Kemin capsule ameliorates post-infectious cough by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and TRPA1/TRPV1 channels

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Kemin capsule (KMC), as an innovative traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has shown excellent efficacy in treating PIC in China. The post-infectious cough (PIC) is a common condition in pediatrics, and the inflammatory responses to PIC are intricately linked to the immune mechanisms of the host. However, the precise mechanisms involved remain uncertain.

AIM OF STUDY

The objective of this research is to investigate the mechanisms by which KMC treats PIC using a combination of UPLC-MS, bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. The study's findings will be corroborated through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study identified the main components of KMC using UPLC-MS. The mechanism by which these capsules treat PIC was explored through transcriptomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. PIC model in Balb/c mice was induced with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at a titer of 10^5.5 TCID50/mL. From day 14 post-infection, the mice were orally administered the capsules at doses of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g/kg for two weeks. Cough was stimulated with capsaicin at 10^-4 mol/mL, and the effects on PIC mice were measured by cough frequency, latency, ELISA, and H&E staining. Expression levels of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel proteins and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were analyzed using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot (WB). The effect of KMC on A549 cells proliferation in vitro was also assessed.

RESULTS

The therapeutic efficacy of KMC is potentially exerted through its inherent bioactive constituents, including deoxyandrographolide, quercetin, and chryseriol. These compounds are hypothesized to modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and influence the function of TRP channel proteins, consequently mitigating the pathological state associated with PIC. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that KMC significantly reduces the frequency of coughs and extends the cough latency period in mice with PIC. KMC mitigates airway inflammation by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The expression or phosphorylation levels of key regulators in the PI3K/AKT/TRP axis in mouse lung tissue, including PI3K, AKT, NF-κB p65, TLR4, STAT3, TRPV1, TRPA1 were significantly reduced.

CONCLUSION

KMC exerts its therapeutic effect on PIC by dampening the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and the activity of TRPA1 and TRPV1 ion channels.

A review of the application of exercise intervention on improving cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and clinical studies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, leading to sustained cognitive decline. An increasing number of studies suggest that exercise is an effective strategy to promote the improvement of cognition in AD. Mechanisms of the benefits of exercise intervention on cognitive function may include modulation of vascular factors by affecting cardiovascular risk factors, regulating cardiorespiratory health, and enhancing cerebral blood flow. Exercise also promotes neurogenesis by stimulating neurotrophic factors, affecting neuroplasticity in the brain. Additionally, regular exercise improves the neuropathological characteristics of AD by improving mitochondrial function, and the brain redox status. More and more attention has been paid to the effect of Aβ and tau pathology as well as sleep disorders on cognitive function in persons diagnosed with AD. Besides, there are various forms of exercise intervention in cognitive improvement in patients with AD, including aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and multi-component exercise. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to summarize the findings of the mechanisms of exercise intervention on cognitive function in patients with AD, and also discuss the application of different exercise interventions in cognitive impairment in AD to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the selection of exercise intervention in cognitive rehabilitation in AD.

Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed PPARG promoted osteosarcoma progression: based on osteoclast proliferation

Background

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors, primarily originating from mesenchymal tissue. It is notorious for its high invasiveness, high disability rate, high mortality rate, and poor prognosis. In most primary and metastatic malignant tumors, bone destruction can promote cancer progression, which is closely related to osteoclast activation and the imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A large number of studies confirmed that osteoclasts are an important part of OS, which play an active role in destroying bone homeostasis and promoting the progress of OS. Therefore, we conducted a detailed study of osteoclasts at the single cell level, aiming to find new OS therapeutic targets to prevent tumor progression and local spread.

Methods

We analyzed the single-cell sequencing data of OS patients and usedMonocle2, Cytotrace, and Slingshot software to analyze the pseudo-sequential trajectory during OS progression. CellChat was used to reveal the communication between cells. PySCENIC was used to identify active transcription factors in osteoclasts. Finally, we further demonstrated the results by RT-qPCR analysis, CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay, Transwell assay, etc.

Results

Through the analysis of single-cell sequencing data in OS, we identified a highly specific subgroup, C2MKI67+ Osteoclast. The key signaling pathway APP and the top 1 transcription factor PPARG in this subgroup played essential roles in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation. Given the pivotal role of osteoclasts in OS progression, we speculated that these signaling pathways and transcription factors could emerge as novel therapeutic targets, offering innovative strategies for OS treatment.

Conclusion

This study enhanced our understanding of OS and osteoclasts through scRNA-seq. Furthermore, we discovered that PPARG amplifies osteoclast activation and proliferation, resulting in excessive bone resorption and degradation of the bone matrix, thereby creating a favorable environment for tumor cell proliferation and growth. By innovatively targeting PPARG, it affected osteoclast proliferation and thus affected tumor progression; this work offered new insights and directions for the clinical treatment of OS patients.

The gut-kidney axis is regulated by astragaloside IV to inhibit cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity

Introduction

Chronic nephrotoxicity caused by CNIs (CICN) manifests clinically as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) plays a certain role in the treatment of CKD. This study aimed to verify the ameliorative effects of AS-IV on CICN and further explore the mechanisms underlying the modulation of the "gut-transcriptome-metabolome coexpression network" by AS-IV within the context of the "gut-kidney axis" to improve CICN.

Methods

Five groups of 40 mice were studied: a normal group (N, olive oil), a model group (M, CsA, 30 mg kg--1 d-1), a low-dose AS-IV group (CsA + AS-IV, 30 mg kg-1 d-1 + 10 mg kg-1 d-1), a high-dose AS-IV group (CsA + AS-IV, 30 mg kg-1 d-1 + 20 mg kg-1 d-1), and a valsartan group (CsA + Val, 30 mg kg-1 d-1 + 10 mg kg-1 d-1). The gut microbiota, renal transcriptome, and urine metabolome were separately detected to construct a gut-transcriptome-metabolome coexpression network. The target species, target genes, and target metabolites of AS-IV were evaluated.

Results

CsA led to increased proteinuria and a deterioration of kidney function, accompanied by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, whereas AS-IV improved kidney damage. AS-IV inhibited intestinal permeability and disrupted the microbiota structure, increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Ignatzschineria indica, and Blautia glucerasea. Six coexpression pathways related to transcription and metabolism, including the citrate cycle, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, ferroptosis, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, were identified. Seven target metabolites of AS-IV were identified in the 6 pathways, including UDP-D-galacturonic acid, 2-phenylethanol glucuronide, dehydroascorbic acid, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, alpha-D-glucose, 3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylthiamine diphosphate and citalopram aldehyde. Five target genes of AS-IV, Ugt1a2, Ugt1a9, Ugt1a5, Pck1, and Slc7a11, were also identified and predicted by NONMMUT144584.1, MSTRG.30357.1 and ENSMUST00000174821. Lactobacillus reuteri was highly correlated with renal function and the target genes and metabolites of AS-IV. The target genes and metabolites of AS-IV were further validated. AS-IV inhibited intestinal-derived urinary toxins and improved renal tissue apoptosis, lipid accumulation, collagen deposition, and mitochondrial damage.

Conclusion

AS-IV improved CICN through the coexpression of the gut-transcriptome-metabolome network. The six pathways related to energy metabolism driven by L. reuteri, including the citrate cycle, ascorbate and alderate metabolism, proximal tube bicarbonate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, ferroptosis, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, are important mechanisms.

Serum Galectin-3 and IL-6 as Inflammatory Markers in Bipolar Disorder: Insights from Manic and Euthymic Episodes

Objectives: This study aimed to assess serum Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and IL-6 levels, along with other inflammatory markers, in type-1 bipolar disorder (BD) patients and explore their relationship with clinical features, metabolic parameters, and symptom severity. Background: The study included 38 manic, 35 euthymic BD patients, and 40 healthy controls. Sociodemographic data, such as age, gender, alcohol and smoking habits, and body mass index (BMI), were recorded. Methods: The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were administered to patients. Biochemical measurements included Gal-3, IL-6, CRP, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet counts, and inflammatory indices like NLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI. Results: Gal-3 levels significantly differed among the groups (F = 52.251, p < 0.001), with the highest levels in euthymic patients. IL-6 levels were elevated in both manic and euthymic patients compared to controls (F = 7.379, p = 0.001). Manic patients had significantly higher levels of neutrophils, monocytes, CRP, NLR, PLR, SII, and SIRI. A positive correlation was found between Gal-3 levels, the total number of episodes, and YMRS scores in manic patients. In euthymic patients, Gal-3 levels correlated positively with disease duration and episode count. Conclusions: Elevated Gal-3 levels, particularly in the euthymic phase, may serve as a biomarker for BD and indicate ongoing inflammation. These findings suggest Gal-3 could help identify BD and differentiate the euthymic phase.

Gut Microbiota-Tumor Microenvironment Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in Cancer

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment in recent years, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) emerging as a key therapeutic approach. ICIs work by inhibiting the mechanisms that allow tumors to evade immune detection. Although ICIs have shown promising results, especially in solid tumors, patient responses vary widely due to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in modulating immune responses at the tumor site and may even influence treatment outcomes in cancer patients receiving ICIs. This review explores the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the tumor microenvironment, examining how these interactions could impact the effectiveness of ICI therapy. Furthermore, we discuss how dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota composition, may contribute to resistance to ICIs, and highlight microbiota-targeted strategies to potentially overcome this challenge. Additionally, we review recent studies investigating the diagnostic potential of microbiota profiles in cancer patients, considering how microbial markers might aid in early detection and stratification of patient responses to ICIs. By integrating insights from recent preclinical and clinical studies, we aim to shed light on the potential of microbiome modulation as an adjunct to cancer immunotherapy and as a diagnostic tool, paving the way for personalized therapeutic approaches that optimize patient outcomes.

Enhancing diabetic muscle repair through W-GA nanodots: a nanomedicinal approach to ameliorate myopathy in type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly impairs muscle regeneration following injuries, contributing to numerous complications and reduced quality of life. There is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies that can enhance muscle regeneration and alleviate these pathological mechanisms. In this study, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of W-GA nanodots, which are composed of gallic acid (GA) and tungstate (W6+), on muscle regeneration in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D)-induced muscle injury, with a focus on their anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

METHODS

This study synthesized ultrasmall W-GA nanodots that were optimized for improved stability and bioactivity under physiological conditions. In vitro assessments included cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and myotube differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts under hyperglycemic conditions. In vivo, T2D was induced in C57BL/6 mice, followed by muscle injury and treatment with W-GA. Muscle repair, fibrosis, and functional recovery were assessed through histological analysis and gait analysis using the CatWalk system.

RESULTS

The W-GA nanodots significantly enhanced muscle cell proliferation, decreased ROS, and reduced apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, compared with the control group, the W-GA-treated group exhibited notably improved muscle regeneration, decreased fibrosis, and enhanced functional recovery. The treatment notably modulated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetic muscle tissues, facilitating improved regenerative dynamics and muscle function.

CONCLUSIONS

W-GA nanodots effectively counter the pathological mechanisms of diabetic myopathy by enhancing regenerative capacity and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This nanomedicine approach offers a promising therapeutic avenue for improving muscle health and overall quality of life in individuals suffering from T2D. However, further studies are needed to explore the clinical applications and long-term efficacy of these nanodots in preventing diabetic complications.

Research progress on the mechanism and markers of metabolic disorders in the occurrence and development of cognitive dysfunction after ischemic stroke

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common complication following a stroke that significantly affects patients' quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes. It also imposes a heavy economic burden. There is an urgent need to better understand the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of PSCI, as well as to identify markers that can predict PSCI early in the clinical stage, facilitating early prevention, monitoring, and treatment. Although the mechanisms underlying PSCI are complex and multifaceted, involving factors such as atherosclerosis and neuroinflammation, metabolic disorders also play a critical role. This article primarily reviews the relationship between metabolic disorders of the three major nutrients-sugar, fat, and protein-and the development of cognitive dysfunction following ischemic stroke (IS). It aims to elucidate how these metabolic disturbances contribute to cognitive dysfunction post-stroke and to explore potential metabolic biomarkers for PSCI. We believe that this review will offer new insights into the early identification, treatment, and prognostic assessment of PSCI.

Altered Atlas of Exercise-Responsive MicroRNAs Revealing miR-29a-3p Attacks Armored and Cold Tumors and Boosts Anti-B7-H3 Therapy

Increasing evidence has shown that physical exercise remarkably inhibits oncogenesis and progression of numerous cancers and exercise-responsive microRNAs (miRNAs) exert a marked role in exercise-mediated tumor suppression. In this research, expression and prognostic values of exercise-responsive miRNAs were examined in breast cancer (BRCA) and further pan-cancer types. In addition, multiple independent public and in-house cohorts, in vitro assays involving multiple, macrophages, fibroblasts, and tumor cells, and in vivo models were utilized to uncover the tumor-suppressive roles of miR-29a-3p in cancers. Here, we reported that miR-29a-3p was the exercise-responsive miRNA, which was lowly expressed in tumor tissues and associated with unfavorable prognosis in BRCA. Mechanistically, miR-29a-3p targeted macrophages, fibroblasts, and tumor cells to down-regulate B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) expression. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) demonstrated that miR-29a-3p attacked the armored and cold tumors, thereby shaping an immuno-hot tumor microenvironment (TME). Translationally, liposomes were developed and loaded with miR-29a-3p (lipo@miR-29a-3p), and lipo@miR-29a-3p exhibited promising antitumor effects in a mouse model with great biocompatibility. In conclusion, we uncovered that miR-29a-3p is a critical exercise-responsive miRNA, which attacked armored and cold tumors by inhibiting B7-H3 expression. Thus, miR-29a-3p restoration could be an alternative strategy for antitumor therapy.

Molecular Hydrogen Modulates T Cell Differentiation and Enhances Neuro-Regeneration in a Vascular Dementia Mouse Model

This study explores whether molecular hydrogen (H2) administration can alleviate cognitive and immunological disturbances in a mouse model of vascular dementia (VaD). Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent bilateral common carotid artery stenosis to induce VaD and were subsequently assigned to three groups: VaD, VaD with hydrogen-rich water treatment (VaD + H2), and Sham controls. Behavioral assessments using open field and novel object recognition tests revealed that VaD mice exhibited anxiety-deficient behavior and memory impairment, both of which were reversed by H2 treatment. Histological examinations showed pyknotic neuronal morphologies and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the VaD hippocampus, whereas H2 administration mitigated these alterations. Furthermore, VaD-induced downregulation of BCL2 was reversed in the VaD + H2 group, in parallel with increased IL-4 expression. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that VaD disrupted T regulatory cell homeostasis by significantly increasing their proportion, an effect reversed by H2 treatment, thereby restoring immunological balance. Transcriptomic evaluations confirmed that VaD suppressed key neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory genes, while H2 treatment restored or enhanced their expression. Collectively, these findings highlight the neuroprotective and immuno-modulatory potential of molecular hydrogen, suggesting that H2 supplementation may promote neuronal resilience, modulate T cell differentiation, and support cognitive recovery in vascular dementia.

Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identifies hub genes associated with immune cell infiltration in early-onset schizophrenia

BACKGROUND

Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) occurs between the ages of 13 and 17 years, and neurobiological factors leading to cognitive deficits and psychotic symptoms with varying degrees of positive and negative symptoms. Numerous studies have demonstrated a broad link between immune dysregulation and the central nervous system in EOS, and its pathogenesis involves immune dysfunction, but the exact biological mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study employs immune infiltration analysis and bioinformatics to unveil the pathogenic mechanisms of EOS and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers, aiming for more precise clinical interventions.

METHODS

In this study, we recruited 26 EOS patients and 27 healthy controls (HCs), and microarray data were collected. Crossover genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression genes (DEGs) analysis. These genes were subjected to genome enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene ontology (GO) analysis. Hub genes were identified through protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the GeneMANIA database. The diagnostic potential of immune-associated hub genes was evaluated using ROC analysis. Immune infiltration in EOS was analyzed with CIBERSORT. Regulatory miRNAs for the hub genes were predicted using miRNet, and the correlation between mRNAs and miRNAs was analyzed and validated in clinical samples.

RESULTS

By WGCNA and DEGs analysis, 330 relevant genes were screened in EOS patients compared to HCs. Functional enrichment analysis using Metascape showed significant enrichment in immune system pathways. Subsequently, a PPI network was constructed to select the top 10 potential hub genes, and functional analysis was performed by GeneMANIA, resulting in the identification of four immune-related genes. In addition, significant differences were observed among the four immune cell types in the two groups of samples. ROC analysis showed clinical relevance of the immune-related hub genes, and the AUC of all genes was greater than 0.7. A miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was constructed from miRNA data, and three miRNAs were found to be significantly associated with the immune-related hub genes.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrated that CCL3, IL1B, CXCL8, CXCL10 and miR-34a-5p may be biomarkers that play crucial roles in the underlying mechanisms of EOS immune-related pathways. These findings contribute to the understanding of EOS pathophysiology and may help identify new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Exosomes and microRNAs as mediators of the exercise

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), also known as microribonucleic acids, are small molecules found in specific tissues that are essential for maintaining proper control of genes and cellular processes. Environmental factors, such as physical exercise, can modulate miRNA expression and induce targeted changes in gene transcription. This article presents an overview of the present knowledge on the principal miRNAs influenced by physical activity in different tissues and bodily fluids. Numerous research projects have emphasized the significant impact of miRNAs on controlling biological changes brought about by physical activity. These molecules play main roles in important processes such as the growth of skeletal muscle and heart muscle cells, the creation of mitochondria, the development of the vascular system, and the regulation of metabolism. Studies have shown that physical exertion utilizes the contributions of miR-1, miR-133, miR-206, miR-208, and miR-486 to revitalize and restore skeletal muscle tissue. Moreover, detecting alterations in miRNA levels and connecting them to the specific outcomes of various exercise routines and intensities can act as indicators for physical adaptation and the reaction to physical activity in long-term diseases. Numerous studies have confirmed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) which composed of different members such as exosomes have the ability to reduce inflammation through the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, physical activity greatly affects the levels of specific miRNAs present in exosomes derived from skeletal muscle. Therefore, exosomal miRNAs target some pathways that are related to growth and development, such asWnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Exercise-induced exosomes have also been identified as important mediators in promoting beneficial effects throughout the body. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of exercise on the function of miRNAs and exosomes.

Effect of adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on allergic rhinitis in mice

Background

At present, the treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) is only limited to symptom relief, and AR is not able be cured. It is important to find new therapeutic regimens for AR.

Objective

To explore the effect of adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (AMSC-exos) on AR in mice.

Methods

Primary human AMSCs were cultured up to fourth or fifth passage AMSCs which were used to extract AMSC-exos by ultracentrifugation. The AMSC-exos were identified in size, morphology and surface marker proteins. AR mouse models were made, and then effects of the AMSC-exos on AR mouse models were observed by injection of AMSC-exos into their tail veins. A total of 21 mice were divided into normal mice with injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group (Normal + PBS group, 7 mice), AR mice with injection of AMSC-exos group (AR + AMSC-exos group, 7 mice) and AR mice with injection of PBS (AR + PBS group, 7 mice). After injection of AMSC-exos and PBS, symptoms were observed in mice and inflammatory factors including IL-4, IL-5, IFN- γ and Ig-E were determined. Mice were sacrificed, nasal mucosa was collected for HE staining and qRT-PCR.

Results

After injection of AMSC-exos, compared with the AR + PBS group, symptoms were significantly improved, inflammatory factor levels were significantly decreased, disturbed and thickened mucosal layer was relieved, and the numbers of goblet cells and eosinophils were reduced in the AR + AMSC-exos group.

Conclusion

AMSC-exos can improve symptoms and inflammatory level in the AR mice.

Extracellular domain of TREM2 possess two distinct ligand recognition sites: Insights from machine-learning guided docking and all-atoms molecular dynamics simulations

The myeloid-specific triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a group of class I receptors expressed in brain microglia plays a decisive role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Nasu Hakola disease (NHD). The extracellular domain (ECD) of TREM2 interacts with a wide-range of ligands, yet the molecular mechanism underlying recognition of such ligands to this class I receptor remains underexplored. Herein, we undertook a systematic investigation for exploring the mode of ligand recognition in immunoglobulin-like ectodomain by employing both knowledge-based and machine-learning guided molecular docking approach followed by the state-of-the-art all atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Besides the known binding site formed by complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 1 and CDR2 loops, which enables the binding of different anionic ligands, our study identifies the presence of second binding site formed by β-strands towards the C-terminal end. We observe a dense network of hydrophobic contacts formed between the explored ligands and CDR loops and β-strands, specifically CDR1, CDR2, β-strand C', loop connecting β-strand D and E, and loop connecting β-strand E and F. Ligand binding in immunoglobulin-like ectodomain increases the conformational flexibility of CDR2 loop, thus most frequently observed pathogenic variants i.e. R47H and R62H in TREM2 may affect the development and progression of AD. Our knowledge-based and machine-learning guided docking and physics-based simulations study unveils deep insights into the endogenous ligand recognition by the positive surface ligand binding site and distant core site pave the way for exploration of other small molecules towards development of novel therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease.

Network pharmacology: a crucial approach in traditional Chinese medicine research

Network pharmacology plays a pivotal role in systems biology, bridging the gap between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and contemporary pharmacological research. Network pharmacology enables researchers to construct multilayered networks that systematically elucidate TCM's multi-component, multi-target mechanisms of action. This review summarizes key databases commonly used in network pharmacology, including those focused on herbs, components, diseases, and dedicated platforms for network pharmacology analysis. Additionally, we explore the growing use of network pharmacology in TCM, citing literature from Web of Science, PubMed, and CNKI over the past two decades with keywords like "network pharmacology", "TCM network pharmacology", and "herb network pharmacology". The application of network pharmacology in TCM is widespread, covering areas such as identifying the material basis of TCM efficacy, unraveling mechanisms of action, and evaluating toxicity, safety, and novel drug development. However, challenges remain, such as the lack of standardized data collection across databases and insufficient consideration of processed herbs in research. Questions also persist regarding the reliability of study outcomes. This review aims to offer valuable insights and reference points to guide future research in precision TCM network pharmacology.

Dysregulation of LINC01094 is involved in the pathogenesis of pulpitis by regulating the miR-340-5p expression

Pulpitis seriously affects people's living standards and dental health, so identifying effective therapeutic targets is crucial for pulpitis. The research aimed to explore the underlying regulatory mechanism of LINC01094 and miR-340-5p in pulpitis. The study involved a total of 173 subjects (97 pulpitis and 76 healthy individuals). The expression of LINC01094 and miR-340-5p were evaluated through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association linking LINC01094 and miR-340-5p expression was assessed by Pearson correlation analysis. The Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) injury model was conducted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation was examined through the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was also evaluated by flow cytometry. The caspase-3 levels and inflammatory cytokines were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Upregulated LINC01094 and downregulated miR-340-5p expression were observed in pulpitis and LPS-induced HDPC injury models. A negative correlation was observed between miR-340-5p and LINC01094 expression in pulpitis. LPS could suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis of HDPCs. The TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in LPS-induced HDPCs were also elevated. The HDPC injury induced by LPS could be aggravated by the LINC01094 overexpression. MiR-340-5p showed a relieved effect on HDPC injury and could alleviate the HDPC injury aggravated by LINC01094 overexpression. In summary, upregulated LINC01094 and downregulated miR-340-5p expression was observed in pulpitis. LINC01094 could accelerate the pulpitis progression via targeting miR-340-5p.

Exploring the shared gene signatures and mechanism among three autoimmune diseases by bulk RNA sequencing integrated with single-cell RNA sequencing analysis

Background

Emerging evidence underscores the comorbidity mechanisms among autoimmune diseases (AIDs), with innovative technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) significantly advancing the explorations in this field. This study aimed to investigate the shared genes among three AIDs-Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) using bioinformatics databases, and to identify potential biomarkers for early diagnosis.

Methods

We retrieved transcriptomic data of MS, SLE, and RA patients from public databases. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was employed to construct gene co-expression networks and identify disease-associated modules. Functional enrichment analyses and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network was constructed. We used machine learning algorithms to select candidate biomarkers and evaluate their diagnostic value. The Cibersort algorithm was and scRNA-seq analysis was performed to identify key gene expression patterns and assess the infiltration of immune cells in MS patients. Finally, the biomarkers' expression was validated in human and mice experiments.

Results

Several shared genes among MS, SLE, and RA were identified, which play crucial roles in immune responses and inflammation regulation. PPI network analysis highlighted key hub genes, some of which were selected as candidate biomarkers through machine learning algorithms. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that some genes had high diagnostic value (Area Under the Curve, AUC >0.7). Immune cell infiltration pattern analysis showed significant differences in the expression of various immune cells in MS patients. scRNA-seq analysis revealed clusters of genes that were significantly upregulated in the single cells of cerebrospinal fluid in MS patients. The expression of shared genes was validated in the EAE mose model. Validation using clinical samples confirmed the expression of potential diagnostic biomarkers.

Conclusion

This study identified shared genes among MS, SLE, and RA and proposed potential early diagnostic biomarkers. These genes are pivotal in regulating immune responses, providing new targets and theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Targeting MAPK14 in microglial cells: neuroimmune implications of Panax ginseng in post-stroke inflammation

AIM

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms through which Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) mitigate neuroinflammatory damage and promote neural repair postischemic stroke, utilizing bioinformatics, and experimental approaches.

BACKGROUND

Cerebral infarction significantly contributes to disability worldwide, with chronic neuroinflammation worsening cognitive impairments and leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Addressing neuroimmune interactions is crucial for slowing disease progression and enhancing patient recovery, highlighting the need for advanced research in neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the effects of the traditional Chinese medicine components Panax ginseng and PNS on neuroinflammatory damage following ischemic stroke, focusing on the molecular pathways involved in mitigating inflammation and facilitating neural repair.

METHODS

The study employs single-cell sequencing and transcriptomic analysis to investigate gene expression changes associated with cerebral infarction. Gene set enrichment analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis are used to identify key molecular markers and core genes. Furthermore, pharmacological profiling, including functional assays, assesses the impact of Ginsenoside-Rc, a PNS derivative, on microglial cell viability, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.

RESULTS

Our analysis revealed that MAPK14 is a critical mediator in the neuroinflammatory response to ischemic stroke. Ginsenoside-Rc potentially targets and modulates MAPK14 activity to suppress inflammation. Experimental validation showed that Ginsenoside-Rc treatment, combined with MAPK14 silencing, significantly alters MAPK14 expression and mitigates neuroinflammatory damage, evidenced by reduced microglial cell death, inflammatory factor secretion, and ROS production.

CONCLUSION

Ginsenoside-Rc's modulation of MAPK14 offers a promising therapeutic strategy for reducing neuroinflammation and potentially improving cognitive recovery post-ischemic stroke. This supports the therapeutic application of the traditional Chinese medicine Sanqi in ischemic stroke care, providing a theoretical and experimental foundation for its use.

OTHERS

Future work will focus on extending these findings through clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ginsenoside-Rc in human subjects, aiming to translate these promising preclinical results into practical therapeutic interventions for ischemic stroke recovery.

Unraveling the Core Components and Critical Targets of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Treating Non-small Cell Lung Cancer through Network Pharmacology and Multi-omics Analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to preliminary explore the molecular mechanisms of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (H. cordata; Saururaceae) in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with the goal of screening drug potential targets for clinical drug development.

METHODS

This study employed a multi-omics and multi-source data integration approach to identify potential therapeutic targets of H. cordata against NSCLC from the TCMSP database, GEO database, BioGPS database, Metascape database, and others. Meanwhile, target localization was performed, and its possible mechanisms of action were predicted. Furthermore, dynamics simulations and molecular docking were used for verification. Multi-omics analysis was used to confirm the selected key genes' efficacy in treating NSCLC.

RESULTS

A total of 31 potential therapeutic targets, 8 key genes, and 5 core components of H. cordata against NSCLC were screened out. These potential therapeutic targets played a therapeutic role mainly by regulating lipid and atherosclerosis, the TNF signaling pathway, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and others. Molecular docking indicated a stable combination between MMP9 and quercetin. Finally, through multi-omics analysis, it was found that the expression of some key genes was closely related not only to the progression and prognosis of NSCLC but also to the level of immune infiltration.

CONCLUSION

Through comprehensive network pharmacology and multi-omics analysis, this study predicts that the core components of H. cordata play a role in treating NSCLC by regulating lipid and atherosclerosis, as well as the TNF signaling pathway. Among them, the anti-NSCLC activity of isoramanone is reported for the first time.

Leveraging plant-derived nanovesicles for advanced nucleic acid-based gene therapy

Gene therapy has evolved into a pivotal approach for treating genetic disorders, extending beyond traditional methods of directly repairing or replacing defective genes. Recent advancements in nucleic acid-based therapies-including mRNA, miRNA, siRNA, and DNA treatments have expanded the scope of gene therapy to include strategies that modulate protein expression and deliver functional genetic material without altering the genetic sequence itself. This review focuses on the innovative use of plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) as a promising delivery system for these nucleic acids. PDNVs not only enhance the stability and bioavailability of therapeutic nucleic acids but also improve their specificity and efficacy in targeted gene therapy applications. They have shown potential in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory conditions. By examining the unique properties of PDNVs and their role in overcoming the limitations of conventional delivery methods, this review highlights the transformative potential of PDNV-based nucleic acid therapies in advancing the field of gene therapy.

Low frequency-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture improves post-stroke cognitive impairment and has better clinical efficacy

BACKGROUND

Enhancing post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a key aspect of prognosis for stroke patients. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) is currently a widely utilised method for treating PSCI. With the increasing promotion of traditional Chinese medicine, Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) acupuncture has been progressively incorporated into clinical treatment. This paper observes the effect of LF-rTMS with XNKQ acupuncture on patients with PSCI.

METHODS

Totally, 192 patients with PSCI were consecutively recruited and treated either with LF-rTMS and XNKQ acupuncture (observation group) or LF-rTMS only (control group) for 4 weeks. The pre- and post-treatment Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, P300 latency and amplitude, inflammatory factor levels were compared and clinical efficacy was assessed.

RESULTS

Both groups exhibited increased MMSE/MoCA scores, and P300 amplitude, and shortened P300 latency, and the observation group had higher scores and P300 amplitude, and shorter P300 latency than the control group. Both groups displayed decreased inflammatory factor levels (Tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β) after treatment, which were lower in the observation group than the control group. Inflammatory factor levels in PSCI patients were negatively interrelated with MMSE, MoCA score and P300 amplitude, and positively with P300 latency. The observation group showed an increased number of patients showing cured and significantly effective results, a decreased number of patients showing effective and invalid results, and an observably elevated total effective rate.

CONCLUSION

LF-rTMS with XNKQ acupuncture can improve cognitive function and reduce inflammatory immune response, and has better clinical efficacy in PSCI patients.

Association between trace elements and cognitive function among hemodialysis patients in Turkey

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive impairment is common among patients with hemodialysis. Hemodialysis patients have theoretical risks for both deficiency and accumulation of trace elements. We aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and whole blood levels of trace elements in hemodialysis patients. We also aimed to examine the effect of baseline trace element status and cognitive dysfunction on mortality.

METHODS

Maintenance hemodialysis patients and age-and sex-matched controls were included. The whole blood levels of trace elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cognitive impairment was defined as a score of ≤24 points on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test. Executive dysfunction was also defined as Trails A score of more than 75 s and Trails B score of more than 180 s.

FINDINGS

Forty-two patients and 35 controls were included. Cognitive impairment was detected in 69% of the patients and 45.7% of the controls (p = 0.039). Cognitively impaired patients had lower education years (p = 0.003) and higher whole blood levels of manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) (p = 0.026, p = 0.019, respectively) compared to patients without cognitive impairment. Mn levels were also found statistically higher in patients with executive dysfunction compared to patients without executive dysfunction (p = 0.005). Lower education years and higher Pb levels were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients (odds ratio [OR] 0.589 [95% confidence interval, CI 0.400-0.866, p = 0.007] and OR 1.047 [95% CI 1.001-1.096, p = 0.047, respectively]).

DISCUSSION

Cognitive impairment, especially impaired executive function, is common among patients with hemodialysis patients. Cognitive impairment is not found to be associated in cross-sectional analysis with several modifiable end-stage renal disease- and dialysis-associated factors. The accumulation of trace elements especially Mn and Pb might exacerbate the cognitive dysfunction in hemodialysis patients.

Novel insights into the role of TREM2 in cerebrovascular diseases

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) include conditions such as stroke, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), which contribute significantly to global morbidity and healthcare burden. The pathophysiology of CVD is complex, involving inflammatory, cellular and vascular mechanisms. Recently, research has focused on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), an immune receptor predominantly found on microglia. TREM2 interacts with multiple signalling pathways, particularly toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibiting patients' inflammatory response. This receptor plays an essential role in both immune regulation and neuroprotection. TREM2 deficiency or dysfunction is associated with impaired microglial responses, exacerbated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Up until recently, TREM2 related studies have focused on neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), however a shift in focus towards CVDs is beginning to take place. Advancements in CVD research have focused on developing therapeutic strategies targeting TREM2 to enhance recovery and reduce long-term deficits. These include the exploration of TREM2 agonists and combination therapies with other anti-inflammatory agents, which may synergistically reduce neuroinflammation and promote neuroprotection. The modulation of TREM2 activity holds potential for innovative treatment approaches aimed at improving patient outcomes following cerebrovascular insults. This review compiles current research on TREM2, emphasising its molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and advancements in CNS disease research.

Shadow puppetry therapy enhances dementia-related cognitive function and interpersonal relationship

BACKGROUND

With the growing demand for dementia care, non-pharmacological interventions, such as creative arts therapies, have been proven effective in stabilizing cognitive function. Shadow Puppetry Therapy (SPT), which integrates visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements, offers a promising care option for individuals with dementia.

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the effectiveness of SPT on cognitive function, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships among older adults with mild dementia.

METHODS

We adopted a quasi-experimental design and recruited 33 older adults with mild dementia from two dementia care centers. Older adults with mild dementia were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 18). The experimental group participated in a 16-week SPT program, and the control group engaged in regular activities, such as physical exercises, painting, cooking, music, and handicraft projects. Assessments included the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ), the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), and the interpersonal relationship scale, with evaluations conducted before and after the intervention.

RESULTS

The intervention significantly improved cognitive function, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships in the experimental group. SPMSQ scores decreased, indicating enhanced cognitive function (p = .001), while self-esteem and interpersonal relationship scores showed significant improvements (p = .001). No significant changes were observed in the control group.

CONCLUSION

SPT is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for enhancing cognitive function, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships in older adults with mild dementia. The findings support the integration of creative arts therapies into dementia care.

Different physical exercise in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming one of the most expensive, burdening, and deadly diseases of this century. Up to now, there is still a lack of pharmacotherapy with substantial efficacy, and physical exercise is a promising and low-cost way to aid in delaying the process of AD. The aim of this review is to summarise the efficacy of different physical exercise approaches and doses in the management of AD, including aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and multicomponent exercise. A literature search using MeSH terms for each topic is undertaken using PubMed and the Web of Science Core Collection database, supplemented by hand searching for additional references. Retrieved articles were reviewed, synthesised, and summarised. This review shows that aerobic exercise has been almost unanimously recognised for the improvement of cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and activities of daily living. Resistance exercise also shows a good prospect in the above aspects and has a unique advantage in enhancing muscle strength, while multicomponent physical activity does not seen to significantly improve cognitive function. Each type of exercise has a dose effect, but for individuals with AD, the most appropriate exercise dose is still controversial.

Elucidating the role of gut microbiota metabolites in diabetes by employing network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Extensive research has underscored the criticality of preserving diversity and equilibrium within the gut microbiota for optimal human health. However, the precise mechanisms by which the metabolites and targets of the gut microbiota exert their effects remain largely unexplored. This study utilizes a network pharmacology methodology to elucidate the intricate interplay between the microbiota, metabolites, and targets in the context of DM, thereby facilitating a more comprehensive comprehension of this multifaceted disease.

METHODS

In this study, we initially extracted metabolite information of gut microbiota metabolites from the gutMGene database. Subsequently, we employed the SEA and STP databases to discern targets that are intricately associated with these metabolites. Furthermore, we leveraged prominent databases such as Genecard, DisGeNET, and OMIM to identify targets related to diabetes. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established to screen core targets. Additionally, we conducted comprehensive GO and KEGG enrichment analyses utilizing the DAVID database. Moreover, a network illustrating the relationship among microbiota-substrate-metabolite-target was established.

RESULTS

We identified a total of 48 overlapping targets between gut microbiota metabolites and diabetes. Subsequently, we selected IL6, AKT1 and PPARG as core targets for the treatment of diabetes. Through the construction of the MSMT comprehensive network, we discovered that the three core targets exert therapeutic effects on diabetes through interactions with 8 metabolites, 3 substrates, and 5 gut microbiota. Additionally, GO analysis revealed that gut microbiota metabolites primarily regulate oxidative stress, inflammation and cell proliferation. KEGG analysis results indicated that IL-17, PI3K/AKT, HIF-1, and VEGF are the main signaling pathways involved in DM.

CONCLUSION

Gut microbiota metabolites primarily exert their therapeutic effects on diabetes through the IL6, AKT1, and PPARG targets. The mechanisms of gut microbiota metabolites regulating DM might involve signaling pathways such as IL-17 pathways, HIF-1 pathways and VEGF pathways.

Targeting programmed cell death in diabetic kidney disease: from molecular mechanisms to pharmacotherapy

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes, arises from dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism induced by hyperglycemia, resulting in the deterioration of renal cells such as podocytes and tubular epithelial cells. Programmed cell death (PCD), comprising apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, represents a spectrum of cell demise processes intricately governed by genetic mechanisms in vivo. Under physiological conditions, PCD facilitates the turnover of cellular populations and serves as a protective mechanism to eliminate impaired podocytes or tubular epithelial cells, thereby preserving renal tissue homeostasis amidst hyperglycemic stress. However, existing research predominantly elucidates individual modes of cell death, neglecting the intricate interplay and mutual modulation observed among various forms of PCD. In this comprehensive review, we delineate the diverse regulatory mechanisms governing PCD and elucidate the intricate crosstalk dynamics among distinct PCD pathways. Furthermore, we review recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of PCD and explore their implications in DKD. Additionally, we explore the potential of natural products derived primarily from botanical sources as therapeutic agents, highlighting their multifaceted effects on modulating PCD crosstalk, thereby proposing novel strategies for DKD treatment.

Current Insights into the Roles of LncRNAs and CircRNAs in Pulpitis: A Narrative Review

Pulpitis, an inflammation of the dental pulp, is generated by bacterial invasion through different ways as caries. In the establishment and development of this disease, different biological processes are involved. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are transcripts with regulatory capacity participating in different biological functions and have been implicated in different diseases. The aim of this narrative review is to critically analyze available evidence on the biological role of lncRNAs and circRNAs in pulpitis and discuss possible new research prospects. LncRNAs and circRNAs involved in pulpitis were explored, addressing their expression, molecular mechanisms, targets and biological effects studied in animal and in vitro models, as well as in studies in human patients. LncRNAs and circRNAs are emerging as key regulators of diverse biological functions in pulpitis including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, oxidative stress, autophagy, ferroptosis, inflammation and immune response. The molecular mechanisms performed by these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved interactions with miRNAs and the formation of regulatory networks in the context of pulpitis. Further studies more deeply analyzing the participation of lncRNAs and circRNAs in pulpitis will reveal the potential applications of these ncRNAs as biomarkers or their use in therapeutic strategies in pulp inflammation.

Zi Shen Wan Fang repaired blood-brain barrier integrity in diabetic cognitive impairment mice via preventing cerebrovascular cells senescence

BACKGROUND

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity disruption is a key pathological link of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment (DCI), but the detailed mechanism of how the diabetic environment induces BBB integrity disruption is not fully understood. Our previous study found that Zi Shen Wan Fang (ZSWF), an optimized prescription consisting of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.), Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex (Phellodendron chinense Schneid.) and Cistanches Herba (Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma) has excellent efficacy in alleviating DCI, however, whether its mechanism is related to repairing BBB integrity remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the mechanism of BBB integrity destruction in DCI mice, and to elucidate the mechanism by which ZSWF repairs BBB integrity and improves cognitive function in DCI mice.

METHODS

Diabetic mouse model was established by feeding a 60% high-fat diet combined with a single intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). DCI mice were screened with morris water maze (MWM) after 8 weeks of sustained hyperglycemic stimulation. ZSWF was administered daily at doses of 9.36 and 18.72 g/kg for 8 weeks. Cognitive function was evaluated using MWM, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) integrity was tested using immunostaining and western blot, the underlying mechanisms were explored using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), validation experiments were performed with immunofluorescence analysis, and the potential active ingredients of ZSWF against cerebrovascular senescence were predicted using molecular docking. Moreover, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells were cultured, and the effects of mangiferin on the expression of p21 and Vcam1 were investigated by immunofluorescence staining and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

ZSWF treatment significantly ameliorated cognitive function and repaired BBB integrity in DCI mice. Using scRNA-seq, we identified 14 brain cell types. In BBB constituent cells (endothelial cells and pericytes), we found that Cdkn1a and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) genes were significantly overexpressed in DCI mice, while ZSWF intervention significantly inhibited the expression of Cdkn1a and SASP genes in cerebrovascular cells of DCI mice. Moreover, we also found that the communication between brain endothelial cells and pericytes was decreased in DCI mice, while ZSWF significantly increased the communication between them, especially the expression of PDGFRβ in pericytes. Molecular docking results showed that mangiferin, the blood component of ZSWF, had a stronger affinity with the upstream proteins of p21. In vitro experiments showed that high glucose significantly increased the expression of p21 and Vcam1 in bEnd.3 cells, while mangiferin significantly inhibited the expression of p21 and Vcam1 induced by high glucose.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals that ZSWF can ameliorate cognitive function in DCI mice by repairing BBB integrity, and the specific mechanism of which may be related to preventing cerebrovascular cells senescence, and mangiferin is its key active ingredient.

The Role of Cardiac Troponin and Other Emerging Biomarkers Among Athletes and Beyond: Underlying Mechanisms, Differential Diagnosis, and Guide for Interpretation

Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the necessity of understanding its underlying molecular and pathophysiological pathways. Conversely, physical activity (PA) and exercise are key strategies in reducing CV event risks. Detecting latent CV conditions in apparently healthy individuals, such as athletes, presents a unique challenge. The early identification and treatment of CV disorders are vital for long-term health and patient survival. Cardiac troponin is currently the most commonly used biomarker for assessing CV changes in both athletes and the general population. However, there remains considerable debate surrounding the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced troponin elevations and its release in non-ischemic contexts. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify and implement more sensitive and specific biomarkers for CV disorders in clinical practice. Indeed, research continues to explore reliable biomarkers for evaluating the health of athletes and the effectiveness of physical exercise. It is essential to analyze current evidence on troponin release in non-ischemic conditions, post-strenuous exercise, and the complex biological pathways that influence its detection. Furthermore, this study summarizes current research on cytokines and exosomes, including their physiological roles and their relevance in various CV conditions, especially in athletes. In addition, this paper gives special attention to underlying mechanisms, potential biomarkers, and future perspectives.

Inflammatory Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of Chitinase-3-like-1 in Multiple Human Body Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1), also known as YKL-40 or BRP-39, is a highly conserved mammalian chitinase with a chitin-binding ability but no chitinase enzymatic activity. Chi3l1 is secreted by various cell types and induced by several inflammatory cytokines. It can mediate a series of cell biological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, differentiation, and polarization. Accumulating evidence has verified that Chi3l1 is involved in diverse inflammatory conditions; however, a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the roles and mechanisms of Chi3l1 in almost all human body system-related inflammatory diseases is still lacking. The human body consists of ten organ systems, which are combinations of multiple organs that perform one or more physiological functions. Abnormalities in these human systems can trigger a series of inflammatory environments, posing serious threats to the quality of life and lifespan of humans. Therefore, exploring novel and reliable biomarkers for these diseases is highly important, with Chi3l1 being one such parameter because of its physiological and pathophysiological roles in the development of multiple inflammatory diseases. Reportedly, Chi3l1 plays an important role in diagnosing and determining disease activity/severity/prognosis related to multiple human body system inflammation disorders. Additionally, many studies have revealed the influencing factors and regulatory mechanisms (e.g., the ERK and MAPK pathways) of Chi3l1 in these inflammatory conditions, identifying potential novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of Chi3l1 in inflammatory disorders of the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous, urinary, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, and reproductive systems, which provides a more systematic understanding of Chi3l1 in multiple human body system-related inflammatory diseases. Moreover, this article summarizes potential therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases in these systems on the basis of the revealed roles and mechanisms mediated by Chi3l1.

The metabolic response of HepG2 cells to extracellular vesicles derived from Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef microgreens probed by chemometrics-assisted LC-MS/MS analysis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from Thai rat-tailed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef) microgreens were previously reported as novel bioactive bioparticles against cancer. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic disruption associated with the antiproliferative effect against HepG2 liver cancer cells, a representative of metabolizing cells and tissue. In this study, the neutral red uptake assay was performed to screen for the antiproliferative effect and determine the cytotoxic concentrations of EVs against HepG2 cells. An untargeted approach to cellular metabolomics was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with the high-resolution mass spectrometry system with multivariate and univariate analyses to determine the metabolic changes of HepG2 liver cancer cells after EV treatment. EVs showed an antiproliferative effect in HepG2 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 685.5 ± 26.4 and 139.7 ± 4.2 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, respectively. In the metabolomics study, 163 metabolites were annotated, with 61 significantly altered metabolites. Among these significant metabolites, 18 were related to glycerophospholipid metabolism. Phosphatidylcholine-the important lipid building blocks for cell membranes, lipid mediators for cell proliferation, and immunosuppressive signaling-was mainly decreased by EV treatment. The alteration of cellular phospholipids in cancer was discussed. This finding suggested the possible mechanism of anticancer action of EVs by disrupting phospholipid metabolism and survival signaling in cancer cells. Further studies should be made to confirm EVs' potential as single and combination therapy in vivo to reduce cancer resistance. This may close the gap between in vitro study and clinical setting.

Cross-disease transcriptomic analysis reveals DOK3 and PAPOLA as therapeutic targets for neuroinflammatory and tumorigenic processes

Objective

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and tumorigenesis share numerous biological complexities; nevertheless, the specific gene expression profiles and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that could serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.

Methods

Gene expression datasets (GSE122063, GSE13353, GSE161870) were analyzed using machine learning algorithms and logistic regression to identify DEGs associated with both SAH and tumorigenesis. Lasso regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were employed to evaluate the classification accuracy of these genes. Validation of critical DEGs was performed through pan-cancer analysis and experimental studies, focusing on the role of DOK3 in modulating inflammation and oxidative stress in U251MG glioblastoma and BV2 microglia cells.

Results

Fifteen common DEGs were identified, with DOK3 and PAPOLA highlighted as crucial genes implicated in SAH and neurodegenerative processes. Experimental validation demonstrated that DOK3 overexpression significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress markers while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, DOK3 influenced tumorigenic processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and proliferation, effectively mitigating LPS-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in BV2 microglial cells.

Conclusions

DOK3 and PAPOLA play critical roles in both SAH and related neurodegeneration, presenting themselves as potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Notably, DOK3 exhibits potential as an antitumor agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, offering therapeutic benefits for both cancer and neuroinflammatory conditions.

Paromomycin targets HDAC1-mediated SUMOylation and IGF1R translocation in glioblastoma

Objective

This study investigates the effects of Paromomycin on SUMOylation-related pathways in glioblastoma (GBM), specifically targeting HDAC1 inhibition.

Methods

Using TCGA and GTEx datasets, we identified SUMOylation-related genes associated with GBM prognosis. Molecular docking analysis suggested Paromomycin as a potential HDAC1 inhibitor. In vitro assays on U-251MG GBM cells were performed to assess Paromomycin's effects on cell viability, SUMOylation gene expression, and IGF1R translocation using CCK8 assays, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence.

Results

Paromomycin treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction in GBM cell viability, colony formation, and migration. It modulated SUMO1 expression and decreased IGF1R nuclear translocation, an effect reversible by the HDAC1 inhibitor Trochostatin A (TSA), suggesting Paromomycin's involvement in SUMO1-regulated pathways.

Conclusion

This study highlights Paromomycin's potential as a therapeutic agent for GBM by targeting HDAC1-mediated SUMOylation pathways and influencing IGF1R translocation, warranting further investigation for its clinical application.

Exploration of the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome and traditional Chinese medicine intervention based on gut microbiota

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) represents a prevalent syndrome among various chronic kidney disease pathologies and is known for its higher severity and worse prognosis compared with chronic glomerulonephritis. Understanding its pathogenesis and identifying more effective treatment modalities have long been a concern of kidney specialists. With the introduction of the gut-kidney axis concept and the progress in omics technologies, alterations in the gut microbiota have been observed in primary and secondary NS. This link has been extensively researched in conditions such as diabetic nephropathy and immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. Thus, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is seen as a crucial contributing factor in NS; however, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews that elucidate the changes in the gut microbiota across different NS conditions and that describe its mechanistic role in the disease. Moreover, serving as an innate regulator of the gut microbiota, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the potential to exert a profound impact on the expression of inflammation-promoting agents, decreasing the levels of endotoxins and uremic toxins. In addition, it strengthens the stability of the intestinal barrier while controlling the metabolic function of the body through its efficient modulation of the gut microbiota. This intricate process yields far-reaching consequences for NS.

Diphenyl diselenide protects against diabetic kidney disease through modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Introduction

Diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) ameliorates nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. However, it has not been clarified whether DPDS alleviates type 1 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is related to the inhibition of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and the regulation of intestinal flora disorder.

Methods

The present study investigated the effects of DPDS on ECM generation in the kidney and intestinal microflora composition in feces. The rats were orally administered DPDS or metformin for eight weeks. Various indices were measured to assess the severity of renal injury. After euthanizing the rats, oxidative stress markers in serum and kidney were assessed using biochemical methods, and the expressions of ECM-related proteins in kidney were analyzed using Western blot. Additionally, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the diversity and composition of the intestinal flora in feces.

Results

The results showed DPDS and metformin improved the DKD in STZ rats, as evidenced by decreased blood glucose, BUN, urine volume, urine microalbumin, urinary β2 microglobulin, and improvement of renal pathological morphology. Furthermore, DPDS intervention markedly reduced the protein expression of α-SMA, COI Ⅳ, FN, and vimentin in the kidneys. Besides, DPDS not only improved dyslipidemia in STZ diabetic rats, but also enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased the level of MDA in serum and kidney, and regulated the expression of proteins related to the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in the kidney. Moreover, we found that DPDS could selectively improve the relative abundance of probiotics as well as the diversity of flora, thus ameliorating the intestinal microbial composition of the STZ rats, significantly regulating the intestinal microbial homeostasis.

Discussion

Overall, DPDS inhibited ECM production and improved renal pathological changes, which may be related to reducing oxidative stress damage in the kidney and improving intestinal flora imbalance, providing data support for the further development and application of DPDS in DKD.

The role of miRNAs as biomarkers in heterotopic ossification

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and progressive osseous heteroplasia are genetic forms of heterotopic ossification (HO). Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is caused by ACVR1 gene mutations, while progressive osseous heteroplasia is caused by GNAS gene mutations. Nongenetic HO typically occurs after trauma or surgery, with an occurrence rate of 20-60%. It can also be observed in conditions such as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, spinal ligament ossification, ankylosing spondylitis, and skeletal fluorosis. The exact cause of nongenetic HO is not entirely clear. More than 100 types of miRNAs have been identified as being linked to the development of HO. Some miRNAs are promising potential biomarkers for traumatic HO and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. These findings further emphasize the significant role miRNAs play in the pathogenesis and progression of bone disorders. Repeated investigations into the function of a specific miRNA are infrequent and yield inconsistent results, possibly because of variable experimental conditions. It is hypothesized that miRNAs can enhance osteogenesis for the management of fractures and bone defects. However, further research is required to validate this hypothesis.

Astrocyte-neuron crosstalk through extracellular vesicle-shuttled miRNA-382-5p promotes traumatic brain injury

Although astrocytes undergo functional changes in response to brain injury and may be the driving force of subsequent neuronal death, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we showed that extracellular vesicle (EV)-shuttled miRNA-382-5p may serve as a biomarker for the severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), as the circulating EV-miRNA-382-5p level was significantly increased in both human patients and TBI model mice. Mechanistically, astrocyte-derived EVs delivered the shuttled miRNA-382-5p to mediate astrocyte-neuron communication, which promoted neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of optic atrophy-1 (OPA1). Consistent with these findings, genetic ablation of neuronal OPA1 exacerbated mitochondrial damage and neuronal apoptosis in response to TBI. Moreover, engineered RVG-miRNA-382-5p inhibitor-EVs, which can selectively deliver a miRNA-382-5p inhibitor to neurons, significantly attenuated mitochondrial damage and improved neurological function after TBI. Taken together, our data suggest that EV-shuttled miRNA-382-5p may be a critical mediator of astrocyte-induced neurotoxicity under pathological conditions and that targeting miRNA-382-5p-OPA1 signaling has potential for clinical translation in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

Plant-derived exosomes in therapeutic nanomedicine, paving the path toward precision medicine

BACKGROUND

Plant-derived exosomes (PDEs), are nanoscale vesicles secreted by multivesicular bodies, play pivotal roles in critical biological processes, including gene regulation, cell communication, and immune defense against pathogens. Recognized for their potential health-promoting properties, PDEs are emerging as innovative components in functional nutrition, poised to enhance dietary health benefits.

PURPOSE

To describe the efficacy of PDEs in nanoform and their application as precision therapy in many disorders.

STUDY DESIGN

The design of this review was carried out in PICO format using randomized clinical trials and research articles based on in vivo and in vitro studies.

METHODS

All the relevant clinical and research studies conducted on plant-derived nanovesicle application and efficacy were included, as retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane, after using specific search terms. This review was performed to determine PDEs' efficacy as nanomedicine and precision therapy. Sub-group analysis and primary data were included to determine the relationship with PDEs.

RESULT

PDEs are extracted from plant materials using sophisticated techniques like precipitation, size exclusion, immunoaffinity capture, and ultracentrifugation, encapsulating vital molecules such as lipids, proteins, and predominantly microRNAs. Although their nutritional impact may be minimal in small quantities, the broader application of PDEs in biomedicine, particularly as vehicles for drug delivery, underscores their significance. They offer a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of therapeutic agents carrying nano-bioactive substances that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer activities.

CONCLUSION

PDEs enhance the therapeutic potency of plant-derived phytochemicals, supporting their use in disease prevention and therapy. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted aspects of PDEs, including their isolation methods, biochemical composition, health implications, and potential to advance medical and nutritional interventions.

Siling decoction ameliorates adenine-induced renal fibrosis in rats by the AKT/IKKβ/NFκB signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

Investigating how Siling decoction (SLD) mitigates fibrosis in rats with chronic kidney disease CKD (chronic kidney disease) through network pharmacology analysis and experimental verification.

METHODS

Initially, the primary active components and their target actions of SLD (Fuling, Zhuling, Zexie, and Baizhu) were identified by the TCMSP database and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Treatment targets for renal fibrosis were screened through databases such as GeneCard, OMIM, PharmGkb, and GEO. Subsequently, a drug-disease-target network was constructed and subjected to PPI analysis. Intersecting targets underwent GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Renal fibrosis model was induced by adenine gavage, then treat with SLD. Masson, Sirius red, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were used to detect renal function and fibrosis-related indicators. The mechanism was further validated in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology analysis identified 100 common targets associated with the active components of SLD, including core genes such as AKT1 and CCND1. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the top three biological processes impacted include response to xenobiotic stimulus, response to nutrient levels and response to oxidative stress. These processes involved cellular components such as membrane raft, membrane microdomain and synaptic membrane, with molecular functions predominantly associated with ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding, ubiquitin protein ligase binding, DNA-binding transcription factor binding, and RNA polymerase II-specific DNA binding transcription factor binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated potential involvement of pathways like Lipid and atherosclerosis, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, and prostate cancer are likely involved in the anti-fibrotic effect of SLD. Notably, the highlighted was the AKT/IKKβ/NFκB signaling pathway as a key mechanism. These findings were further confirmed in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSION

The SLD effectively ameliorates adenine-induced chronic kidney disease fibrosis in rats, potentially by inhibiting the AKT/IKKβ/NFκB signaling pathway.

The association between psychological reactions, resilience, and work engagement among Palestinian critical care nurses in West Bank

AIM

This study aimed to assess the association between psychological reactions (e.g., stress, anxiety, and depression), resilience, and work engagement among Palestinian critical care nurses in the West Bank and examine the correlation of psychological reactions and resilience with work engagement.

BACKGROUND

Work engagement is associated with psychological reactions and resilience, particularly among critical care nurses. There is a lack of studies on work engagement and these factors in Palestine.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design was adopted. A convenience sample consisting of 273 critical care nurses from private and governmental hospitals was recruited to participate. Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 (CDRS-25), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9), and demographic data were used to collect data during the period from March 20 to May 20, 2023.

RESULTS

Findings demonstrated that 53.9% of the nurses reported mild-to-moderate levels of depression, 49.8% reported moderate-to-severe levels of anxiety, and 49.1% reported moderate-to-severe levels of stress. Additionally, 57.5% and 52.7% of them had low resilience and work engagement, respectively. Moreover, work engagement negatively correlated with depression (r = -0.796, P < 0.01), anxiety (r = -0.654, P < 0.01), and stress (r = -0.796, P < 0.01), while positively correlated with resilience (r = 0.42, P < 0.01) and gender (r = 0.121, P < 0.05). Depression, anxiety, stress, resilience, and gender were the main predictors of work engagement.

DISCUSSION

The majority of the nurses suffered from depression, anxiety, and stress. Additionally, more than half of the participants had low resilience and work engagement. Moreover, increased depression, anxiety, and stress were correlated with decreased work engagement, while high resilience and gender as being female positively correlated with high work engagement.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY

Policymakers and hospital administrators should develop interventions to improve critical care nurses' resilience and minimize psychological reactions, which have a significant influence on work engagement. Future studies should be conducted to examine the effectiveness of these interventions.

Revolutionizing medicine: Harnessing plant-derived vesicles for therapy and drug transport

The emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are natural lipid bilayer membrane structures facilitating intercellular substance and information exchange, has sparked innovative approaches in drug development and carrier enhancement. Plant-derived EVs notably offer advantages including low preparation cost, low immunogenicity, flexible drug delivery, high stability, good tissue permeability, and high inherent medicinal value compared to their animal-derived counterparts. Despite these promising attributes, the research on plant-derived EVs remains fragmented and lacks comprehensive synthesis. This review aims to address this gap by summarizing the isolation methods, biological characteristics, and storage techniques of plant-derived EVs. Additionally, we explore the potential of plant-derived EVs as therapeutic agents and drug carriers for treating various diseases. Finally, we delineate the current impediments to plant-derived EV development and highlight future research directions. By providing a detailed overview, we hope to facilitate further research and application in this emerging field.

The benefit of early acupuncture within 7 days for neurological outcomes in ischemic stroke patients after cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND

Stroke is a critical complication of cardiac surgery that results in increased mortality and morbidity. Limited treatment options are available for patients with severe neurological deficits, such as impaired consciousness. Acupuncture is a well-known integrative management method for stroke patients. However, there are no extensive reports discussing the benefit of acupuncture in stroke patients after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of acupuncture in the neurological recovery of these patients and to identify the factors that provide greater benefit.

METHODS

This self-controlled case series utilized inpatient data from stroke patients after cardiac surgery who received acupuncture in a single center from 2013 to 2019. The primary outcomes included the Glasgow Coma Scale, muscle strength grading scale, and Barthel Index. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the neurological differences between pre-acupuncture and post-acupuncture.

RESULTS

Fifty-one patients who met the criteria showed significant improvement of the severity of neurological impairment, including the Glasgow Coma Scale, muscle strength grading scale, and Barthel Index (p < 0.05). The group that underwent aortic dissection repair and the group that started acupuncture within 7 days after stroke showed greater improvement (p < 0.01). No adverse events were reported. Three patients with profound neurological impairment who received acupuncture intervention were described.

CONCLUSIONS

Acupuncture has a potential benefit in improving neurological impairment and reducing mortality in stroke patients after cardiac surgery, especially within 7 days of the event. Further larger prospective studies with control groups are needed to provide convincing evidence.

Exercise-regulated lipolysis: Its role and mechanism in health and diseases

Exercise has received considerable attention because of its importance not just in regulating physiological function, but also in ameliorating multiple pathological processes. Among these processes, lipolysis may play an important role in exercise-induced benefits. It is generally accepted that active lipolysis contributes to breakdown of fats, leading to the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) that serve as an energy source for muscles and other tissues during exercise. However, the significance of lipolysis in the context of exercise has not been fully understood. This review comprehensively outlines the potential regulatory mechanisms by which exercise stimulates lipolysis. The potential roles of exercise-mediated lipolysis in various physiological and pathological processes are also summarized. Additionally, we also discussed the potential non-classical effects of key lipolytic effectors induced by exercise. This will enhance our understanding of how exercise improves lipolytic function to bring about beneficial effects, offering new insights into potential therapeutic avenues for promoting health and alleviating diseases.

Advances in plant-derived extracellular vesicles: isolation, composition, and biological functions

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles released from plant cells into the extracellular space. While similar in structure and function to mammalian-derived EVs, PDEVs are unique due to their origin and the specific metabolites they carry. PDEVs have gained significant attention in recent years, with numerous reports isolating different PDEVs from various plants, each exhibiting diverse biological functions. However, the field is still in its early stages, and many issues need further exploration. To better develop and utilize PDEVs, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics. This review provides an overview of recent advances in PDEV research. It focuses on the methods and techniques for isolating and purifying PDEVs, comparing their respective advantages, limitations, and application scenarios. Furthermore, we discuss the latest discoveries regarding the composition of PDEVs, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and various plant metabolites. Additionally, we detail advanced studies on the multiple biological functions of PDEVs. Our goal is to advance our understanding of PDEVs and encourage further exploration in PDEV-based science and technology, offering insights into their potential applications for human health.

From Bench to Bedside: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cartilage Injury Treatment

Cartilage repair is the key to the treatment of joint-related injury. However, because cartilage lacks vessels and nerves, its self-repair ability is extremely low. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer nanovesicles with membranes mainly composed of ceramides, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides, and long-chain free fatty acids, containing DNA, RNA, and proteins (such as integrins and enzymes). For mediating intercellular communication and regulating mechanisms, EVs have been shown by multiple studies to be effective treatment options for cartilage repair. This review summarizes recent findings of different sources (mammals, plants, and bacteria) and uses of EVs in cartilage repair, mechanisms of EVs captured by injured chondrocytes, and quantification and storage of EVs, which may provide scientific guidance for promoting the development of EVs in the field of cartilage injury treatment.

2-Acetylacteoside improves recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting neurogenesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway

Ischemic stroke induces adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ), even in elderly patients. Harnessing of this neuroregenerative response presents the therapeutic potential for post-stroke recovery. We found that phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) derived from Cistanche deserticola aid neural repair after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. Among these, 2-acetylacteoside had the most potent on the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. Furthermore, 2-acetylacteoside was shown to alleviate neural dysfunction by increase neurogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. RNA-sequencing analysis highlighted differentially expressed genes within the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The candidate target Akt was validated as being regulated by 2-acetylacteoside, which, in turn, enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of cultured NSCs after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), as evidenced by Western blot analysis. Subsequent analysis using cultured NSCs from adult subventricular zones (SVZ) confirmed that 2-acetylacteoside enhanced the expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), and its effect on NSC neurogenesis was shown to be dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway. In summary, our findings elucidate for the first time the role of 2-acetylacteoside in enhancing neurological recovery, primarily by promoting neurogenesis via Akt activation following ischemic brain injury, which offers a novel strategy for long-term cerebrological recovery in ischemic stroke.

Metabolic pathways, genomic alterations, and post-translational modifications in pulmonary hypertension and cancer as therapeutic targets and biomarkers

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy, significantly increasing mortality rates. This study aims to clarify PH-specific metabolites and their impact on genomic and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cancer, evaluating DHA and EPA's therapeutic potential to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation.

Methods

Data from 289,365 individuals were analyzed using Mendelian randomization to examine 1,400 metabolites' causal roles in PH. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of DHA and EPA were tested in RAW 264.7 macrophages and cancer cell lines (A549, HCT116, HepG2, LNCaP). Genomic features like CNVs, DNA methylation, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and PTMs were analyzed. DHA and EPA's effects on ROS production and cancer cell proliferation were assessed.

Results

We identified 57 metabolites associated with PH risk and examined key tumor-related pathways through promoter methylation analysis. DHA and EPA significantly reduced ROS levels and inflammatory markers in macrophages, inhibited the proliferation of various cancer cell lines, and decreased nuclear translocation of SUMOylated proteins during oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. These findings suggest a potential anticancer role through the modulation of stress-related nuclear signaling, as well as a regulatory function on cellular PTMs.

Conclusion

This study elucidates metabolic and PTM changes in PH and cancer, indicating DHA and EPA's role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings support targeting these pathways for early biomarkers and therapies, potentially improving disease management and patient outcomes.

The diagnosis and management of small and indeterminate lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer: preoperatively and intraoperatively

Although thyroid cancer is an indolent tumor with a favorable prognosis, lymph node metastasis (LNM) serves as a major concern for many patients. Because LNM is strongly correlated with recurrence, distant metastasis, and shortened survival, a precise and timely diagnosis and following appropriate management for LNM are necessary. However, significant challenges still exist in the diagnosis of small LNs (<1 cm in diameter), and their low volume makes it difficult to determine whether they are metastatic or benign. Therefore, the diagnostic technique for these small and indeterminate LNs (siLNs) has been one of the leading research subjects in recent years. The implementation of innovative technologies, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, frozen section, and molecular detection, has brought great progress to the diagnosis of siLNs. Meanwhile, the strategies for managing siLNs in clinical practice have evolved considerably over the past several years, with several appropriate options recommended by guidelines. In this review, we aim to provide a systematic overview of the latest studies and potential evidence about effective approaches for detecting and evaluating siLNs. Furthermore, the following management modalities of siLNs in different situations are well discussed.

Antioxidant Effect of a Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles' Mix on Human Skin Fibroblasts: Induction of a Reparative Process

Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) from organic agriculture (without the use of pesticides and microbicides) contain high levels of antioxidants. Organic PDEVs have shown an increased antioxidant power compared to PDEVs from single plants, suggesting a synergistic effect of the bioactives constitutively expressed in the PDEVs from single fruits. With this study, we wanted to investigate the beneficial effects of a mix of PDEVs on human skin cells. We found detectable levels of citric acid, ascorbic acid, glutathione, catalase, and SOD in a mix of PDEVs deriving from five different fruits (grape, red orange, papaya, pomegranate, and tangerine). We then treated H2O2-conditioned fibroblasts with the mix of PDEVs. The results showed that the PDEVs' mixture reverted the H2O2-induced redox imbalance, restoring mitochondrial homeostasis, with a strong reduction of mitochondrial anion superoxide and an increase in sirtuin levels. The antioxidant action was consistent with wound repair on a lesion produced in a fibroblast's monolayer. This result was consistent with an increased level of vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase-9, whose expression is directly related to the efficiency of the reparative processes. These data support a beneficial role of PDEVs in both preventing and treating skin injuries through their potent antioxidant and reparative activities.