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Inhibitory Effect of Crocin(s) on Lens α-Crystallin Glycation and Aggregation, Results in the Decrease of the Risk of Diabetic Cataract. Molecules 2016; 21:143. [PMID: 26821002 PMCID: PMC6273448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the inhibitory effect of crocin(s), also known as saffron apocarotenoids, on protein glycation and aggregation in diabetic rats, and α-crystallin glycation. Thus, crocin(s) were administered by intraperitoneal injection to normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The cataract progression was recorded regularly every two weeks and was classified into four stages. After eight weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the parameters involved in the cataract formation were measured in the animal lenses. Some parameters were also determined in the serum and blood of the rats. In addition, the effect of crocin(s) on the structure and chaperone activity of α-crystallin in the presence of glucose was studied by different methods. Crocin(s) lowered serum glucose levels of diabetic rats and effectively maintained plasma total antioxidants, glutathione levels and catalase activity in the lens of the animals. In the in vitro study, crocin(s) inhibited α-crystallin glycation and aggregation. Advanced glycation end products fluorescence, hydrophobicity and protein cross-links were also decreased in the presence of crocin(s). In addition, the decreased chaperone activity of α-crystallin in the presence of glucose changed and became close to the native value by the addition of crocin(s) in the medium. Crocin(s) thus showed a powerful inhibitory effect on α-crystallin glycation and preserved the structure-function of this protein. Crocin(s) also showed the beneficial effects on prevention of diabetic cataract.
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102
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Kanchan DM, Kale SS, Somani GS, Kaikini AA, Sathaye S. Thymol, a monoterpene, inhibits aldose reductase and high-glucose-induced cataract on isolated goat lens. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016; 8:277-283. [PMID: 28216950 PMCID: PMC5314825 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.199348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Overactivation of aldose reductase (AR) enzyme has been implicated in the development of various diabetic complications. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of thymol was investigated on AR enzyme and its anti-cataract activity was also examined on isolated goat lens. Materials and Methods: Various concentrations of thymol were incubated with AR enzyme prepared from isolated goat lens. Molecular docking studies were carried out using Schrodinger software to verify the binding of thymol with AR as well as to understand their binding pattern. Further, thymol was evaluated for its anti-cataract activity in high-glucose-induced cataract in isolated goat lens in vitro. Quercetin was maintained as standard (positive control) throughout the study. Results: Thymol showed potent inhibitory activity against goat lens AR enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.65 μg/ml. Docking studies revealed that thymol binds with AR in similar binding pattern as that of quercetin. The high–glucose-induced cataract in isolated goat lens was also improved by thymol treatment. Thymol was also able to significantly (P < 0.001) reduce the oxidative stress associated with cataract. Conclusion: The results suggest that thymol may be a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention of diabetic complications through its AR inhibitory and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya M Kanchan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita S Kale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gauresh S Somani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aakruti A Kaikini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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103
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Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed GA. Litchi chinensis: medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:492-513. [PMID: 26342518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) has been widely used in many cultures for the treatment of cough, flatulence, stomach ulcers, diabetes, obesity, testicular swelling, hernia-like conditions, and epigastric and neuralgic pains. The ethnopharmacologial history of L. chinensis indicated that it possesses hypoglycemic, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-platelet, anti-tussive, analgesic, antipyretic, hemostatic, diuretic, and antiviral activities. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization, distribution, traditional uses, and chemical constituents, as well as the pharmacological activities and toxicity of L. chinensis. Moreover, the focus of this review is the possible exploitation of this plant to treat different diseases and to suggest future investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS To provide an overview of the ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of litchi, and to reveal their therapeutic potentials and being an evidence base for further research works, information on litchi was gathered from scientific journals, books, and worldwide accepted scientific databases via a library and electronic search (PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley online library, and pubs.acs.org/journal/jacsat). All abstracts and full-text articles were examined. The most relevant articles were selected for screening and inclusion in this review. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of L. chinensis have been recorded in China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines. Phytochemical investigation revealed that the major chemical constituents of litchi are flavonoids, sterols, triterpenens, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from L. chinensis exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepato-protective, and immunomodulatory activities. From the toxicological perspective, litchi fruit juice and extracts have been proven to be safe at a dose 1 g/kg. CONCLUSIONS Phytochemical investigations indicated that phenolics were the major bioactive components of L. chinensis with potential pharmacological activities. The ethnopharmacological relevance of L. chinensis is fully justified by the most recent findings indicating it is a useful medicinal and nutritional agent for treating a wide range of human disorders and aliments. Further investigations are needed to fully understand the mode of action of the active constituents and to fully exploit its preventive and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 30078, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Fouad AA, Alwadani F. Ameliorative effects of thymoquinone against eye lens changes in streptozotocin diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:960-965. [PMID: 26544518 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The possible protective effect of thymoquinone against eye lens changes in diabetic rats was investigated. Following diabetes induction by a single injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.), thymoquinone was administered in three different doses (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 12 weeks. Thymoquinone significantly and dose-dependently attenuated the hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. Also, thymoquinone (particularly 40 and 80 mg/kg) significantly decreased the elevations of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, glycated proteins, aldose reductase activity, sorbitol level, and caspase-3 activity in the lens tissues of diabetic rats. In addition, thymoquinone (particularly 40 and 80 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the diabetes-induced reductions of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, and total and soluble protein contents in the lens tissues. It was concluded that thymoquinone significantly protected the lens tissue against changes induced by diabetes in rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A Fouad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Postal code: 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahad Alwadani
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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105
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Awasthi S, Murugan NA, Saraswathi NT. Advanced Glycation End Products Modulate Structure and Drug Binding Properties of Albumin. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3312-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Awasthi
- Molecular
Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamilnadu, India
| | - N. Arul Murugan
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N. T. Saraswathi
- Molecular
Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamilnadu, India
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106
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Fang H, Hu X, Wang M, Wan W, Yang Q, Sun X, Gu Q, Gao X, Wang Z, Gu L, Oliver Chen CY, Wei X. Anti-osmotic and antioxidant activities of gigantol from Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanum against cataractogenesis in galactosemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:238-246. [PMID: 26119284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dendrobium aurantiacum var. denneanumis widespread in southern China, locally known as "Shihu", "Huangcao" or "Fengdou", has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for antipyretic, immunomodulatory, anti-aging effects and eye benefiting. AIM OF THIS STUDY To investigate the effects of gigantol extracted from the stem of D. aurantiacum var. denneanum on the formation of galactose-induced cataractogenesis and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cataract lens models were induced by d-galactose both in vitro and in vivo. The transparency of the rat lenses in vitro and in vivo was observed with an anatomical microscope and a slit lamp microscope. The differential protein and action targets of gigantol were determined and compared among the control group, model group, and gigantol group using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS). Enzyme kinetics was used to show the ability of gigantol to respress aldose reductase (AR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). was used to detect repression of the expression of AR and iNOS genes. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation were used to predict the interaction points and combination patterns between gigantol, AR, and iNOS. RESULTS Gigantol was found to prevent galactose-induced damage to the rat lenses both in vitro and in vivo, to delay lens turbidity, and to keep the lenses transparent. Differential proteomes, MS, and RT-qPCR showed AR and iNOS to be the target proteins of gigantol. Gigantol reduced the galactose-induced AR and iNOS mRNA expression by 51.2% and 60.9%, respectively. The IC50 of gigantol for inhibition of AR and iNOS activities were 65.67 μg/mL and 8.768 μg/mL, respectively. Gigantol-AR binding sites were Trp111, His110, Tyr48, and Trp20, and gigantol-iNOS binding sites were Ile195 and Gln257. The main forms of interaction were hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. CONCLUSION Gigantol extracted from D. aurantiacum var. denneanum was found to inhibit galactose-induced formation of cataracts through repression of the gene expression and activity of AR and iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wencheng Wan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiaohong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qiong Gu
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lianquan Gu
- Institute of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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107
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Sherwin JC, Kokavec J, Thornton SN. Hydration, fluid regulation and the eye: in health and disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:749-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Sherwin
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Lions Eye Institute; University of Western Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jan Kokavec
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Simon N Thornton
- Université de Lorraine; Nancy France
- INSERM U1116; Vandoeuvre les Nancy France
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108
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Hejtmancik JF, Riazuddin SA, McGreal R, Liu W, Cvekl A, Shiels A. Lens Biology and Biochemistry. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:169-201. [PMID: 26310155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the lens resides in its transparency and ability to focus light on the retina. These require both that the lens cells contain high concentrations of densely packed lens crystallins to maintain a refractive index constant over distances approximating the wavelength of the light to be transmitted, and a specific arrangement of anterior epithelial cells and arcuate fiber cells lacking organelles in the nucleus to avoid blocking transmission of light. Because cells in the lens nucleus have shed their organelles, lens crystallins have to last for the lifetime of the organism, and are specifically adapted to this function. The lens crystallins comprise two major families: the βγ-crystallins are among the most stable proteins known and the α-crystallins, which have a chaperone-like function. Other proteins and metabolic activities of the lens are primarily organized to protect the crystallins from damage over time and to maintain homeostasis of the lens cells. Membrane protein channels maintain osmotic and ionic balance across the lens, while the lens cytoskeleton provides for the specific shape of the lens cells, especially the fiber cells of the nucleus. Perhaps most importantly, a large part of the metabolic activity in the lens is directed toward maintaining a reduced state, which shelters the lens crystallins and other cellular components from damage from UV light and oxidative stress. Finally, the energy requirements of the lens are met largely by glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, perhaps in response to the avascular nature of the lens. Together, all these systems cooperate to maintain lens transparency over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca McGreal
- Department of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics and Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alan Shiels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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109
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Wang HM, Li GX, Zheng HS, Wu XZ. Protective effect of resveratrol on lens epithelial cell apoptosis in diabetic cataract rat. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:153-6. [PMID: 25902031 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of resveratrol on lens epithelial cell apoptosis in diabetic cataract rat. METHODS A total of 84 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: 12 in Group A (control group), 24 in Group B (diabetic cataract group), 24 in Group C (therapeutic-dose of resveratrol group) and 24 in Group D (low-dose of resveratrol group). Rats in Group B-D were given with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin through intraperitoneal injection. Rats in Group C were given with 100 mg/kg resveratrol and rats in Group D were given with 20 mg/kg resveratrol. The caspase-3 expression levels and apoptosis ratios of LEC among each group were observed; the degrees of lens opacity in Group B-D after 12 weeks were compared. RESULTS There were significant differences in caspase-3 expression levels, apoptosis ratios of LEC among groups at 4 w, 8 w and 12 w (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, in Group B the degree of lens opacity was as follow: 0 (0.00%) in grade I, 3 (37.50%) in grade II, 2 (25.00%)in grade III, 2 (25.00%)grade IV, and 1 (12.50%) in grade V; in Group C: 2 (25.00%)in grade I, 4 (50.00%) in grade II, 2 (25.00%)in grade III, 0 (0.00%)grade IV, and 0 (0.00 %) in grade V; in Group D: 1 (12.50%)in grade I, 4 (50.00%) in grade II, 2 (25.00%) in grade III, 1 (12.50%) grade IV, and 0 (0.00%) in grade V. The difference among Group B-D was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol has protective effect on lens epithelial cell apoptosis in diabetic cataract rat, and the effect is relative to its dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Wang
- Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Guo-Xing Li
- Eye Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Han-Song Zheng
- Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Wu
- Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhumadian 463000, China
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Trnková L, Dršata J, Boušová I. Oxidation as an important factor of protein damage: Implications for Maillard reaction. J Biosci 2015; 40:419-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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111
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Somani G, Sathaye S. Bioactive fraction of Saraca indica prevents diabetes induced cataractogenesis: An aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:102-10. [PMID: 25709218 PMCID: PMC4329608 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.149722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Saraca indica (SI) flowers extract and different bioactive fraction on in vitro aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activity, high glucose-induced cataract in goat lens and in vivo streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg, i.p) induced cataract in rats. METHODS Extract of flowers of SI tested for inhibition against rat lens AR. Furthermore, bioactive fraction was investigated against high glucose-induced opacification of the lens in vitro lens culture and STZ induced diabetic cataract in rats. Identification of the bioactive component was attempted through high-performance thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS Ethyl acetate fraction of S. indica (EASI) produced maximum inhibition that may be due to high phenolic content. Goat lenses in media containing glucose developed a distinctly opaque ring in 72 h and treatment with EASI fraction lowered lens opacity in 72 h. Prolonged treatment with EASI to STZ-induced diabetic rats inhibited the AR activity and delayed cataract progression in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION Ethyl acetate fraction of S. indica fraction has potential to inhibit rat lens AR enzyme and prevent cataractogenesis not only in goat lens model (in vitro), but also in STZ induced diabetic rats (in vivo). This study is suggestive of the anticataract activity of EASI fraction that could be attributed to the phytoconstituents present in the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauresh Somani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Institute of Chemical Technology, (University under Section 3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status and Centre of Excellence, Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II Funded), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Institute of Chemical Technology, (University under Section 3 of UGC Act-1956, Elite Status and Centre of Excellence, Government of Maharashtra, TEQIP Phase II Funded), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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112
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Thiraphatthanavong P, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S, Thukham-mee W, Lertrat K, Suriharn B. The combined extract of purple waxy corn and ginger prevents cataractogenesis and retinopathy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:789406. [PMID: 25614778 PMCID: PMC4295599 DOI: 10.1155/2014/789406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the crucial roles of oxidative stress and aldose reductase on diabetic complications and the protective effect against diabetic eye complication of purple waxy corn and ginger (PWCG) together with the synergistic effect concept, we aimed to determine anticataract and antiretinopathy effects of the combined extract of purple waxy corn and ginger (PWCG). The streptozotocin diabetics with the blood glucose levels >250 mg·dL(-1) were orally given the extract at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg·BW(-1) for 10 weeks. Then, lens opacity and histopathology of retina were determined. The changes of MDA together with the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and AR in lens were also determined using biochemical assays. All doses of PWCG decreased lens opacity, MDA, and AR in the lens of diabetic rats. The elevation of CAT and GPx activities was also observed. The antiretinopathy property of the combined extract was also confirmed by the increased number of neurons in ganglion cell layer and thickness of total retina and retinal nuclear layer in diabetic rats. PWCG is the potential functional food to protect against diabetic cataract and retinopathy. However, further studies concerning toxicity and clinical trial are still essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paphaphat Thiraphatthanavong
- Department of Physiology and Graduate School (Neuroscience Program), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jintanaporn Wattanathorn
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen Unieversity, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Muchimapura
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen Unieversity, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wipawee Thukham-mee
- Integrative Complementary Alternative Medicine Research and Development Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen Unieversity, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kamol Lertrat
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bhalang Suriharn
- Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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113
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Snow A, Shieh B, Chang KC, Pal A, Lenhart P, Ammar D, Ruzycki P, Palla S, Reddy GB, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase expression as a risk factor for cataract. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 234:247-53. [PMID: 25541468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic eye diseases, including cataract and retinopathy. However, not all diabetics develop ocular complications. Paradoxically, some diabetics with poor metabolic control appear to be protected against retinopathy, while others with a history of excellent metabolic control develop severe complications. These observations indicate that one or more risk factors may influence the likelihood that an individual with diabetes will develop cataracts and/or retinopathy. We hypothesize that an elevated level of AR gene expression could confer higher risk for development of diabetic eye disease. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the onset and severity of diabetes-induced cataract in transgenic mice, designated AR-TG, that were either heterozygous or homozygous for the human AR (AKR1B1) transgene construct. AR-TG mice homozygous for the transgene demonstrated a conditional cataract phenotype, whereby they developed lens vacuoles and cataract-associated structural changes only after induction of experimental diabetes; no such changes were observed in AR-TG heterozygotes or nontransgenic mice with or without experimental diabetes induction. We observed that nondiabetic AR-TG mice did not show lens structural changes even though they had lenticular sorbitol levels almost as high as the diabetic AR-TG lenses that showed early signs of cataract. Over-expression of AR led to increases in the ratio of activated to total levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK1/2), which are known to be involved in cell growth and apoptosis, respectively. After diabetes induction, AR-TG but not WT controls had decreased levels of phosphorylated as well as total ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 compared to their nondiabetic counterparts. These results indicate that high AR expression in the context of hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency may constitute a risk factor that could predispose the lens to disturbances in signaling through the ERK and JNK pathways and thereby alter the balance of cell growth and apoptosis that is critical to lens transparency and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson Snow
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Arttatrana Pal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Patricia Lenhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - David Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Philip Ruzycki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suryanarayana Palla
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 604, India
| | - G Bhanuprakesh Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500 604, India
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA.
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114
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Kan E, Kiliçkan E, Ayar A, Çolak R. Effects of two antioxidants; α-lipoic acid and fisetin against diabetic cataract in mice. Int Ophthalmol 2014; 35:115-20. [PMID: 25488016 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-014-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether α-lipoic acid and fisetin have protective effects against cataract in a streptozotocin-induced experimental cataract model. Twenty-eight male BALB/C mice were made diabetic by the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg). Three weeks after induction of diabetes, mice were divided randomly into 4 groups in which each group contained 7 mice; fisetin-treated group (group 1), α-lipoic acid-treated group (group 2), fisetin placebo group (group 3), α-lipoic acid placebo group (group 4). Fisetin and α-lipoic acid were administered intraperitoneally weekly for 5 weeks. Cataract development was assessed at the end of 8 weeks by slit lamp examination, and cataract formation was graded using a scale. All groups developed at least grade 1 cataract formation. In the fisetin-treated group, the cataract stages were significantly lower than in the placebo group (p = 0.02). In the α-lipoic acid-treated group, the cataract stages were lower than in the placebo group but it did not reach to a significant value. Both fisetin and α-lipoic acid had a protective effect on cataract development in a streptozotocin-induced experimental cataract model. The protective effect of fisetin appears as though more effective than α-lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Kan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Elif Kiliçkan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ramis Çolak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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115
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Li L, Wan XH, Zhao GH. Meta-analysis of the risk of cataract in type 2 diabetes. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:94. [PMID: 25060855 PMCID: PMC4113025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the risk of cataract. Methods Databases of Pubmed, Embase, and SpringerLink were retrieved for observational studies published before November 2013. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for estimating the association. All statistical analyses were performed by Stata 10.0 software. Results A total of 8 studies involving 20837 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of any cataract (AC) in T2D patients was higher than that in non-diabetic subjects (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.45-2.67, P < 0.001). The risks of cortical cataract posterior (CC) (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.47-1.91, P < 0.001) and posterior subcapsular (PSC) (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.27-1.90, P < 0.001) were significantly elevated in T2D patients, while no significant association was found in nuclear sclerosis (NS) (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.97-1.90, P = 0.070). Conclusion T2D patients had a higher risk of cataracts, excepting NS. Special attention should be paid on the ophthalmic extermination, especially for cataract in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100045, China.
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116
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Sun L, Shi DJ, Gao XC, Mi SY, Yu Y, Han Q. The protective effect of vanadium against diabetic cataracts in diabetic rat model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 158:219-23. [PMID: 24604151 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-9925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of vanadium in alloxan-induced diabetes and cataract in rats. Different doses of vanadium was administered once daily for 8 weeks to alloxan-induced diabetic rats. To know the mechanism of action of vanadium, lens malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), activities of aldose reductase (AR), and sorbitol levels were assayed, respectively. Supplementation of vanadium to alloxan-induced diabetic rats decreased the blood glucose levels due to hyperglycemia, inhibited the AR activity, and delayed cataract progression in a dose-dependent manner. The observed beneficial effects may be attributed to polyol pathway activation but not decreased oxidative stress. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that vanadium could effectively reduce the alloxan-induced hyperglycemia and diabetic cataracts in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Kim TN, Lee JE, Lee EJ, Won JC, Noh JH, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Kim DJ. Prevalence of and factors associated with lens opacities in a Korean adult population with and without diabetes: the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94189. [PMID: 24718421 PMCID: PMC3981769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined the prevalence of and factors associated with lens opacities in a Korean adult population with and without diabetes. Research Design and Methods Among the 11,163 adults (≥19 years old) from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008–2009, the data from laboratory tests, nutritional surveys, and slit-lamp examinations of 10,248 persons (4,397 men, 5,851 women) were examined. Cataract was defined as the presence of any nuclear, cortical, subcapsular, or mixed cataract in at least one eye, using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Results The weighted prevalence of cataracts were 23.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21.7–25.4] in a Korean adult population (19–39 years old, 1.8% [1.3–2.5], 40–64 years old, 25.2% [22.5–28.1],≥65 years old, 87.8% [85.4–89.9])and 54.7% [50.1–59.2] in a diabetic population(19–39 years old, 11.6% [4.5–26.5], 40–64 years old, 41.1% [35.4–47.0], ≥65 years old, 88.3% [83.5–91.8]). In a logistic regression analysis, age, myopia, and the presence of diabetes were independent risk factors. For young (age 19–39 years) and middle aged (age 40–65 years) adults with diabetes, the OR of having a lens opacity is 5.04 [1.41–17.98] and 1.47 [1.11–1.94], respectively, as those without diabetes, whereas for adults aged 65 and older, there was no difference in the prevalence of cataract. Conclusions According to these national survey data, ∼ 24% of Korean adults and ∼ 55% of people with diabetes have cataracts. The presence of diabetes was independently associated with cataracts in young and middle aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Nyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Joo Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Chul Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Noh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Koyang, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Koyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dopamine (DA) functions as an essential neuromodulator in the brain and retina such that disruptions in the dopaminergic system are associated with common neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Although a reduction in DA content has been observed in diabetes, its effects in the development of diabetes-induced neuropathy remains unknown. Because the retina is rich in DA and has a well known diabetes-induced pathology (diabetic retinopathy or DR), this study was designed to examine the role of retinal DA deficiency in early visual defects in DR. Using rodent models of type 1 diabetes mellitus, we investigated whether diabetes caused a reduction in retinal DA content in both rats and mice and determined whether restoring DA levels or activating specific DA receptor pathways could improve visual function (evaluated with optokinetic tracking response) of diabetic mice, potentially via improvement of retinal function (assessed with electroretinography). We found that diabetes significantly reduced DA levels by 4 weeks in rats and by 5 weeks in mice, coincident with the initial detection of visual deficits. Treatment with l-DOPA, a DA precursor, improved overall retinal and visual functions in diabetic mice and acute treatment with DA D1 or D4 receptor agonists improved spatial frequency threshold or contrast sensitivity, respectively. Together, our results indicate that retinal DA deficiency is an underlying mechanism for early, diabetes-induced visual dysfunction and suggest that therapies targeting the retinal dopaminergic system may be beneficial in early-stage DR.
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119
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Pánico P, Salazar AM, Burns AL, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Role of calpain-10 in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:103-15. [PMID: 24508288 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calpain activity has been implicated in several cellular processes such as cell signaling, apoptosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial metabolism and cytoskeletal remodeling. Evidence has indicated that the impairment of calpain expression and the activity of different calpain family members are involved in diverse pathologies. Calpain-10 has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, and polymorphisms in the CAPN10 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing this disease. The present work focused on the molecular biology of calpain-10, supporting its key participation in glucose metabolism. Current knowledge regarding the role of calpain-10 in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related diseases is additionally reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pánico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F. Mexico
| | - Ana María Salazar
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F. Mexico
| | - Anna L Burns
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F. Mexico
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F. Mexico.
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120
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Shi L, Ko ML, Huang CCY, Park SY, Hong MP, Wu C, Ko GYP. Chicken embryos as a potential new model for early onset type I diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:354094. [PMID: 25133191 PMCID: PMC4122024 DOI: 10.1155/2014/354094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among the American working population. The purpose of this study is to establish a new diabetic animal model using a cone-dominant avian species to address the distorted color vision and altered cone pathway responses in prediabetic and early diabetic patients. Chicken embryos were injected with either streptozotocin (STZ), high concentration of glucose (high-glucose), or vehicle at embryonic day 11. Cataracts occurred in varying degrees in both STZ- and high glucose-induced diabetic chick embryos at E18. Streptozotocin-diabetic chicken embryos had decreased levels of blood insulin, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT). In STZ-injected E20 embryos, the ERG amplitudes of both a- and b-waves were significantly decreased, the implicit time of the a-wave was delayed, while that of the b-wave was significantly increased. Photoreceptors cultured from STZ-injected E18 embryos had a significant decrease in L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (L-VGCC) currents, which was reflected in the decreased level of L-VGCCα1D subunit in the STZ-diabetic retinas. Through these independent lines of evidence, STZ-injection was able to induce pathological conditions in the chicken embryonic retina, and it is promising to use chickens as a potential new animal model for type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Shi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Michael L. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Cathy Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Min-Pyo Hong
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Gladys Y.-P. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-445, USA
- *Gladys Y.-P. Ko:
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121
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Jung Y, Kim MS, Joo CK, Chung SK. Role of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in cataractogenesis in type 2 diabetic patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2013; 39:1470-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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122
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Lu Q, Yang T, Zhang M, Du L, Liu L, Zhang N, Guo H, Zhang F, Hu G, Yin X. Preventative Effects ofGinkgo bilobaExtract (EGb761) on High Glucose-Cultured Opacity of Rat Lens. Phytother Res 2013; 28:767-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 210029 China
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Mingzhu Zhang
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Lei Du
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Ling Liu
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Hao Guo
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing 210029 China
- Laboratory of New Drugs and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
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123
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Sekeroglu MA, Taylan Sekeroglu H. Refraction paradox in diabetics: an extreme case of transient hyperopia. J Diabetes 2013; 5:325-6. [PMID: 23421740 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Sekeroglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Maternity and Women's Health Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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124
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Raju I, Kannan K, Abraham EC. FoxO3a Serves as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Human Lens Epithelial Cells under Conditions of Hyperglycemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67126. [PMID: 23805295 PMCID: PMC3689697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forkhead box ‘O’ transcription factors (FoxOs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of type2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Abnormal activity of FoxOs was reported in the glucose and insulin metabolism. Expression of FoxO proteins was reported in ocular tissues; however their function under hyperglycemic conditions was not examined. Methods Human lens epithelial cell line was used to study the function of FoxO proteins. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and Western blotting were employed to detect the FoxO proteins under the conditions of hyperglycemia. Results In this study we examined the role of FoxO3a in hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. FoxO3a protein expression was elevated in a dose- and time-dependent fashion after high glucose treatment. Anti-oxidant defense mechanisms of the lens epithelial cells were diminished as evidenced from loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity and lowered MnSOD after 72 h treatment with high glucose. Taken together, FoxO3a acts as a sensitive indicator of oxidative stress and cell homeostasis in human lens epithelial cells during diabetic conditions. Conclusion FoxO3a is an early stress response protein to glucose toxicity in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilangovan Raju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Krishnaswamy Kannan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Edathara C. Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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125
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Aung MH, Kim MK, Olson DE, Thule PM, Pardue MT. Early visual deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic long evans rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1370-7. [PMID: 23372054 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although diabetic retinopathy (DR) is clinically diagnosed based on vascular pathology, diabetic patients with angiographically normal retinas have been found to exhibit subtle defects in vision. This has led to the theory that diabetes-associated metabolic abnormalities directly impair neural retinal function before the development of vasculopathy, thereby resulting in visual deficits. In this study, we sought to delineate the temporal relationship between retinal dysfunction and visual deficits in a rat model of Type 1 diabetes. Moreover, we investigated the relative contribution of retinal dysfunction versus diabetes-induced lens opacity, to the visual deficits found in early-stage DR. METHODS Pigmented Long Evans rats were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). Control and diabetic rats were assessed across 12 weeks of hyperglycemia for visual function with optokinetic tracking weekly visual acuity and monthly contrast sensitivity, retinal function with dark-adapted electroretinograms (monthly electroretinograms [ERGs]), and cataract formation with slit lamp exam (biweekly). RESULTS Diabetic rats exhibited significantly reduced visual function and delayed ERG responses by 1 month post-STZ. Significant cataracts did not develop until 6 weeks post-STZ. Moreover, increases in lens opacity (r = -0.728) and ERG implicit times (r = -0.615 for rod-dominated response and r = -0.322 for rod/cone mixed response) showed significant correlations with reductions in visual acuity in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS STZ-induced hyperglycemia reduces visual function, affecting both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. The data suggest that visual defects found in early-stage DR may initially involve abnormalities of the neural retina and worsen with later development of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe H Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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126
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Cheng X, Ni B, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Ding Y, Hu Y. Polyol pathway mediates enhanced degradation of extracellular matrix via p38 MAPK activation in intervertebral disc of diabetic rats. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:118-22. [PMID: 23215968 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.754886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the significance of diabetes on degradation of intervertebral disc (IVD) extracellular matrix. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in glucose and sorbitol contents in the IVD. The levels of aldose reductase, p38 and metalloproteinases, and degradation of metalloproteinase-derived aggrecan and type II collagen were increased, while tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases levels were decreased in the IVD of diabetic rats. These changes were markedly affected by inhibition of aldose reductase or p38. Diabetes might contribute to enhanced matrix degradation in the IVD and the polyol pathway might mediate this process via p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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127
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Abstract
In the modern era of evidence-based scientific medicine, there is little recognition of centuries of shaman observational evidence. Yet it is extremely difficult to conduct long duration controlled studies of large populations. The controversy surrounding the issue of flavonoid bioactivity and alleged benefits for eye health is also plagued by natural product industry marketing efforts that rely on small, often poorly designed studies. Ample laboratory evidence exists from in vitro and in vivo studies that provide plausible mechanistic evidence for flavonoid interactions relevant to visual function. Lacking are large randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies in older subjects who have early signs of vision impairment. These studies could link flavonoid intake and bioavailability to efficacy in prevention of age related vision disorders that develop over decades. Support for clinical trials remains to be found before a full "recommendation" can be made regarding the value of diets high in flavonoids for eye health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Milbury
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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128
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Hsu YW, Yeh SM, Chen YY, Chen YC, Lin SL, Tseng JK. Protective effects of taurine against alloxan-induced diabetic cataracts and refraction changes in New Zealand White rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2012; 103:71-7. [PMID: 22940558 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the protective effects of taurine on alloxan-induced diabetic cataracts and lens damage in male New Zealand White rabbits. The animals were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) normal control (vehicle administration); (2) diabetes (100 mg/kg alloxan administration); and (3) diabetes + taurine (1% [w/v] taurine dissolved in drinking water and alloxan administration). The results showed that alloxan-induced diabetes caused significant (p < 0.05) hyperglycemia, hyperopic refraction shifts, cataract formation and lens damage compared with the normal control group. In contrast, the administration of taurine for 24 weeks significantly ameliorated the alloxan-induced elevated levels of blood glucose, level of hyperopic refraction error shifts in the eyes and progression of diabetic cataract formation in the lens in rabbits. Moreover, histopathology showed that the taurine supplement reduced the incidence of lens lesions induced by hyperglycemia. Overall, the studies demonstrate that taurine exhibits potent protective effects against alloxan-induced diabetic cataracts and refraction changes in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hsu
- School of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., Taichung City 402, Taiwan, ROC
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129
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Jia Y, Li Y, Du S, Huang K. Involvement of MsrB1 in the regulation of redox balance and inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in human lens epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2012; 100:7-16. [PMID: 22713178 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) in lens cells are important for the maintenance of lens cell viability and resistance to oxidative stress damage. Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), as a strong oxidizing and nitrating agent, occurred in diabetic retinopathy patients and diabetic model animal. In an attempt to shed light on the roles of MsrB1, known as selenoprotein R, in protecting human lens epithelial (HLE) cells against peroxynitrite damage, and contribution of loss of its normal activity to cataract, the influences of MsrB1 gene silencing on peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in HLE cells were studied. The results showed that both exogenous peroxynitrite and MsrB1 gene silencing by short interfering RNA (siRNA) independently resulted in oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, activation of caspase-3 as well as an increase of apoptosis in HLE cells; moreover, when MsrB1-gene-silenced cells were exposed to 300 μM peroxynitrite, these indexes were further aggravated at the same conditions and DNA strand breaks occurred. The results demonstrate that in HLE cells MsrB1 may play important roles in regulating redox balance and mitigating ER stress as induced by oxidative stress under physiological conditions; MsrB1 may also protect HLE cells against peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase-3 and oxidative damage of DNA under pathological conditions. Our results imply that loss of its normal activity is likely to contribute to cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China.
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130
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Lupachyk S, Stavniichuk R, Komissarenko JI, Drel VR, Obrosov AA, El-Remessy AB, Pacher P, Obrosova IG. Na+/H+-exchanger-1 inhibition counteracts diabetic cataract formation and retinal oxidative-nitrative stress and apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:989-98. [PMID: 22407349 PMCID: PMC3375174 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+-H+-exchanger-1 (NHE-1) controls intracellular pH and glycolytic enzyme activities, and its expression and activity are increased by diabetes and high glucose. NHE-1-dependent upregulation of the upper part of glycolysis, under conditions of inhibition (lens) or insufficient activation (retina) of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, underlies diversion of the excessive glycolytic flux towards several pathways contributing to oxidative stress, a causative factor in diabetic cataractogenesis and retinopathy. This study evaluated the role for NHE-1 in diabetic cataract formation and retinal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were maintained with or without treatment with the NHE-1 inhibitor cariporide (Sanofi-Aventis, 10 mgkg−1d−1) for 3.5 months. In in vitro studies, bovine retinal pericytes and endothelial cells were cultured in 5 or 30 mM glucose, with or without 10 μM cariporide, for 7 days. A several-fold increase of the by-product of glycolysis, α-glycerophosphate, indicative of activation of the upper part of glycolysis, was present in both rat lens and retina at an early (1-month) stage of streptozotocin-diabetes. Cariporide did not affect diabetic hyperglycemia and counteracted lens oxidative-nitrative stress and p38 MAPK activation, without affecting glucose or sorbitol pathway intermediate accumulation. Cataract formation (indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp examination) was delayed, but not prevented. The number of TUNEL-positive cells per flat-mounted retina was increased 4.4-fold in diabetic rats (101±17 vs. 23±8 in controls, P<0.01), and this increase was attenuated by cariporide (45±12, P<0.01). Nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) fluorescence and percentage of TUNEL-positive cells were increased in pericytes and endothelial cells cultured in 30 mM glucose, and these changes were at least partially prevented by cariporide. In conclusion, NHE-1 contributes to diabetic cataract formation, and retinal oxidative-nitrative stress and apoptosis. The findings identify a new therapeutic target for diabetic ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Lupachyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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131
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Albert K, Sennesael J, Haentjens P. Incidence and Risk Factors for Posttransplant Subcapsular Cataract: A Long-Term Retrospective Cohort Study. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:3465-9. [PMID: 22099821 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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132
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Stefek M, Karasu C. Eye Lens in Aging and Diabetes: Effect of Quercetin. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:525-34. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefek
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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133
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Devalaraja S, Jain S, Yadav H. Exotic Fruits as Therapeutic Complements for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Food Res Int 2011; 44:1856-1865. [PMID: 21857774 PMCID: PMC3156450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of obesity, type 2-diabetes, and the resultant metabolic syndrome are rapidly increasing. As successful preventive and therapeutic strategies for these life-threatening health ailments often come with adverse side effects, nutritional elements are widely used in many countries as preventive therapies to prevent or manage metabolic syndrome. Fruits are important dietary components, and contain various bioactive constituents. Many of these constituents have been proven to be useful to manage and treat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Although exotic fruits are understudied throughout the world due to their limited regional presence, many studies reveal their potent ability to ameliorate metabolic derangements and the resultant conditions i.e. diabetes and obesity. The aim of this article is to review the role of exotic fruits and their constituents in the regulation of metabolic functions, which can beneficially alter diabetes and obesity pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Devalaraja
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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134
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Natural flavonoids as potential multifunctional agents in prevention of diabetic cataract. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 4:69-77. [PMID: 21753902 PMCID: PMC3131677 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-011-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cataract is one of the earliest secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. The lens is a closed system with limited capability to repair or regenerate itself. Current evidence supports the view that cataractogenesis is a multifactorial process. Mechanisms related to glucose toxicity, namely oxidative stress, processes of non-enzymatic glycation and enhanced polyol pathway significantly contribute to the development of eye lens opacity under conditions of diabetes. There is an urgent need for inexpensive, non-surgical approaches to the treatment of cataract. Recently, considerable attention has been devoted to the search for phytochemical therapeutics. Several pharmacological actions of natural flavonoids may operate in the prevention of cataract since flavonoids are capable of affecting multiple mechanisms or etiological factors responsible for the development of diabetic cataract. In the present paper, natural flavonoids are reviewed as potential agents that could reduce the risk of cataract formation via affecting multiple pathways pertinent to eye lens opacification. In addition, the bioavailability of flavonoids for the lens is considered.
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135
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Gakamsky DM, Dhillon B, Babraj J, Shelton M, Smith SD. Exploring the possibility of early cataract diagnostics based on tryptophan fluorescence. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1616-21. [PMID: 21508010 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel route for early cataract diagnostics is investigated based on the excitation of tryptophan fluorescence (TF) at the red edge of its absorption band at 317 nm. This allows penetration through the cornea and aqueous humour to provide excitation of the ocular lens. The steepness of the red edge gives the potential of depth control of the lens excitation. Such wavelength selection targets the population of tryptophan residues, side chains of which are exposed to the polar aqueous environment. The TF emissions around 350 nm of a series of UV-irradiated as well as control lenses were observed. TF spectra of the UV cases were red-shifted and the intensity decreased with the radiation dose. In contrast, intensity of non-tryptophan emission with maximum at 435 nm exhibited an increase suggesting photochemical conversion of the tryptophan population to 435 nm emitting molecules. We demonstrate that the ratio of intensities at 435 nm to that around 350 nm can be used as a measure of early structural changes caused by UV irradiation in the lens by comparison with images from a conventional slit-lamp, which can only detect defects of optical wavelength size. Such diagnostics at a molecular level could aid research on cataract risk investigation and possible pharmacological research as well as assisting surgical lens replacement decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Gakamsky
- Royal Society Industry Fellow at Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, EH54 7DQ, UK
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136
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Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses oxidative stress-induced inflammatory disorders. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:330-8. [PMID: 21354119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced inflammation is a major contributor to several disease conditions including sepsis, carcinogenesis and metastasis, diabetic complications, allergic asthma, uveitis and after cataract surgery posterior capsular opacification. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and subsequent expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors are characteristics of inflammatory disorders, we envisioned that by blocking the molecular signals of ROS that activate redox-sensitive transcription factors, various inflammatory diseases could be ameliorated. We have indeed demonstrated that ROS-induced lipid peroxidation-derived lipid aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and their glutathione-conjugates (e.g. GS-HNE) are efficiently reduced by aldose reductase to corresponding alcohols which mediate the inflammatory signals. Our results showed that inhibition of aldose reductase (AKR1B1) significantly prevented the inflammatory signals induced by cytokines, growth factors, endotoxins, high glucose, allergens and auto-immune reactions in cellular as well as animal models. We have demonstrated that AKR1B1 inhibitor, fidarestat, significantly prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-, growth factors-, lipopolysachharide (LPS)-, and environmental allergens-induced inflammatory signals that cause various inflammatory diseases. In animal models of inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, uveitis, asthma, and cancer (colon, breast, prostate and lung) and metastasis, inhibition of AKR1B1 significantly ameliorated the disease. Our results from various cellular and animal models representing a number of inflammatory conditions suggest that ROS-induced inflammatory response could be reduced by inhibition of AKR1B1, thereby decreasing the progression of the disease and if the therapy is initiated early, the disease could be eliminated. Since fidarestat has already undergone phase III clinical trial for diabetic neuropathy and found to be safe, though clinically not very effective, our results indicate that it can be developed for the therapy of a number of inflammation-related diseases. Our results thus offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat a wide array of inflammatory diseases.
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137
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Zablocki GJ, Ruzycki PA, Overturf MA, Palla S, Reddy GB, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase-mediated induction of epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lens. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:351-6. [PMID: 21329682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is a key factor in the morbidity associated with diabetes. While the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract formation is poorly understood, previous research has identified aldose reductase (ALR2) as a key player. To elucidate a potential role for this enzyme in diabetic cataract formation, we created a series of transgenic mice designed for expression of human ALR2 (AKR1B1) in epithelial and outer cortical fiber cells of the lens. One of the founder lines, designated PAR39, developed an early onset cataract that involved formation of a plaque of cells at the anterior aspect of the lens. These cells appear to separate from the anterior epithelium and undergo a dramatic change that is reminiscent of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We characterized this phenotype in the PAR39 strain by examining rates of cell proliferation and by immunostaining for markers of EMT. Incorporation of the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to estimate cell proliferation in two functional areas of the lens epithelium: the mitotically active germinative zone (GZ) and the less proliferative center zone (CZ). Staining cell nuclei with diamido 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used to establish a total cell count in the demarcated areas. Lens epithelium in PAR39 transgenic mice demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of BrdU/DAPI staining within the GZ as compared to nontransgenic littermate controls (8.1% vs. 10.9%). A similar decrease in BrdU/DAPI was observed in the CZ (0.6% compared to 3.3%). However, cell density was greater within the GZ of PAR39 mice as compared with nontransgenic controls, while it was not significantly different in the CZ among the two groups. Furthermore, cells associated with the epithelial plaque did not stain positive for BrdU, but were strongly positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin, a classical marker for EMT. These findings suggest that ALR2 over-expression is associated with an alteration in the balance between proliferation and apoptosis of epithelial cells in the mouse lens, and that cells associated with epithelial plaques in the PAR39 lens have features in common with cells undergoing EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Zablocki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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