspective. Our results show that breast-fed samples co-express genes associated with immunological, metabolic, and biosynthetic activities. The diversity of the microbiota is higher in formula-fed than breast-fed infants, potentially reflecting the weaker dependence of infants on maternal microbiome. We mapped the microbial composition and the expression patterns for host systems and studied their relationship from a systems biology perspective, focusing on the differences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that there is co-expression of more genes in breast-fed samples but lower microbial diversity compared to formula-fed. Applying network-based systems biology approach via enrichment of microbial species with host genes revealed the novel key relationships of the microbiota with immune and metabolic activity. This was supported statistically by data and literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurush Praveen
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Ferenc Jordan
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Corrado Priami
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, 38100, Povo, Italy.
| | - Melissa J Morine
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068, Rovereto, Italy.
- Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, 38100, Povo, Italy.
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1403
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Ma L, Liu X, MacGibbon AKH, Rowan A, McJarrow P, Fong BY. Lactational changes in concentration and distribution of ganglioside molecular species in human breast milk from Chinese mothers. Lipids 2015; 50:1145-54. [PMID: 26404454 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides play a critical role in human brain development and function. Human breast milk (HBM) is an important dietary source of gangliosides for the growing infant. In this study, ganglioside concentrations were measured in the breast milk from a cross-sectional sample of Chinese mothers over an 8-month lactation period. The average total ganglioside concentration increased from 13.1 mg/l during the first month to 20.9 mg/l by 8 months of lactation. The average concentration during the typically solely breast-feeding period of 1‒6 months was 18.9 mg/l. This is the first study to report the relative distribution of the individual ganglioside molecular species through lactation for any population group. The ganglioside molecular species are made up of different fatty acid moieties that influence the physical properties of these gangliosides, and hence affect their function. The GM(3) molecular species containing long-chain acyl fatty acids had the most prominent changes, increasing in both concentration and relative distribution. The equivalent long-chain acyl fatty acid GD(3) molecular species typically decreased in concentration and relative distribution. The lactational trends for both concentration and relative distribution for the very long-chain acyl fatty acid molecular species were more varied. The major GM(3) and GD(3) molecular species during lactation were d40:1 and d42:1, respectively. An understanding of ganglioside molecular species distribution in HBM is essential for accurate application of mass spectrometry methods for ganglioside quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xihong Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alastair K H MacGibbon
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Bertram Y Fong
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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1404
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Hao H, Li S, Zhou W, Wang H, Liu M, Shi C, Chen J, Xiao X. Metabolic products in urine of preterm infants characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:16454-16462. [PMID: 26629171 PMCID: PMC4659059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the metabolic products of urine associated with preterm birth, thus providing clinical guidelines for intestinal and parenteral nutrition in preterm infants. METHODS Urine samples of 47 preterm infants and 45 full-term infants were collected and prepared for trimethylsilylation by treatment with urease. The levels of lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, ornithine, fumaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactose, stearic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and statistically analyzed. RESULTS The normalized concentrations of the following metabolites in preterm infant urine samples were significantly lower than that of full-term infant urine samples: lysine (P = 0.003), phenylalanine (P = 0.001), histidine (P = 0.006), ornithine (P = 0.000), fumaric acid (P = 0.002), malic acid (P = 0.006), succinic acid (P = 0.000), lactose (P = 0.000), stearic acid (P = 0.000) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS The results of the GC/MS analysis indicated that amino acid, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism defects exist in preterm infants. The use of GC/MS to determine metabolic products in urine samples could be helpful for prospectively evaluating the nutritional status of preterm infants, and therefore providing clinical guidelines on reasonable nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Hao
- Department of Neonatology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Sitao Li
- Department of Neonatology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical CenterGuangzhou 510623, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Tianhe Women and Children HospitalGuangzhou 510620, China
| | - Mengxian Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Congcong Shi
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
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1405
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vi Lier Goh
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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1406
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Del Chierico F, Vernocchi P, Petrucca A, Paci P, Fuentes S, Praticò G, Capuani G, Masotti A, Reddel S, Russo A, Vallone C, Salvatori G, Buffone E, Signore F, Rigon G, Dotta A, Miccheli A, de Vos WM, Dallapiccola B, Putignani L. Phylogenetic and Metabolic Tracking of Gut Microbiota during Perinatal Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137347. [PMID: 26332837 PMCID: PMC4557834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization and development of gut microbiota immediately after birth is highly variable and depends on several factors, such as delivery mode and modality of feeding during the first months of life. A cohort of 31 mother and neonate pairs, including 25 at-term caesarean (CS) and 6 vaginally (V) delivered neonates (DNs), were included in this study and 121 meconium/faecal samples were collected at days 1 through 30 following birth. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assessed in 69 stool samples by phylogenetic microarray HITChip and inter- and intra-individual distributions were established by inter-OTUs correlation matrices and OTUs co-occurrence or co-exclusion networks. 1H-NMR metabolites were determined in 70 stool samples, PCA analysis was performed on 55 CS DNs samples, and metabolome/OTUs co-correlations were assessed in 45 CS samples, providing an integrated map of the early microbiota OTUs-metabolome. A microbiota "core" of OTUs was identified that was independent of delivery mode and lactation stage, suggesting highly specialized communities that act as seminal colonizers of microbial networks. Correlations among OTUs, metabolites, and OTUs-metabolites revealed metabolic profiles associated with early microbial ecological dynamics, maturation of milk components, and host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Vernocchi
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Interdipartimental Centre for Industrial Research-CIRI-AGRIFOOD, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrucca
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic Science, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- CNR, Institute of Systems Analysis and Informatics Antonio Ruberti, Rome, Italy
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Praticò
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sofia Reddel
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Vallone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Elsa Buffone
- Department of Neonatology, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rigon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Dotta
- Department of Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Bacteriology & Immunology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Metagenomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Parasitology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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1407
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Mangel L, Ovental A, Batscha N, Arnon M, Yarkoni I, Dollberg S. Higher Fat Content in Breastmilk Expressed Manually: A Randomized Trial. Breastfeed Med 2015; 10:352-4. [PMID: 26171639 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of milk expression method (manual expression versus electric pump) on the composition of breastmilk. STUDY DESIGN Data on 21 mothers of 21 newborns 48-72 hours postdelivery were collected and analyzed. The women were randomly assigned to express breastmilk manually followed by pump, or in reverse order. The fat, carbohydrate, and protein contents of the milk samples were analyzed using a human milk analyzer (Miris AB, Uppsala, Sweden). RESULTS The fat and energy contents of milk obtained through manual expression were higher than those obtained by pump (p=0.024 and p=0.04, respectively, by the Wilcoxon signed rank test). There were no significant differences in protein or carbohydrate content of milk obtained by either method of expression. The difference in fat content between milk obtained by the two methods was not correlated with mother's age, delivery method, gestational age at delivery, parity, or the interval between delivery and the time the sampled milk was obtained. CONCLUSIONS Manually expressed human milk had higher fat content than milk expressed by electric pump. We speculate that this difference is due to the presence of hindmilk in the manually expressed milk because the technique of massaging the breast during manual expression is more likely than the pump to eject hindmilk, which has been shown to have higher fat content than foremilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Mangel
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amit Ovental
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Batscha
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Arnon
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Yarkoni
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Dollberg
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel; Affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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1408
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Graham F, Bégin P, Paradis L, Des Roches A. Prenatal and/or Breastfeeding Food Exposures and Risk of Food Allergies in the Offspring. Curr Nutr Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-015-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1409
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Zhou P, Li Y, Ma LY, Lin HC. The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients 2015; 7:7256-70. [PMID: 26343718 PMCID: PMC4586529 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a critical intestinal emergency condition, which mainly occurs in preterm very low birth weight (PVLBW) infants. Despite remarkable advances in the care of PVLBW infants, with considerable improvement of the survival rate in recent decades, the incidence of NEC and NEC-related mortality have not declined accordingly. The fast progression from nonspecific signs to extensive necrosis also makes primary prevention the first priority. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the important role of several nutrients in primary prevention of NEC. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize some potential immunomodulatory nutrients in the prevention of NEC, including bovine colostrum, probiotics, prebiotics (e.g., human milk oligosaccharides), long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amino acids (glutamine, cysteine and N-acetylcysteine, l-arginine and l-citrulline). Based on current research evidence, probiotics are the most documented effective method to prevent NEC, while others still require further investigation in animal studies and clinical randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen 518133, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanqi Li
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Li-Ya Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen 518133, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hung-Chih Lin
- Children's Hospital of China Medical University, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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1410
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Pastor-Vargas C, Maroto AS, Díaz-Perales A, Villaba M, Casillas Diaz N, Vivanco F, Cuesta-Herranz J. Sensitive detection of major food allergens in breast milk: first gateway for allergenic contact during breastfeeding. Allergy 2015; 70:1024-7. [PMID: 25952012 DOI: 10.1111/all.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is recognized as a major public health issue, especially in early childhood. It has been hypothesized that early sensitization to food allergens maybe due to their ingestion as components dissolved in the milk during the breastfeeding, explaining reaction to a food, which has never been taken before. Thus, the aim of this work has been to detect the presence of the food allergens in breast milk by microarray technology. We produced a homemade microarray with antibodies produced against major food allergens. The antibody microarray was incubated with breast milk from 14 women collected from Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital. In this way, we demonstrated the presence of major foods allergens in breast milk. The analysis of allergens presented in breast milk could be a useful tool in allergy prevention and could provide us a key data on the role of this feeding in tolerance induction or sensitization in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pastor-Vargas
- Department of Immunology; IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz; Madrid Spain
| | - A. S. Maroto
- Department of Immunology; IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Díaz-Perales
- Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomic (UPM-INIA); Pozuelo de Alarcon Madrid Spain
| | - M. Villaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | | | - F. Vivanco
- Department of Immunology; IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz; Madrid Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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1411
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Spevacek AR, Smilowitz JT, Chin EL, Underwood MA, German JB, Slupsky CM. Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation. J Nutr 2015; 145:1698-708. [PMID: 26041675 PMCID: PMC4516766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. METHODS (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples. RESULTS By using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk. CONCLUSION Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Pediatrics, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Departments of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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1412
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Chang N, Jung JA, Kim H, Jo A, Kang S, Lee SW, Yi H, Kim J, Yim JG, Jung BM. Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:433-8. [PMID: 26244084 PMCID: PMC4523489 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.0 ± 3.3 years), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namsoo Chang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ji A Jung
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Sujeong Kang
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Si-Won Lee
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Hyunju Yi
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Jihee Kim
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Jong-Gap Yim
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
| | - Byung-Moon Jung
- Maeil Human Milk R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Seoul 110-150, Korea
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1413
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Lactoferrin causes IgA and IgG2b isotype switching through betaglycan binding and activation of canonical TGF-β signaling. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:906-17. [PMID: 25492477 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a pleiotropic iron-binding glycoprotein, is known to modulate the humoral immune response. However, its exact role in Ig synthesis has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of LF on Ig production by mouse B cells and its underlying mechanisms. LF, like transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, stimulated B cells to produce IgA and IgG2b, while downregulating other isotypes. Using limiting dilution analysis, LF was shown to increase the frequency of IgA-secreting B-cell clones. This was paralleled by an increase in Ig germ-line α (GLα) transcripts, indicating that LF plays a role as an IgA switch factor. Interestingly, LF directly interacted with betaglycan (TGF-β receptor III, TβRIII) and in turn induced phosphorylation of TβRI and Smad3 through formation of the TβRIII/TβRII/TβRI complex, leading to IgA isotype switching. Peroral administration of LF increased intestinal/serum IgA production as well as number of IgA plasma cells in lamina propria. Finally, we found that LF has an adjuvant activity when nontoxigenic Salmonella typhimurium was inoculated perorally, conferring protection against intragastrical infection of toxigenic S. typhimurium. These results suggest that LF has an important effect on the mucosal/systemic IgA response and can contribute to protection against intestinal pathogens.
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1414
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1415
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Bransburg-Zabary S, Virozub A, Mimouni FB. Human Milk Warming Temperatures Using a Simulation of Currently Available Storage and Warming Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128806. [PMID: 26061694 PMCID: PMC4465021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk handling guidelines are very demanding, based upon solid scientific evidence that handling methods can make a real difference in infant health and nutrition. Indeed, properly stored milk maintains many of its unique qualities and continues to be the second and third best infant feeding alternatives, much superior to artificial feeding. Container type and shape, mode of steering, amount of air exposure and storage temperature may adversely affect milk stability and composition. Heating above physiological temperatures significantly impacts nutritional and immunological properties of milk. In spite of this knowledge, there are no strict guidelines regarding milk warming. Human milk is often heated in electrical-based bottle warmers that can exceed 80°C, a temperature at which many beneficial human milk properties disappear. High temperatures can also induce fat profile variations as compared with fresh human milk. In this manuscript we estimate the amount of damage due to overheating during warming using a heat flow simulation of a regular water based bottle warmer. To do so, we carried out a series of warming simulations which provided us with dynamic temperature fields within bottled milk. We simulated the use of a hot water-bath at 80°C to heat bottled refrigerated milk (60 ml and 178 ml) to demonstrate that large milk portions are overheated (above 40°C). It seems that the contemporary storage method (upright feeding tool, i.e. bottle) and bottle warming device, are not optimize to preserve the unique properties of human milk. Health workers and parents should be aware of this problem especially when it relates to sick neonates and preemies that cannot be directly fed at the breast.
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1416
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Lipkie TE, Morrow AL, Jouni ZE, McMahon RJ, Ferruzzi MG. Longitudinal Survey of Carotenoids in Human Milk from Urban Cohorts in China, Mexico, and the USA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127729. [PMID: 26061885 PMCID: PMC4465022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that carotenoids may have particular roles in infant nutrition and development, yet data on the profile and bioavailability of carotenoids from human milk remain sparse. Milk was longitudinally collected at 2, 4, 13, and 26 weeks postpartum from twenty mothers each in China, Mexico, and the USA in the Global Exploration of Human Milk Study (n = 60 donors, n = 240 samples). Maternal and neonatal plasma was analyzed for carotenoids from the USA cohort at 4 weeks postpartum. Carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC and total lipids by Creamatocrit. Across all countries and lactation stages, the top four carotenoids were lutein (median 114.4 nmol/L), β-carotene (49.4 nmol/L), β-cryptoxanthin (33.8 nmol/L), and lycopene (33.7 nmol/L). Non-provitamin A carotenoids (nmol/L) and total lipids (g/L) decreased (p<0.05) with increasing lactation stage, except the provitamin A carotenoids α- and β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene did not significantly change (p>0.05) with lactation stage. Total carotenoid content and lutein content were greatest from China, yet lycopene was lowest from China (p<0.0001). Lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene, and lycopene concentrations in milk were significantly correlated to maternal plasma and neonatal plasma concentrations (p<0.05), with the exception that lycopene was not significantly associated between human milk and neonatal plasma (p>0.3). This enhanced understanding of neonatal exposure to carotenoids during development may help guide dietary recommendations and design of human milk mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan E. Lipkie
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zeina E. Jouni
- Global Discovery and Analytical Science, Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Global Discovery and Analytical Science, Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1417
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Trinchese G, Cavaliere G, Canani RB, Matamoros S, Bergamo P, De Filippo C, Aceto S, Gaita M, Cerino P, Negri R, Greco L, Cani PD, Mollica MP. Human, donkey and cow milk differently affects energy efficiency and inflammatory state by modulating mitochondrial function and gut microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1136-46. [PMID: 26118693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different nutritional components are able, by modulating mitochondrial function and gut microbiota composition, to influence body composition, metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory state. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects produced by the supplementation of different milks on energy balance, inflammatory state, oxidative stress and antioxidant/detoxifying enzyme activities and to investigate the role of the mitochondrial efficiency and the gut microbiota in the regulation of metabolic functions in an animal model. We compared the intake of human milk, gold standard for infant nutrition, with equicaloric supplementation of donkey milk, the best substitute for newborns due to its nutritional properties, and cow milk, the primary marketed product. The results showed a hypolipidemic effect produced by donkey and human milk intake in parallel with enhanced mitochondrial activity/proton leakage. Reduced mitochondrial energy efficiency and proinflammatory signals (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide levels) were associated with a significant increase of antioxidants (total thiols) and detoxifying enzyme activities (glutathione-S-transferase, NADH quinone oxidoreductase) in donkey- and human milk-treated animals. The beneficial effects were attributable, at least in part, to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 pathway. Moreover, the metabolic benefits induced by human and donkey milk may be related to the modulation of gut microbiota. In fact, milk treatments uniquely affected the proportions of bacterial phyla and genera, and we hypothesized that the increased concentration of fecal butyrate in human and donkey milk-treated rats was related to the improved lipid and glucose metabolism and detoxifying activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Trinchese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, European Laboratory for Food Induced Diseases, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sebastien Matamoros
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo Bergamo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Chiara De Filippo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcello Gaita
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Rossella Negri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, European Laboratory for Food Induced Diseases, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, European Laboratory for Food Induced Diseases, Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology), Metabolism and Nutrition research group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy.
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1418
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Pedersen SH, Wilkinson AL, Andreasen A, Kinung'hi SM, Urassa M, Michael D, Todd J, Changalucha J, McDermid JM. Longitudinal analysis of mature breastmilk and serum immune composition among mixed HIV-status mothers and their infants. Clin Nutr 2015; 35:871-9. [PMID: 26082337 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Understanding mature breastmilk immunology may benefit infants chronically exposed to infectious pathogens in resource-limited regions. METHODS This prospective rural/semi-rural Tanzanian cohort of women (n = 102 at delivery; 38% HIV-positive) and their infants (n = 102) investigated breastmilk, maternal and infant serum immunoglobulins (IgA/IgG1-4/IgM) and cytokines (IL-1β/IL-2/IL-6/IL-10/IL-12p70/IL-13/IL-15/TNF-α/IFN-γ) at 1, 2, 3, 6-months postpartum. RESULTS Milk immunoglobulins followed an inverse U-shaped pattern, while cytokine patterns were mixed. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and feeding intensity were associated with greater breastmilk total immunoglobulin and IgA, IgG1-3 and IL-12p70 concentrations. Maternal mastitis, fever or cough was associated with higher breastmilk total cytokine concentrations, while infant fever was associated with lower milk immunoglobulins or cytokines. Strong (r ≥ 0.40) to weak (r = 0.20-0.29) positive correlations between maternal serum-breastmilk or breastmilk-infant serum immunoglobulins were evident. Breastmilk cytokines were moderate to weakly negatively correlated with infant serum. Breastmilk immunology did not differ by maternal malnutrition or HIV-seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS Mature breastmilk is a dynamic source of many specific and non-specific immune factors associated with maternal and infant health and infant nutrition. Breastfeeding practices are associated with differential breastmilk immunological composition providing immunological support for universal recommendations to exclusively breastfeed for 6-months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Pedersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Amanda L Wilkinson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA
| | - Aura Andreasen
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mark Urassa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Denna Michael
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John Changalucha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joann M McDermid
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, USA.
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1419
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (LF) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory milk glycoprotein. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of bovine LF on the prevention of the first episode of late-onset sepsis in Peruvian infants. METHODS We conducted a pilot randomized placebo-controlled double blind study in infants with a birth weight (BW) less than 2500g in 3 Neonatal Units in Lima. Patients were randomized to receive bovine LF 200mg/kg/d or placebo for 4 weeks. RESULTS One hundred and ninety neonates with a BW of 1591 ± 408 g and a gestational age of 32.1 ± 2.6 weeks were enrolled. Overall, 33 clinically defined first late-onset sepsis events occurred. The cumulative sepsis incidence in the LF group was 12/95 (12.6%) versus 21/95 (22.1%) in the placebo group, and 20% (8/40) versus 37.5% (15/40) for infants less than or equal to 1500 g. The hazard ratio of LF, after adjustment by BW, was 0.507 (95% CI: 0.249-1.034). There were 4 episodes of culture-proven sepsis in the LF group versus 4 in the placebo group. Considering that children did not received the intervention until the start of oral or tube feeding, we ran a secondary exploratory analysis using time since the start of the treatment; in this model, LF achieved significance. There were no serious adverse events attributable to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Overall sepsis occurred less frequently in the LF group than in the control group. Although the primary outcome did not reach statistical significance, the confidence interval is suggestive of an effect that justifies a larger trial.
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1420
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Naito T, Kubono N, Deguchi S, Sugihara M, Itoh H, Kanayama N, Kawakami J. Amlodipine passage into breast milk in lactating women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and its estimation of infant risk for breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 2015; 31:301-6. [PMID: 25447596 DOI: 10.1177/0890334414560195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few clinical reports have been published on amlodipine passage into breast milk in lactating women. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the plasma concentration of amlodipine and its passage into breast milk in lactating women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and to estimate the risk for breastfeeding infants. METHODS Thirty-one lactating women receiving oral amlodipine once daily for pregnancy-induced hypertension were enrolled. Pre-dose plasma and milk concentrations of amlodipine were determined at day 6 or later after starting the medication. Relative infant dose (RID) as an infant risk for breastfeeding was calculated by dividing the infant dose via milk by the maternal dose. RESULTS The mean maternal dose of amlodipine was 6.0 mg. The medians of the plasma and milk concentrations of amlodipine were 15.5 and 11.5 ng/mL, respectively. Interindividual variation was observed in the amlodipine dose and body weight-adjusted milk concentrations (interquartile range [IQR], 96.7-205 ng/mL per mg/kg). The median and IQR of the amlodipine concentration ratio of milk to plasma were 0.85 and 0.74 to 1.08, respectively. The medians of infant birth weight and daily amlodipine dose via milk were 2170 g and 4.2 μg/kg, respectively. The median of the RID of amlodipine was 4.2% (IQR, 3.1%-7.3%). CONCLUSION Lactating women with pregnancy-induced hypertension had higher plasma concentrations of amlodipine during the early postpartum period. Oral amlodipine transferred into breast milk at the same level as that of plasma. However, the RID of amlodipine in most patients was less than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Naito
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubono
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Deguchi
- Biological Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahisa Sugihara
- Biological Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kanayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kawakami
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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1421
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Lee S, Hennigar SR, Alam S, Nishida K, Kelleher SL. Essential Role for Zinc Transporter 2 (ZnT2)-mediated Zinc Transport in Mammary Gland Development and Function during Lactation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13064-78. [PMID: 25851903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter ZnT2 (SLC30A2) imports zinc into vesicles in secreting mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and is critical for zinc efflux into milk during lactation. Recent studies show that ZnT2 also imports zinc into mitochondria and is expressed in the non-lactating mammary gland and non-secreting MECs, highlighting the importance of ZnT2 in general mammary gland biology. In this study we used nulliparous and lactating ZnT2-null mice and characterized the consequences on mammary gland development, function during lactation, and milk composition. We found that ZnT2 was primarily expressed in MECs and to a limited extent in macrophages in the nulliparous mammary gland and loss of ZnT2 impaired mammary expansion during development. Secondly, we found that lactating ZnT2-null mice had substantial defects in mammary gland architecture and MEC function during secretion, including fewer, condensed and disorganized alveoli, impaired Stat5 activation, and unpolarized MECs. Loss of ZnT2 led to reduced milk volume and milk containing less protein, fat, and lactose compared with wild-type littermates, implicating ZnT2 in the regulation of mammary differentiation and optimal milk production during lactation. Together, these results demonstrate that ZnT2-mediated zinc transport is critical for mammary gland function, suggesting that defects in ZnT2 not only reduce milk zinc concentration but may compromise breast health and increase the risk for lactation insufficiency in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samina Alam
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, and Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Pharmacology, and
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1422
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Wszolek K. Hand expressing in pregnancy and colostrum harvesting—preparation for successful breastfeeding? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/bjom.2015.23.4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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1423
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Allen-Blevins CR, Sela DA, Hinde K. Milk bioactives may manipulate microbes to mediate parent-offspring conflict. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:106-21. [PMID: 25835022 PMCID: PMC4512713 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, milk constituents directly influence the ecology of the infant's commensal microbiota. The immunological and nutritional impacts of breast milk and microbiota are increasingly well understood; less clear are the consequences for infant behavior. Here, we propose that interactions among bioactives in mother's milk and microbes in the infant gut contribute to infant behavioral phenotype and, in part, have the potential to mediate parent-offspring conflict. We hypothesize that infant behavior likely varies as a function of their mother's milk composition interacting with the infant's neurobiology directly and indirectly through the commensal gut bacteria. In this article, we will explore our hypothesis of a milk-microbiota-brain-behavior dynamic in the context of the coevolution between human milk oligosaccharides, bacteria, the gut-brain axis and behavior. Integrating established features of these systems allows us to generate novel hypotheses to motivate future research and consider potential implications of current and emerging clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Allen-Blevins
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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1424
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Abstract
Optimal nutrition in infancy is the foundation of health in later life. Based on the demonstrated health benefits of human milk, breastfeeding should be the primary means of nutrition for most infants. Although many mothers experience some problems with breastfeeding, health professionals can use simple strategies to overcome most of these problems. For infants who cannot breastfeed, standard infant formulas support adequate nutrition and growth. Gastroesophageal reflux is a common feeding-related event and occurs in most infants; it is part of normal physiology and requires no intervention. Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs in a small number of infants necessitating the use of an algorithm-based evaluation and management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Denne
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, 699 Riley Hospital Dr, RR 208, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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1425
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Koleva PT, Bridgman SL, Kozyrskyj AL. The infant gut microbiome: evidence for obesity risk and dietary intervention. Nutrients 2015; 7:2237-60. [PMID: 25835047 PMCID: PMC4425142 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing globally, particularly in children, obesity is a serious public health issue and risk factor for overweight and metabolic disease in later life. Both in experimental animal and human studies, advances in gene sequencing technologies have yielded intriguing possibilities for the role of the gut microbiome in later development of overweight status. Before translating study findings into practice, we must first reconcile inconsistencies between animal experimentation, and human adult and infant studies. Recent evidence for associations with gut microbiota and infant weight gain or child weight status, implicate Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species. Dietary manipulation with human milk and pre/probiotic formulations holds promise for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Sarah L Bridgman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W3, Canada.
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1426
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Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Miccheli A, Praticò G, Campagna G, Laforgia N, Capursi T, Baldassarre ME. Administration of a multistrain probiotic product (VSL#3) to women in the perinatal period differentially affects breast milk beneficial microbiota in relation to mode of delivery. Pharmacol Res 2015; 95-96:63-70. [PMID: 25836922 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation to a mother during the perinatal period can have a positive impact on the breast milk composition. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation with the probiotic VSL#3, during late pregnancy and lactation, on breast milk levels of beneficial bacteria and some functional components (oligosaccharides and lactoferrin) potentially able to have a positive influence on the microbiota. Breast milk microbiota was analyzed by conventional and quantitative real-time PCR. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, 66 women took daily either the probiotic (n=33) or a placebo (n=33). Intergroup analysis demonstrated that the amounts of both lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the colostrum and mature milk of the mothers taking VSL#3 in comparison to those taking placebo. The analysis of bacterial strains and species present in breast milk of VSL#3 supplemented mothers indicated that the administered probiotic microorganisms did not pass from maternal gut to mammary gland. In women with vaginal delivery, significantly higher amounts of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were detected in colostrum and mature milk of probiotic treated group in comparison to placebo group, whereas no significant difference was observed between groups in women who had caesarean section, neither in colostrum nor in mature milk. Milk levels of oligosaccharides and lactoferrin were similar in placebo and probiotic supplemented groups at all timepoints and regardless of the mode of delivery. Our results indicate a probiotic-dependent modulation of breast milk microbiota in vaginally delivering women, possibly exerted through a systemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Capobianco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Microbiology, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Praticò
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campagna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Medical Science and Oncology, Section of Neonatology and NICU, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Capursi
- Department of Medical Science and Oncology, Section of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria E Baldassarre
- Department of Medical Science and Oncology, Section of Neonatology and NICU, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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1427
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Wattez JS, Delmont A, Bouvet M, Beseme O, Goers S, Delahaye F, Laborie C, Lesage J, Foligné B, Breton C, Metges CC, Vieau D, Pinet F. Maternal perinatal undernutrition modifies lactose and serotranferrin in milk: relevance to the programming of metabolic diseases? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E393-401. [PMID: 25550282 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00452.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A close link between intrauterine growth restriction and development of chronic adult diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension has been established both in humans and animals. Modification of growth velocity during the early postnatal period (i.e., lactation) may also sensitize to the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This suggests that milk composition may have long-lasting programming/deprogramming metabolic effects in the offspring. We therefore assess the effects of maternal perinatal denutrition on breast milk composition in a food-restricted 50% (FR50) rat model. Monosaccharides and fatty acids were characterized by gas chromatography, and proteins were profiled by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight analysis in milk samples from FR50 and control rat dams. Milk analysis of FR50 rats demonstrated that maternal undernutrition decreases lactose concentration and modulates lipid profile at postnatal day 10 by increasing the unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and diminishes serotransferrin levels at postnatal day 21. Our data indicate that maternal perinatal undernutrition modifies milk composition both quantitatively and qualitatively. These modifications by maternal nutrition open new perspectives to identify molecules that could be used in artificial milk to protect from the subsequent development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wattez
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - A Delmont
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UMR8576), Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - M Bouvet
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - O Beseme
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - S Goers
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - F Delahaye
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C Laborie
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - J Lesage
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - B Foligné
- Lactic Acid Bacteria & Mucosal Immunity (U1019-UMR8204), Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - C Breton
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - C C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany; and
| | - D Vieau
- Environnement Périnatal et Croissance (EA4489), Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France;
| | - F Pinet
- Inserm U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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1428
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Milk proteins, peptides, and oligosaccharides: effects against the 21st century disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:146840. [PMID: 25789308 PMCID: PMC4350585 DOI: 10.1155/2015/146840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk is the most complete food for mammals, as it supplies all the energy and nutrients needed for the proper growth and development of the neonate. Milk is a source of many bioactive components, which not only help meeting the nutritional requirements of the consumers, but also play a relevant role in preventing various disorders. Milk-derived proteins and peptides have the potential to act as coadjuvants in conventional therapies, addressing cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, intestinal health, and chemopreventive properties. In addition to being a source of proteins and peptides, milk contains complex oligosaccharides that possess important functions related to the newborn's development and health. Some of the health benefits attributed to milk oligosaccharides include prebiotic probifidogenic effects, antiadherence of pathogenic bacteria, and immunomodulation. This review focuses on recent findings demonstrating the biological activities of milk peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides towards the prevention of diseases of the 21st century. Processing challenges hindering large-scale production and commercialization of those bioactive compounds have been also addressed.
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1429
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Cesare Marincola F, Dessì A, Corbu S, Reali A, Fanos V. Clinical impact of human breast milk metabolomics. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 451:103-6. [PMID: 25689794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a research field concerned with the analysis of metabolome, the complete set of metabolites in a given cell, tissue, or biological sample. Being able to provide a molecular snapshot of biological systems, metabolomics has emerged as a functional methodology in a wide range of research areas such as toxicology, pharmacology, food technology, nutrition, microbial biotechnology, systems biology, and plant biotechnology. In this review, we emphasize the applications of metabolomics in investigating the human breast milk (HBM) metabolome. HBM is the recommended source of nutrition for infants since it contains the optimal balance of nutrients for developing babies, and it provides a range of benefits for growth, immunity, and development. The molecular mechanisms beyond the inter- and intra-variability of HBM that make its composition unique are yet to be well-characterized. Although still in its infancy, the study of HBM metabolome has already proven itself to be of great value in providing insights into this biochemical variability in relation to mother phenotype, diet, disease, and lifestyle. The results of these investigations lay the foundation for further developments useful to identify normal and aberrant biochemical changes as well as to develop strategies to promote healthy infant feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Cesare Marincola
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, km 4.5, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Angelica Dessì
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.5, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Corbu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, km 4.5, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Reali
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.5, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, University of Cagliari, SS 554, km 4.5, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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1430
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Perrin MT, Wilson E, Chetwynd E, Fogleman A. A pilot study on the protein composition of induced nonpuerperal human milk. J Hum Lact 2015; 31:166-71. [PMID: 25288606 DOI: 10.1177/0890334414552827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the components of human puerperal milk is extensive and increasing, yet the literature on nonpuerperal human milk has been limited to studies that measure the success of induced lactation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the composition of total protein and key bioactive proteins when lactation is induced in nonpuerperal women. METHODS Two women who induced lactation in the absence of pregnancy provided weekly milk samples over a 2-month period for analysis of total protein, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Composition was compared to the mature milk of 3 puerperal control subjects who were 11 months postpartum. RESULTS Median total protein for subject A was 2.30 g/dL (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.46) and showed a significant downward trend over time (P < .0001), whereas the median total protein for subject B was 2.21 g/dL (IQR = 0.18) and showed a nonsignificant decline (P = .232). Total protein in both nonpuerperal subjects was elevated compared to control subjects. Secretory IgA activity declined for both nonpuerperal subjects over time, whereas lysozyme concentrations increased over time. Both sIgA and lysozyme approached the levels seen in the puerperal controls. Lactoferrin levels remained stable for both nonpuerperal subjects and were elevated compared to puerperal milk samples. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that nonpuerperal milk has similar or higher levels of total protein, sIgA, lactoferrin, and lysozyme compared to puerperal, mature milk at 11 months postpartum, which warrants more attention as adoptive mothers increasingly choose to induce lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne Tigchelaar Perrin
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erica Wilson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ellen Chetwynd
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Women's Birth and Wellness Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - April Fogleman
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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1431
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine whether specific biochemical and energy concentrations influence gastric emptying of unfortified and fortified mother's own milk (MOM) in stable preterm infants, and whether gastric emptying differs between feeds of unfortified MOM and feeds fortified with S-26 or FM 85 human milk fortifier (HMF) when infants are fed the same volume under similar conditions. Influences of infant gestation, age, and weight, and feed characteristics were also explored. METHODS Stomach volumes of 25 paired unfortified and fortified MOM feeds were monitored prefeed and postfeed delivery and at 30-minute intervals thereafter. For each feed, MOM samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of total protein, casein, whey, carbohydrate, lactose, fat, and energy. Fortified feed compositions were calculated by adding fortifier biochemical and energy concentrations to unfortified MOM concentrations. Ultrasound images were used to calculate infant stomach volumes. Statistical comparisons were made of paired stomach volume measurements. RESULTS Higher feed concentrations of casein were associated with faster gastric emptying during feed delivery (P = 0.007). When compared with unfortified MOM, S-26 fortified feeds emptied similarly, whereas FM 85 fortified feeds emptied more slowly both during feed delivery and during the postprandial period (P = 0.002, <0.001, respectively). Gastric emptying was slower for 2-hourly feeds compared with that for 3-hourly feeds (P = 0.003) and in supine position compared with that in prone (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Breast milk composition influences gastric emptying in stable preterm infants, with feeds of higher casein concentration emptying faster during feeding than otherwise equivalent feeds, and FM 85 fortified MOM emptying more slowly than unfortified MOM.
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1432
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Bedford A, Chen T, Huynh E, Zhu C, Medeiros S, Wey D, de Lange C, Li J. Epidermal growth factor containing culture supernatant enhances intestine development of early-weaned pigs in vivo: potential mechanisms involved. J Biotechnol 2015; 196-197:9-19. [PMID: 25615942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously generated epidermal factor expressing Lactococcus lactis (EGF-LL) using a bioengineering approach, and shown that EGF-LL fermentation supernatant enhanced newly weaned pigs growth. The objective of the current study was to further understand the mechanisms behind this improved performance. Sixty-four piglets were weaned at 3 weeks of age and then fed ad libitum according to a 2-phase feeding program. Four pens with 8 pigs per pen were assigned to each of two treatments for 3 weeks: (1) EGF containing supernatant from EGF-LL culture (SuperEGF) or (2) blank M17GE media (Control). Consistent with previous findings, SuperEGF pigs had an increased average daily gain during week 3 post-weaning (433.4 ± 10.86 vs 388.7 ± 7.76 g; P<0.05) and overall gain:feed ratio (0.757 ± 0.03 vs 0.677 ± 0.01 kg/kg, P < 0.05). Moreover, jejunal structure development was enhanced, and inflammation index was minimized in SuperEGF pigs as indicated by increased villi height (P<0.05), decreased lamina propria width (P<0.05), and higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-13 (P<0.05). Further, goblet cell numbers and Muc2 levels were increased in SuperEGF pigs. Interestingly, the weaning-induced decrease of glucose cotransporter sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) levels was reversed by SuperEGF supplementation. Our findings add to our understanding of the mechanisms behind enhancing piglet performance by EGF containing fermentation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bedford
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Evanna Huynh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Samantha Medeiros
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Doug Wey
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Cornelis de Lange
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Canada.
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1433
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Benito D, Lozano C, Jiménez E, Albújar M, Gómez A, Rodríguez JM, Torres C. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from faeces of healthy neonates and potential mother-to-infant microbial transmission through breastfeeding. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv007. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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1434
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Yuan H, Amin R, Ye X, de la Motte CA, Cowman MK. Determination of hyaluronan molecular mass distribution in human breast milk. Anal Biochem 2015; 474:78-88. [PMID: 25579786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) in human milk mediates host responses to microbial infection via TLR4- and CD44-dependent signaling. Signaling by HA is generally size specific. Because pure HA with average molecular mass (M) of 35 kDa can elicit a protective response in intestinal epithelial cells, it has been proposed that human milk HA may have a bioactive low-M component. Here we report the size distribution of HA in human milk samples from 20 unique donors. A new method for HA analysis, employing ion exchange (IEX) chromatography to fractionate HA by size and specific quantification of each size fraction by competitive enzyme-linked sorbent assay (ELSA), was developed. When separated into four fractions, milk HA with M⩽20 kDa, M∼20 to 60 kDa, and M∼60 to 110 kDa comprised averages of 1.5, 1.4, and 2.0% of the total HA, respectively. The remaining 95% was HA with M⩾110 kDa. Electrophoretic analysis of the higher M HA from 13 samples showed nearly identical M distributions, with an average M of approximately 440 kDa. This higher M HA component in human milk is proposed to bind to CD44 and to enhance human beta defensin 2 (HBD2) induction by the low-M HA components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Ripal Amin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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1435
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Jayashree M, Baalaaji AM. Choice of maintenance fluids - does it hold water? Indian Pediatr 2015; 51:963-4. [PMID: 25560152 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-014-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Jayashree
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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1436
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Baricelli J, Rocafull MA, Vázquez D, Bastidas B, Báez-Ramirez E, Thomas LE. β-defensin-2 in breast milk displays a broad antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2015; 91:36-43. [PMID: 25211380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the antimicrobial activity of β-defensin-2 produced in the mammary gland and secreted in human breast milk. METHODS The peptide production was performed by DNA cloning. β-defensin-2 levels were quantified in 61 colostrum samples and 39 mature milk samples from healthy donors, by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using halo inhibition assay, this study assessed activity against seven clinical isolates from diarrheal feces of children between 0 and 2 years of age. The activity of β-defensin-2 against three opportunistic pathogens that can cause nosocomial infections was determined by microdilution test. RESULTS The peptide levels were higher in colostrum (n=61) than in mature milk samples (n=39), as follows: median and range, 8.52 (2.6-16.3) μg/ml versus 0.97 (0.22-3.78), p<0.0001; Mann-Whitney test. The recombinant peptide obtained showed high antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Its antibacterial activity was demonstrated in a disk containing between 1-4 μg, which produced inhibition zones ranging from 18 to 30 mm against three isolates of Salmonella spp. and four of E. coli. β-defensin-2 showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.25 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL for S. marcescen and P. aeruginosa, respectively, while a higher MIC (4 μg/mL) was obtained against an isolated of multidrug-resistant strain of A. baumannii. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to report β-defensin-2 levels in Latin American women. The production and the activity of β-defensin-2 in breast milk prove its importance as a defense molecule for intestinal health in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baricelli
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Miguel A Rocafull
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Desiree Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Betsi Bastidas
- Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela; Laboratorio Delgado Launois, Clínica Lugo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Estalina Báez-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Luz E Thomas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela; Banco de Leche Humana, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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1437
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Baricelli J, Rocafull MA, Vázquez D, Bastidas B, Báez‐Ramirez E, Thomas LE. β‐defensin‐2 in breast milk displays a broad antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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1438
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Abstract
The important roles played by human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), the third major component of human milk, in the health of breast-fed infants have been increasingly recognized, as the structures of more than 100 different HMOS have now been elucidated. Despite the recognition of the various functions of HMOS as prebiotics, antiadhesive antimicrobials, and immunomodulators, the roles and the applications of individual HMOS species are less clear. This is mainly due to the limited accessibility to large amounts of individual HMOS in their pure forms. Current advances in the development of enzymatic, chemoenzymatic, whole-cell, and living-cell systems allow for the production of a growing number of HMOS in increasing amounts. This effort will greatly facilitate the elucidation of the important roles of HMOS and allow exploration into the applications of HMOS both as individual compounds and as mixtures of defined structures with desired functions. The structures, functions, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of HMOS are briefly surveyed to provide a general picture about the current progress on these aspects. Future efforts should be devoted to elucidating the structures of more complex HMOS, synthesizing more complex HMOS including those with branched structures, and developing HMOS-based or HMOS-inspired prebiotics, additives, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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1439
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Bacteriological, biochemical, and immunological properties of colostrum and mature milk from mothers of extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:120-6. [PMID: 25207476 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work was to elucidate the influence of extremely premature birth (gestational age 24-27 weeks) on the microbiological, biochemical, and immunological composition of colostrum and mature milk. METHODS A total of 17 colostrum and 34 mature milk samples were provided by the 22 mothers of extremely preterms who participated in this study. Bacterial diversity was assessed by culture-based methods, whereas the concentration of lactose, glucose, and myo-inositol was determined by a gas chromatography procedure. Finally, the concentrations of a wide spectrum of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and immunoglobulins were measured using a multiplex system. RESULTS Bacteria were present in a small percentage of the colostrum and milk samples. Staphylococci, streptococci, and lactobacilli were the main bacterial groups isolated from colostrum, and they could be also isolated, together with enterococci and enterobacteria, from some mature milk samples. The colostrum concentrations of lactose and glucose were significantly lower than those found in mature milk, whereas the contrary was observed in relation to myo-inositol. The concentrations of most cytokines and immunoglobulins in colostrum were higher than in mature milk, and the differences were significant for immunoglobulin G₃, immunoglobulin G₄, interleukin (IL)-6, interferon-γ, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-13, IL-17, macrophage-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β. CONCLUSIONS The bacteriological, biochemical, and immunological content of colostrum and mature milk from mothers of extremely preterm infants is particularly valuable for such infants. Efforts have to be made to try that preterm neonates receive milk from their own mothers or from donors matching, as much as possible, the gestational age of the preterm.
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1440
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Salentinig S, Phan S, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. Self-Assembly Structure Formation during the Digestion of Human Breast Milk. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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1441
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Salentinig S, Phan S, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. Self-assembly structure formation during the digestion of human breast milk. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1600-3. [PMID: 25482918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An infant's complete diet, human breast milk, is the basis for its survival and development. It contains water-soluble and poorly water-soluble bioactive components, metabolic messages, and energy, all of which are made bioavailable during the digestion process in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. Reported is the first discovery of highly geometrically organized structures formed during the digestion of human breast milk under simulated in vivo conditions using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Time of digestion, pH, and bile salt concentration were found to have symbiotic effects gradually tuning the oil-based environment inside the breast milk globules to more water-like structures with high internal surface area. The structure formation is necessarily linked to its function as carriers for poorly water-soluble molecules in the digestive tract of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Salentinig
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology (BJB), Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 (Australia).
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1442
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Hsu YC, Chen CH, Lin MC, Tsai CR, Liang JT, Wang TM. Changes in preterm breast milk nutrient content in the first month. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:449-54. [PMID: 24861533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of the study was to investigate the changes in composition of breast milk from mothers with preterm infants (gestation age < 35 weeks) during the first 4-6 weeks of lactation. METHODS Breast milk from 17 mothers who had delivered preterm infants was collected longitudinally for 4-6 weeks. Breast milk from 15 mothers of full-term infants was also collected at the 1(st) week and 4(th) week. Fat, protein, lactose, energy, minerals (calcium and phosphate), and immune components [secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA), leptin, lysozyme, and lactoferrin] content were measured weekly in each participant. A mid-infrared human milk analyzer was used to measure the protein, fat, and lactose contents. Calcium and phosphate components were checked via spectrophotometry. The concentrations of major immune components (secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and leptin) were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Eighty samples from 17 preterm mothers were collected. The mean gestational age was 29.88 ± 2.39 weeks. There were significant changes in nutrient components during these periods, with increases in lactose (p < 0.001), lipid (p = 0.001), calorie (p = 0.012), and phosphate (p = 0.022) concentration and decreases in protein (p < 0.001) and secretory IgA (p < 0.001) concentration. There were no differences in calcium (p = 0.919), lactoferrin (p = 0.841), leptin (p = 0.092), and lysozyme (p = 0.561) levels. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in most components of breast milk between full-term and preterm mothers. CONCLUSION The longitudinal study revealed significant changes in macronutrient contents and secretory IgA concentration in preterm milk over the 4-6 week period, which is compatible with the results of previous studies. The quantification of phosphate in preterm breast milk was lower than the normal range, suggesting that close monitoring of body bone mass may be indicated. More studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of alterations of major milk components during the postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chi Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Huei Chen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chih Lin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Tsai
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tsae Liang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ming Wang
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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1444
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread recommendations from health organisations encourage exclusive breastfeeding for six months. However, the addition of other fluids or foods before six months is common in many countries and communities. This practice suggests perceived benefits of early supplementation or lack of awareness of the possible risks. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of supplementation for full-term healthy breastfed infants and to examine the timing and type of supplementation. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (21 March 2014) and reference lists of all relevant retrieved papers. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in infants under six months of age comparing exclusive breastfeeding versus breastfeeding with any additional food or fluids. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected the trials, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS We included eight trials (984 randomised infants/mothers). Six trials (n = 613 analysed) provided data on outcomes of interest to this review. The variation in outcome measures and time points made it difficult to pool results from trials. Data could only be combined in a meta-analysis for one secondary outcome (weight change). The trials that provided outcome data compared exclusively breastfed infants with breastfed infants who were allowed additional nutrients in the form of artificial milk, glucose, water or solid foods.In relation to the majority of the older trials, the description of study methods was inadequate to assess the risk of bias. The two more recent trials, were found to be at low risk of bias for selection and detection bias. The overall quality of the evidence for the main comparison was low.In one trial (170 infants) comparing exclusively breastfeeding infants with infants who were allowed additional glucose water, there was a significant difference favouring exclusive breastfeeding up to and including week 20 (risk ratio (RR) 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 1.99), with more infants in the exclusive breastfed group still exclusively breastfeeding. Conversely in one small trial (39 infants) comparing exclusive breastfed infants with non-exclusive breastfed infants who were provided with artificial milk, fewer infants in the exclusive breastfed group were exclusively breastfeeding at one week (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92) and at three months (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.76) and there was no significant difference in the proportion of infants continuing any breastfeeding at three months between groups (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.03).For infant morbidity (six trials), one newborn trial (170 infants) found a statistically, but not clinically, significant difference in temperature at 72 hours (mean difference (MD) 0.10 degrees, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.19), and that serum glucose levels were higher in glucose supplemented infants in the first 24 hours, though not at 48 hours (MD -0.24 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.03). Weight loss was also higher (grams) in infants at six, 12, 24 and 48 hours of life in the exclusively breastfed infants compared to those who received additional glucose water (MD 7.00 g, 95% CI 0.76 to 13.24; MD 11.50 g, 95% CI 1.71 to 21.29; MD 13.40 g, 95% CI 0.43 to 26.37; MD 32.50 g, 95% CI 12.91 to 52.09), but no difference between groups was observed at 72 hours of life. In another trial (47 infants analysed), we found no significant difference in weight loss between the exclusively breastfeeding group and the group allowed either water or glucose water on either day three or day five (MD 1.03%, 95% CI -0.18 to 2.24) and (MD 0.20%, 95% CI -1.18 to 1.58).Three trials with four- to six-month-old infants provided no evidence to support any benefit from the addition of complementary foods at four months versus exclusive breastfeeding to six months nor any risks related either morbidity or weight change (or both).None of the trials reported on the remaining primary outcomes, infant mortality or physiological jaundice. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We were unable to fully assess the benefits or harms of supplementation or to determine the impact from timing and type of supplementation. We found no evidence of benefit to newborn infants and possible negative effects on the duration of breastfeeding from the brief use of additional water or glucose water, and the quality of the evidence from a small pilot study on formula supplementation was insufficient to suggest a change in practice away from exclusive breastfeeding. For infants at four to six months, we found no evidence of benefit from additional foods nor any risks related to morbidity or weight change. Future studies should examine the longer-term effects on infants and mothers, though randomising infants to receive supplements without medical need may be problematic.We found no evidence for disagreement with the recommendation of international health associations that exclusive breastfeeding should be recommended for healthy infants for the first six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Becker
- Unit for Health Services Research and International Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, Trieste, Italy, 34137
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1445
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Differentiation of human breast-milk stem cells to neural stem cells and neurons. Neurol Res Int 2014; 2014:807896. [PMID: 25506428 PMCID: PMC4260437 DOI: 10.1155/2014/807896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Human breast milk contains a heterogeneous population of cells that have the potential to provide a noninvasive source of cells for cell therapy in many neurodegenerative diseases without any ethical concern. The objectives of this study were to differentiate the breast milk-derived stem cells (BMDSC) toward neural stem cells and then into the neurons and neuroglia. Materials and Methods. To do this, the BMDSC were isolated from human breast milk and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 (DMEM/F12) containing fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The cells were then characterized by evaluation of the embryonic and stem cell markers. Then, the cells were exposed to culture medium containing 1% B27 and 2% N2 for 7–10 days followed by medium supplemented with B27, N2, bFGF 10 µg/mL, and endothelial growth factor (EGF) 20 µg/mL. Then, the sphere-forming assay was performed. The spheres were then differentiated into three neural lineages by withdrawing growth factor in the presence of 5% FBS (fetal bovine serum). The immunofluorescence was done for β-tubulin III, O4, and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Results. The results indicated that the cells expressed both embryonic and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers. They also showed neurospheres formation that was nestin-positive. The cells were also differentiated into all three neural lineages. Conclusion. The BMDSC can behave in the same way with neural stem cells. They were differentiated into oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes as well as neurons.
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1446
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Modepalli V, Kumar A, Hinds LA, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR, Lefevre C. Differential temporal expression of milk miRNA during the lactation cycle of the marsupial tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1012. [PMID: 25417092 PMCID: PMC4247635 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactation is a key aspect of mammalian evolution for adaptation of various reproductive strategies along different mammalian lineages. Marsupials, such as tammar wallaby, adopted a short gestation and a relatively long lactation cycle, the newborn is immature at birth and significant development occurs postnatally during lactation. Continuous changes of tammar milk composition may contribute to development and immune protection of pouch young. Here, in order to address the putative contribution of newly identified secretory milk miRNA in these processes, high throughput sequencing of miRNAs collected from tammar milk at different time points of lactation was conducted. A comparative analysis was performed to find distribution of miRNA in milk and blood serum of lactating wallaby. RESULTS Results showed that high levels of miRNA secreted in milk and allowed the identification of differentially expressed milk miRNAs during the lactation cycle as putative markers of mammary gland activity and functional candidate signals to assist growth and timed development of the young. Comparative analysis of miRNA distribution in milk and blood serum suggests that milk miRNAs are primarily expressed from mammary gland rather than transferred from maternal circulating blood, likely through a new putative exosomal secretory pathway. In contrast, highly expressed milk miRNAs could be detected at significantly higher levels in neonate blood serum in comparison to adult blood, suggesting milk miRNAs may be absorbed through the gut of the young. CONCLUSION The function of miRNA in mammary gland development and secretory activity has been proposed, but results from the current study also support a differential role of milk miRNA in regulation of development in the pouch young, revealing a new potential molecular communication between mother and young during mammalian lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- />School of medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic Australia
| | - Lyn A Hinds
- />CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, Act 2601 Australia
| | - Julie A Sharp
- />School of medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic Australia
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- />School of medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic Australia
| | - Christophe Lefevre
- />School of medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic Australia
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1447
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Kon IY, Shilina NM, Gmoshinskaya MV, Ivanushkina TA. The Study of Breast Milk IGF-1, Leptin, Ghrelin and Adiponectin Levels as Possible Reasons of High Weight Gain in Breast-Fed Infants. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:317-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000367998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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1448
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Abstract
Human milk is a complete source of nourishment for the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding not only sustains the infant's development but also guides the proliferation of a protective intestinal microbiota. Among the many components of milk that modulate the infant gut microbiota, the milk glycans, which comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, are increasingly recognized as drivers of microbiota development and overall gut health. These glycans may display pleiotropic functions, conferring protection against infectious diseases and also acting as prebiotics, selecting for the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The prebiotic effect of milk glycans has direct application to prevention of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, a common and devastating disease of preterm infants. In this article, we review the impact of the human (and bovine) milk glycome on gut health through establishment of a milk-oriented microbiota in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alline R. Pacheco
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniela Barile
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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1449
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He Y, Liu S, Leone S, Newburg DS. Human colostrum oligosaccharides modulate major immunologic pathways of immature human intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1326-39. [PMID: 24691111 PMCID: PMC4183735 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immature neonatal intestinal immune system hyperreacts to newly colonizing unfamiliar bacteria. The hypothesis that human milk oligosaccharides from colostrum (cHMOSs) can directly modulate the signaling pathways of the immature mucosa was tested. Modulation of cytokine immune signaling by HMOSs was measured ex vivo in intact immature (fetal) human intestinal mucosa. From the genes whose transcription was modulated by cHMOSs, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified networks controlling immune cell communication, intestinal mucosal immune system differentiation, and homeostasis. cHMOSs attenuate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-stimulated acute phase inflammatory cytokine protein levels (interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/2 and IL-1β), while elevating cytokines involved in tissue repair and homeostasis. In all, 3'-, 4-, and 6'-galactosyllactoses of cHMOSs account for specific immunomodulation of polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid-induced IL-8 levels. cHMOSs attenuate mucosal responses to surface inflammatory stimuli during early development, while enhancing signals that support maturation of the intestinal mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingYing He
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
| | - ShuBai Liu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA-02115
| | - Serena Leone
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
| | - David S. Newburg
- Program in Glycobiology, Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA-02467
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1450
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Liu Z, Yoshihara A, Wormald MR, Jenkinson SF, Gibson V, Izumori K, Fleet GWJ. l-Fucose from Vitamin C with Only Acetonide Protection. Org Lett 2014; 16:5663-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502733x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Liu
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Akihide Yoshihara
- Rare
Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Mikicho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- Oxford
Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Sarah F. Jenkinson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Vicky Gibson
- Carbosynth Limited, 8, Old Station Business Park, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 6NE, U.K
| | - Ken Izumori
- Rare
Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Mikicho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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