101
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Lambruschini C, Basso A, Banfi L. Integrating biocatalysis and multicomponent reactions. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 29:3-9. [PMID: 30471671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While often multicomponent reactions (MCR) are used for the diversity-oriented synthesis of racemic (or achiral) molecular entities, this short review describes two alternative approaches for accessing enantiopure products exploiting the power of biocatalysis. Enzymes or microorganisms may be used for preparing enantiopure MCR inputs or for resolving racemic (or achiral) MCR adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lambruschini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Banfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31-16146, Genova, Italy.
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102
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Ao YF, Zhang LB, Wang QQ, Wang DX, Wang MX. Biocatalytic Desymmetrization of Prochiral 3-Aryl and 3-Arylmethyl Glutaramides: Different Remote Substituent Effect on Catalytic Efficiency and Enantioselectivity. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology; Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
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103
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Costa BZ, Galman JL, Slabu I, France SP, Marsaioli AJ, Turner NJ. Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Alkaloids via
A One-Pot Cascade Using Transaminase and Reductive Aminase Biocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Z. Costa
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
- Chemistry Institute; University of Campinas Rua Monteiro Lobato, 277. Barão Geraldo Campinas - SP.; 13083-970 Brazil
| | - James L. Galman
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Iustina Slabu
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Scott P. France
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Anita J. Marsaioli
- Chemistry Institute; University of Campinas Rua Monteiro Lobato, 277. Barão Geraldo Campinas - SP.; 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
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104
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Zhang Y, Yao P, Cui Y, Wu Q, Zhu D. One‐Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Cyclic Vicinal Diols from Aliphatic Dialdehydes via Intramolecular C−C Bond Formation and Carbonyl Reduction Using Pyruvate Decarboxylases and Alcohol Dehydrogenases. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 People's Republic of China Fax: (+86) 22-24828703
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 People's Republic of China Fax: (+86) 22-24828703
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 People's Republic of China Fax: (+86) 22-24828703
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 People's Republic of China Fax: (+86) 22-24828703
| | - Dunming Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin Airport Economic Area Tianjin 300308 People's Republic of China Fax: (+86) 22-24828703
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105
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Heine T, van Berkel WJH, Gassner G, van Pée KH, Tischler D. Two-Component FAD-Dependent Monooxygenases: Current Knowledge and Biotechnological Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7030042. [PMID: 30072664 PMCID: PMC6165268 DOI: 10.3390/biology7030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases create valuable compounds that are of high interest for the chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries, among others. Monooxygenases that use flavin as cofactor are either single- or two-component systems. Here we summarize the current knowledge about two-component flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenases and describe their biotechnological relevance. Two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases catalyze hydroxylation, epoxidation, and halogenation reactions and are physiologically involved in amino acid metabolism, mineralization of aromatic compounds, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The monooxygenase component of these enzymes is strictly dependent on reduced FAD, which is supplied by the reductase component. More and more representatives of two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenases have been discovered and characterized in recent years, which has resulted in the identification of novel physiological roles, functional properties, and a variety of biocatalytic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - George Gassner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz van Pée
- Allgemeine Biochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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106
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Henson AB, Gromski PS, Cronin L. Designing Algorithms To Aid Discovery by Chemical Robots. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:793-804. [PMID: 30062108 PMCID: PMC6062836 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, automated robotic systems have become very efficient, thanks to improved coupling between sensor systems and algorithms, of which the latter have been gaining significance thanks to the increase in computing power over the past few decades. However, intelligent automated chemistry platforms for discovery orientated tasks need to be able to cope with the unknown, which is a profoundly hard problem. In this Outlook, we describe how recent advances in the design and application of algorithms, coupled with the increased amount of chemical data available, and automation and control systems may allow more productive chemical research and the development of chemical robots able to target discovery. This is shown through examples of workflow and data processing with automation and control, and through the use of both well-used and cutting-edge algorithms illustrated using recent studies in chemistry. Finally, several algorithms are presented in relation to chemical robots and chemical intelligence for knowledge discovery.
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107
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Dong J, Fernández‐Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biocatalytic Oxidation Reactions: A Chemist's Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9238-9261. [PMID: 29573076 PMCID: PMC6099261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation chemistry using enzymes is approaching maturity and practical applicability in organic synthesis. Oxidoreductases (enzymes catalysing redox reactions) enable chemists to perform highly selective and efficient transformations ranging from simple alcohol oxidations to stereoselective halogenations of non-activated C-H bonds. For many of these reactions, no "classical" chemical counterpart is known. Hence oxidoreductases open up shorter synthesis routes based on a more direct access to the target products. The generally very mild reaction conditions may also reduce the environmental impact of biocatalytic reactions compared to classical counterparts. In this Review, we critically summarise the most important recent developments in the field of biocatalytic oxidation chemistry and identify the most pressing bottlenecks as well as promising solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Fernández‐Fueyo
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
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108
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Zhou Y, Wu S, Mao J, Li Z. Bioproduction of Benzylamine from Renewable Feedstocks via a Nine-Step Artificial Enzyme Cascade and Engineered Metabolic Pathways. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:2221-2228. [PMID: 29766662 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Production of chemicals from renewable feedstocks has been an important task for sustainable chemical industry. Although microbial fermentation has been widely employed to produce many biochemicals, it is still very challenging to access non-natural chemicals. Two methods (biotransformation and fermentation) have been developed for the first bio-derived synthesis of benzylamine, a commodity non-natural amine with broad applications. Firstly, a nine-step artificial enzyme cascade was designed by biocatalytic retrosynthetic analysis and engineered in recombinant E. coli LZ243. Biotransformation of l-phenylalanine (60 mm) with the E. coli cells produced benzylamine (42 mm) in 70 % conversion. Importantly, the cascade biotransformation was scaled up to 100 mL and benzylamine was successfully isolated in 57 % yield. Secondly, an artificial biosynthesis pathway to benzylamine from glucose was developed by combining the nine-step cascade with an enhanced l-phenylalanine synthesis pathway in cells. Fermentation with E. coli LZ249 gave benzylamine in 4.3 mm concentration from glucose. In addition, one-pot syntheses of several useful benzylamines from the easily available styrenes were achieved, representing a new type of alkene transformation by formal oxidative cleavage and reductive amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Jiwei Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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109
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Dong J, Fernández-Fueyo E, Hollmann F, Paul CE, Pesic M, Schmidt S, Wang Y, Younes S, Zhang W. Biokatalytische Oxidationsreaktionen - aus der Sicht eines Chemikers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Dong
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Milja Pesic
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Sabry Younes
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft Niederlande
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110
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Abstract
Directed evolution is a powerful technique for generating tailor-made enzymes for a wide range of biocatalytic applications. Following the principles of natural evolution, iterative cycles of mutagenesis and screening or selection are applied to modify protein properties, enhance catalytic activities, or develop completely new protein catalysts for non-natural chemical transformations. This review briefly surveys the experimental methods used to generate genetic diversity and screen or select for improved enzyme variants. Emphasis is placed on a key challenge, namely how to generate novel catalytic activities that expand the scope of natural reactions. Two particularly effective strategies, exploiting catalytic promiscuity and rational design, are illustrated by representative examples of successfully evolved enzymes. Opportunities for extending these approaches to more complex biocatalytic systems are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Zeymer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;,
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;,
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111
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Suveges NS, Rodriguez AA, Diederichs CC, de Souza SP, Leão RAC, Miranda LSM, Horta BAC, Pedraza SF, de Carvalho OV, Pais KC, Terra JHC, de Souza ROMA. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of (R
)-Propylene Carbonate: An Important Intermediate in the Synthesis of Tenofovir. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Suveges
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Anderson A. Rodriguez
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Carla C. Diederichs
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Stefania P. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Bruno A. C. Horta
- Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sérgio F. Pedraza
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Otavio V. de Carvalho
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Karla C. Pais
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - José H. C. Terra
- Distrito Industrial Duque de Caxias-Xerém; Nortec Química SA; Duque de Caxias 25250-612 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group; Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- School of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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112
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Evolution of Biocatalytic and Chemocatalytic C–H Functionalization Strategy in the Synthesis of Manzacidin C. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7407-7415. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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113
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Wohlgemuth R. Horizons of Systems Biocatalysis and Renaissance of Metabolite Synthesis. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700620. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- European Federation of Biotechnology; Section on Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB); Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25,Frankfurt am Main 60486 Germany
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25,Buchs 9470 Switzerland
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114
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Xu F, Kosjek B, Cabirol FL, Chen H, Desmond R, Park J, Gohel AP, Collier SJ, Smith DJ, Liu Z, Janey JM, Chung JYL, Alvizo O. Synthesis of Vibegron Enabled by a Ketoreductase Rationally Designed for High pH Dynamic Kinetic Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6863-6867. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Birgit Kosjek
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | | | - Haibin Chen
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | - Richard Desmond
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jeonghan Park
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Anupam P. Gohel
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | | | - Derek J. Smith
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jacob M. Janey
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - John Y. L. Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Oscar Alvizo
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
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115
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Xu F, Kosjek B, Cabirol FL, Chen H, Desmond R, Park J, Gohel AP, Collier SJ, Smith DJ, Liu Z, Janey JM, Chung JYL, Alvizo O. Synthesis of Vibegron Enabled by a Ketoreductase Rationally Designed for High pH Dynamic Kinetic Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Birgit Kosjek
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | | | - Haibin Chen
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | - Richard Desmond
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jeonghan Park
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Anupam P. Gohel
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | | | - Derek J. Smith
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Jacob M. Janey
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - John Y. L. Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, MRL; Merck & Co., Inc.; Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - Oscar Alvizo
- Codexis, Inc.; 200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City CA 94063 USA
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116
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Merging lithium carbenoid homologation and enzymatic reduction: A combinative approach to the HIV-protease inhibitor Nelfinavir. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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117
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Fu H, Zhang J, Saifuddin M, Cruiming G, Tepper PG, Poelarends GJ. Chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of the metallo-β-lactamase inhibitor aspergillomarasmine A and related aminocarboxylic acids. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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118
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Morrill C, Jensen C, Just-Baringo X, Grogan G, Turner NJ, Procter DJ. Biocatalytic Conversion of Cyclic Ketones Bearing α-Quaternary Stereocenters into Lactones in an Enantioselective Radical Approach to Medium-Sized Carbocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Morrill
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Chantel Jensen
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry; University of York, Heslington; York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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119
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Morrill C, Jensen C, Just-Baringo X, Grogan G, Turner NJ, Procter DJ. Biocatalytic Conversion of Cyclic Ketones Bearing α-Quaternary Stereocenters into Lactones in an Enantioselective Radical Approach to Medium-Sized Carbocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3692-3696. [PMID: 29393988 PMCID: PMC6055628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic ketones bearing α‐quaternary stereocenters underwent efficient kinetic resolution using cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Lactones possessing tetrasubstituted stereocenters were obtained with high enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) and complete chemoselectivity. Preparative‐scale biotransformations were exploited in conjunction with a SmI2‐mediated cyclization process to access complex, enantiomerically enriched cycloheptan‐ and cycloctan‐1,4‐diols. In a parallel approach to structurally distinct products, enantiomerically enriched ketones from the resolution with an α‐quaternary stereocenter were used in a SmI2‐mediated cyclization process to give cyclobutanol products (up to >99 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Morrill
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chantel Jensen
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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120
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Diefenbach XW, Farasat I, Guetschow ED, Welch CJ, Kennedy RT, Sun S, Moore JC. Enabling Biocatalysis by High-Throughput Protein Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1498-1508. [PMID: 30023807 PMCID: PMC6044804 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Directed Evolution is a key technology driving the utility of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical synthesis. Conventional approaches to Directed Evolution are conducted using bacterial cells expressing enzymes in microplates, with catalyzed reactions measured by HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), or optical detectors, which require either long cycle times or tailor-made substrates. To better fit modern, fast-paced process chemistry development where solutions are rapidly needed for new substrates, droplet microfluidics interfaced with electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS provides a label-free high-throughput screening platform. To apply this method to industrial enzyme screening and to explore potential approaches that may further improve the overall throughput, we optimized the existing droplet-MS methods. Carryover between droplets, traditionally a significant issue, was reduced to undetectable level by replacing the stainless steel ESI needle with a Teflon needle within a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS source. Throughput was improved to 3 Hz with a wide range of droplet sizes (10-50 nL) by tuning the sheath flow within the CE-MS source. The optimized method was demonstrated by screening reactions using two different transaminase libraries. Good correlations (r2 ∼ 0.95) were found between the droplet-MS and LC-MS methods, with 100% match on hit variants. We further explored the capability of the system by performing in vitro transcription-translation inside the droplets and directly analyzing the intact reaction mixture droplets by MS. The synthesized protein attained comparable activity to the protein standard, and the complex samples appeared well tolerated by the MS. The success of the above applications indicates that the MS analysis of the microfluidic droplets is an available option for considerably accelerating the screening of enzyme evolution libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue W. Diefenbach
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Iman Farasat
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik D. Guetschow
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
- Welch
Innovation, LLC., Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Merck
Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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122
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Zwick CR, Renata H. Remote C-H Hydroxylation by an α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Enables Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Manzacidin C and Proline Analogs. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1165-1169. [PMID: 29283572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective C-H functionalization at distal positions remains a highly challenging problem in organic synthesis. Though Nature has evolved a myriad of enzymes capable of such feat, their synthetic utility has largely been overlooked. Here, we functionally characterize an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (Fe/αKG) that selectively hydroxylates the δ position of various aliphatic amino acids. Kinetic analysis and substrate profiling of the enzyme show superior catalytic efficiency and substrate promiscuity relative to other Fe/αKGs that catalyze similar reactions. We demonstrate the practical utility of this transformation in the concise syntheses of a rare alkaloid, manzacidin C, and densely substituted amino acid derivatives with remarkable step efficiency. This work provides a blueprint for future applications of Fe/αKG hydroxylation in complex molecule synthesis and the development of powerful synthetic paradigms centered on enzymatic C-H functionalization logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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123
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Bornscheuer UT. The fourth wave of biocatalysis is approaching. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:rsta.2017.0063. [PMID: 29175831 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone a tremendous development in the past few years. A plethora of methods enable the rather rapid tailored-design of an enzyme for a targeted reaction such as asymmetric synthesis of a chiral building block by the combination of information from sequence and structure databases with modern molecular biology methods and high-throughput screening tools. Moreover, novel non-natural reactions could be implemented into protein scaffolds and new enzyme classes are emerging, both broadening the repertoire of reactions now available for organic synthesis. Furthermore, impressive examples of metabolic engineering-the combination of several newly introduced reaction steps in a microbial host-have been developed, paving the way for large-scale processes for both pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals. This contribution highlights recent developments in this area and points out future challenges.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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124
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Rowan MA. 10 Volumes of ChemCatChem
, a Cross Section of Catalysis Research from ChemPubSoc Europe. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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125
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Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Gröger H, Snajdrova R, Iding H, Bornscheuer UT. Opportunities and challenges for combining chemo- and biocatalysis. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-017-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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126
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Gomm A, O'Reilly E. Transaminases for chiral amine synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:106-112. [PMID: 29278779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amine transaminases are important biocatalysts for the synthesis of chiral primary amines. Unlike many enzymes that have been employed for the synthesis of optically active amines, amine transaminases are capable of asymmetric synthesis and do not rely on costly cofactors that must be regenerated in situ. However, their application as general catalysts for the preparation of amines is hampered by a limited substrate scope, substrate and (co)product inhibition and difficulties associated with displacing challenging reaction equilibrium. There has been important progress made to overcome these challenges, including the development of enzymes with broader substrate scope and the design of methodology to effectively displace the reaction equilibrium. Amine transaminases are also being applied in an increasing range of (chemo)enzymatic cascades and immobilized for applications in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gomm
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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127
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Muelheim Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Philipps-University; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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128
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France SP, Aleku GA, Sharma M, Mangas-Sanchez J, Howard RM, Steflik J, Kumar R, Adams RW, Slabu I, Crook R, Grogan G, Wallace TW, Turner NJ. Biocatalytic Routes to Enantiomerically Enriched Dibenz[c
,e
]azepines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. France
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M17DN UK
| | - Godwin A. Aleku
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M17DN UK
| | - Mahima Sharma
- York Structural Biology Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M17DN UK
| | - Roger M. Howard
- Groton Laboratories; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; 445 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
- Sandwich Laboratories; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; Discovery Park Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | - Jeremy Steflik
- Groton Laboratories; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; 445 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Groton Laboratories; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; 445 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Iustina Slabu
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M17DN UK
| | - Robert Crook
- Sandwich Laboratories; Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development; Discovery Park Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of York; Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester M17DN UK
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129
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France SP, Aleku GA, Sharma M, Mangas-Sanchez J, Howard RM, Steflik J, Kumar R, Adams RW, Slabu I, Crook R, Grogan G, Wallace TW, Turner NJ. Biocatalytic Routes to Enantiomerically Enriched Dibenz[c,e]azepines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15589-15593. [PMID: 29024400 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic retrosynthetic analysis of dibenz[c,e]azepines has highlighted the use of imine reductase (IRED) and ω-transaminase (ω-TA) biocatalysts to establish the key stereocentres of these molecules. Several enantiocomplementary IREDs were identified for the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-5-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c,e]azepine with excellent enantioselectivity, by reduction of the parent imines. Crystallographic evidence suggests that IREDs may be able to bind one conformer of the imine substrate such that, upon reduction, the major product conformer is generated directly. ω-TA biocatalysts were also successfully employed for the production of enantiopure 1-(2-bromophenyl)ethan-1-amine, thus enabling an orthogonal route for the installation of chirality into dibenz[c,e]azepine framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P France
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M17DN, UK
| | - Godwin A Aleku
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M17DN, UK
| | - Mahima Sharma
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Juan Mangas-Sanchez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M17DN, UK
| | - Roger M Howard
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.,Sandwich Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Jeremy Steflik
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Ralph W Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Iustina Slabu
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M17DN, UK
| | - Robert Crook
- Sandwich Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Timothy W Wallace
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M17DN, UK
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130
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Milker S, Fink MJ, Oberleitner N, Ressmann AK, Bornscheuer UT, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F. Kinetic Modeling of an Enzymatic Redox Cascade In Vivo Reveals Bottlenecks Caused by Cofactors. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Milker
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael J. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; 12 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Nikolin Oberleitner
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Anna K. Ressmann
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis; Greifswald University; Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC 1060 Vienna Austria
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