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Getting SJ, Christian HC, Flower RJ, Perretti M. Activation of melanocortin type 3 receptor as a molecular mechanism for adrenocorticotropic hormone efficacy in gouty arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:2765-75. [PMID: 12384937 DOI: 10.1002/art.10526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that local activation of melanocortin receptor(s) by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) could be responsible, at least in part, for its efficacy in human gouty arthritis. METHODS Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals were administered into rat knee joints either alone or with ACTH or a selective melanocortin type 3 receptor (MC3-R) agonist. Neutrophil migration, arthritis score, increases in joint size, and cytokine levels were measured over time. MC3-R expression on rat knee joint macrophages was monitored by electron microscopy and intracellular accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. RESULTS MSU crystals produced a knee joint inflammation that was time dependent and was characterized by cell influx and cytokine release that was sensitive to treatment with classic anti-arthritic drugs (indomethacin, colchicine, dexamethasone). Local, but not systemic, ACTH had an antiinflammatory effect in normal rats, a dose that did not alter circulating corticosterone (5 microg). This treatment was also effective in adrenalectomized rats. Rat knee joint macrophages expressed functional MC3-R. The MC3-R antagonist (SHU9119, 10 microg) blocked ACTH antiinflammatory actions, whereas antiinflammatory activity was retained with a selective MC3-R agonist (gamma(2)-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). CONCLUSION This research provides evidence for a separate mechanism of action of ACTH in experimental gouty arthritis and points to a novel antiinflammatory target (selective agonists at MC3-R) for clinical management of human gouty arthritis and possibly other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Getting
- Immunopharmacology Unit, The William Harvey Research Institute, St Bartholomew's/Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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102
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Haskard DO, Landis RC. Interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells in gout: lessons from a self-limiting inflammatory response. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4 Suppl 3:S91-7. [PMID: 12110127 PMCID: PMC3240138 DOI: 10.1186/ar562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2001] [Revised: 01/31/2002] [Accepted: 02/01/2002] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with endothelium are necessary for leukocytes to pass from the blood into extravascular tissues, and such interactions are facilitated in inflammation by the coordinated expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. Although the general mechanisms and intracellular pathways of endothelial activation are now fairly well characterised in vitro, relatively little detailed information exists on how endothelial activation changes during the course of inflammatory responses and how such change influences the amount of leukocyte recruitment and the types of leukocytes recruited. Having developed a radiolabelled-antibody-uptake technique for quantifying the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules in relation to leukocyte trafficking, we have analysed the acute, self-limiting inflammatory response to injection of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Our studies have supported the view that endothelial activation is closely paralleled by leukocyte recruitment at the onset of the response and have highlighted separate vascular and extravascular stages of downregulation. More recent studies addressing the extravascular contribution to downregulation point to an important role for monocyte-macrophage differentiation in limiting further endothelial activation as a consequence of phagocytosis of MSU crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian O Haskard
- BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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103
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Hirth A, Skapenko A, Kinne RW, Emmrich F, Schulze-Koops H, Sack U. Cytokine mRNA and protein expression in primary-culture and repeated-passage synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:117-25. [PMID: 11879547 PMCID: PMC83845 DOI: 10.1186/ar391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2000] [Revised: 09/25/2001] [Accepted: 10/10/2001] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive mRNA expression and secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was comparatively analyzed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (SFB), isolated from primary culture or derived by repeated passage; normal-skin fibroblasts were used as controls. First-passage RA-SFB (n = 3) secreted large amounts of IL-6 (15,800 +/- 2,110 pg/ml; mean +/- SEM), but only limited amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (22.1 +/- 1.1 pg/ml) or IL-10 (35.7 +/- 34.2 pg/ml; only one of three samples was positive). IL-1beta, IL-15, and IL-18 were not detectable at the protein level and showed very low mRNA levels by semiquantitative RT-PCR. In repeated-passage RA-SFB (tenth passage), protein secretion was significantly lower for IL-6 (one-twentieth of the initial level) and TNF-alpha (two-thirds), and markedly reduced for IL-10 (one-quarter, with only one of three samples positive). While the decrease of IL-10 protein from first to tenth passage was paralleled by a corresponding decrease of mRNA, the relative mRNA levels for IL-6 and TNF-alpha were actually increased (20-fold and 300-fold, respectively), indicating post-transcriptional and/or post-translational regulation of these cytokines. Due to highly variable levels among individual patients, however, no significant differences were observed for any cytokine mRNA between primary-culture and repeated-passage RA-SFB (ninth passage). Likewise, no significant differences were detectable between RA-SFB and normal-skin fibroblasts (primary-culture and repeated-passage). By producing high amounts of IL-6 and limited amounts of TNF-alpha, RA-SFB may contribute to the (im)balance of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hirth
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alla Skapenko
- Clinical Research Group III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Raimund W Kinne
- Experimental Rheumatology Unit, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Emmrich
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schulze-Koops
- Clinical Research Group III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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104
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Desaulniers P, Fernandes M, Gilbert C, Bourgoin SG, Naccache PH. Crystal‐induced neutrophil activation. VII. Involvement of Syk in the responses to monosodium urate crystals. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.4.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Desaulniers
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Departments of Medecine and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Departments of Medecine and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Departments of Medecine and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain G. Bourgoin
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Departments of Medecine and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Physiology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul H. Naccache
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, and Departments of Medecine and Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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105
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Rahman MU. Failure to Recognize CPPD Disease as a Cause of Fever/Mental Status Change: Why Does This Happen? J Clin Rheumatol 2001; 7:288-90. [PMID: 17039157 DOI: 10.1097/00124743-200110000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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106
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Abstract
Crystals are an important cause of inflammatory rheumatic diseases and provide relatively simple paradigms for modelling inflammatory responses in general. Thus, in the case of gout, we know that hyperuricemia leads to precipitation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints, which are taken up by leukocytes, and then an acute attack of arthritis is triggered. However, fundamental questions remain unanswered. Why are only certain hyperuricemic individuals, and then only certain joints, affected? What factors maintain joints in a quiescent state, what prompts the resolution of an inflammatory attack, and are these related? This article draws on developments during the past year to support the idea that the mononuclear phagocyte may play a key role within the synovial compartment, tipping the balance from the asymptomatic state to acute inflammation, or vice versa, depending on their state of monocyte to macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Landis
- BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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107
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Yagnik DR, Hillyer P, Marshall D, Smythe CD, Krausz T, Haskard DO, Landis RC. Noninflammatory phagocytosis of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals by mouse macrophages. Implications for the control of joint inflammation in gout. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:1779-89. [PMID: 10943868 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1779::aid-anr14>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have hypothesized that the process of monocyte to macrophage differentiation may alter the inflammatory response of mononuclear phagocytes to the uptake of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals. METHODS Eight mouse monocyte/macrophage cell lines were arranged in increasing order of differentiation, as judged by expression of the macrophage markers F4/80 and BM 8 and by phagocytic capacity. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in response to MSU was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The panel of monocyte/macrophage cell lines revealed a close linkage between the state of differentiation and the capacity of the cells to ingest MSU crystals. TNFalpha production, however, was not linked to phagocytic ability. Peak TNFalpha levels were synthesized by cells at an intermediate state of differentiation (3.2-14.1 ng/ml), whereas mature macrophages, which efficiently phagocytosed crystals, did not secrete TNFalpha. Mature cell lines produced TNFalpha when stimulated with zymosan (5.9-6.2 ng/ml), but this was abolished by coincubation with MSU crystals. Suppression of the zymosan response was not due to apoptosis or steric hindrance by MSU crystals. Culture supernatants from mature macrophages did not stimulate endothelial cell activation, in contrast to MSU-treated cells at an earlier stage of differentiation, which stimulated intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression on sEND endothelioma cells through the release of TNFalpha (inhibited 80.6% by anti-TNFa). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that phagocytosis and TNFalpha production are distinct events in the response of mononuclear phagocytes to urate crystals, and these events can be distinguished at the level of macrophage differentiation. The noninflammatory removal of urate crystals by mature macrophages defines a new pathway that may be important in controlling the development of acute gout in patients with hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Yagnik
- BHF Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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108
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Schreiner O, Wandel E, Himmelsbach F, Galle PR, Märker-Hermann E. Reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines of monosodium urate crystal-stimulated monocytes in chronic renal failure: an explanation for infrequent gout episodes in chronic renal failure patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:644-9. [PMID: 10809805 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.5.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In gouty arthritis, monosodium urate (MSU) crystals interact with monocytes and neutrophils to produce inflammatory reactions associated with acute synovitis. In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), gouty arthritis is a rare condition despite often severe hyperuricaemia. We wondered whether differences in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by MSU crystal-stimulated monocytes might be one explanation for the low incidence of gouty arthritis in patients with ESRD compared with healthy controls. METHODS Thirteen patients with ESRD on intermittent haemodialysis treatment, six patients with chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis, and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were examined. Monocytes, purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by immunomagnetic bead separation, were incubated for 18 h in the presence of MSU crystals, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or medium alone. The supernatants were studied for the presence of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) using cytokine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Monocytes from patients with ESRD produced significantly lower amounts of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha after stimulation with MSU crystals or LPS than did monocytes from healthy subjects. Cytokine production was not significantly different between ESRD patients on haemodialysis and chronic renal failure patients not yet on dialysis. Artificial MSU crystals were stronger stimuli than tophus-derived 'natural' MSU crystals. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that monocyte-associated immunosuppression in ESRD leads to reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimuli such as MSU crystals. This may be one of the factors preventing many ESRD patients from the manifestation of acute gout despite often severe hyperuricaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schreiner
- First Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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109
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Abstract
The deposition of calcium-containing crystals in articular tissues is probably an underrecognized event. Clinical observations indicate that exaggerated and uniquely distributed cartilage degeneration is associated with these deposits. Perhaps the most compelling argument favoring a role for crystals in causing osteoarthritis stems from their in vitro effects on articular tissues. In this short review, we will discuss the fact that crystals can cause the degeneration of articular tissues in 2 separate pathways. In the "Direct" pathway, crystals directly induce fibroblast-like synoviocytes to proliferate and produce metalloproteinases and prostaglandins. The other "Paracrine pathway" involves the interaction between crystals and macrophages/monocytes, which leads to synthesis and release of cytokines that can reinforce the action of crystals on synoviocytes and induce chondrocytes to secrete enzymes, eventually causing the degeneration of articular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Cheung
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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110
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Abstract
The deposition of calcium-containing crystals in articular tissues is probably an under-recognized event. Clinical observations indicate that an exaggerated and uniquely distributed cartilage degeneration is associated with these deposits. Measurements of putative markers of cartilage breakdown suggest that the presence of these crystals magnifies the degenerative process. In vitro studies indicate two potential mechanisms by which crystals cause degeneration. These involve the stimulation of mitogenesis in synovial fibroblasts and the secretion of proteases by cells that phagocytose these crystals. Approaches that might ameliorate the degenerative process may ensue from new information about how crystals form and how they exert their biologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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111
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Murakami N, Aihara S, Iwata K, Saito T, Naruse T. Effect of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (M-5011) on cytokine levels in rats with monosodium urate crystal- induced pleurisy. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 79:439-46. [PMID: 10361883 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.79.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), d-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid (M-5011), and indomethacin on the production of arachidonate metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines in male Sprague-Dawley rats with monosodium urate crystal (MSU)-induced pleurisy. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in the pleural exudate were determined by biological assays, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cytokine-induced chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassays. Orally administered M-5011 (5 mg/kg) decreased the pleural exudate volume at 3 and 4 hr after MSU injection. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) decreased the volume at 3-5 hr. These drugs reduced the number of leukocytes in the pleural cavity at 6 hr. Both NSAIDs also reduced the content of PGE2 in the exudate without affecting LTB4 levels. Increased productions of both IL-6 and CINC-1 in the exudate were reduced by pretreatment with M-5011 or indomethacin, and TNF levels in the exudate were increased by pretreatment of these drugs. Thus, M-5011 inhibits the production of both IL-6 and CINC-1 at lower doses than those of indomethacin, and the inhibitory effect of M-5011 on CINC-1, but not IL-6, may partly contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte infiltration in rats with MSU-induced pleurisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Murakami
- Research and Development Laboratories, Maruho Co., Ltd., Japan
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112
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Trontzas P, Kamper EF, Potamianou A, Kyriazis NC, Kritikos H, Stavridis J. Comparative study of serum and synovial fluid interleukin-11 levels in patients with various arthritides. Clin Biochem 1998; 31:673-9. [PMID: 9876901 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(98)00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of serum and synovial fluid (SF) interleukin (IL)-11 in patients with various arthritides and estimate the contribution of IL-11 to acute phase response (APR). DESIGN AND METHODS Serum and SF IL-11 were measured by ELISA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 31), seronegative spondyloarthritis (SSA, n = 23), gout (GT, n = 14) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 20) and were correlated with ESR and acute phase proteins as well as with cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha. RESULTS IL-11 was detected in both serum and SF in each group, with IL-11 being statistically higher in SF than serum in all groups, suggesting reduced catabolism or increased synthesis of IL-11 intra-articularly. Median SF IL-11 levels were higher in OA patients than in other groups and in the treated than in the untreated RA subgroup. Moreover, serum and SF IL-11 were correlated significantly with each other, and moderately with the other cytokines examined in RA, SSA, and GT, but not in OA patients, while a significant negative correlation was found with a few of the inflammatory markers examined in each group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of extensive intra-articular expression of IL-11 in arthritides, especially in OA and treated RA patients, suggesting a protective role for IL-11 in joints, probably through the induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trontzas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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113
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Høgåsen AK, Nordsletten L, Aasen AO, Falch JA. 17 beta-Oestradiol and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol modulate constitutive and bone matrix-induced interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from postmenopausal women. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1998; 58:97-102. [PMID: 9587160 DOI: 10.1080/00365519850186661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Local production and release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) may be of importance for bone remodeling, since this cytokine is known to stimulate bone resorption. We have studied the effect of bone matrix constituents on IL-1 beta production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 20 postmenopausal non-osteoporotic women. Hydroxyapatite (0.5 mg/ml) and heat-denaturated collagen (25 micrograms/ml) stimulated IL-1 beta production 5-fold and 520-fold, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.01). In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta, 10 ng/ml), a cytokine which is abundant in bone matrix, suppressed median IL-1 beta release to 13% of control value (p < 0.01). The bone matrix-induced changes in IL-1 beta production were modulated by 10 nmol/1 17 beta-oestradiol and 10 nmol/1 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3). Specifically, 17 beta oestradiol stimulated constitutive IL-1 beta release with 89% (p < 0.01) and nullified the suppressive effect of TGF-beta. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 had a synergistically stimulatory effect with both hydroxyapatite and collagen, although there was no effect of this hormone when added alone. The adherent cells were slightly more elongated after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 and collagen, while TGF-beta and 17 beta-oestradiol had no effect on cellular morphology. Addition of hydroxyapatite resulted in long and spindle-shaped cells, and phagocytosis of the particles occurred. The modulatory effects of oestrogen and vitamin D on constitutive and bone-matrix induced IL-1 beta production by PBMCs may be of importance for bone remodelling during postmenopausal bone loss and at a site of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Høgåsen
- Department of Pediatric Research, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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114
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Monosodium Urate Microcrystals Induce Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Monocytes. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.5.1769.1769_1769_1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) microcrystals in articular and periarticular tissues is the causative agent of acute or chronic inflammatory responses known as gouty arthritis. Mononuclear phagocyte activation is involved in early triggering events of gout attacks. Because stimulated mononuclear phagocytes can constitute an important source of the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), we evaluated the effects that proinflammatory microcrystals might have on COX-2 protein expression in crystal-stimulated monocytes. We found that MSU crystals, but not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, induced COX-2, which correlated with the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2(TXA2). Crystal-induced de novo synthesis of COX-2 was dependent on transcriptional and translational events. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation, by herbimycin A, blocked crystal-induced COX-2. Similarly, an inhibitor of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, SB 203580, inhibited the stimulation of COX-2. Colchicine inhibited crystal-induced COX-2. In all cases, prostanoid synthesis was concomitantly inhibited. Taken together, these results implicate COX-2 in the development of MSU-induced inflammation.
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115
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Abstract
AbstractThe formation and deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) microcrystals in articular and periarticular tissues is the causative agent of acute or chronic inflammatory responses known as gouty arthritis. Mononuclear phagocyte activation is involved in early triggering events of gout attacks. Because stimulated mononuclear phagocytes can constitute an important source of the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), we evaluated the effects that proinflammatory microcrystals might have on COX-2 protein expression in crystal-stimulated monocytes. We found that MSU crystals, but not calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, induced COX-2, which correlated with the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2(TXA2). Crystal-induced de novo synthesis of COX-2 was dependent on transcriptional and translational events. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation, by herbimycin A, blocked crystal-induced COX-2. Similarly, an inhibitor of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, SB 203580, inhibited the stimulation of COX-2. Colchicine inhibited crystal-induced COX-2. In all cases, prostanoid synthesis was concomitantly inhibited. Taken together, these results implicate COX-2 in the development of MSU-induced inflammation.
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116
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Barabé F, Gilbert C, Liao N, Bourgoin SG, Naccache PH. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation VI. Involvment of FcgammaRIIIB (CD16) and CD11b in response to inflammatory microcrystals. FASEB J 1998; 12:209-20. [PMID: 9472986 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction associated with the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in synovial spaces is known to be due to interactions with polymorphonuclear neutrophils mediated by presently unidentified surface structures. In this study, we have observed that antibodies directed against CD16 (VIFcRIII) and CD11b (VIM12) selectively and potently inhibit the activation of neutrophils by MSU crystals. The responses affected include the stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of the tyrosine kinase syk, tyrosine phosphorylation of the proto-oncogene Cbl, mobilization of calcium, and stimulation of the activity of phospholipase D and of the production of superoxide anions. Tyrosine phosphorylation responses to MSU crystals develop during the Me2SO4-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells in parallel with the surface expression of CD16. These data strongly support the hypothesis that inflammatory microcrystals interact opportunistically with CD16 initially, and that the signal transduction pathways activated thereby depend on CD11b. An examination of the relevance of the hypothesis that an uncontrolled activation of CD16/CD11b may play a role in inflammatory reactions associated with a dysregulation of neutrophil function (other than crystal arthropathies) appears warranted on the basis of the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barabé
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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117
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Lindbeck G. Extra-articular calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease presenting as neck pain and fever. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14:582-5. [PMID: 8857812 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-6757(96)90106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Lindbeck
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
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118
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Lioté F, Prudhommeaux F, Schiltz C, Champy R, Herbelin A, Ortiz-Bravo E, Bardin T. Inhibition and prevention of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced acute inflammation in vivo by transforming growth factor beta1. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1192-8. [PMID: 8670330 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) on monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal-induced acute inflammation in vivo. METHODS One hour after MSU crystal-induced acute inflammation was produced in the rat subcutaneous air pouch model, the effects of recombinant human TGF beta 1 (rHuTGF beta 1; 10-100 pg/animal) and ultrapure TGF beta 1 (UPTGF beta 1; 100 and 500 pg/animal) were assessed, based on absolute and differential white blood cell counts in the exudate. The effects of 10 pg of rHuTGF beta 1 preincubated with a specific anti-TGF beta antibody, and the effects of coinjection of crystals and rHuTGF beta 1, were also studied. RESULTS UPTGF beta 1 and rHuTGF beta 1 markedly reduced MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Recombinant human TGF beta 1 also reduced inflammation when administered concomitantly with MSU crystals. Moreover, rHuTGF beta 1 and UPTGF beta 1, injected 1 hour after MSU crystal injection, reduced the inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. Injection of rHuTGF beta 1 (100 pg/animal) resulted in a > 90% reduction in the maximal white blood cell count, achieved 6 hours after crystal injection. Preincubation of rHuTGF beta 1 with a specific anti-TGF beta 1 antibody significantly (P < 0.01) reversed the inhibitory effect of rHuTGF beta 1 on the inflammatory response. Consistent with the regulation of inflammatory cell recruitment into the joint, the percentage of monocytes markedly decreased (P < 0.01) following local injection with rHuTGF beta 1 6 hours after MSU crystal injection. CONCLUSION Exogenous TGF beta 1 prevents and inhibits MSU crystal-induced acute inflammation in vivo. Its role in the self-limitation of gouty attacks deserves consideration, among the various other factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lioté
- Laboratoire d' Histopathologie synoviale (ER254), Université Paris VII, Paris, France
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119
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Swan A, Heywood B, Chapman B, Seward H, Dieppe P. Evidence for a causal relationship between the structure, size, and load of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, and attacks of pseudogout. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:825-30. [PMID: 7492222 PMCID: PMC1010018 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.10.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate any relationship between the nature, size, and numbers of synovial fluid (SF) calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, and attacks of pseudogout. METHODS Knee SF was aspirated from nine selected patients, first during an attack of pseudogout (acute sample) and again later when the attack had subsided (interval sample). CPPD crystals were extracted, weighed, examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and characterised by size and crystal habit (monoclinic or triclinic). Structural analysis was carried out by x ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the proportions of monoclinic to triclinic CPPD were estimated from densitometric measurements of selected key reflections. RESULTS The mean crystal size, by HRTEM, indicated that the crystals in the acute sample were larger than those in the interval sample. The ratio of monoclinic to triclinic CPPD, whether estimated from their morphological appearance by HRTEM, or from XRD, was greater in the acute than in the interval sample in all nine patients. The total amount of extracted mineral varied, but in every patient the concentration of CPPD per ml of fluid, and the total mineral per joint, were greater in the acute sample than in the interval sample. CONCLUSION In this highly selected group of patients, the large numbers of CPPD crystals associated with attacks of pseudogout included a greater proportion of monoclinic crystals, and larger crystals, than those present when inflammation had subsided. A special, phlogistic population of crystals may exist, originating in different joint tissues, or cleared in a different manner, than the more common populations of smaller crystals with a greater proportion of triclinic CPPD, seen in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swan
- Rheumatology Unit, Bristol Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
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120
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Hammes MS, Lieske JC, Pawar S, Spargo BH, Toback FG. Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals stimulate gene expression in renal epithelial cells. Kidney Int 1995; 48:501-9. [PMID: 7564119 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary or secondary hyperoxaluria is associated with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, interstitial fibrosis and progressive renal insufficiency. Monolayer cultures of nontransformed monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals were used as a model system to study cell responses to crystal interactions that might occur in the nephrons of patients during periods of hyperoxaluria. To determine if COM crystals signal a change in gene expression, Northern blots were prepared from total renal cellular RNA after the cells were exposed to crystals. The immediate early genes c-myc, EGR-1, and Nur-77 were induced at one hour. At two to six hours stimulated expression of the genes encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A chain was detected, but constitutive expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) was not altered. Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was induced at one hour and persisted up to 24 hours. The stimulation of gene expression by COM crystals was relatively crystal- and renal cell-type specific. Thus the interaction of kidney epithelial cells with COM crystals alters expression of genes that encode three classes of proteins: transcriptional activators, a regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM), and growth factors. Activation of PAI-1 gene expression without a change in u-PA favors accumulation of ECM proteins, as does increased expression of PDGF and CTGF which can also stimulate fibroblast proliferation in a paracrine manner. These results suggest that COM crystal-mediated stimulation of specific genes in renal tubular cells may contribute to the development of interstitial fibrosis in hyperoxaluric states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hammes
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA
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121
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Aihara S, Murakami N, Tomita T, Naruse T, Namba K. Inhibitory action of indomethacin on neutrophil infiltration in monosodium urate-induced pleurisy in rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1995; 68:271-7. [PMID: 7474550 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.68.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of indomethacin on the production of cytokines at inflammatory sites were investigated in the monosodium urate (MSU) pleurisy model characterized by both cellular influx and edema. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) orally administered 0.5 hr prior to MSU injection into the pleural cavity significantly inhibited MSU-induced neutrophil accumulation in the cavity. In addition, the drug slightly enhanced the level of MSU-induced tumor necrosis factor production without affecting interleukin-1 production. Furthermore, indomethacin inhibited both the levels of MSU-induced rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC/gro) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by 78.3% at 3 hr and 45.8% at 4 hr post-injection, respectively. Although intrapleural injection of CINC/gro induced neutrophil infiltration in a dose-dependent manner, IL-6 did not affect the action of CINC/gro on neutrophil influx. These findings suggest that the inhibitory action of indomethacin on neutrophil infiltration is, at least, partly mediated by a decrease in the MSU-induced CINC/gro content in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aihara
- Central Research Laboratories, Maruho Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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122
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Fam AG, Morava-Protzner I, Purcell C, Young BD, Bunting PS, Lewis AJ. Acceleration of experimental lapine osteoarthritis by calcium pyrophosphate microcrystalline synovitis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1995; 38:201-10. [PMID: 7848310 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780380208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of chronic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) synovitis on the development of osteoarthritic (OA) lesions in an animal model. METHODS OA was induced in the right knees of 30 male New Zealand white rabbits by partial lateral meniscectomy and section of the fibular collateral and sesamoid ligaments (PLM/LS), followed by 8 weekly intraarticular (IA) injections of 1 mg (low-dose) or 10 mg (high-dose) of CPPD crystals in 3 sets of experiments (10 rabbits each). The contralateral left knees served as controls: experiment 1 PLM/LS alone, experiment 2 8 weekly IA injections of CPPD crystals alone, and experiment 3 sham surgery plus 8 weekly IA injections of CPPD crystals. RESULTS At 8 weeks, repeated IA injections of low-dose and high-dose CPPD crystals into meniscectomized right knees resulted in more severe OA than in meniscectomized but noninjected left knees (experiment 1) (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively). One-fourth of the meniscectomized knees (11 of 40), both CPPD-injected and noninjected, showed embedded synovial cartilage shards. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate a worsening effect of chronic CPPD crystal-induced synovitis on experimental OA produced in the rabbit knees by PLM/LS, and support a possible role for CPPD microcrystalline inflammation in the progression of OA lesions in clinical CPPD crystal deposition disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fam
- Sunnybrook Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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123
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van Leeuwen MA, van Rijswijk MH. Acute phase proteins in the monitoring of inflammatory disorders. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1994; 8:531-52. [PMID: 7525084 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase reaction is in most circumstances a good indicator of (local) inflammatory activity and tissue damage. CRP is a direct and quantitative measure for the acute phase reaction and due to its fast kinetics provides adequate information of the actual situation. The ESR on the contrary is in fact an indirect measure of the acute phase reaction. It does react much slower to changes of inflammatory activity and is influenced by a number of other factors. From studies on the 'behaviour' of CRP it has become clear that diseases may differ with regard to the extent in which they induce an acute phase response. Incidental measurement of the CRP level may add to the diagnostic procedure in selected cases, e.g. in the differentiation between a bacterial and a viral infection or between a bacterial infection and an exacerbation of diseases like SLE. In case of an extremely elevated CRP level (> 100 mg/litre) the possibility of a bacterial infection should always be considered. In clinical practice CRP is particularly useful when serial measurements are performed. The course of the CRP level may be useful for the monitoring of the effect of treatment and for the early detection of postoperative complications or intercurrent infections. The relationship between CRP and the local production and effects of cytokines on the one hand, and the possible functional role of CRP in the inflammatory process on the other hand have surely added a dimension to the clinical use of CRP as a parameter of inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Leeuwen
- University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
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124
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Nagase M, Nishiya H, Noda M. Priming effect of hydroxyapatite on the chemiluminescence response in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. FEBS Lett 1994; 349:13-6. [PMID: 8045289 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether hydroxyapatite modulates the response of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) to oxidative stimuli, human PMNs were incubated with a non-activating concentration (1 or 10 micrograms/ml) of hydroxyapatite prior to stimulation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP; 0.1 or 1 microM), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 100 pg/ml), sodium fluoride (50 microM), zymosan (1 microgram/ml), or the calcium ionophore A23187 (0.1 microM). Chemiluminescence was measured with an automatic microcomputer-controlled luminescence analyzer at 37 degrees C. Hydroxyapatite alone did not stimulate chemiluminescence at concentrations below 10 micrograms/ml. Levels 300-400% higher than 'stimulus only' controls without preincubation with hydroxyapatite have been recorded. This synergism between hydroxyapatite and subsequent stimuli reveals a new activity of hydroxyapatite and suggests that particulate material may prepare PMNs for an exaggerated inflammatory response to other phlogistic mediators. This is the first report demonstrating PMNs primed with particulate material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagase
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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125
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Abstract
Crystal deposits have been observed in equine articular cartilage and identified by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction as octacalcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. Of 89 equine fetlock joints examined 10 contained evidence of calcification visible by eye. It is suggested that the deposition of crystals may be a mediator of arthritis in horses and may also cause damage directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hayes
- University of Bath, School of Mechanical Engineering, Claverton Down
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126
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Sack U, Kinne RW, Marx T, Heppt P, Bender S, Emmrich F. Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid is closely associated with chronic synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1993; 13:45-51. [PMID: 8356390 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was detected at low levels in plasma [0.014 +/- 0.006 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM] and in high amounts in synovial fluid [SF; 2.6 +/- 2.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM)] of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No correlation of IL-6 levels in plasma or SF with the ESR (n = 15) or with histological parameters of acute local synovitis (n = 10) was observed. In contrast, SF IL-6 was positively correlated with histological characteristics of chronic synovitis (n = 10; P < or = 0.01) and elevated plasma IgG concentrations (n = 15; P < or = 0.05). In vitro concentrations of IL-6 comparable to those detected in SF increased the production of both IgG and IgM by synovial membrane mononuclear cells. The present results contribute to the view that high local IL-6 concentrations in SF promote chronic synovitis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sack
- Department of Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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127
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Gaudry M, Roberge CJ, de Médicis R, Lussier A, Poubelle PE, Naccache PH. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation. III. Inflammatory microcrystals induce a distinct pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:1649-55. [PMID: 8386191 PMCID: PMC288143 DOI: 10.1172/jci116373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of human neutrophils by monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals is believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of arthritides such as acute gout and pseudogout, respectively. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in microcrystal-mediated activation of human neutrophils. Immunoblot analysis with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies demonstrated that triclinic monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals stimulated a time- and concentration-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of at least five proteins (pp130, 118, 80, 70, and 60). While phosphoprotein (pp) 118 and pp70 were the major phosphorylated substrates, pp70 was the dominant one in reactivity with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. When the temporal patterns, as well as the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation for both types of crystals were compared, monosodium urate crystals were found to be more potent activators than calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. The tyrosine phosphorylation patterns induced by microcrystals differed from those stimulated by other soluble (FMLP, C5a, or leukotriene B4) or particulate (unopsonized latex beads or zymosan) agonists which stimulated preferentially the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp118. The ratio of the intensities of pp118 and pp70 were specific of the stimulation with microcrystals when compared to those observed with the other soluble or particulate agonists. Colchicine, a drug used specifically in the treatment of gout and pseudogout, inhibited microcrystal-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, while beta- and gamma-lumicolchicine were without effect. On the other hand, colchicine failed to inhibit FMLP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, while colchicine inhibited the activation of the NADPH oxidase by microcrystals, it, on the other hand, enhanced the production of superoxide anions by FMLP. Taken together, these results (a) demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation is involved in the mechanism of activation of human neutrophils induced by microcrystals; and (b) suggest, on the basis of the characteristics of the observed patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation, that this response may be specific to the microcrystals and relevant to their phlogistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaudry
- Centre de Recherche en Inflammation et Immunologie-Rhumatologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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128
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Naccache PH, Bourgoin S, Plante E, Roberge CJ, de Medicis R, Lussier A, Poubelle PE. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation. II. Evidence for the activation of a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1993; 36:117-25. [PMID: 8381010 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of phospholipase D in the signaling pathways activated by 2 pathologically relevant inflammatory microcrystals, monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD). METHODS Human peripheral blood neutrophils were used throughout. Phospholipase D activity was monitored by measuring 3 separate indices: 1) the mass of phosphatidic acid, 2) the levels of alkyl-phosphatidic acid, and 3) the levels of formation, in the presence of ethanol, of phosphatidylethanol. The latter 2 parameters were measured in cells labeled with 1-0-3H-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. The cells were stimulated with microcrystals of triclinic morphology. RESULTS Both MSU and CPPD crystals induced a time- and concentration-dependent accumulation of phosphatidic acid mass and elevation in levels of alkyl-phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanol in prelabeled cells. The activation of phospholipase D by the microcrystals was partially sensitive to colchicine and largely resistant to pertussis toxin. Inhibition of phosphatidic acid formation by wortmannin or ethanol reduced the microcrystal-stimulated production of superoxide anions. CONCLUSION These results indicate that microcrystals stimulate phospholipase D in human neutrophils and that at least some of the functional consequences of neutrophil-microcrystal interactions may be dependent on this biochemical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Naccache
- Centre de Recherche en Inflammation, Immunologie et Rhumatologie, CHUL, Ste.-Foy, Quebec, Canada
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129
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Gardner DL. Pathology and the nine ages of rheumatism. Advances in knowledge of the connective tissue diseases. J Pathol 1993; 169:1-8. [PMID: 8433210 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711690102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh
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130
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Chen YL, Florentin I, Batt AM, Ferrari L, Giroud JP, Chauvelot-Moachon L. Effects of interleukin-6 on cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidases in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44:137-48. [PMID: 1632828 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90047-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous treatment of male rats with recombinant human interleukin-6 (rhIL6) at 50, 100 and 200 micrograms/kg (corresponding to 4, 8 and 16 x 10(4) U/animal, respectively) reduced the activities of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent monoxygenases to varying degrees. Ethylmorphine-N-demethylase activity fell to 53% of control values, an effect similar to that induced by 2.5 mg/kg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity was also sensitive to inhibition, whereas IL6 had little effect on the activities of other P450-dependent enzymes, including ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase. Pentoxyresorufin dealkylase activity, which is representative of the cytochrome P450 IIB 1/2 subfamily, was unaffected by IL6 whereas LPS reduced it to 33.7% of control values. Another hepatocyte-related parameter, serum concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), was increased by up to 3.5-fold over baseline by IL6 and 10-fold by LPS. Recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL1 beta) (10 micrograms/kg, corresponding to 5 x 10(4) U/rat) and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rhTNF) (150 micrograms/kg corresponding to 24 x 10(4) U/rat) were both as potent as LPS (2.5 mg/kg) in increasing serum AGP levels and reducing hepatic microsomal monoxygenase activities. IL6 did not potentiate the effects of rhIL1 beta. Hepatic microsomal glucuronyltransferase activities were little affected by LPS and unaffected by rhIL6. Finally, rhIL6 was more potent after i.p. injection than after i.v. or s.c. injection. These results suggest that the effects of LPS, TNF and IL1 on the mixed-function oxidase system in vivo may be due partly to an induction of IL6 in vivo. The different sensitivities of the enzymes to IL6 but not to IL1 or TNF may be due to the involvement of two distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, U.R.A. CNRS No. 595, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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131
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Söderquist B, Sundqvist KG, Vikerfors T. Kinetics of serum levels of interleukin-6 in Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1992; 24:607-12. [PMID: 1465578 DOI: 10.3109/00365549209054646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of Il-6 serum concentrations were analyzed in 17 patients with a culture verified Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. The analyses were performed using an antigen capture immunoassay. All patients had elevated IL-6 serum concentrations on admission. In most cases a subsequent rapid decrease to low levels was registered within 10 days. The IL-6 serum concentrations reflected the clinical course. In sera sampled on admission a relationship was found between IL-6 serum concentrations and levels of C-reactive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Söderquist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Orebro Medical Center Hospital, Sweden
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132
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Terkeltaub R, Zachariae C, Santoro D, Martin J, Peveri P, Matsushima K. Monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin-8 is a potential mediator of crystal-induced inflammation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1991; 34:894-903. [PMID: 2059236 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780340716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The physical interaction of particulates with resident mononuclear phagocytes is a consistent feature in certain forms of crystal-induced inflammation. In this study, we observed that monosodium urate crystals stimulated the rapid release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from monocytes, and that this activity steadily increased over 24 hours. Because the release of monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic activity was markedly diminished by pretreatment of the monocytes with cycloheximide, and was completely removed from conditioned media by adsorption to heparin-agarose, we addressed the possibility that monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin-8 (IL-8), a heparin-binding neutrophil-activating polypeptide, might modulate these activities. Urate crystal-induced IL-8 secretion from monocytes was verified by radioimmunoassay. In addition, an IL-8-specific antibody markedly inhibited the neutrophil-activating capacity of the conditioned media from monocytes activated by urate crystals, as well as by inflammatory silica crystals. Last, IL-8 was significantly increased in gouty synovial fluids (range 3.0-16.8 ng/ml, mean 8.4 ng/ml, n = 6) relative to osteoarthritic synovial fluids (range 1.1-1.7 ng/ml, mean 1.5 ng/ml, n = 6) (P = 0.006). We conclude that microcrystal-induced secretion of IL-8 by mononuclear phagocytes may mediate a number of forms of crystal-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Terkeltaub
- San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, CA 92161
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133
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di Giovine FS, Malawista SE, Thornton E, Duff GW. Urate crystals stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor alpha from human blood monocytes and synovial cells. Cytokine mRNA and protein kinetics, and cellular distribution. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:1375-81. [PMID: 2010550 PMCID: PMC295177 DOI: 10.1172/jci115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals of monosodium urate (MSU) provide a dose-dependent stimulus for the production by human blood monocytes of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine with proinflammatory properties; TNF activity was inhibited selectively by monoclonal antibody to TNF alpha. Biologically active cell-associated TNF activity peaked at 3 h and was exceeded at 6 h by extracellular activity, which peaked at 12-18 h. Comparable kinetics were observed with immunoreactive TNF alpha. TNF alpha mRNA accumulation in monocytes stimulated with MSU crystals appeared as a single peak at 2-4 h, kinetics compatible with rapid production of a short half-life transcript. In contrast, crystals of calcium pyrophosphate or of hydroxyapatite did not stimulate significant production of TNF or of message. Fresh tophaceous material from a patient with gout contained significant levels of TNF alpha and cells cultured from the tophus produced TNF alpha in vitro. In rheumatoid synovial cells, spontaneous release of TNF alpha was increased by in vitro exposure to MSU crystals. Taken together with earlier work, these results support an expanded view of gouty inflammation in which the crystal-stimulated production of cytokines provides a crucial link between crystal deposition and many of the clinical and pathological facts of both acute and chronic gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S di Giovine
- University Department of Medicine, Northern General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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134
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Terkeltaub RA, Dyer CA, Martin J, Curtiss LK. Apolipoprotein (apo) E inhibits the capacity of monosodium urate crystals to stimulate neutrophils. Characterization of intraarticular apo E and demonstration of apo E binding to urate crystals in vivo. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:20-6. [PMID: 1985096 PMCID: PMC294981 DOI: 10.1172/jci114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors that modulate the ability of monosodium urate crystals to stimulate leukocytes could regulate gouty inflammation. Lipoproteins that bear apo B-100 and apo E bind to urate crystals and suppress crystal-neutrophil interaction. In this study, we observed that urate crystals, coated with apo E of monocyte origin, had a diminished ability to stimulate neutrophils. Apo E was also detected on the surface of urate crystals recovered from gout patients. Thus, we analyzed apo E in noninflammatory synovial fluid, and found it to be associated with particles of heterogeneous size and of predominantly alpha and pre-beta electrophoretic mobility. Local articular synthesis of at least a portion of synovial fluid apo E was suggested because (a) the synovial fluid/plasma concentration ratio of apo E was significantly higher than that for both apo B and apo A-I, which are not widely synthesized by extrahepatic tissues, (b) cultured rheumatoid synovial cells in first passage secreted apo E, (c) a portion of synovial fluid apo E was heavily sialylated. We conclude that synovial fluids contain apo E that appears partly of local origin. Apo E binds to urate crystals and could modulate gouty inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Terkeltaub
- San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center, CA 92161
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135
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Bender S, Haubeck HD, Van de Leur E, Dufhues G, Schiel X, Lauwerijns J, Greiling H, Heinrich PC. Interleukin-1 beta induces synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6 in human chondrocytes. FEBS Lett 1990; 263:321-4. [PMID: 2335234 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81404-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been found in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and crystal-related joint diseases. It is therefore of great interest to identify the cells responsible for the production of IL-6, and to investigate whether IL-6 plays a role in the pathogenesis of degenerative or inflammatory joint diseases. Here we show that human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induces IL-6 synthesis and secretion in differentiated human chondrocytes. In organ cultures resembling closely the in vivo system 10(6) chondrocytes incubated with 100 units of interleukin-1 beta per ml of medium led to the release of 6 X 10(3) units of IL-6 within 24 h. Chondrocytes cultured in agarose or as monolayers similarly incubated with IL-1 beta produced even higher amounts of IL-6: 70 X 10(3) units per 10(6) cells within 24 h. The induction of IL-6 synthesis by IL-1 beta was also shown at the mRNA level. IL-6 secreted by stimulated chondrocytes showed heterogeneity upon Western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bender
- Institut für Biochemie, RWTH Aachen, FRG
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