101
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Yoon HY, Kim HJ, Jang S, Hong JI. Detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. AMB Express 2017; 7:150. [PMID: 28697587 PMCID: PMC5503846 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arylsulfatases are crucial to biosynthesis in many microorganisms, as bacteria often utilize aryl sulfates as a source of sulfur. The bacterial sulfatases are associated with pathogenesis and are applied in many areas such as industry and agriculture. We developed an activity-based probe 1 for detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. Probe 1 is hydrolyzed by sulfatase to generate fluorescent N-methyl isoindole, which is polymerized to form colored precipitates. These fluorescent and colorimetric properties of probe 1 induced upon treatment of sulfatases were successfully utilized for liquid-phase sulfatase activity assays for colonies and lysates of Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, probe 1 allowed solid-phase colony-based assays of K. aerogenes through the formation of insoluble colored precipitates, thus enabling accurate staining of target colonies under heterogeneous conditions.
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102
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Sungkeeree P, Whangsuk W, Sallabhan R, Dubbs J, Mongkolsuk S, Loprasert S. Efficient removal of toxic phthalate by immobilized serine-type aldehyde-tagged esterase G. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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103
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Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, Wang F, Paatela H, Hämäläinen E, Turpeinen U, Haanpää M, Vihma V, Mikkola TS. Estrogen Metabolism in Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Postmenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4588-4595. [PMID: 29029113 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In postmenopausal women, adipose tissue (AT) levels of estrogens exceed circulating concentrations. Although increased visceral AT after menopause is related to metabolic diseases, little is known about differences in estrogen metabolism between different AT depots. OBJECTIVE We compared concentrations of and metabolic pathways producing estrone and estradiol in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral AT in postmenopausal women. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS AT and serum samples were obtained from 37 postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for nonmalignant gynecological reasons. Serum and AT estrone, estradiol, and serum estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were quantitated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Activity of steroid sulfatase and reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes was measured using radiolabeled precursors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of estrogen-converting enzymes was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Estrone concentration was higher in visceral than subcutaneous AT (median, 928 vs 706 pmol/kg; P = 0.002) and correlated positively with body mass index (r = 0.46; P = 0.011). Both AT depots hydrolyzed E1S to estrone, and visceral AT estrone and estradiol concentrations correlated positively with serum E1S. Compared with visceral AT, subcutaneous AT produced more estradiol from estrone (median rate of estradiol production, 1.02 vs 0.57 nmol/kg AT/h; P = 0.004). In visceral AT, the conversion of estrone to estradiol increased with waist circumference (r = 0.65; P = 0.022), and estradiol concentration correlated positively with mRNA expression of HSD17B7 (r = 0.76; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Both estrone and estradiol production in visceral AT increased with adiposity, but estradiol was produced more effectively in subcutaneous fat. Both AT depots produced estrone from E1S. Increasing visceral adiposity could increase overall estrogen exposure in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hetemäki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Savolainen-Peltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti J Tikkanen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Feng Wang
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Paatela
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Veera Vihma
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Heart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Tomi S Mikkola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
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104
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Alméciga-Díaz CJ, Tolosa-Díaz AD, Pimentel LN, Bonilla YA, Rodríguez-López A, Espejo-Mojica AJ, Patiño JD, Sánchez OF, Gonzalez-Santos J. Anaerobic sulfatase maturase AslB from Escherichia coli activates human recombinant iduronate-2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). Gene 2017; 634:53-61. [PMID: 28882567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of type I sulfatases requires the conversion of the cysteine (Cys) or serine (Ser) present in the active site to formylglycine (FGly). This activation represents a limiting step during the production of recombinant sulfatases in bacteria and eukaryotic hosts. AslB, YdeM and YidF have been proposed to participate in the activation of sulfatases in Escherichia coli. In this study, we combined in-silico and experimental approaches to study the interaction between Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) AslB and human sulfatases, more specifically iduronate-2-sulfate sulfatase (IDS) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS). In-silico results show that AslB has a higher affinity for the residual motif of GALNS (-9.4kcalmol-1), Cys- and Ser-type, than for the one of IDS (-8.0kcalmol-1). However, the distance between the AslB active residue and the target motif favors the interaction with IDS (4.4Å) more than with GALNS (5.5Å). Experimental observations supported in-silico results where the co-expression of AslB with GALNS Cys- and Ser-type presented an activity increment of 2.0- and 1.5-fold compared to the control cultures, lacking overexpressed AslB. Similarly, IDS activity was increased in 4.6-fold when co-expressed with AslB. The higher sulfatase activity of AslB-IDS suggests that the distance between the AslB active residue and the motif target is a key parameter for the in-silico search of potential sulfatase activators. In conclusion, our results suggest that AslB is involve in the maturation of heterologous human sulfatases in E. coli BL21(DE3), and that it can have important implications in the production of recombinant sulfatases for therapeutic purposes and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Andrés Dario Tolosa-Díaz
- Grupo de Bioquímica Molecular Computacional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Natalia Pimentel
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yahir Andres Bonilla
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodríguez-López
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angela J Espejo-Mojica
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan D Patiño
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar F Sánchez
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Janneth Gonzalez-Santos
- Grupo de Bioquímica Molecular Computacional y Bioinformática, Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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105
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Salinas A, French C. The enzymatic ulvan depolymerisation system from the alga-associated marine flavobacterium Formosa agariphila. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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106
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Sunden F, AlSadhan I, Lyubimov A, Doukov T, Swan J, Herschlag D. Differential catalytic promiscuity of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily bimetallo core reveals mechanistic features underlying enzyme evolution. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20960-20974. [PMID: 29070681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of enzyme superfamilies specialize in different reactions but often exhibit catalytic promiscuity for one another's reactions, consistent with catalytic promiscuity as an important driver in the evolution of new enzymes. Wanting to understand how catalytic promiscuity and other factors may influence evolution across a superfamily, we turned to the well-studied alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily, comparing three of its members, two evolutionarily distinct phosphatases and a phosphodiesterase. We mutated distinguishing active-site residues to generate enzymes that had a common Zn2+ bimetallo core but little sequence similarity and different auxiliary domains. We then tested the catalytic capabilities of these pruned enzymes with a series of substrates. A substantial rate enhancement of ∼1011-fold for both phosphate mono- and diester hydrolysis by each enzyme indicated that the Zn2+ bimetallo core is an effective mono/di-esterase generalist and that the bimetallo cores were not evolutionarily tuned to prefer their cognate reactions. In contrast, our pruned enzymes were ineffective sulfatases, and this limited promiscuity may have provided a driving force for founding the distinct one-metal-ion branch that contains all known AP superfamily sulfatases. Finally, our pruned enzymes exhibited 107-108-fold phosphotriesterase rate enhancements, despite absence of such enzymes within the AP superfamily. We speculate that the superfamily active-site architecture involved in nucleophile positioning prevents accommodation of the additional triester substituent. Overall, we suggest that catalytic promiscuity, and the ease or difficulty of remodeling and building onto existing protein scaffolds, have greatly influenced the course of enzyme evolution. Uncovering principles and properties of enzyme function, promiscuity, and repurposing provides lessons for engineering new enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Sunden
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center
| | | | - Artem Lyubimov
- the Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology.,Neurology and Neurological Science.,Structural Biology, and.,Photon Science.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Tzanko Doukov
- the Macromolecular Crystallographic Group, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309
| | - Jeffrey Swan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center
| | - Daniel Herschlag
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Beckman Center, .,the Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, and.,Stanford ChEM-H (Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 and
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107
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Korban SA, Bobrov KS, Maynskova MA, Naryzhny SN, Vlasova OL, Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris and biochemical characterization of the unmodified sulfatase from Fusarium proliferatum LE1. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017. [PMID: 28651356 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are a family of enzymes (sulfuric ester hydrolases, EC 3.1.6.-) that catalyze the hydrolysis of a wide array of sulfate esters. To date, despite the discovery of many sulfatase genes and the accumulation of data on numerous sulfated molecules, the number of characterized enzymes that are key players in sulfur metabolism remains extremely limited. While mammalian sulfatases are well studied due to their involvement in a wide range of normal and pathological biological processes, lower eukaryotic sulfatases, especially fungal sulfatases, have not been thoroughly investigated at the biochemical and structural level. In this paper, we describe the molecular cloning of Fusarium proliferatum sulfatase (F.p.Sulf-6His), its recombinant expression in Pichia pastoris as a soluble and active cytosolic enzyme and its detailed characterization. Gel filtration and native electrophoretic experiments showed that this recombinant enzyme exists as a tetramer in solution. The enzyme is thermo-sensitive, with an optimal temperature of 25°C. The optimal pH value for the hydrolysis of sulfate esters and stability of the enzyme was 6.0. Despite the absence of the post-translational modification of cysteine into Cα-formylglycine, the recombinant F.p.Sulf-6His has remarkably stable catalytic activity against p-nitrophenol sulfate, with kcat = 0.28 s-1 and Km = 2.45 mM, which indicates potential use in the desulfating processes. The currently proposed enzymatic mechanisms of sulfate ester hydrolysis do not explain the appearance of catalytic activity for the unmodified enzyme. According to the available models, the unmodified enzyme is not able to perform multiple catalytic acts; therefore, the enzymatic mechanism of sulfate esters hydrolysis remains to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Korban
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, 1, Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina, Leningrad Region 188300, Russia.,Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Chlopina str. 11, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S Bobrov
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, 1, Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina, Leningrad Region 188300, Russia
| | - Maria A Maynskova
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Stanislav N Naryzhny
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, 1, Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina, Leningrad Region 188300, Russia.,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya 10, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Olga L Vlasova
- Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Chlopina str. 11, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V Eneyskaya
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, 1, Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina, Leningrad Region 188300, Russia
| | - Anna A Kulminskaya
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, 1, Orlova roscha mcr., Gatchina, Leningrad Region 188300, Russia.,Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Chlopina str. 11, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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108
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Projecto-Garcia J, Biddle JF, Ragsdale EJ. Decoding the architecture and origins of mechanisms for developmental polyphenism. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 47:1-8. [PMID: 28810163 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Developmental polyphenism affords a single genotype multiple solutions to match an organism to its environment. Because polyphenism is the extreme example of how development deviates from a linear genetic blueprint, it demands a genetic explanation for how environmental cues shunt development to hypothetically alternative modules. We highlight several recent advances that have begun to illuminate genetic mechanisms for polyphenism and how this recurring developmental novelty may arise. An emerging genetic knowledge of polyphenism is providing precise targets for testing hypotheses of how switch mechanisms are built-out of olfactory, nutrient-sensing, hormone-reception, and developmental and genetic buffering systems-to accommodate plasticity. Moreover, classic and new model systems are testing the genetic basis of polyphenism's proposed causal roles in evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Projecto-Garcia
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Joseph F Biddle
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Erik J Ragsdale
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. 3rd St., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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109
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Ganguly A, Joerger RD. Sugar sulfates are not hydrolyzed by the acid-inducible sulfatase AslA from Salmonella enterica Enteritidis NalR and Kentucky 3795 at pH 5.5. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:739-744. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The open reading frames SEN0085 and SeKA_A4361, from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis NalR and serovar Kentucky 3795, respectively, corresponding to the acid-inducible sulfatase gene aslA from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, were previously suggested by microarray analysis to be differentially expressed under acid conditions. However, growth and enzyme activity tests in the present study demonstrated that both wild-type strains exhibited sulfatase activity with 4-nitrophenyl sulfate and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3 indolyl sulfate at pH 5.5. The acid sulfatase does not appear to be involved in sugar sulfate, tyrosine sulfate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol sulfate, heparin sulfate, or chondroitin sulfate hydrolysis at pH 5.5. Adhesion and invasion assays did not reveal differences between the serotypes and their corresponding aslA deletion mutants. Thus, the role and substrate(s) of AslA, a protein unique to salmonella and encoded in all sequenced Salmonella strains, remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpeeta Ganguly
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rolf D. Joerger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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110
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Wasmund K, Mußmann M, Loy A. The life sulfuric: microbial ecology of sulfur cycling in marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:323-344. [PMID: 28419734 PMCID: PMC5573963 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Almost the entire seafloor is covered with sediments that can be more than 10 000 m thick and represent a vast microbial ecosystem that is a major component of Earth's element and energy cycles. Notably, a significant proportion of microbial life in marine sediments can exploit energy conserved during transformations of sulfur compounds among different redox states. Sulfur cycling, which is primarily driven by sulfate reduction, is tightly interwoven with other important element cycles (carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese) and therefore has profound implications for both cellular- and ecosystem-level processes. Sulfur-transforming microorganisms have evolved diverse genetic, metabolic, and in some cases, peculiar phenotypic features to fill an array of ecological niches in marine sediments. Here, we review recent and selected findings on the microbial guilds that are involved in the transformation of different sulfur compounds in marine sediments and emphasise how these are interlinked and have a major influence on ecology and biogeochemistry in the seafloor. Extraordinary discoveries have increased our knowledge on microbial sulfur cycling, mainly in sulfate-rich surface sediments, yet many questions remain regarding how sulfur redox processes may sustain the deep-subsurface biosphere and the impact of organic sulfur compounds on the marine sulfur cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wasmund
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteViennaAustria
| | - Marc Mußmann
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Alexander Loy
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14ViennaA‐1090Austria
- Austrian Polar Research InstituteViennaAustria
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111
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Crystal structure of thermostable alkylsulfatase SdsAP from Pseudomonas sp. S9. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170001. [PMID: 28442601 PMCID: PMC5426288 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel alkylsulfatase from bacterium Pseudomonas sp. S9 (SdsAP) was identified as a thermostable alkylsulfatases (type III), which could hydrolyze the primary alkyl sulfate such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Thus, it has a potential application of SDS biodegradation. The crystal structure of SdsAP has been solved to a resolution of 1.76 Å and reveals that SdsAP contains the characteristic metallo-β-lactamase-like fold domain, dimerization domain, and C-terminal sterol carrier protein type 2 (SCP-2)-like fold domain. Kinetic characterization of SdsAP to SDS by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic activity assays of constructed mutants demonstrate that Y246 and G263 are important residues for its preference for the hydrolysis of 'primary alkyl' chains, confirming that SdsAP is a primary alkylsulfatase.
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112
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Insights into Hunter syndrome from the structure of iduronate-2-sulfatase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15786. [PMID: 28593992 PMCID: PMC5472762 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hunter syndrome is a rare but devastating childhood disease caused by mutations in the IDS gene encoding iduronate-2-sulfatase, a crucial enzyme in the lysosomal degradation pathway of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. These complex glycosaminoglycans have important roles in cell adhesion, growth, proliferation and repair, and their degradation and recycling in the lysosome is essential for cellular maintenance. A variety of disease-causing mutations have been identified throughout the IDS gene. However, understanding the molecular basis of the disease has been impaired by the lack of structural data. Here, we present the crystal structure of human IDS with a covalently bound sulfate ion in the active site. This structure provides essential insight into multiple mechanisms by which pathogenic mutations interfere with enzyme function, and a compelling explanation for severe Hunter syndrome phenotypes. Understanding the structural consequences of disease-associated mutations will facilitate the identification of patients that may benefit from specific tailored therapies. Hunter syndrome is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). Here, the authors present the IDS crystal structure and give mechanistic insights into mutations that cause Hunter syndrome.
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113
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Bayer CD, van Loo B, Hollfelder F. Specificity Effects of Amino Acid Substitutions in Promiscuous Hydrolases: Context-Dependence of Catalytic Residue Contributions to Local Fitness Landscapes in Nearby Sequence Space. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1001-1015. [PMID: 28464395 PMCID: PMC5488252 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic promiscuity can facilitate evolution of enzyme functions-a multifunctional catalyst may act as a springboard for efficient functional adaptation. We test the effect of single mutations on multiple activities in two groups of promiscuous AP superfamily members to probe this hypothesis. We quantify the effect of site-saturating mutagenesis of an analogous, nucleophile-flanking residue in two superfamily members: an arylsulfatase (AS) and a phosphonate monoester hydrolase (PMH). Statistical analysis suggests that no one physicochemical characteristic alone explains the mutational effects. Instead, these effects appear to be dominated by their structural context. Likewise, the effect of changing the catalytic nucleophile itself is not reaction-type-specific. Mapping of "fitness landscapes" of four activities onto the possible variation of a chosen sequence position revealed tremendous potential for respecialization of AP superfamily members through single-point mutations, highlighting catalytic promiscuity as a powerful predictor of adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Bayer
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCB2 1GACambridgeUK
- Present address: c-LEcta GmbHPerlickstrasse 504103LeipzigGermany
| | - Bert van Loo
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCB2 1GACambridgeUK
- Present address: Institute for Evolution and BiodiversityUniversity of MünsterHüfferstrasse 148149MünsterGermany
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Cambridge80 Tennis Court RoadCB2 1GACambridgeUK
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114
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Yoon HY, Hong JI. Sulfatase activity assay using an activity-based probe by generation of N -methyl isoindole under reducing conditions. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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115
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a prevalent problem in public health worldwide. In general, the carbapenem β-lactam antibiotics are considered a final resort against lethal infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Colistin is a cationic polypeptide antibiotic and acts as the last line of defense for treatment of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Very recently, a new plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene, mcr-2, was revealed soon after the discovery of the paradigm gene mcr-1, which has disseminated globally. However, the molecular mechanisms for MCR-2 colistin resistance are poorly understood. Here we show a unique transposon unit that facilitates the acquisition and transfer of mcr-2 Evolutionary analyses suggested that both MCR-2 and MCR-1 might be traced to their cousin phosphoethanolamine (PEA) lipid A transferase from a known polymyxin producer, Paenibacillus Transcriptional analyses showed that the level of mcr-2 transcripts is relatively higher than that of mcr-1 Genetic deletions revealed that the transmembrane regions (TM1 and TM2) of both MCR-1 and MCR-2 are critical for their location and function in bacterial periplasm, and domain swapping indicated that the TM2 is more efficient than TM1. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) confirmed that all four MCR proteins (MCR-1, MCR-2, and two chimeric versions [TM1-MCR-2 and TM2-MCR-1]) can catalyze chemical modification of lipid A moiety anchored on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with the addition of phosphoethanolamine to the phosphate group at the 4' position of the sugar. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis defined an essential 6-residue-requiring zinc-binding/catalytic motif for MCR-2 colistin resistance. The results further our mechanistic understanding of transferable colistin resistance, providing clues to improve clinical therapeutics targeting severe infections by MCR-2-containing pathogens.IMPORTANCE Carbapenem and colistin are the last line of refuge in fighting multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. MCR-2 is a newly emerging variant of the mobilized colistin resistance protein MCR-1, posing a potential challenge to public health. Here we report transfer of the mcr-2 gene by a unique transposal event and its possible origin. Distribution of MCR-2 in bacterial periplasm is proposed to be a prerequisite for its role in the context of biochemistry and the colistin resistance. We also define the genetic requirement of a zinc-binding/catalytic motif for MCR-2 colistin resistance. This represents a glimpse of transferable colistin resistance by MCR-2.
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Dhamale OP, Lawrence R, Wiegmann EM, Shah BA, Al-Mafraji K, Lamanna WC, Lübke T, Dierks T, Boons GJ, Esko JD. Arylsulfatase K is the Lysosomal 2-Sulfoglucuronate Sulfatase. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:367-373. [PMID: 28055182 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) involves a series of exolytic glycosidases and sulfatases that act sequentially on the nonreducing end of the polysaccharide chain. Enzymes have been cloned that catalyze all of the known linkages with the exception of the removal of the 2-O-sulfate group from 2-sulfoglucuronate, which is found in heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Here, we show using synthetic disaccharide substrates that arylsulfatase K is the glucuronate-2-sulfatase. Arylsulfatase K acts selectively on 2-sulfoglucuronate and lacks activity against 2-sulfoiduronate, whereas iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) desulfates synthetic disaccharides containing 2-sulfoiduronate but not 2-sulfoglucuronate. As arylsulfatase K has all of the properties expected of a lysosomal enzyme, we conclude that arylsulfatase K is the long sought lysosomal glucuronate-2-sulfatase, which we designate GDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar P. Dhamale
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training
Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Elena M. Wiegmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bhahwal A. Shah
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - William C. Lamanna
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training
Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Torben Lübke
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg
99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training
Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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117
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Daśko M, Rachon J, Masłyk M, Kubiński K, Demkowicz S. Synthesis and biological evaluation ofN-acylated tyramine sulfamates containing C-F bonds as steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:156-161. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Maciej Masłyk
- Department of Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Konrad Kubiński
- Department of Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences; The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
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Dawson PA, Richard K, Perkins A, Zhang Z, Simmons DG. Review: Nutrient sulfate supply from mother to fetus: Placental adaptive responses during human and animal gestation. Placenta 2017; 54:45-51. [PMID: 28089504 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sulfate has numerous roles in mammalian physiology and is essential for healthy fetal growth and development. The fetus has limited capacity to generate sulfate and relies on sulfate supplied from the maternal circulation via placental sulfate transporters. The placenta also has a high sulfate requirement for numerous molecular and cellular functions, including sulfate conjugation (sulfonation) to estrogen and thyroid hormone which leads to their inactivation. Accordingly, the ratio of sulfonated (inactive) to unconjugated (active) hormones modulates endocrine function in fetal, placental and maternal tissues. During pregnancy, there is a marked increase in the expression of genes involved in transport and generation of sulfate in the mouse placenta, in line with increasing fetal and placental demands for sulfate. The maternal circulation also provides a vital reservoir of sulfate for the placenta and fetus, with maternal circulating sulfate levels increasing by 2-fold from mid-gestation. However, despite evidence from animal studies showing the requirement of maternal sulfate supply for placental and fetal physiology, there are no routine clinical measurements of sulfate or consideration of dietary sulfate intake in pregnant women. This is also relevant to certain xenobiotics or pharmacological drugs which when taken by the mother use significant quantities of circulating sulfate for detoxification and clearance, and thereby have the potential to decrease sulfonation capacity in the placenta and fetus. This article will review the physiological adaptations of the placenta for maintaining sulfate homeostasis in the fetus and placenta, with a focus on pathophysiological outcomes in animal models of disturbed sulfate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | - K Richard
- Conjoint Endocrine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Herston, Australia
| | - A Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia
| | - Z Zhang
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - D G Simmons
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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119
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Langford R, Hurrion E, Dawson PA. Genetics and pathophysiology of mammalian sulfate biology. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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120
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Lee SR, Lee SY, Kim SY, Ryu SY, Park BK, Hong EJ. Hydroxylation and sulfation of sex steroid hormones in inflammatory liver. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:437-444. [PMID: 28866654 PMCID: PMC5706436 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are oxidized with hydroxylation by cytochrome P450, glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, sulfation by sulfotransferase, andO-methylation by catechol O-methyltransferase. Thus, it is important to determine the process by which inflammation influences metabolism of gonadal hormones. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of metabolic enzymes against high physiologic inflammatory responsein vivo to study their biochemical properties in liver diseases. In this study, C57BL/6N mice were induced with hepatic inflammation by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) exposure. We observed upregulation of Cyp19a1, Hsd17b1, Cyp1a1, Sult1e1 in the DEN-treated livers compared to the control-treated livers using real time PCR. Moreover, the increased Cyp19a1 and Hsd17b1 levels support the possibility that estrogen biosynthesis from androgens are accumulated during inflammatory liver diseases. Furthermore, the increased levels of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 in the hydroxylation of estrogen facilitated the conversion of estrogen to 2- or 4-hydroxyestrogen, respectively. In addition, the substantial increase in the Sult1e1 enzyme levels could lead to sulfate conjugation of hydroxyestrogen. The present information supports the concept that inflammatory response can sequester sulfate conjugates from the endogenous steroid hormones and may suppress binding of sex steroid hormones to their receptors in the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang R Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Yun Ryu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Kuen Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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121
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Zhu Y, Liu H, Qiao C, Li L, Jiang Z, Xiao A, Ni H. Characterization of an arylsulfatase from a mutant library of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora arylsulfatase. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:370-376. [PMID: 27940339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A library of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora arylsulfatase mutants was constructed by introducing random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR. After screening, one mutant strain was obtained whose arylsulfatase had improved thermal stability. Protein sequence analysis revealed one amino acid substitution of H260L. The mutant arylsulfatase (named H260L) retained higher residual activity than wild-type enzyme (named WT) after incubation at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C for 60min. Thermal inactivation analysis showed that the half-life (t1/2) value at 55°C for H260L was 40.6min, while that of WT was 9.1min. When p-nitrophenyl sulfate was used as a substrate, the optimal reaction temperature and pH for the mutant enzyme were 55°C and pH 8.0, respectively. H260L was stable over the pH range of 6.0-9.0. Inhibition assay with EDTA indicated that metal ions play an important role during the catalytic process of the mutant enzyme. The desulfation ratio against agar of Gracilaria lemaneiformis was 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chaochao Qiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China; Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen 361021, China.
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122
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Gao R, Hu Y, Li Z, Sun J, Wang Q, Lin J, Ye H, Liu F, Srinivas S, Li D, Zhu B, Liu YH, Tian GB, Feng Y. Dissemination and Mechanism for the MCR-1 Colistin Resistance. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005957. [PMID: 27893854 PMCID: PMC5125707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins are the last line of defense against lethal infections caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Very recently, the use of polymyxins has been greatly challenged by the emergence of the plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1). However, the mechanistic aspects of the MCR-1 colistin resistance are still poorly understood. Here we report the comparative genomics of two new mcr-1-harbouring plasmids isolated from the human gut microbiota, highlighting the diversity in plasmid transfer of the mcr-1 gene. Further genetic dissection delineated that both the trans-membrane region and a substrate-binding motif are required for the MCR-1-mediated colistin resistance. The soluble form of the membrane protein MCR-1 was successfully prepared and verified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MCR-1 is highly homologous to its counterpart PEA lipid A transferase in Paenibacili, a known producer of polymyxins. The fact that the plasmid-borne MCR-1 is placed in a subclade neighboring the chromosome-encoded colistin-resistant Neisseria LptA (EptA) potentially implies parallel evolutionary paths for the two genes. In conclusion, our finding provids a first glimpse of mechanism for the MCR-1-mediated colistin resistance. Colistin is an ultimate line of refuge against fatal infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. The plasmid-mediated transfer of the mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) represents a novel mechanism for antibacterial drug resistance, and also poses new threats to public health. However, the mechanistic aspects of the MCR-1 colistin resistance are not fully understood. Here we report comparative genomics of two new mcr-1-harbouring plasmids isolated from the human gut microbiota. Genetic studies determined that both the transmembrane region and a substrate-binding motif are essential for its function. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MCR-1 is highly homologous to the PEA lipid A transferase in Paenibacillus, a known producer of polymyxins. The fact that the plasmid-borne MCR-1 is placed in a subclade neighboring the chromosome-encoded colistin-resistant Neisseria LptA potentially implies parallel evolutionary paths for the two genes. Our results reveal mechanistic insights into the MCR-1-mediated colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsui Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhencui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingxia Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiyan Ye
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Swaminath Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Defeng Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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123
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The "in and out" of glucosamine 6-O-sulfation: the 6th sense of heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:285-298. [PMID: 27812771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides essentially rely on their ability to bind and modulate a multitude of protein ligands. These interactions involve internal oligosaccharide sequences defined by their sulfation patterns. Amongst these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS contributes significantly to the polysaccharide structural diversity and is critically involved in the binding of many proteins. HS 6-O-sulfation is catalyzed by 6-O-sulfotransferases (6OSTs) during biosynthesis, and it is further modified by the post-synthetic action of 6-O-endosulfatases (Sulfs), two enzyme families that remain poorly characterized. The aim of the present review is to summarize the contribution of 6-O-sulfates in HS structure/function relationships and to discuss the present knowledge on the complex mechanisms regulating HS 6-O-sulfation.
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124
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Matching the Diversity of Sulfated Biomolecules: Creation of a Classification Database for Sulfatases Reflecting Their Substrate Specificity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164846. [PMID: 27749924 PMCID: PMC5066984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases cleave sulfate groups from various molecules and constitute a biologically and industrially important group of enzymes. However, the number of sulfatases whose substrate has been characterized is limited in comparison to the huge diversity of sulfated compounds, yielding functional annotations of sulfatases particularly prone to flaws and misinterpretations. In the context of the explosion of genomic data, a classification system allowing a better prediction of substrate specificity and for setting the limit of functional annotations is urgently needed for sulfatases. Here, after an overview on the diversity of sulfated compounds and on the known sulfatases, we propose a classification database, SulfAtlas (http://abims.sb-roscoff.fr/sulfatlas/), based on sequence homology and composed of four families of sulfatases. The formylglycine-dependent sulfatases, which constitute the largest family, are also divided by phylogenetic approach into 73 subfamilies, each subfamily corresponding to either a known specificity or to an uncharacterized substrate. SulfAtlas summarizes information about the different families of sulfatases. Within a family a web page displays the list of its subfamilies (when they exist) and the list of EC numbers. The family or subfamily page shows some descriptors and a table with all the UniProt accession numbers linked to the databases UniProt, ExplorEnz, and PDB.
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125
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Neira JL, Medina-Carmona E, Hernández-Cifre JG, Montoliu-Gaya L, Cámara-Artigás A, Seffouh I, Gonnet F, Daniel R, Villegas S, de la Torre JG, Pey AL, Li F. The chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate 4-O-endosulfatase from marine bacterium Vibrio sp FC509 is a dimeric species: Biophysical characterization of an endosulfatase. Biochimie 2016; 131:85-95. [PMID: 27687161 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatases catalyze hydrolysis of sulfate groups. They have a key role in regulating the sulfation states that determine the function of several scaffold molecules. Currently, there are no studies of the conformational stability of endosulfatases. In this work, we describe the structural features and conformational stability of a 4-O-endosulfatase (EndoV) from a marine bacterium, which removes specifically the 4-O-sulfate from chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate. For that purpose, we have used several biophysical techniques, namely, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), FTIR spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry (MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The protein was a dimer with an elongated shape. EndoV acquired a native-like structure in a narrow pH range (7.0-9.0); it is within this range where the protein shows the maximum of enzymatic activity. The dimerization did not involve the presence of disulphide-bridges as suggested by AUC, SEC and DLS experiments in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME). EndoV secondary structure is formed by a mixture of α and β-sheet topology, as judged by deconvolution of CD and FTIR spectra. Thermal and chemical denaturations showed irreversibility and the former indicates that protein did not unfold completely during heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | | | - Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cámara-Artigás
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Almería, Spain
| | - Ilham Seffouh
- CNRS UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France; Université Evry-Val-d'Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France
| | - Florence Gonnet
- CNRS UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France; Université Evry-Val-d'Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- CNRS UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France; Université Evry-Val-d'Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Evry, France
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Angel L Pey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glyco-engineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Detection, production, and application of microbial arylsulfatases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9053-9067. [PMID: 27654655 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatases are enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of arylsulfate ester bonds to release a free sulfonate. They are widespread in nature and are found in microorganisms, most animal and human tissues, and plant seeds. However, this review focuses on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and gives an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the production of microbial arylsulfatases using wild-type organisms as well as the recombinant production using Escherichia coli and Kluyveromyces lactis as expression hosts is discussed. Finally, various potential applications of these enzymes are reviewed.
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127
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Wang S, Sugahara K, Li F. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate sulfatases from mammals and bacteria. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:841-851. [PMID: 27526113 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of the sulfate groups on chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) poly- and oligosaccharides belong to the formylglycine-dependent family of sulfatases and have been widely found in various mammalian and bacterial organisms. However, only a few types of CS/DS sulfatase have been identified so far. Recently, several novel CS/DS sulfatases have been cloned and characterized. Advanced studies have provided significant insight into the biological function and mechanism of action of CS/DS sulfatases. Moreover, further studies will provide powerful tools for structural and functional studies of CS/DS as well as related applications. This article reviews the recent progress in CS/DS sulfatase research and is expected to initiate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, and Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Peoples, Republic of China.
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128
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Zhao M, Wang S, Li F, Dong D, Wu B. Arylsulfatase B Mediates the Sulfonation-Transport Interplay in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells Overexpressing Sulfotransferase 1A3. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1441-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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129
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Li Z, Hogan KA, Cai C, Rieth S. Human Health Effects of Biphenyl: Key Findings and Scientific Issues. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:703-12. [PMID: 26529796 PMCID: PMC4892917 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In support of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has evaluated the human health hazards of biphenyl exposure. OBJECTIVES We review key findings and scientific issues regarding expected human health effects of biphenyl. METHODS Scientific literature from 1926 through September 2012 was critically evaluated to identify potential human health hazards associated with biphenyl exposure. Key issues related to the carcinogenicity and noncancer health hazards of biphenyl were examined based on evidence from experimental animal bioassays and mechanistic studies. DISCUSSION Systematic consideration of experimental animal studies of oral biphenyl exposure took into account the variety of study designs (e.g., study sizes, exposure levels, and exposure durations) to reconcile differing reported results. The available mechanistic and toxicokinetic evidence supports the hypothesis that male rat urinary bladder tumors arise through urinary bladder calculi formation but is insufficient to hypothesize a mode of action for liver tumors in female mice. Biphenyl and its metabolites may induce genetic damage, but a role for genotoxicity in biphenyl-induced carcinogenicity has not been established. CONCLUSIONS The available health effects data for biphenyl provides suggestive evidence for carcinogenicity in humans, based on increased incidences of male rat urinary bladder tumors at high exposure levels and on female mouse liver tumors. Kidney toxicity is also a potential human health hazard of biphenyl exposure. CITATION Li Z, Hogan KA, Cai C, Rieth S. 2016. Human health effects of biphenyl: key findings and scientific issues. Environ Health Perspect 124:703-712; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Address correspondence to Z. Li, National Center for Environmental Assessment–8601P, U.S. EPA, Two Potomac Yard (North Building), 2733 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA 22202 USA. Telephone: (703) 347-8577. E-mail:
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130
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Pabis A, Duarte F, Kamerlin SCL. Promiscuity in the Enzymatic Catalysis of Phosphate and Sulfate Transfer. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3061-81. [PMID: 27187273 PMCID: PMC4899807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
enzymes that facilitate phosphate and sulfate hydrolysis are
among the most proficient natural catalysts known to date. Interestingly,
a large number of these enzymes are promiscuous catalysts that exhibit
both phosphatase and sulfatase activities in the same active site
and, on top of that, have also been demonstrated to efficiently catalyze
the hydrolysis of other additional substrates with varying degrees
of efficiency. Understanding the factors that underlie such multifunctionality
is crucial both for understanding functional evolution in enzyme superfamilies
and for the development of artificial enzymes. In this Current Topic,
we have primarily focused on the structural and mechanistic basis
for catalytic promiscuity among enzymes that facilitate both phosphoryl
and sulfuryl transfer in the same active site, while comparing this
to how catalytic promiscuity manifests in other promiscuous phosphatases.
We have also drawn on the large number of experimental and computational
studies of selected model systems in the literature to explore the
different features driving the catalytic promiscuity of such enzymes.
Finally, on the basis of this comparative analysis, we probe the plausible
origins and determinants of catalytic promiscuity in enzymes that
catalyze phosphoryl and sulfuryl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University , BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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131
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Massa S, Xavier C, Muyldermans S, Devoogdt N. Emerging site-specific bioconjugation strategies for radioimmunotracer development. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1149-63. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1178235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Massa
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catarina Xavier
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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132
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Sinharay S, Fernández-Cuervo G, Acfalle JP, Pagel MD. Detection of Sulfatase Enzyme Activity with a CatalyCEST MRI Contrast Agent. Chemistry 2016; 22:6491-5. [PMID: 26956002 PMCID: PMC4877021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI contrast agent has been developed that detects sulfatase enzyme activity. The agent produces a CEST signal at δ=5.0 ppm before enzyme activity, and a second CEST signal appears at δ=9.0 ppm after the enzyme cleaves a sulfate group from the agent. The comparison of the two signals improved detection of sulfatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Sinharay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jasmine P Acfalle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
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133
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Ouellet C, Maltais R, Ouellet É, Barbeau X, Lagüe P, Poirier D. Discovery of a sulfamate-based steroid sulfatase inhibitor with intrinsic selective estrogen receptor modulator properties. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 119:169-82. [PMID: 27155470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS), the enzyme which converts inactive sulfated steroid precursors into active hormones, is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer. We report herein the synthesis and in vitro study of dual-action STS inhibitors with selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) effects. A library of tetrahydroisoquinoline-N-substituted derivatives (phenolic compounds) was synthesized by solid-phase chemistry and tested on estrogen-sensitive breast cancer T-47D cells. Three phenolic compounds devoid of estrogenic activity and toxicity emerged from this screening. Their sulfamate analogs were then synthesized, tested in STS-transfected HEK-293 cells, and found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme (IC50 of 3.9, 8.9, and 16.6 nM). When tested in T-47D cells they showed no estrogenic activity and produced a moderate antiestrogenic activity. The compounds were further tested on osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells and found to significantly stimulate their proliferation as well as their alkaline phosphatase activity, thus suggesting a SERM activity. These results are supported by molecular docking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ouellet
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - René Maltais
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Étienne Ouellet
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Barbeau
- Département de chimie, Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Département de biochimie microbiologie et bio-informatique, Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec - Research Center (CHUL, T4), 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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134
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Longo F, Motta S, Mauri P, Landini P, Rossi E. Interplay of the modified nucleotide phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) with global regulatory proteins in Escherichia coli: modulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent gene expression and interaction with the HupA regulatory protein. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:39-47. [PMID: 27091548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the bacterium Escherichia coli, some intermediates of the sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis pathway can act as signal molecules and modulate gene expression. In addition to sensing and utilization of sulphur sources, these signaling mechanisms also impact more global cell processes, such as resistance to antimicrobial agents and biofilm formation. In a recent work, we have shown that inactivation of the cysH gene, encoding phosphoadenosine-phosphosulfate (PAPS) reductase, and the consequent increase in intracellular PAPS concentration, strongly affect production of several cell surface-associated structures, enhancing surface adhesion and cell aggregation. In order to identify the molecular mechanism relaying intracellular PAPS concentration to regulation of cell surface-associated structures, we looked for mutations able to suppress the effects of cysH inactivation. We found that mutations in the adenylate cyclase-encoding cyaA gene abolished the effects of PAPS accumulation; consistent with this result, cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent gene expression appears to be increased in the cysH mutant. Experiments aimed at the direct identification of proteins interacting with either CysC or CysH, i.e. the PAPS-related proteins APS kinase and PAPS reductase, allowed us to identify several regulators, namely, CspC, CspE, HNS and HupA. Protein-protein interaction between HupA and CysH was confirmed by a bacterial two hybrid system, and inactivation of the hupA gene enhanced the effects of the cysH mutation in terms of production of cell surface-associated factors. Our results indicate that PAPS can modulate different regulatory systems, providing evidence that this molecule acts as a global signal molecule in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Motta
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elio Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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135
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Kim JW, Brawley SH, Prochnik S, Chovatia M, Grimwood J, Jenkins J, LaButti K, Mavromatis K, Nolan M, Zane M, Schmutz J, Stiller JW, Grossman AR. Genome Analysis of Planctomycetes Inhabiting Blades of the Red Alga Porphyra umbilicalis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151883. [PMID: 27015628 PMCID: PMC4807772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyra is a macrophytic red alga of the Bangiales that is important ecologically and economically. We describe the genomes of three bacteria in the phylum Planctomycetes (designated P1, P2 and P3) that were isolated from blades of Porphyra umbilicalis (P.um.1). These three Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) belong to distinct genera; P2 belongs to the genus Rhodopirellula, while P1 and P3 represent undescribed genera within the Planctomycetes. Comparative analyses of the P1, P2 and P3 genomes show large expansions of distinct gene families, which can be widespread throughout the Planctomycetes (e.g., protein kinases, sensors/response regulators) and may relate to specific habitat (e.g., sulfatase gene expansions in marine Planctomycetes) or phylogenetic position. Notably, there are major differences among the Planctomycetes in the numbers and sub-functional diversity of enzymes (e.g., sulfatases, glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases) that allow these bacteria to access a range of sulfated polysaccharides in macroalgal cell walls. These differences suggest that the microbes have varied capacities for feeding on fixed carbon in the cell walls of P.um.1 and other macrophytic algae, although the activities among the various bacteria might be functionally complementary in situ. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses indicate augmentation of gene functions through expansions arising from gene duplications and horizontal gene transfers; examples include genes involved in cell wall degradation (e.g., κ-carrageenase, alginate lyase, fucosidase) and stress responses (e.g., efflux pump, amino acid transporter). Finally P1 and P2 contain various genes encoding selenoproteins, many of which are enzymes that ameliorate the impact of environmental stresses that occur in the intertidal habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Susan H. Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Simon Prochnik
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Mansi Chovatia
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kurt LaButti
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Mavromatis
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Matt Nolan
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Zane
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John W. Stiller
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, United States of America
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136
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Shah R, Singh J, Singh D, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Sulfatase inhibitors for recidivist breast cancer treatment: A chemical review. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:170-90. [PMID: 26974384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) plays a momentous role in the conversion of sulfated steroids, which are biologically inactive, into biologically active un-sulfated steroid hormones, which support the development and growth of a number of hormone-dependent cancers, including breast cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of STS are supposed to be potential drugs for the treatment of breast and other steroid-dependent cancers. The present review concentrates on broad chemical classification of steroid sulfatase inhibitors. The inhibitors reviewed are classified into four main categories: Steroid sulfamate based inhibitors; Steroid non-sulfamate based inhibitors; Non-steroidal sulfamate based inhibitors; Non-steroidal non-sulfamate based inhibitors. A succinct overview of current treatment of cancer, estradiol precursors, STS enzyme and its role in breast cancer is herein described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanpreet Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Dhandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India.
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
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137
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Kurakov A, Mindlin S, Beletsky A, Shcherbatova N, Rakitin A, Ermakova A, Mardanov A, Petrova M. The ancient small mobilizable plasmid pALWED1.8 harboring a new variant of the non-cassette streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene aadA27. Plasmid 2016; 84-85:36-43. [PMID: 26896789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The small mobilizable plasmid pALWED1.8 containing a novel variant of the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene aadA27 was isolated from the permafrost strains of Acinetobacter lwoffii. The 4135bp plasmid carries mobА and mobC genes that mediate its mobilization by conjugative plasmids. The nucleotide sequences of mobА and mobC are similar to those of mobilization genes of the modern plasmid pRAY* and its variants, which contain aadB gene, and are widespread among the pathogenic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Almost identical pALWED1.8 variants were detected in modern environmental Аcinetobacter strains. A highly similar plasmid was revealed in a strain of Acinetobacter parvus isolated from mouse intestine. Furthermore, we discovered six previously unidentified variants of plasmids related to pALWED1.8 and pRAY* in public databases. In contrast to most known variants of aadA which are cassette genes associated with integrons, the aadA27 variant harbored by pALWED1.8 is a non-cassette, autonomously transcribed gene. Non-cassette aadA genes with 96% sequence identity to aadA27 were detected in the chromosomes of Acinetobacter gyllenbergii and several uncharacterized strains of Аcinetobacter sp. Moreover, we revealed that the autonomous aadA-like genes are present in the chromosomes of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of all identified AadA proteins showed the following: (i) cassette aadA genes form a separate monophyletic group and mainly reside on plasmids and (ii) chromosomal non-cassette aadA genes are extremely diverse and can be inherited both vertical and via horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kurakov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sofia Mindlin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey Beletsky
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalya Shcherbatova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Rakitin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra Ermakova
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mayya Petrova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
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138
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The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea. Nature 2016; 530:331-5. [PMID: 26814964 DOI: 10.1038/nature16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seagrasses colonized the sea on at least three independent occasions to form the basis of one of the most productive and widespread coastal ecosystems on the planet. Here we report the genome of Zostera marina (L.), the first, to our knowledge, marine angiosperm to be fully sequenced. This reveals unique insights into the genomic losses and gains involved in achieving the structural and physiological adaptations required for its marine lifestyle, arguably the most severe habitat shift ever accomplished by flowering plants. Key angiosperm innovations that were lost include the entire repertoire of stomatal genes, genes involved in the synthesis of terpenoids and ethylene signalling, and genes for ultraviolet protection and phytochromes for far-red sensing. Seagrasses have also regained functions enabling them to adjust to full salinity. Their cell walls contain all of the polysaccharides typical of land plants, but also contain polyanionic, low-methylated pectins and sulfated galactans, a feature shared with the cell walls of all macroalgae and that is important for ion homoeostasis, nutrient uptake and O2/CO2 exchange through leaf epidermal cells. The Z. marina genome resource will markedly advance a wide range of functional ecological studies from adaptation of marine ecosystems under climate warming, to unravelling the mechanisms of osmoregulation under high salinities that may further inform our understanding of the evolution of salt tolerance in crop plants.
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139
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140
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Discovery and Development of the Aryl O-Sulfamate Pharmacophore for Oncology and Women's Health. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7634-58. [PMID: 25992880 PMCID: PMC5159624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1994, following work from this laboratory, it was reported that estrone-3-O-sulfamate irreversibly inhibits a new potential hormone-dependent cancer target steroid sulfatase (STS). Subsequent drug discovery projects were initiated to develop the core aryl O-sulfamate pharmacophore that, over some 20 years, have led to steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs in numerous preclinical and clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health, including endometriosis. Drugs have been designed to inhibit STS, e.g., Irosustat, as innovative dual-targeting aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) and as multitargeting agents for hormone-independent tumors, such as the steroidal STX140 and nonsteroidal counterparts, acting inter alia through microtubule disruption. The aryl sulfamate pharmacophore is highly versatile, operating via three distinct mechanisms of action, and imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties. This Perspective gives a personal view of the work leading both to the therapeutic concepts and these drugs, their current status, and how they might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
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141
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Spain AM, Elshahed MS, Najar FZ, Krumholz LR. Metatranscriptomic analysis of a high-sulfide aquatic spring reveals insights into sulfur cycling and unexpected aerobic metabolism. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1259. [PMID: 26417542 PMCID: PMC4582958 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zodletone spring is a sulfide-rich spring in southwestern Oklahoma characterized by shallow, microoxic, light-exposed spring water overlaying anoxic sediments. Previously, culture-independent 16S rRNA gene based diversity surveys have revealed that Zodletone spring source sediments harbor a highly diverse microbial community, with multiple lineages putatively involved in various sulfur-cycling processes. Here, we conducted a metatranscriptomic survey of microbial populations in Zodletone spring source sediments to characterize the relative prevalence and importance of putative phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, and heterotrophic microorganisms in the sulfur cycle, the identity of lineages actively involved in various sulfur cycling processes, and the interaction between sulfur cycling and other geochemical processes at the spring source. Sediment samples at the spring’s source were taken at three different times within a 24-h period for geochemical analyses and RNA sequencing. In depth mining of datasets for sulfur cycling transcripts revealed major sulfur cycling pathways and taxa involved, including an unexpected potential role of Actinobacteria in sulfide oxidation and thiosulfate transformation. Surprisingly, transcripts coding for the cyanobacterial Photosystem II D1 protein, methane monooxygenase, and terminal cytochrome oxidases were encountered, indicating that genes for oxygen production and aerobic modes of metabolism are actively being transcribed, despite below-detectable levels (<1 µM) of oxygen in source sediment. Results highlight transcripts involved in sulfur, methane, and oxygen cycles, propose that oxygenic photosynthesis could support aerobic methane and sulfide oxidation in anoxic sediments exposed to sunlight, and provide a viewpoint of microbial metabolic lifestyles under conditions similar to those seen during late Archaean and Proterozoic eons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University , Big Rapids, MI , United States ; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and the Institute for Energy and the Environment, University of Oklahoma , Norman, OK , United States
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , United States
| | - Fares Z Najar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Advanced Center for Genome Technology, University of Oklahoma , Norman, OK , United States
| | - Lee R Krumholz
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology and the Institute for Energy and the Environment, University of Oklahoma , Norman, OK , United States
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142
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Li J, Feng Y, Lu N, Zhu B, Xue S. Structural and functional analysis of a low-temperature-active alkaline esterase from South China Sea marine sediment microbial metagenomic library. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1449-61. [PMID: 26350078 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A low-temperature-active alkaline esterase, Est12, from a marine sediment metagenomic fosmid library was identified. Est12 prefers short- and middle-chain p-nitrophenol esters as substrate with optimum temperature and pH value of 50 °C and 9.0, respectively, and nearly 50 % of maximum activity retained at 5 °C. The hydrolysis activity of Est12 was stable at 40 °C. Ca(2+) especially activated the activity of Est12 to about 151 % of the control. DEPC and PMSF inhibited the activity of Est12 to 34 and 25 %, respectively. In addition, Est12 was more tolerable to methanol compared to other organic solvents tested. The crystal structure of Est12 at 1.39 Å resolution showed that the cap domain which is composed of an α-helix and a flexible region resulted in a relatively wide spectrum of substrate, with p-nitrophenol caproate as the preferred one. Furthermore, the flexible cap domain and the high percentage of Gly, Ser, and Met may play important roles in the adaptation of Est12 to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, 100101, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanbin Feng
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Na Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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143
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Estrogen O-sulfamates and their analogues: Clinical steroid sulfatase inhibitors with broad potential. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:160-9. [PMID: 25843211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen sulfamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors of steroid sulfatase (STS), an emerging drug target for endocrine therapy of hormone dependent diseases that catalyzes inter alia the hydrolysis of estrone sulfate to estrone. In recent years this has stimulated clinical investigation of the estradiol derivative both as an oral prodrug and its currently ongoing exploration in endometriosis. 2-Substituted steroid sulfamate derivatives show considerable potential as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent disease, but are also potent STS inhibitors. The steroidal template has spawned nonsteroidal STS inhibitors one of which, Irosustat, has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, endometrial cancer and prostate cancer and there is potential for innovative dual-targeting approaches. This review surveys the role of estrogen sulfamates, their analogues and current status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom.
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144
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Sánchez-Romero JJ, Olguin LF. Choline sulfatase from Ensifer ( Sinorhizobium) meliloti: Characterization of the unmodified enzyme. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:161-168. [PMID: 30338300 PMCID: PMC6189696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) meliloti is a nitrogen-fixing α-proteobacterium able to biosynthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline sulfate through a metabolic pathway that starts with the enzyme choline-O-sulfatase. This protein seems to be widely distributed in microorganisms and thought to play an important role in their sulfur metabolism. However, only crude extracts with choline sulfatase activity have been studied. In this work, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) meliloti choline-O-sulfatase was obtained in a high degree of purity after expression in Escherichia coli. Gel filtration and dynamic light scattering experiments showed that the recombinant enzyme exists as a dimer in solution. Using calorimetry, its catalytic activity against its natural substrate, choline-O-sulfate, gave a kcat=2.7×10−1 s−1 and a KM=11.1 mM. For the synthetic substrates p-nitrophenyl sulfate and methylumbelliferyl sulfate, the kcat values were 3.5×10−2 s−1 and 4.3×10−2 s−1, with KM values of 75.8 and 11.8 mM respectively. The low catalytic activity of the recombinant sulfatase was due to the absence of the formylglycine post-translational modification in its active-site cysteine 54. Nevertheless, unmodified Ensifer (Sinorhizobium) meliloti choline-O-sulfatase is a multiple-turnover enzyme with remarkable catalytic efficiency. First biochemical characterization of a recombinant choline-O-sulfatase. Recombinant enzyme has no post-translational modification in its active site cysteine. The unmodified enzyme exhibits multiple catalytic cycles. Despite a low kcat the enzyme accelerate 1020-fold the uncatalyzed reaction.
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Key Words
- COS, E. meliloti choline-O-sulfatase
- Catalytic efficiency
- Choline-O-sulfatase
- Choline-O-sulfate
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DTNB, 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- DTT, DL-Dithiothreitol
- FGE, α-formylglycine-generating enzyme
- FGly, α-formylglycine
- Formylglycine post-translational modification
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight
- MUS, 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate
- TCEP, Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride
- Type I sulfatase
- UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry
- anSME, anaerobic sulfatase maturing enzyme
- pNPS, p-nitrophenyl sulfate
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Sánchez-Romero
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510, México
| | - Luis F Olguin
- Laboratorio de Biofisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F. 04510, México
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145
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Barrozo A, Duarte F, Bauer P, Carvalho ATP, Kamerlin SCL. Cooperative Electrostatic Interactions Drive Functional Evolution in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9061-76. [PMID: 26091851 PMCID: PMC4513756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming widely accepted that catalytic promiscuity, i.e., the ability of a single enzyme to catalyze the turnover of multiple, chemically distinct substrates, plays a key role in the evolution of new enzyme functions. In this context, the members of the alkaline phosphatase superfamily have been extensively studied as model systems in order to understand the phenomenon of enzyme multifunctionality. In the present work, we model the selectivity of two multiply promiscuous members of this superfamily, namely the phosphonate monoester hydrolases from Burkholderia caryophylli and Rhizobium leguminosarum. We have performed extensive simulations of the enzymatic reaction of both wild-type enzymes and several experimentally characterized mutants. Our computational models are in agreement with key experimental observables, such as the observed activities of the wild-type enzymes, qualitative interpretations of experimental pH-rate profiles, and activity trends among several active site mutants. In all cases the substrates of interest bind to the enzyme in similar conformations, with largely unperturbed transition states from their corresponding analogues in aqueous solution. Examination of transition-state geometries and the contribution of individual residues to the calculated activation barriers suggest that the broad promiscuity of these enzymes arises from cooperative electrostatic interactions in the active site, allowing each enzyme to adapt to the electrostatic needs of different substrates. By comparing the structural and electrostatic features of several alkaline phosphatases, we suggest that this phenomenon is a generalized feature driving selectivity and promiscuity within this superfamily and can be in turn used for artificial enzyme design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Barrozo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul Bauer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra T P Carvalho
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shina C L Kamerlin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
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146
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Wang W, Han W, Cai X, Zheng X, Sugahara K, Li F. Cloning and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate 4-O-endosulfatase from a marine bacterium. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7823-32. [PMID: 25648894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases are potentially useful tools for structure-function studies of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, various GAG exosulfatases have been identified in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, endosulfatases that act on GAGs have rarely been reported. Recently, a novel HA and CS lyase (HCLase) was identified for the first time from a marine bacterium (Han, W., Wang, W., Zhao, M., Sugahara, K., and Li, F. (2014) J. Biol. Chem. 289, 27886-27898). In this study, a putative sulfatase gene, closely linked to the hclase gene in the genome, was recombinantly expressed and characterized in detail. The recombinant protein showed a specific N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfatase activity that removes 4-O-sulfate from both disaccharides and polysaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS), suggesting that this sulfatase represents a novel endosulfatase. The novel endosulfatase exhibited maximal reaction rate in a phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 30 °C and effectively removed 17-65% of 4-O-sulfates from various CS and DS and thus significantly inhibited the interactions of CS and DS with a positively supercharged fluorescent protein. Moreover, this endosulfatase significantly promoted the digestion of CS by HCLase, suggesting that it enhances the digestion of CS/DS by the bacterium. Therefore, this endosulfatase is a potential tool for use in CS/DS-related studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wang
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Wenjun Han
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Xingya Cai
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- the Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Fuchuan Li
- From the National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan 250100, China and
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147
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Appel MJ, Bertozzi CR. Formylglycine, a post-translationally generated residue with unique catalytic capabilities and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:72-84. [PMID: 25514000 PMCID: PMC4492166 DOI: 10.1021/cb500897w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine (fGly) is a catalytically essential residue found almost exclusively in the active sites of type I sulfatases. Formed by post-translational oxidation of cysteine or serine side chains, this aldehyde-functionalized residue participates in a unique and highly efficient catalytic mechanism for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The enzymes that produce fGly, formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) and anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (anSME), are as unique and specialized as fGly itself. FGE especially is structurally and mechanistically distinct, and serves the sole function of activating type I sulfatase targets. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism by which fGly contributes to sulfate ester hydrolysis, the molecular details of fGly biogenesis by FGE and anSME, and finally, recent biotechnology applications of fGly beyond its natural catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Appel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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148
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Transcriptome of the quorum-sensing signal-degrading Rhodococcus erythropolis responds differentially to virulent and avirulent Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 114:476-84. [PMID: 25585922 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Social bacteria use chemical communication to coordinate and synchronize gene expression via the quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory pathway. In Pectobacterium, a causative agent of the blackleg and soft-rot diseases on potato plants and tubers, expression of the virulence factors is collectively controlled by the QS-signals N-acylhomoserine lactones (NAHLs). Several soil bacteria, such as the actinobacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis, are able to degrade NAHLs, hence quench the chemical communication and virulence of Pectobacterium. Here, next-generation sequencing was used to investigate structural and functional genomics of the NAHL-degrading R. erythropolis strain R138. The R. erythropolis R138 genome (6.7 Mbp) contained a single circular chromosome, one linear (250 kbp) and one circular (84 kbp) plasmid. Growth of R. erythropolis and P. atrosepticum was not altered in mixed-cultures as compared with monocultures on potato tuber slices. HiSeq-transcriptomics revealed that no R. erythropolis genes were differentially expressed when R. erythropolis was cultivated in the presence vs absence of the avirulent P. atrosepticum mutant expI, which is defective for QS-signal synthesis. By contrast 50 genes (<1% of the R. erythropolis genome) were differentially expressed when R. erythropolis was cultivated in the presence vs absence of the NAHL-producing virulent P. atrosepticum. Among them, quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase-PCR confirmed that the expression of some alkyl-sulfatase genes decreased in the presence of a virulent P. atrosepticum, as well as deprivation of organic sulfur such as methionine, which is a key precursor in the synthesis of NAHL by P. atrosepticum.
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149
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Ho CL. Phylogeny of Algal Sequences Encoding Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases, Formylglycine-Dependent Sulfatases, and Putative Sulfatase Modifying Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1057. [PMID: 26635861 PMCID: PMC4659905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many algae are rich sources of sulfated polysaccharides with biological activities. The physicochemical/rheological properties and biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides are affected by the pattern and number of sulfate moieties. Sulfation of carbohydrates is catalyzed by carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) while modification of sulfate moieties on sulfated polysaccharides was presumably catalyzed by sulfatases including formylglycine-dependent sulfatases (FGly-SULFs). Post-translationally modification of Cys to FGly in FGly-SULFs by sulfatase modifiying factors (SUMFs) is necessary for the activity of this enzyme. The aims of this study are to mine for sequences encoding algal CHSTs, FGly-SULFs and putative SUMFs from the fully sequenced algal genomes and to infer their phylogenetic relationships to their well characterized counterparts from other organisms. Algal sequences encoding CHSTs, FGly-SULFs, SUMFs, and SUMF-like proteins were successfully identified from green and brown algae. However, red algal FGly-SULFs and SUMFs were not identified. In addition, a group of SUMF-like sequences with different gene structure and possibly different functions were identified for green, brown and red algae. The phylogeny of these putative genes contributes to the corpus of knowledge of an unexplored area. The analyses of these putative genes contribute toward future production of existing and new sulfated carbohydrate polymers through enzymatic synthesis and metabolic engineering.
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150
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Yang B, Sun Z, Liu C, Cui Y, Guo Z, Ren Y, Lu Z, Knapp S. O-(Aminosulfonylation) of phenols and an example of slow hydrolytic release. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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