101
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Warming and temperature variability determine the performance of two invertebrate predators. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6780. [PMID: 32321937 PMCID: PMC7176636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a warming ocean, temperature variability imposes intensified peak stress, but offers periods of stress release. While field observations on organismic responses to heatwaves are emerging, experimental evidence is rare and almost lacking for shorter-scale environmental variability. For two major invertebrate predators, we simulated sinusoidal temperature variability (±3 °C) around todays' warm summer temperatures and around a future warming scenario (+4 °C) over two months, based on high-resolution 15-year temperature data that allowed implementation of realistic seasonal temperature shifts peaking midpoint. Warming decreased sea stars' (Asterias rubens) energy uptake (Mytilus edulis consumption) and overall growth. Variability around the warming scenario imposed additional stress onto Asterias leading to an earlier collapse in feeding under sinusoidal fluctuations. High-peak temperatures prevented feeding, which was not compensated during phases of stress release (low-temperature peaks). In contrast, increased temperatures increased feeding on Mytilus but not growth rates of the recent invader Hemigrapsus takanoi, irrespective of the scale at which temperature variability was imposed. This study highlights species-specific impacts of warming and identifies temperature variability at the scale of days to weeks/months as important driver of thermal responses. When species' thermal limits are exceeded, temperature variability represents an additional source of stress as seen from future warming scenarios.
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102
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Suarez-Bregua P, Pérez-Figueroa A, Hernández-Urcera J, Morán P, Rotllant J. Temperature-independent genome-wide DNA methylation profile in turbot post-embryonic development. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102483. [PMID: 32125973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and biological characteristics of ectothermic vertebrates are known to be strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation have been reported to contribute to the phenotypic plasticity observed in vertebrates in response to environmental changes. Additionally, DNA methylation is a dynamic process that occurs throughout vertebrate ontogeny and it has been associated with the activation and silencing of gene expression during post-embryonic development and metamorphosis. In this study, we investigated genome-wide DNA methylation profiles during turbot metamorphosis, as well as the epigenetic effects of temperature on turbot post-embryonic development. Fish growth and rates of development were greatly affected by rearing temperature. Thus, turbot raised at ambient temperature (18 °C) achieved greater body weights and progressed through development more quickly than those reared at a colder temperature (14 °C). Genome-wide DNA methylation dynamics analyzed via a methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique were not significantly different between animals reared within the two different thermal environments. Furthermore, comparisons between phenotypically similar fish revealed that genome-wide DNA methylation profiles do not necessarily correlate with specific developmental stages in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suarez-Bregua
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - A Pérez-Figueroa
- Dep. Bioquímica, Xenética e Inmunoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Univ. Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Hernández-Urcera
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Vigo, Spain
| | - P Morán
- Dep. Bioquímica, Xenética e Inmunoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - J Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Research (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
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103
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Wang M, Chen K, Guo D, Luo B, Wang W, Gao H, Liu Y, Feng J. Ambient temperature correlates with geographic variation in body size of least horseshoe bats. Curr Zool 2020; 66:459-465. [PMID: 33293926 PMCID: PMC7705506 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic variation in body size is common within many animal species. The causes of this pattern, however, remain largely unexplored in most vertebrate groups. Bats are widely distributed globally owing to their ability of powered flight. Most bat species encounter a variety of climatic conditions across their distribution range, making them an ideal taxon for the study of ecogeographic patterns in body size. Here, we used adult least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus, to test whether geographic variation in body size was determined by heat conservation, heat dissipation, climatic seasonality, or primary productivity. We measured body mass and head-body length for 246 adult bats from 12 allopatric colonies in China. We quantified the ecological conditions inhabited by each colony, including mean maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and annual net primary productivity (ANPP). Body mass and head-body length, 2 of the most reliable indicators of body size, exhibited marked differences between colonies. After controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month explained most of the variation in body size among colonies, regardless of sex. The mean maximum temperature, climatic seasonality, and ANPP had limited power in predicting body size of males or females in comparison with mean minimum temperature. These results support the heat conservation hypothesis and suggest adaptive responses of body size to cold climates in cave-dwelling bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Kelly Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dongge Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Bo Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Huimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of Education, China West Normal University, 1# Shida Road, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China.,College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng street, Changchun 130118, China
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104
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Ibargüengoytía NR, Kubisch E, Cabezas-Cartes F, Fernández JB, Duran F, Piantoni C, Medina MS, Sinervo B. Effects of Acute and Chronic Environmental Disturbances on Lizards of Patagonia. NATURAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES OF PATAGONIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42752-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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105
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Pallarés S, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Colado R, Balart-García P, Comas J, Sánchez-Fernández D. Beyond survival experiments: using biomarkers of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to assess vulnerability of subterranean fauna to climate change. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa067. [PMID: 34504711 PMCID: PMC7437362 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessments of species vulnerability to climate change need to consider the physiological capacity of organisms to deal with temperature changes and identify early signs of thermally induced stress. Oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase activity are useful proxies of stress at the cellular and nervous system level. Such responses are especially relevant for poor dispersal organisms with limited capacity for behavioural thermoregulation, like deep subterranean species. We combined experimental measurements of upper lethal thermal limits, acclimation capacity and biomarkers of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity to assess the impact of heat stress (20°C) at different exposure times (2 and 7 days) on the Iberian endemic subterranean beetle Parvospeonomus canyellesi. Survival response (7 days of exposure) was similar to that reported for other subterranean specialist beetles (high survival up to 20°C but no above 23°C). However, a low physiological plasticity (i.e. incapacity to increase heat tolerance via acclimation) and signs of impairment at the cellular and nervous system level were observed after 7 days of exposure at 20°C. Such sublethal effects were identified by significant differences in total antioxidant capacity, glutathione S-transferase activity, the ratio of reduced to oxidized forms of glutathione and acetylcholinesterase activity between the control (cave temperature) and 20°C treatment. At 2 days of exposure, most biomarker values indicated some degree of oxidative stress in both the control and high-temperature treatment, likely reflecting an initial altered physiological status associated to factors other than temperature. Considering these integrated responses and the predicted increase in temperature in its unique locality, P. canyellesi would have a narrower thermal safety margin to face climate change than that obtained considering only survival experiments. Our results highlight the importance of exploring thermally sensitive processes at different levels of biological organization to obtain more accurate estimates of the species capacity to face climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pallarés
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, Toledo, 45071, Spain
- Corresponding author: Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Juan C Sanchez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, Toledo, 45071, Spain
| | - Raquel Colado
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, Toledo, 45071, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Pau Balart-García
- Water and cave beetle evolution Lab, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37 Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jordi Comas
- Departamento de Artrópodos, Museu de Ciències Naturals, Parc del Fòrum, Plaza Leonardo da Vinci 4-5 Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, Toledo, 45071, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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106
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Boyers M, Parrini F, Owen-Smith N, Erasmus BFN, Hetem RS. How free-ranging ungulates with differing water dependencies cope with seasonal variation in temperature and aridity. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz064. [PMID: 31723430 PMCID: PMC6839429 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large mammals respond to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation by behavioural and physiological flexibility. These responses are likely to differ between species with differing water dependencies. We used biologgers to contrast the seasonal differences in activity patterns, microclimate selection, distance to potential water source and body temperature of the water-independent gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella) and water-dependent blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), free-living in the arid Kalahari region of Botswana. Gemsbok were more active nocturnally during the hot seasons than in the cold-dry season, while wildebeest showed no seasonal difference in their nocturnal activity level. Both species similarly selected shaded microclimates during the heat of the day, particularly during the hot seasons. Wildebeest were further than 10 km from surface water 30% or more of the time, while gemsbok were frequently recorded >20 km from potential water sources. In general, both species showed similar body temperature variation with high maximum 24-h body temperature when conditions were hot and low minimum 24-h body temperatures when conditions were dry, resulting in the largest amplitude of 24-h body temperature rhythm during the hot-dry period. Wildebeest thus coped almost as well as gemsbok with the fairly typical seasonal conditions that occurred during our study period. They do need to access surface water and may travel long distances to do so when local water sources become depleted during drought conditions. Thus, perennial water sources should be provided judiciously and only where essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Boyers
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francesca Parrini
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Norman Owen-Smith
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Barend F N Erasmus
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
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107
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Going K, Wilcoxen TE. Innate immunity and antioxidant costs of low temperatures in native green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) and invasive tropical Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1893/0005-3155-89.4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Going
- Biology Department, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois 62522
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108
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Feeling the heat: Extreme temperatures compromise constitutive innate humoral immunity and skin color in a desert dwelling lizard. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:142-149. [PMID: 31331512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental temperature, particularly in habitats with extreme temperature fluctuations, may shape selection pressures on life history traits. Especially in ectotherms, temperature affects performance, physiology, and in some species, skin color. Skin color can be a sexual ornament signaling the bearer's ability to resist infections, when only high-quality individuals are able to invest both in high immune defense and elaborate ornament expression. However, how the information content of these sexual traits may vary with environmental conditions has been less studied. Dickerson's collared lizard (Crotaphytus dickersonae) males are blue and have a black and white collar. This conspicuous coloration signals performance and immune response, and is related to body temperature. Here, by maintaining males at higher, lower, and mean environmental temperatures we evaluated whether temperature variation influences color and constitutive innate humoral immunity (agglutination and lysis titers, estimated through hemolysis-hemagglutination assays), and whether extreme temperatures impose trade-offs between color and humoral immunity. We found that at low and high temperature treatments males had lower agglutination and lysis titers, and at low temperature, blue chroma from the dorsum declined and males became greener. Interestingly, at low and control temperature treatments, agglutination titer and blue coloration were positively correlated, whereas high temperatures revealed a trade-off between increasing agglutination titers and displaying bluer skin color. Our results suggest that in the Dickerson collared lizard even short-term variation of environmental temperature affects performance of constitutive innate humoral immunity and the brilliant blue skin color. Particularly, high temperatures may compromise some components of male's immunity and sexual signaling.
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109
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Veldhuis MP, Kihwele ES, Cromsigt JPGM, Ogutu JO, Hopcraft JGC, Owen-Smith N, Olff H. Large herbivore assemblages in a changing climate: incorporating water dependence and thermoregulation. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1536-1546. [PMID: 31332945 PMCID: PMC6851681 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of different species of large herbivores (ungulates) in grasslands and savannas has fascinated ecologists for decades. However, changes in climate, land‐use and trophic structure of ecosystems increasingly jeopardise the persistence of such diverse assemblages. Body size has been used successfully to explain ungulate niche differentiation with regard to food requirements and predation sensitivity. But this single trait axis insufficiently captures interspecific differences in water requirements and thermoregulatory capacity and thus sensitivity to climate change. Here, we develop a two‐dimensional trait space of body size and minimum dung moisture content that characterises the combined food and water requirements of large herbivores. From this, we predict that increased spatial homogeneity in water availability in drylands reduces the number of ungulate species that will coexist. But we also predict that extreme droughts will cause the larger, water‐dependent grazers as wildebeest, zebra and buffalo–dominant species in savanna ecosystems – to be replaced by smaller, less water‐dependent species. Subsequently, we explore how other constraints such as predation risk and thermoregulation are connected to this two‐dimensional framework. Our novel framework integrates multiple simultaneous stressors for herbivores and yields an extensive set of testable hypotheses about the expected changes in large herbivore community composition following climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Veldhuis
- University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Princeton University, 106A Guyot Ln, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E S Kihwele
- University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Tanzania National Parks, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - J P G M Cromsigt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden.,Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.,Environmental Sciences group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J O Ogutu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, Fruwirthstrasse 23, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - N Owen-Smith
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - H Olff
- University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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110
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Lu DL, Ma Q, Sun SX, Zhang H, Chen LQ, Zhang ML, Du ZY. Reduced oxidative stress increases acute cold stress tolerance in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 235:166-173. [PMID: 31220619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress is a major threat to fish in both nature and aquaculture, and can induce oxidative stress in various fish. While the exact role of oxidative stress in cold-caused mortality is still unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress on cold tolerance in fish and verify whether changing oxidative status could affect cold tolerance. We firstly demonstrated that acute cold exposure induced high oxidative stress in zebrafish liver, which may lead to mortality. Then we performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to determine the effects of the altered oxidative status on cold tolerance in zebrafish and zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL), respectively. In the in vivo study, the zebrafish which were fed with α-lipoic acid or reduced glutathione had lower cold-caused oxidative stress and tissues damage, and showed higher cold tolerance. In the experiment using zebrafish cells, increasing oxidative stress by H2O2 decreased the cellular cold tolerance, and the cold tolerance was partly recovered when oxidative stress was reduced by the addition of Vitamin C (VC). Taken together, we conclude that the reduction of oxidative stress increases cold tolerance in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Liang Lu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiang Ma
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Sun
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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111
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Hume T, Geiser F, Currie SE, Körtner G, Stawski C. Responding to the weather: energy budgeting by a small mammal in the wild. Curr Zool 2019; 66:15-20. [PMID: 32467700 PMCID: PMC7245004 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy conservation is paramount for small mammals because of their small size, large surface area to volume ratio, and the resultant high heat loss to the environment. To survive on limited food resources and to fuel their expensive metabolism during activity, many small mammals employ daily torpor to reduce energy expenditure during the rest phase. We hypothesized that a small terrestrial semelparous marsupial, the brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii, would maximize activity when foraging conditions were favorable to gain fat reserves before their intense breeding period, but would increase torpor use when conditions were poor to conserve these fat reserves. Female antechinus were trapped and implanted with small temperature-sensitive radio transmitters to record body temperature and to quantify torpor expression and activity patterns in the wild. Most antechinus used torpor at least once per day over the entire study period. Total daily torpor use increased and mean daily body temperature decreased significantly with a reduction in minimum ambient temperature. Interestingly, antechinus employed less torpor on days with more rain and decreasing barometric pressure. In contrast to torpor expression, activity was directly related to ambient temperature and inversely related to barometric pressure. Our results reveal that antechinus use a flexible combination of physiology and behavior that can be adjusted to manage their energy budget according to weather variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hume
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Fritz Geiser
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shannon E Currie
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, Berlin, 10315, Germany
| | - Gerhard Körtner
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Clare Stawski
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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112
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Geiser F, Wen J, Sukhchuluun G, Chi QS, Wang DH. Precocious Torpor in an Altricial Mammal and the Functional Implications of Heterothermy During Development. Front Physiol 2019; 10:469. [PMID: 31068837 PMCID: PMC6491829 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammals and birds are altricial, small and naked at birth/hatching. They attain endothermic thermoregulation at a fraction of their adult size at a vulnerable stage with high heat loss when many could profit from using torpor for energy conservation. Nevertheless, detailed data on the interrelations between torpor expression and development of endothermic thermoregulation are currently restricted to <0.1% of extant endotherms. We investigated at what age and body mass (BM) desert hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii), wild-caught in Inner Mongolia and born in autumn/early winter when environmental temperatures in the wild begin to decrease, are able to defend their body temperature (Tb) at an ambient temperature (Ta) of ∼21°C and how soon thereafter they could express torpor. Measurements of surface temperatures via infrared thermometer and thermal camera show that although neonate hamsters (BM 0.9 ± 0.1 g) cooled rapidly to near Ta, already on day 15 (BM 5.5 ± 0.2 g) they could defend a high and constant Tb. As soon as day 16 (BM 5.8 ± 0.2 g), when their maximum activity metabolism (measured as oxygen consumption) approached maxima measured in vertebrates, animals were able to enter torpor for several hours with a reduction of metabolism by >90%, followed by endothermic arousal. Over the next weeks, torpor depth and duration decreased together with a reduction in resting metabolic rate at Ta 30–32°C. Our data show that development of endothermy and torpor expression in this altricial hamster is extremely fast. The results suggest that precocious torpor by juvenile hamsters in autumn and winter is an important survival tool in their vast and harsh Asian desert habitats, but likely also for many other small mammals and birds worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Geiser
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gansukh Sukhchuluun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Mammalian Ecology Laboratory, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Qing-Sheng Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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113
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Rantala R, Chaillou T. Mild hypothermia affects the morphology and impairs glutamine-induced anabolic response in human primary myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C101-C110. [PMID: 30917033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00008.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The specific impact of reduced temperature on skeletal muscle adaptation has been poorly investigated. Cold water immersion, one situation leading to decreased skeletal muscle temperature, is commonly proposed to reduce the perception of fatigue and muscle soreness after strenuous exercise. In contrast, it may impair long-term benefits of resistance exercise training on muscle strength and hypertrophy. To date, the physiological factors responsible for this blunted muscle adaptation remain unclear. Here, we used a cell culture model of human primary myotubes to specifically investigate the intrinsic behavior of muscle cells during mild hypothermia (MH). Newly formed myotubes were exposed to either 37°C or 32°C to evaluate the effect of MH on myotube size and morphology, protein synthesis, and anabolic signaling. We also compared the glutamine (GLUT)-induced hypertrophic response between myotubes incubated at 32°C or 37°C. We showed that 48 h exposure to MH altered the cellular morphology (greater myotube area, shorter myosegments, myotubes with irregular shape) and impaired GLUT-induced myotube hypertrophy. Moreover, MH specifically reduced protein synthesis at 8 h. This result may be explained by an altered regulation of ribosome biogenesis, as evidenced by a lower expression of 45S pre-ribosomal RNA and MYC protein, and a lower total RNA concentration. Furthermore, MH blunted GLUT-induced increase in protein synthesis at 8 h, a finding consistent with an impaired activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MH impairs the morphology of human myotubes and alters the hypertrophic response to GLUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rantala
- Department of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Department of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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114
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González Durán E, Cuaya MP, Gutiérrez MV, León JA. Effects of Temperature and pH on the Oxidative Stress of Benthic Marine Invertebrates. BIOL BULL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359018660019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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115
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Delhey K, Dale J, Valcu M, Kempenaers B. Reconciling ecogeographical rules: rainfall and temperature predict global colour variation in the largest bird radiation. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:726-736. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
| | - James Dale
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences; Massey University; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Mihai Valcu
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Seewiesen Germany
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116
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Lazzeroni ME, Burbrink FT, Simmons NB. Hibernation in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) did not evolve through positive selection of leptin. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12576-12596. [PMID: 30619566 PMCID: PMC6308895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature regulation is an indispensable physiological activity critical for animal survival. However, relatively little is known about the origin of thermoregulatory regimes in a phylogenetic context, or the genetic mechanisms driving the evolution of these regimes. Using bats as a study system, we examined the evolution of three thermoregulatory regimes (hibernation, daily heterothermy, and homeothermy) in relation to the evolution of leptin, a protein implicated in regulation of torpor bouts in mammals, including bats. A threshold model was used to test for a correlation between lineages with positively selected lep, the gene encoding leptin, and the thermoregulatory regimes of those lineages. Although evidence for episodic positive selection of lep was found, positive selection was not correlated with lineages of heterothermic bats, a finding that contradicts results from previous studies. Evidence from our ancestral state reconstructions suggests that the most recent common ancestor of bats used daily heterothermy and that the presence of hibernation is highly unlikely at this node. Hibernation likely evolved independently at least four times in bats-once in the common ancestor of Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, once in the clade containing Rhinolophidae and Rhinopomatidae, and again independently in the lineages leading to Taphozous melanopogon and Mystacina tuberculata. Our reconstructions revealed that thermoregulatory regimes never transitioned directly from hibernation to homeothermy, or the reverse, in the evolutionary history of bats. This, in addition to recent evidence that heterothermy is best described along a continuum, suggests that thermoregulatory regimes in mammals are best represented as an ordered continuous trait (homeothermy ← → daily torpor ← → hibernation) rather than as the three discrete regimes that evolve in an unordered fashion. These results have important implications for methodological approaches in future physiological and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of MammalogyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
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117
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de Bruijn R, Romero LM. The role of glucocorticoids in the vertebrate response to weather. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 269:11-32. [PMID: 30012539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the environment related to inclement weather can threaten survival and reproductive success both through direct adverse exposure and indirectly by decreasing food availability. Glucocorticoids, released during activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as part of the stress response, are an important candidate for linking vertebrate coping mechanisms to weather. This review attempts to determine if there is a consensus response of glucocorticoids to exposure to weather-related stimuli, including food availability, precipitation, temperature and barometric pressure. The included studies cover field and laboratory studies for all vertebrate taxa, and are separated into four exposure periods, e.g., hours, days, weeks and months. Each reported result was assigned a score based on the glucocorticoid response, e.g., increased, no change, or decreased. Short-term exposure to weather-related stimuli, of up to 24 h, is generally associated with increased glucocorticoids (79% of studies), suggesting that these stimuli are perceived as stressors by most animals. In contrast, the pattern for exposures longer than 24 h shows more variation, even though a majority of studies still report an increase (64%). Lack of glucocorticoid increases appeared to result from instances where: (1) prolonged exposure was a predictable part of the life history of an animal; (2) environmental context was important for the ultimate effect of a stimulus (e.g., precipitation limited food availability in one environment, but increased food in another); (3) prolonged exposure induced chronic stress; and (4) long-term responses appeared to reflect adaptations to seasonal shifts, instead of to short-term weather. However, there is a strong bias towards studies in domesticated laboratory species and wild animals held in captivity, indicating a need for field studies, especially in reptiles and amphibians. In conclusion, the accumulated literature supports the hypothesis that glucocorticoids can serve as the physiological mechanism promoting fitness during inclement weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert de Bruijn
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - L Michael Romero
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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118
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Cold survival strategies for bacteria, recent advancement and potential industrial applications. Arch Microbiol 2018; 201:1-16. [PMID: 30478730 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms have evolved themselves to thrive under various extreme environmental conditions such as extremely high or low temperature, alkalinity, and salinity. These microorganisms adapted several metabolic processes to survive and reproduce efficiently under such extreme environments. As the major proportion of earth is covered with the cold environment and is exploited by human beings, these sites are not pristine anymore. Human interventions are a great reason for disturbing the natural biogeochemical cycles in these regions. The survival strategies of these organisms have shown great potential for helping us to restore these pristine sites and the use of isolated cold-adapted enzymes from these organisms has also revolutionized various industrial products. This review gives you the insight of psychrophilic enzyme adaptations and their industrial applications.
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119
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See-Too WS, Convey P, Pearce DA, Chan KG. Characterization of a novel N-acylhomoserine lactonase, AidP, from Antarctic Planococcus sp. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:179. [PMID: 30445965 PMCID: PMC6240239 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) are well-studied signalling molecules produced by some Gram-negative Proteobacteria for bacterial cell-to-cell communication or quorum sensing. We have previously demonstrated the degradation of AHLs by an Antarctic bacterium, Planococcus versutus L10.15T, at low temperature through the production of an AHL lactonase. In this study, we cloned the AHL lactonase gene and characterized the purified novel enzyme. RESULTS Rapid resolution liquid chromatography analysis indicated that purified AidP possesses high AHL-degrading activity on unsubstituted, and 3-oxo substituted homoserine lactones. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that AidP functions as an AHL lactonase that hydrolyzes the ester bond of the homoserine lactone ring of AHLs. Multiple sequence alignment analysis and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the aidP gene encodes a novel AHL lactonase enzyme. The amino acid composition analysis of aidP and the homologous genes suggested that it might be a cold-adapted enzyme, however, the optimum temperature is 28 °C, even though the thermal stability is low (reduced drastically above 32 °C). Branch-site analysis of several aidP genes of Planococcus sp. branch on the phylogenetic trees also showed evidence of episodic positive selection of the gene in cold environments. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effects of covalent and ionic bonding, showing that Zn2+ is important for activity of AidP in vivo. The pectinolytic inhibition assay confirmed that this enzyme attenuated the pathogenicity of the plant pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum in Chinese cabbage. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that AidP is effective in attenuating the pathogenicity of P. carotovorum, a plant pathogen that causes soft-rot disease. This anti-quorum sensing agent is an enzyme with low thermal stability that degrades the bacterial signalling molecules (AHLs) that are produced by many pathogens. Since the enzyme is most active below human body temperature (below 28 °C), and lose its activity drastically above 32 °C, the results of a pectinolytic inhibition assay using Chinese cabbage indicated the potential of this anti-quorum sensing agent to be safely applied in the field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wah Seng See-Too
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- National Antarctic Research Centre, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peter Convey
- National Antarctic Research Centre, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
| | - David A Pearce
- National Antarctic Research Centre, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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120
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Pavlovic G, Weston MA, Symonds MRE. Morphology and geography predict the use of heat conservation behaviours across birds. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Pavlovic
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Michael A. Weston
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew R. E. Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
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121
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Debecker S, Stoks R. Pace of life syndrome under warming and pollution: integrating life history, behavior, and physiology across latitudes. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Debecker
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
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122
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Halsey LG. Keeping Slim When Food Is Abundant: What Energy Mechanisms Could Be at Play? Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:745-753. [PMID: 30241777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic in humans is juxtaposed by observations of passerine birds exhibiting fine-scale body mass regulation. The ecology literature is replete with research into why these animals regulate body weight, citing tradeoffs between competing pressures such as emaciation and predation. Yet studies on the underlying mechanisms of mass regulation in these animals are scarce. Maintaining or decreasing weight could obviously be achieved by limiting food intake. However, there are numerous reasons why an animal may not control ingestion, at least precisely. This Opinion article investigates the plausibility of possible behavioural and physiological mechanisms to adaptively maintain or decrease body mass in birds and other animals. Candidate behavioural mechanisms include exercising and fidgeting, while physiological mechanisms could include reducing digestive efficiency or mitochondrial efficiency.
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123
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O'Connor RS, Smit B, Talbot WA, Gerson AR, Brigham RM, Wolf BO, McKechnie AE. Avian thermoregulation in the heat: is evaporative cooling more economical in nocturnal birds? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.181420. [PMID: 29950448 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.181420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Evaporative cooling is a prerequisite for avian occupancy of hot, arid environments, and is the only avenue of heat dissipation when air temperatures (Ta) exceed body temperature (Tb). Whereas diurnal birds can potentially rehydrate throughout the day, nocturnal species typically forgo drinking between sunrise and sunset. We hypothesized that nocturnal birds have evolved reduced rates of evaporative water loss (EWL) and more economical evaporative cooling mechanisms compared with diurnal species, permitting nocturnal species to tolerate extended periods of intense heat without becoming lethally dehydrated. We used phylogenetically informed regressions to compare EWL and evaporative cooling efficiency [ratio of evaporative heat loss (EHL) and metabolic heat production (MHP); EHL/MHP] among nocturnal and diurnal birds at high Ta We analyzed variation in three response variables: (1) slope of EWL at Ta between 40 and 46°C, (2) EWL at Ta=46°C and (3) EHL/MHP at Ta=46°C. Nocturnality emerged as a weak, negative predictor, with nocturnal species having slightly shallower slopes and reduced EWL compared with diurnal species of similar mass. In contrast, nocturnal activity was positively correlated with EHL/MHP, indicating a greater capacity for evaporative cooling in nocturnal birds. However, our analysis also revealed conspicuous differences among nocturnal taxa. Caprimulgids and Australian owlet-nightjars had shallower slopes and reduced EWL compared with similarly sized diurnal species, whereas owls had EWL rates comparable to those of diurnal species. Consequently, our results did not unequivocally demonstrate more economical cooling among nocturnal birds. Owls predominately select refugia with cooler microclimates, but the more frequent and intense heat waves forecast for the 21st century may increase microclimate temperatures and the necessity for active heat dissipation, potentially increasing owls' vulnerability to dehydration and hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S O'Connor
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Ben Smit
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - William A Talbot
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, Albuquerque, NM 847131-0001, USA
| | - Alexander R Gerson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - R Mark Brigham
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Blair O Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03-2020, Albuquerque, NM 847131-0001, USA
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa .,South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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124
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Leiva FP, Garcés C, Verberk WCEP, Care M, Paschke K, Gebauer P. Differences in the respiratory response to temperature and hypoxia across four life-stages of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes laevigatus. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:146. [PMID: 30220736 PMCID: PMC6132507 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For aquatic breathers, hypoxia and warming can act synergistically causing a mismatch between oxygen supply (reduced by hypoxia) and oxygen demand (increased by warming). The vulnerability of these species to such interactive effects may differ during ontogeny due to differing gas exchange systems. This study examines respiratory responses to temperature and hypoxia across four life-stages of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes laevigatus. Eggs, megalopae, juveniles and adults were exposed to combinations of temperatures from 6 to 18 °C and oxygen tensions from 2 to 21 kPa. Metabolic rates differed strongly across life-stages which could be partly attributed to differences in body mass. However, eggs exhibited significantly lower metabolic rates than predicted for their body mass. For the other three stages, metabolic rates scaled with a mass exponent of 0.89. Mass scaling exponents were similar across all temperatures, but were significantly influenced by oxygen tension (the highest at 9 and 14 kPa, and the lowest at 2 kPa). Respiratory responses across gradients of oxygen tension were used to calculate the response to hypoxia, whereby eggs, megalopae and juveniles responded as oxyconformers and adults as oxyregulators. The thermal sensitivity of the metabolic rates (Q10) were dependent on the oxygen tension in megalopae, and also on the interaction between oxygen tension and temperature intervals in adults. Our results thus provide evidence on how the oxygen tension can modulate the mass dependence of metabolic rates and demonstrate changes in respiratory control from eggs to adults. In light of our results indicating that adults show a good capacity for maintaining metabolism independent of oxygen tension, our study highlights the importance of assessing responses to multiple stressors across different life-stages to determine how vulnerability to warming and hypoxia changes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P. Leiva
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cristóbal Garcés
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Macarena Care
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kurt Paschke
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paulina Gebauer
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
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125
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miRNAs regulate acute transcriptional changes in broiler embryos in response to modification of incubation temperature. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11371. [PMID: 30054505 PMCID: PMC6063901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators that play critical roles in diverse biological processes. We hypothesize that miRNAs may be involved in regulating transcriptome responses to changes in embryonic incubation temperature in chickens affecting differentiation and proliferation processes during tissue development. Therefore, we conducted comparative transcriptome profiling of miRNAs to examine altered expression in breast and hind muscle of embryos and day 35 chickens experiencing high (38.8 °C), control (37.8 °C), or low (36.8 °C) embryonic incubation temperature during embryonic day (ED) 7–10 or ED10–13. The results revealed differential expression of miRNAs due to modification of embryonic incubation temperature in a muscle type-specific and a developmental stage-specific manner. The immediate effects of thermal change observed in embryos were substantial compared to the subtle long-term effects in chickens at day 35 post-hatch. Upregulation of miR-133 in breast muscle and downregulation of miR-199a-5p, miR-1915, and miR-638 in hind muscle post ED7–10 high-temperature treatment are functionally associated with myogenesis and body size. ED10–13 low-temperature treatment led to downregulation of let-7, miR-93, and miR-130c that are related to proliferation and differentiation. The results provide insight into the dynamics of miRNA expression at variable embryonic incubation temperatures during developmental processes and indicate a major regulatory role of miRNAs in acute responses to modified environmental conditions that affect remodelling of cells and tissues.
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126
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Kafle P, Peacock SJ, Grond S, Orsel K, Kutz S. Temperature-dependent development and freezing survival of protostrongylid nematodes of Arctic ungulates: implications for transmission. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:400. [PMID: 29986762 PMCID: PMC6038258 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis and Varestrongylus eleguneniensis are two potentially pathogenic lungworms of caribou and muskoxen in the Canadian Arctic. These parasites are currently undergoing northward range expansion at differential rates. It is hypothesized that their invasion and spread to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are in part driven by climate warming. However, very little is known regarding their physiological ecology, limiting our ability to parameterize ecological models to test these hypotheses and make meaningful predictions. In this study, the developmental parameters of V. eleguneniensis inside a gastropod intermediate host were determined and freezing survival of U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis were compared. METHODS Slug intermediate hosts, Deroceras laeve, were collected from their natural habitat and experimentally infected with first-stage larvae (L1) of V. eleguneniensis. Development of L1 to third-stage larvae (L3) in D. laeve was studied at constant temperature treatments from 8.5 to 24 °C. To determine freezing survival, freshly collected L1 of both parasite species were held in water at subzero temperatures from -10 to -80 °C, and the number of L1 surviving were counted at 2, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days. RESULTS The lower threshold temperature (T0) below which the larvae of V. eleguneniensis did not develop into L3 was 9.54 °C and the degree-days required for development (DD) was 171.25. Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis showed remarkable freeze tolerance: more than 80% of L1 survived across all temperatures and durations. Larval survival decreased with freezing duration but did not differ between the two species. CONCLUSION Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis have high freezing survival that allows them to survive severe Arctic winters. The higher T0 and DD of V. eleguneniensis compared to U. pallikuukensis may contribute to the comparatively slower range expansion of the former. Our study advances knowledge of Arctic parasitology and provides ecological and physiological data that can be useful for parameterizing ecological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Kafle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Stephanie J. Peacock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Sarah Grond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
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Liao ML, Zhang S, Zhang GY, Chu YM, Somero GN, Dong YW. Heat-resistant cytosolic malate dehydrogenases (cMDHs) of thermophilic intertidal snails (genus Echinolittorina): protein underpinnings of tolerance to body temperatures reaching 55°C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:2066-2075. [PMID: 28566358 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Snails of the genus Echinolittorina are among the most heat-tolerant animals; they experience average body temperatures near 41-44°C in summer and withstand temperatures up to at least 55°C. Here, we demonstrate that heat stability of function (indexed by the Michaelis-Menten constant of the cofactor NADH, KMNADH) and structure (indexed by rate of denaturation) of cytosolic malate dehydrogenases (cMDHs) of two congeners (E. malaccana and E. radiata) exceeds values previously found for orthologs of this protein from less thermophilic species. The ortholog of E. malaccana is more heat stable than that of E. radiata, in keeping with the congeners' thermal environments. Only two inter-congener differences in amino acid sequence in these 332 residue proteins were identified. In both cases (positions 48 and 114), a glycine in the E. malaccana ortholog is replaced by a serine in the E. radiata protein. To explore the relationship between structure and function and to characterize how amino acid substitutions alter stability of different regions of the enzyme, we used molecular dynamics simulation methods. These computational methods allow determination of thermal effects on fine-scale movements of protein components, for example, by estimating the root mean square deviation in atom position over time and the root mean square fluctuation for individual residues. The minor changes in amino acid sequence favor temperature-adaptive change in flexibility of regions in and around the active sites. Interspecific differences in effects of temperature on fine-scale protein movements are consistent with the differences in thermal effects on binding and rates of heat denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guang-Ya Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yun-Meng Chu
- Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - George N Somero
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93940, USA
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China .,Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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128
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Saavedra HG, Wrabl JO, Anderson JA, Li J, Hilser VJ. Dynamic allostery can drive cold adaptation in enzymes. Nature 2018; 558:324-328. [PMID: 29875414 PMCID: PMC6033628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of organisms to environmental niches is a hallmark of evolution. One prevalent example is that of thermal adaptation, wherein two descendants evolve at different temperature extremes1,2. Underlying the physiological differences between such organisms are changes in enzymes catalyzing essential reactions3, with orthologues from each organism undergoing adaptive mutations that preserve similar catalytic rates at their respective physiological temperatures 4,5. The sequence changes responsible for these adaptive differences, however, are often at surface exposed sites distant from the substrate binding site, leaving the active site of the enzyme structurally unperturbed6,7. How such changes are allosterically propagated to the active site, to modulate activity, is not known. Here we show that entropy-tuning changes can be engineered into distal sites of Escherichia coli adenylate kinase (AK) to quantitatively assess the role of dynamics in determining affinity, turnover, and the role in driving adaptation. The results not only reveal a dynamics-based allosteric tuning mechanism, but also uncover a spatial separation of the control of key enzymatic parameters. Fluctuations in one mobile domain (i.e. the LID) control substrate affinity, while dynamic attenuation in the other (i.e. the AMPbd) affects rate-limiting conformational changes governing enzyme turnover. Dynamics-based regulation may thus represent an elegant, widespread, and previously unrealized evolutionary adaptation mechanism that fine-tunes biological function without altering the ground state structure. Furthermore, because rigid-body conformational changes in both domains were thought to be rate limiting for turnover8,9, these adaptation studies reveal a new paradigm for understanding the relationship between dynamics and turnover in AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Saavedra
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James O Wrabl
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A Anderson
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent J Hilser
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,T. C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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129
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Fargallo JA, Martínez F, Wakamatsu K, Serrano D, Blanco G. Sex-Dependent Expression and Fitness Consequences of Sunlight-Derived Color Phenotypes. Am Nat 2018; 191:726-743. [DOI: 10.1086/697218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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130
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Toxopeus J, Sinclair BJ. Mechanisms underlying insect freeze tolerance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1891-1914. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology; University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street N, London ON, N6A 5B7 Canada
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131
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Señarís R, Ordás P, Reimúndez A, Viana F. Mammalian cold TRP channels: impact on thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:761-777. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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132
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Abstract
Terrestrial animals often use evaporative cooling to lower body temperature. Evaporation can occur from humid body surfaces or from fluids interfaced to the environment through a number of different mechanisms, such as sweating or panting. In Diptera, some flies move tidally a droplet of fluid out and then back in the buccopharyngeal cavity for a repeated number of cycles before eventually ingesting it. This is referred to as the bubbling behaviour. The droplet fluid consists of a mix of liquids from the ingested food, enzymes from the salivary glands, and antimicrobials, associated to the crop organ system, with evidence pointing to a role in liquid meal dehydration. Herein, we demonstrate that the bubbling behaviour also serves as an effective thermoregulatory mechanism to lower body temperature by means of evaporative cooling. In the blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala, infrared imaging revealed that as the droplet is extruded, evaporation lowers the fluid´s temperature, which, upon its re-ingestion, lowers the blowfly's body temperature. This effect is most prominent at the cephalic region, less in the thorax, and then in the abdomen. Bubbling frequency increases with ambient temperature, while its cooling efficiency decreases at high air humidities. Heat transfer calculations show that droplet cooling depends on a special heat-exchange dynamic, which result in the exponential activation of the cooling effect.
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133
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Levesque DL, Tuen AA, Lovegrove BG. Staying hot to fight the heat-high body temperatures accompany a diurnal endothermic lifestyle in the tropics. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:707-716. [PMID: 29623412 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Levesque
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Andrew Alek Tuen
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Barry G Lovegrove
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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134
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Nigenda-Morales SF, Harrigan RJ, Wayne RK. Playing by the rules? Phenotypic adaptation to temperate environments in an American marsupial. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4512. [PMID: 29607255 PMCID: PMC5877449 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation along environmental gradients can provide evidence suggesting local adaptation has shaped observed morphological disparities. These differences, in traits such as body and extremity size, as well as skin and coat pigmentation, may affect the overall fitness of individuals in their environments. The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is a marsupial that shows phenotypic variation across its range, one that has recently expanded into temperate environments. It is unknown, however, whether the variation observed in the species fits adaptive ecogeographic patterns, or if phenotypic change is associated with any environmental factors. Using phenotypic measurements of over 300 museum specimens of Virginia opossum, collected throughout its distribution range, we applied regression analysis to determine if phenotypes change along a latitudinal gradient. Then, using predictors from remote-sensing databases and a random forest algorithm, we tested environmental models to find the most important variables driving the phenotypic variation. We found that despite the recent expansion into temperate environments, the phenotypic variation in the Virginia opossum follows a latitudinal gradient fitting three adaptive ecogeographic patterns codified under Bergmann's, Allen's and Gloger's rules. Temperature seasonality was an important predictor of body size variation, with larger opossums occurring at high latitudes with more seasonal environments. Annual mean temperature predicted important variation in extremity size, with smaller extremities found in northern populations. Finally, we found that precipitation and temperature seasonality as well as low temperatures were strong environmental predictors of skin and coat pigmentation variation; darker opossums are distributed at low latitudes in warmer environments with higher precipitation seasonality. These results indicate that the adaptive mechanisms underlying the variation in body size, extremity size and pigmentation are related to the resource seasonality, heat conservation, and pathogen-resistance hypotheses, respectively. Our findings suggest that marsupials may be highly susceptible to environmental changes, and in the case of the Virginia opossum, the drastic phenotypic evolution in northern populations may have arisen rapidly, facilitating the colonization of seasonal and colder habitats of temperate North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F Nigenda-Morales
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.,National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ryan J Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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135
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Auer SK, Salin K, Anderson GJ, Metcalfe NB. Individuals exhibit consistent differences in their metabolic rates across changing thermal conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 217:1-6. [PMID: 29223611 PMCID: PMC5805842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate has been linked to growth, reproduction, and survival at the individual level and is thought to have far reaching consequences for the ecology and evolution of organisms. However, metabolic rates must be consistent (i.e. repeatable) over at least some portion of the lifetime in order to predict their longer-term effects on population dynamics and how they will respond to selection. Previous studies demonstrate that metabolic rates are repeatable under constant conditions but potentially less so in more variable environments. We measured the standard (=minimum) metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate, and aerobic scope (=interval between standard and maximum rates) in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) after 5weeks acclimation to each of three consecutive test temperatures (10, 13, and then 16°C) that simulated the warming conditions experienced throughout their first summer of growth. We found that metabolic rates are repeatable over a period of months under changing thermal conditions: individual trout exhibited consistent differences in all three metabolic traits across increasing temperatures. Initial among-individual differences in metabolism are thus likely to have significant consequences for fitness-related traits over key periods of their life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya K Auer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme J Anderson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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136
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137
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Li T, Cao P, Bei YJ, Du WG. Latitudinal and Temperature-Dependent Variation in Embryonic Development Rate and Offspring Performance in a Freshwater Turtle. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:673-681. [DOI: 10.1086/694856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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138
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Yudin NS, Larkin DM, Ignatieva EV. A compendium and functional characterization of mammalian genes involved in adaptation to Arctic or Antarctic environments. BMC Genet 2017; 18:111. [PMID: 29297313 PMCID: PMC5751660 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many mammals are well adapted to surviving in extremely cold environments. These species have likely accumulated genetic changes that help them efficiently cope with low temperatures. It is not known whether the same genes related to cold adaptation in one species would be under selection in another species. The aims of this study therefore were: to create a compendium of mammalian genes related to adaptations to a low temperature environment; to identify genes related to cold tolerance that have been subjected to independent positive selection in several species; to determine promising candidate genes/pathways/organs for further empirical research on cold adaptation in mammals. Results After a search for publications containing keywords: “whole genome”, “transcriptome or exome sequencing data”, and “genome-wide genotyping array data” authors looked for information related to genetic signatures ascribable to positive selection in Arctic or Antarctic mammalian species. Publications related to Human, Arctic fox, Yakut horse, Mammoth, Polar bear, and Minke whale were chosen. The compendium of genes that potentially underwent positive selection in >1 of these six species consisted of 416 genes. Twelve of them showed traces of positive selection in three species. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis of 416 genes from the compendium has revealed 13 terms relevant to the scope of this study. We found that enriched terms were relevant to three major groups: terms associated with collagen proteins and the extracellular matrix; terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of cilium; terms associated with docking. We further revealed that genes from compendium were over-represented in the lists of genes expressed in the lung and liver. Conclusions A compendium combining mammalian genes involved in adaptation to cold environment was designed, based on the intersection of positively selected genes from six Arctic and Antarctic species. The compendium contained 416 genes that have been positively selected in at least two species. However, we did not reveal any positively selected genes that would be related to cold adaptation in all species from our list. But, our work points to several strong candidate genes involved in mechanisms and biochemical pathways related to cold adaptation response in different species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0580-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Yudin
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Denis M Larkin
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Elena V Ignatieva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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139
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The extraordinary AFD thermosensor of C. elegans. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:839-849. [PMID: 29218454 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nematode C. elegans exhibits complex thermal experience-dependent navigation behaviors in response to environmental temperature changes of as little as 0.01°C over a > 10°C temperature range. The remarkable thermosensory abilities of this animal are mediated primarily via the single pair of AFD sensory neurons in its head. In this review, we describe the contributions of AFD to thermosensory behaviors and temperature-dependent regulation of organismal physiology. We also discuss the mechanisms that enable this neuron type to adapt to recent temperature experience and to exhibit extraordinary thermosensitivity over a wide dynamic range.
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140
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Shelton DS, Alberts JR. Development of behavioral responses to thermal challenges. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 60:5-14. [PMID: 29152730 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Body temperature regulation involves the development of responses to cold and warm challenges. Matching our understanding of the development of body temperature regulation to warm challenges with that of cold challenges will enhance our understanding of the ontogeny of thermoregulation and reveal different adaptive specializations. Warm and cold thermoregulation are important processes, and they include direct thermal effects on offspring, as well as indirect effects on them, such as those imposed by thermally associated alterations of maternal behavior. The present paper is a selective review of the existing literature and a report of some new empirical data, aimed at processes of mammalian development, especially those affecting behavior. We briefly discuss the development of body temperature regulation in rats and mice, and thermal aspects of maternal behavior with emphasis on responses to high temperatures. The new data extend previous analyses of individual and group responses in developing rodents to warm and cool ambient temperatures. This literature not only reveals a variety of adaptive specializations during development, but it points to the earlier appearance in young mammals of abilities to combat heat loss, relative to protections from hyperthermia. These relative developmental delays in compensatory defenses to heating appear to render young mammals especially vulnerable to environmental warming. We describe cascading consequences of warming-effects that illustrate interactions across levels of physiological, neural, and behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia S Shelton
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario
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141
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Geiser F, Stawski C, Wacker CB, Nowack J. Phoenix from the Ashes: Fire, Torpor, and the Evolution of Mammalian Endothermy. Front Physiol 2017; 8:842. [PMID: 29163191 PMCID: PMC5673639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Geiser
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Stawski
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris B Wacker
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Nowack
- Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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142
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime A. Chaves
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad San Francisco de Quito Quito Cumbayá Ecuador
- Galápagos Science CenterPuerto Baquerizo Moreno Galápagos Ecuador
| | - Raymond M. Danner
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington NC USA
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143
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Thermoregulatory behavior and orientation preference in bearded dragons. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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144
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Murakami A, Nagao K, Juni N, Hara Y, Umeda M. An N-terminal di-proline motif is essential for fatty acid-dependent degradation of Δ9-desaturase in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19976-19986. [PMID: 28972163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Δ9-fatty acid desaturase introduces a double bond at the Δ9 position of the acyl moiety of acyl-CoA and regulates the cellular levels of unsaturated fatty acids. However, it is unclear how Δ9-desaturase expression is regulated in response to changes in the levels of fatty acid desaturation. In this study, we found that the degradation of DESAT1, the sole Δ9-desaturase in the Drosophila cell line S2, was significantly enhanced when the amounts of unsaturated acyl chains of membrane phospholipids were increased by supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids. In contrast, inhibition of DESAT1 activity remarkably suppressed its degradation. Of note, removal of the DESAT1 N-terminal domain abolished the responsiveness of DESAT1 degradation to the level of fatty acid unsaturation. Further truncation and amino acid replacement analyses revealed that two sequential prolines, the second and third residues of DESAT1, were responsible for the unsaturated fatty acid-dependent degradation. Although degradation of mouse stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) was unaffected by changes in fatty acid unsaturation, introduction of the N-terminal sequential proline residues into SCD1 conferred responsiveness to unsaturated fatty acid-dependent degradation. Furthermore, we also found that the Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease calpain is involved in the sequential proline-dependent degradation of DESAT1. In light of these findings, we designated the sequential prolines at the second and third positions of DESAT1 as a "di-proline motif," which plays a crucial role in the regulation of Δ9-desaturase expression in response to changes in the level of cellular unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510.
| | - Naoto Juni
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Yuji Hara
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510; AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510.
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145
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Seebacher F, Little AG. Plasticity of Performance Curves Can Buffer Reaction Rates from Body Temperature Variation in Active Endotherms. Front Physiol 2017; 8:575. [PMID: 28824463 PMCID: PMC5543086 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotherms regulate their core body temperature by adjusting metabolic heat production and insulation. Endothermic body temperatures are therefore relatively stable compared to external temperatures. The thermal sensitivity of biochemical reaction rates is thought to have co-evolved with body temperature regulation so that optimal reaction rates occur at the regulated body temperature. However, recent data show that core body temperatures even of non-torpid endotherms fluctuate considerably. Additionally, peripheral temperatures can be considerably lower and more variable than core body temperatures. Here we discuss whether published data support the hypothesis that thermal performance curves of physiological reaction rates are plastic so that performance is maintained despite variable body temperatures within active (non-torpid) endotherms, and we explore mechanisms that confer plasticity. There is evidence that thermal performance curves in tissues that experience thermal fluctuations can be plastic, although this question remains relatively unexplored for endotherms. Mechanisms that alter thermal responses locally at the tissue level include transient potential receptor ion channels (TRPV and TRPM) and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) both of which can influence metabolism and energy expenditure. Additionally, the thermal sensitivity of processes that cause post-transcriptional RNA degradation can promote the relative expression of cold-responsive genes. Endotherms can respond to environmental fluctuations similarly to ectotherms, and thermal plasticity complements core body temperature regulation to increase whole-organism performance. Thermal plasticity is ancestral to endothermic thermoregulation, but it has not lost its selective advantage so that modern endotherms are a physiological composite of ancestral ectothermic and derived endothermic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander G Little
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, The University of MiamiMiami, FL, United States
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146
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Nelson DP, Warburton NM, Prideaux GJ. The anterior nasal region in the Red Kangaroo
(Macropus rufus)
suggests adaptation for thermoregulation and water conservation. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. P. Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia
| | - N. M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - G. J. Prideaux
- School of Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia
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147
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Shelton DS, Meyer PM, Ocasio KM. Environmental structure and energetic consequences in groups of young mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:155-160. [PMID: 28433468 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microenvironments can have considerable physiological consequences for the inhabitants by influencing the movements of individual members. The microenvironment can permit more diverse aggregation patterns or restrict movements to certain dimensions. Here, we tested whether aspects of the microenvironment that influenced aggregation patterns also influenced the energetics of groups of young animals. We tested the effects of enclosure configuration on the group temperature and respiration of infant mice (Mus musculus). We monitored the huddle temperature and respiration of groups in flat, concave and conical enclosures, which varied in shape and available space, and consequently the types of movements they permitted. We found that the amount of available space (or density) had a stronger effect on the group temperature than did the shape of the enclosure or types of permissible movements. We found no evidence that density or shape of the arena strongly affected the respiration rate of the group, with groups showing similar levels of oxygen consumption in all treatments. The lower density enclosures conveyed a considerable metabolic savings to groups in comparison to those tested in a higher density enclosure. These findings show density can have a large effect on the energetics of young mice, and provide insights on how simple features of the environment will influence physiology in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia S Shelton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul M Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karen M Ocasio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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148
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Galván I, Palacios D, Negro JJ. The bare head of the Northern bald ibis ( Geronticus eremita) fulfills a thermoregulatory function. Front Zool 2017; 14:15. [PMID: 28265294 PMCID: PMC5333446 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dark pigments provide animals with several adaptive benefits such as protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation and mechanical abrasion, but may also impose several constraints like a high absorbance of solar radiation. Endotherms, with relatively constant and high body temperatures, may be especially prone to thermoregulatory limitations if dark coloured and inhabiting hot environments. It is therefore expected that adaptations have specifically evolved because of these limitations. Bare, highly vascularised head skin may have evolved in birds with dark plumage from hot geographical regions because of favouring heat dissipation. Using the Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) as a model species, we measured the surface temperature (Tsurf) of the head, the bill and the black feathered body of 11 birds along ambient temperatures (Ta) ranging from 21 to 42.5 °C employing thermal imaging. Results While Tsurf of the bill and the feathered body was only slightly above Ta, head Tsurf was considerably higher, by up to 12 °C. Estimated values of heat loss followed similar variations. We also found that the red colour intensity of the head of ibises increased with head Tsurf, suggesting that birds are capable of controlling blood flow and the thermoregulatory function of the head. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that bare skin has evolved in dark pigmented birds inhabiting hot environments because of their ability to dissipate heat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0201-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Palacios
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan José Negro
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ryeland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Vic. Australia
| | - Michael A. Weston
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Vic. Australia
| | - Matthew R.E. Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Vic. Australia
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150
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Mateus AP, Costa R, Gisbert E, Pinto PIS, Andree KB, Estévez A, Power DM. Thermal imprinting modifies bone homeostasis in cold challenged sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.). J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3442-3454. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fish are ectotherms and temperature plays a determinant role in their physiology, biology and ecology and is a driver of seasonal responses. The present study assessed how thermal imprinting during embryonic and larval stages modified the response of adult fish to low water temperature. We targeted the gilthead sea bream that develops a condition known as winter syndrome when it is exposed to low water temperatures. Eggs and larvae of sea bream were exposed to four different thermal regimes and then the response of the resulting adults to a low temperature challenge was assessed. Sea bream exposed to a high-low thermal regime as eggs and larvae (HLT, 22°C until hatch and then 18°C until larvae-juvenile transition) had increased plasma cortisol and lower sodium and potassium in response to a cold challenge compared to the other thermal history groups. Plasma glucose and osmolality were increased in cold challenge HLT fish relative to the unchallenged HLT fish. Cold challenge modified bone homeostasis/responsiveness in the low-high thermal regime group (LHT) relative to other groups and ocn, ogn1/2, igf1, gr and trα/β transcripts were all down-regulated. In the low temperature group (LT) and HLT group challenged with a low temperature, ALP/TRAP activities were decreased relative to unchallenged groups and bone calcium content also decreased in the LT group. Overall, the results indicate that thermal imprinting during early development of sea bream causes a change in the physiological response of adults to a cold challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Mateus
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Algarve, Av. Dr. Adelino da Palma Carlos, 8000-510 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Costa
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Institute for Aquaculture and Food Technology Research (IRTA), 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Patricia I. S. Pinto
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute for Aquaculture and Food Technology Research (IRTA), 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Alicia Estévez
- Institute for Aquaculture and Food Technology Research (IRTA), 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Deborah M. Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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